The Festivals and their Meaning II:
Easter
GA 130
5 May 1912, Düsseldorf
III. The Death of a God and its Fruits in Humanity
I shall Speak to-day of certain matters in a way that could not be used in public lectures but is possible when I am speaking to those who have been studying spiritual science for some considerable time.
The importance of the subject of which we shall speak first, will be evident to all serious students of spiritual science. Reference has frequently been made to this subject but one cannot speak too often of spiritual-scientific concepts, for they must become actual forces, actual impulses in men of the present and immediate future. I shall lay emphasis to-day upon one aspect of what spiritual science must signify in the world, namely, the need to impart soul to our “world-body,” as we may call it.
A comparatively short time ago in the evolution of humanity it would not have been possible to speak, as we can speak to-day, of a “world-body.” Looking back only a little into the historical development of mankind, we shall find that in the comparatively recent past, the idea of a world-body peopled by a humanity forming one whole had not yet come into the consciousness of men. We find self-contained civilisations, enclosed within strict boundaries. Guided by the several Folk-Spirits, the Old Indian civilisation, the Old Persian civilisation, and so on, embraced peoples living a self-contained existence, separated from one another by mountains, seas or rivers.
Needless to say, such civilisations still exist. We speak, and rightly so, of Italian, Russian, French, Spanish, German culture, but as well as this, when we look over the earth to-day we perceive a certain unity extending over the globe—something by which peoples separated by vast distances are formed as it were into a single whole. We need think only of industry, of railways, of telegraphs, of recent inventions.1Since this lecture was given wireless broadcasting has been perfected. Railways are built, telegraph systems installed, cheques made out and cashed, all over the globe, and the same will hold good for discoveries and inventions yet to be made.
Now let us ask: What is the peculiarity of this element that extends over the globe and is the same in Tokyo, Rome, Berlin, London, and everywhere else? It is all a means of providing humanity with food and clothing, as well as with ever-increasing luxury goods. During the last few centuries a material civilisation has spread over the earth, without distinction between nation and nation, race and race. Greek culture flourished in a tiny region of the earth and little was known of it outside that region. But nowadays, news flashes around the whole globe in a few hours—and nobody would doubt the justification of calling this material culture an earthly culture! Moreover it will become increasingly material and our earth-body more and more deeply entangled in it.
But those who realise the need for spiritual science will understand with greater clarity that no body can subsist without a soul. Just as material culture encompasses the whole body of the earth, so must knowledge of the spirit be the soul that extends over the whole earth, without distinction of nation, colour, race or people. And just as identical methods are employed wherever railways and telegraph systems are constructed, so will mutual understanding over the whole earth be necessary in regard to questions concerning the human soul. The longings and questionings that will arise increasingly in the souls of men, demand answers. Hence the need for a movement dedicated to the cultivation of spiritual knowledge. Something comparable with cultural relations between individual peoples will then take effect on a wide scale, weaving threads between soul and soul over the whole earth. And what will weave from soul to soul may be called a deep and intimate understanding in regard to something that is sacred to individual souls everywhere, namely, how they are related to the spiritual world.
In a future not far distant, intimate understanding will take the place of what led in past times to bitterest conflict and disharmony as long as humanity was divided into regional civilisations which knew nothing of each other. But what will operate on a universal scale over the globe as a spiritual movement embracing all earthly humanity, must operate also between soul and soul. What a distance still separates the Buddhists and the Christians, how little do they understand and how insistently do they turn away from each other on the circumscribed ground of their particular creeds! But the time will come when their own religion will lead more and more Buddhists to Anthroposophy, and Christianity itself will lead more and more Christians to Anthroposophy. And then complete understanding will reign between them.
That humanity is coming a little nearer to this intimate understanding can be discerned to-day in the fact that the science of comparative religion is also finding its place in the domain of scholarship. The value of this science of comparative religion should not be underrated, for it has splendid achievements to its credit. But what is really brought to light when the different teachings of the religions are set forth? Although it is not acknowledged, the basis of this science of comparative religion amounts to no more than the most elementary beliefs, long since outgrown by those who have grasped the essence of the religions. The science of comparative religion confines itself to these elementary beliefs.
But what is the aim of spiritual science in regard to the various religions? It seeks for something that lies beyond the reach of the scientific investigators, namely for the essential truths contained in the religions.
From what does spiritual science take its start? From the fact that mankind has originated from a common Godhead and that a primeval wisdom belonging to mankind as one whole and springing from one Divine source has only for a time been partitioned, as it were, in a number of rays among the different peoples and groups of human beings on the earth. The aim and ideal of spiritual science is to rediscover this primeval truth, this primeval wisdom, uncoloured by this or that particular creed, and to give it again to humanity. Spiritual science is able to penetrate to the essence of the various religions because its attention is focussed, not upon external rites and ceremonies, but upon the kernel of primeval wisdom contained in each one of them. Spiritual science regards the religions as so many channels for the rays of what once streamed without differentiation over the whole of mankind.
When a professed Christian, knowing nothing beyond the external tenets of belief that have been instilled into the hearts of men through the centuries, says to a Buddhist: ‘If you would reach the truth you must believe what I believe’ ... and the Buddhist rejoins by declaring what he holds sacred, then no understanding is possible between them. But spiritual science approaches these questions in an entirely different way.
Those who can penetrate to the essence of Buddhism as well as to that of Christianity through the methods leading to the development of the new clairvoyance, come to know of sublime Beings who have risen from the realm of man and are called Bodhisattvas. Herein lies the central nerve of Buddhism. And the Christian, too, hears of a Bodhisattva who arises from mankind and works within humanity. He hears that one of these Bodhisattvas—born 600 years before our era as Siddartha, the son of King Suddhodana—attained the rank of Buddha in the twenty-ninth year of his life. A Christian who is an anthroposophist also knows that a Being who has risen from the rank of Bodhisattva to that of Buddha need not appear again on earth in a body of flesh.
True, such teachings are also communicated to us by the scientific investigators of religions, but they can make nothing of a Being such as a Bodhisattva or a Buddha; the nature of such a Being is beyond their comprehension; neither can they realise how such a Being continues to guide humanity from the spiritual worlds without living in a body of flesh.
But as anthroposophical Christians, our attitude to the Bodhisattva can be as full of reverence as that of a Buddhist, In spiritual science we say exactly the same about Buddha as a Buddhist says. The Christian who is an anthroposophist says to the Buddhist: I understand and believe what you understand and believe. No one who has come to spiritual science from the ground of Christianity would ever dream, as a Christian, of saying that the Buddha returns in the flesh. He knows that this would wound the deepest, most intimate feelings of the Buddhist and that such a statement would be utterly at variance with the true character of those Beings who have risen from the rank of Bodhisattva to that of Buddha. Christianity itself has brought him knowledge and understanding of these Beings.
And what will be the attitude of the Buddhist who has become an anthroposophist? He will understand the particular basis of Christianity. He will realise that as in the case of the other religions, Christianity has a Founder—Jesus of Nazareth—but that another Being united with him. A great deal could be said about all that has been associated with the personality of Jesus of Nazareth through the centuries. But the Christian's view of the personality of Jesus of Nazareth differs from the Buddhist's view of the Founder of his religion. In the East it would be said: “One who is a great Founder of religion has achieved the complete harmonisation of all passions and desires, of all human, personal attributes. Is such complete harmonisation manifest in Jesus of Nazareth? We read that he was seized with anger, that he overthrew the tables of the money-changers, drove them out of the temple, that he uttered words of impassioned wrath. This is evidence to us that he does not possess the qualities to be expected of a Founder of religion.” Such is the attitude of the East.
We ourselves, of course, could point to many other aspects of this question, but that is not what concerns us at the moment. The really significant fact is that Christianity differs from all other religions inasmuch as they all point to a Founder who was a great Teacher. But to believe that the same is true of Christianity would denote a fundamental misunderstanding. The essence of Christianity is not that it looks back to Jesus of Nazareth as a great Teacher. Christianity originates in a Deed, takes its start from a super-personal Deed—from the Mystery of Golgotha.
How could this be? It was because for three years there dwelt in Jesus of Nazareth a Being, Whom—if we are to give Him a name—we call Christ. But a name cannot encompass the Divine Spirit we recognise in Christ. No human name, no human word, can define a Divinity. In Christ we have to do with a Divine Impulse spreading through the world: the Christ Impulse which at the Baptism in the Jordan entered in Him, into Jesus of Nazareth. The very essence of Christianity lies in the Christ Impulse which came to the earth through a physical personality, the physical personality of Jesus of Nazareth into whose sheaths it entered. The Christ took these sheaths upon Himself because the course of world-evolution is, first, a descent, and then again an ascent. At the deepest point of descent the Mystery of Golgotha takes place, because from it alone could spring the power to lead humanity upwards.
After the Atlantean catastrophe came the ancient Indian epoch of civilisation. The spirituality of that epoch will not again be reached until the end of the seventh epoch. The ancient Indian epoch was followed by that of ancient Persia, that again by the Egypto-Chaldean epoch. When we survey evolution, even in its external aspect, the decline of spirituality is evident. Then we come to Greco-Latin civilisation with its firm footing in the earthly realm. The works of art created by the Greeks are the most wonderful expression of the marriage of spirit with form. And in Roman culture, in Roman civic life, man becomes master on the physical plane. But the spirituality in Greek culture is characterised by the saying: ‘Better it is to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of the Shades.’ Dread of the world lying behind the physical plane, dread of the world into which man will pass after death is expressed in this saying. Spirituality has here descended to the deepest point.
From then onwards, mankind needed an impulse for the return to the spiritual worlds, and this impulse was given in the Fourth Post-Atlantean epoch through an Event at a level far transcending the physical plane.
The Mystery of Golgotha was enacted in a remote corner of the earth, for the sake of no particular race or denomination. It took place in seclusion, in concealment. Neither outer civilisation nor the Romans who governed the little territory of Palestine, knew anything of the Event. The Romans were no followers of Christ—the Jews still less!
Who were present when the Mystery of Golgotha took place? Whom had he gathered around him who in his thirtieth year had received the Christ into himself? Had pupils gathered around this Being as they had gathered around Confucius, Laotse or Buddha? If we look closely we see that this is not so. For were those who until the Event of Golgotha had been His disciples, already His apostles? No! They had scattered, they had gone away when the One Whom they had followed hitherto entered upon the path of His Passion. Only when having passed through death, He gave them the certain knowledge of the power that had conquered death—only then did they become true Apostles and carried His impulse to the peoples of the earth. Before then they had not even understood Him. Even Paul, the one who after the Mystery of Golgotha achieved most of all for the spread of Christianity, understood Him only when He had appeared to him in the spirit!
So we see that, unlike the other religions, Christianity was not, in essence, founded by a great Teacher whose pupils then promulgate his teachings. The essential, basic truth of Christianity is that a Divine Impulse came down to the earth, passed through death and became the source of the impulse which leads humanity upwards. When the individual personal element had passed through death, had departed from the earth—then and only then did the power which came upon the earth through Christ, begin to work. It is not a merely personal teaching that works on, but the actual Event that Christ was within Jesus and passed through the Mystery of Golgotha, and that from the Mystery of Golgotha a power streamed forth over the whole subsequent evolution of mankind.
That is the difference between what Christianity sees as the starting-point of its development and what the other religions see as theirs. When, therefore, we turn our attention to the beginning of Christianity, it is a matter of realising what actually came to pass through the Mystery of Golgotha. Paul says, in effect: The descending line of evolution was caused through Adam, even before the Fall, before he was man, before he was a personality in the real sense. The impulse for the ascent was given by Christ.
To feel this as a reality, we must go deeply into the occult truths available to mankind. To grasp this stupendous fact, man's understanding must be quickened by the deepest, most intimate occult truths. It will then be comprehensible to him that, to begin with, even in Christendom itself, the loftiest thoughts and deepest truths could not immediately be understood. To grasp the full meaning of this Divine Death and the Impulse proceeding from it, to realise that such an Event cannot be repeated, that it occurred at the deepest point of the evolutionary process and radiates the power which enables mankind henceforward to tread the path of ascent—to conceive this was possible only to a few. And so in the centuries that followed, men clung to Jesus of Nazareth—for understanding of the Christ was as yet beyond their reach. Moreover it was through Jesus that the Christ Impulse also made its way into works of art. Men yearned for Jesus, not for Christ.
We ourselves are still living at the dawn of true Christianity; Christianity is only beginning to come into its own. And when men plead to-day: ‘Do not take from us the individual, personal Jesus who comforts and uplifts our hearts, on whom we lean; do not give us, instead of him, a super-personal event’ ... they must realise that this is nothing but an expression of egoism. Not until they transcend this personal egoism and realise that they have no right to call themselves Christians until they recognise as the source of their Christianity the Event that was fulfilled in majestic isolation on Golgotha, will they be able to draw near to Christ. But this realisation belongs to future time.
There may be some who say: Surely the Crucifixion should have been avoided! But this is simply a human opinion—no more than that. These people do not know the difference between an utter impossibility and what is merely a mistaken idea. For what came into the evolution of humanity through the Mystery of Golgotha could proceed only from the impulse of a god Who had endured all the sufferings and agonies of mankind, all the sorrows, the mockery and scorn, the contempt and the shame that were the lot of Christ. And these sufferings were infinitely harder for a god than for an ordinary human being.
That the Mystery of Golgotha actually took place cannot be authenticated in the same way as other historical events. There is no authentic, documentary evidence even of the Crucifixion. But there is good reason why no proof exists, for this is an Event which lies outside the sphere of the general evolution of mankind. The Mystery of Golgotha—and this is its very essence—is an Event transcending that which has merely to do with the evolution of humanity.
The Mystery of Golgotha was concerned with the descending path which men have taken and with what must lead them upwards again—with the Luciferic influence upon mankind! Lucifer, together with everything belonging to him, is verily not a human being. Lucifer and his hosts are superhuman beings. Nor did Lucifer desire that through his deeds men should be set upon a downward path; his purpose was to rebel against the upper gods. He wanted to vanquish his opponents, not to set men upon a downward path. The progressive gods, the upper gods, and Lucifer with his hosts of the lower gods of hindrance, waged war against each other, and from the very beginning of earthly evolution, man was dragged into this warfare among gods. It was an issue that the gods in the higher worlds had to settle among themselves, but as a result of the conflict, men were drawn more deeply into the material world than was originally intended. And now the gods had to create the balance; humanity had to be lifted upwards again, the deed of Lucifer made of no avail. And this could not be achieved through a man but only through a Divine Deed, the deed of a god. This deed of a god must be understood in all its truth and reality.
If we ponder deeply about earthly existence, we find as its greatest riddle: birth and death.The fact that beings can die is the fundamental problem confronting humanity. Death is something that occurs only on the earth. In the higher worlds there is transformation, metamorphosis—no death. Death is the consequence of what came into human beings through Lucifer, and if something had not taken place from the side of the gods, the whole of mankind would have been more and more entangled in the forces which lead to death. And so a sacrifice had to be made from the side of the gods: it was necessary that One from among them should descend and suffer the death that can be undergone only by the children of earth. This was a deed which created the balance for the deed of Lucifer. And from this death of a god streams the power which also radiates into the souls of men and can raise them again out of the darkness in which Lucifer's deed has ensnared them. A god had to die on the physical plane.
This is not a direct concern of men ... they were here spectators of an affair of the gods. No wonder that physical means are incapable of portraying an Event which is an affair of the higher worlds, for it falls outside the sphere of the physical world.
But the fruits of this deed of a god which had perforce to be wrought on the earth, became the heritage of humanity, and the Christian Initiation gives men the power to understand it. And just as mankind could come forth only once from the bosom of the Godhead, so could the overcoming of what was then instilled into the human soul be achieved only once.
If the Christian who has become an anthroposophist were to speak of the nature of Christ to a Buddhist who has become an anthroposophist, the Buddhist would say: ‘I should therefore misunderstand you were I to believe that the Being Whom you call Christ is subject to reincarnation. He is not subject to reincarnation—any more than you would say that the Buddha can return to earthly existence!’
Yet there is one fundamental difference. The Buddhist points to the great Teacher who was the originator of his religion; but the true Christian points to a deed of the spiritual worlds, enacted in seclusion on the earth, he points to something entirely non-personal, having nothing to do with any specific creed or denomination. No single human being, to begin with, recognised this deed; it had nothing to do with any particular locality on the earth. In majestic seclusion the Divine Power poured from this deed into the whole subsequent evolution of mankind.
The task of the spiritual-scientific conception of the world is to seek for the truths contained in the different religions, and to seek for the kernel of truth in them all is the augury of peace. When an adherent of some creed truly understands his religion in the light of spiritual science, he will never force its particular ray of truth upon adherents of another religion. As little as the anthroposophical Christian will speak of the return of the Buddha—for then he would not have understood him—as little will the anthroposophical Buddhist speak of the return of Christ—for that too would be a misunderstanding. Provided personal bias is laid aside, the truth concerning Buddha and the truth concerning Christ never makes for discord and sectarianism, but for harmony and peace. This is a natural consequence of truth, for truth is the augury of peace in the world. At the highest level of truth, all nations and all religions on the earth can belong to Buddha the great Teacher; and at the same highest level of truth, all nations and all religions can belong to Christ, the Divine Power. Mutual understanding augurs peace in the world. This peace is the soul of the new world. And to this soul, which must reign all over the globe as the science of the Spirit belonging to all men in all earthly civilisations, Anthroposophy should lead the way.
From the 13th and 14th centuries onwards, such knowledge was cultivated in the Rosicrucian Schools. It was known there that together with such knowledge, peace draws into the souls of men. And in these Rosicrucian Schools it was known, too, that many a one who on earth cannot experience this peace, will experience it after death as the fulfilment of his most treasured ideals—when he looks down to the earth and beholds peace reigning among the peoples and nations to the extent to which men open their hearts to receive such knowledge.
As I have spoken here to-day, so did the Rosicrucians speak in their small, enclosed circles. To-day these things can be communicated to larger gatherings of men. Those to whom it has been entrusted to carry into effect through spiritual science what streams into humanity from the Mystery of Golgotha, know that every year at Eastertide, Jesus, who bore the Christ within him, seeks out the places where the Mystery of Golgotha was fulfilled. Whether actually in incarnation or not, every year he visits these places, and there his pupils who have made themselves ready, can be united with him.
A poet—Anastasius Grün—felt the reality of this. He describes five such meetings of the Master with his pupils. The first, after the destruction of Jerusalem; the second, after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders; the third—Ahasver, the Wandering Jew, lingering on Golgotha; the fourth—a praying monk, yearning and pleading for deliverance from his conqueror. For while sects of different kinds scattered over the earth are at strife among themselves, he through whom the greatest of all tidings of peace was brought to the earth, looks again at the places that were the scene of his earthly deeds.
These four pictures are given of past visits of Jesus to the scene of his work on Golgotha. Then, in the poem printed under the title of “Five Easters,” Anastasius Grün pictures another return to Golgotha, in the far future. In this far future of which he gives us a glimpse, the power of peace will then have prevailed on the earth, a peace based, not on denominational Christianity, but on Christianity as it is understood in Rosicrucianism. He sees children who, while they are at play, dig up an object of iron and do not know what it is. They alone who still possess some remote information of the strife waged among men in what is for them the distant past—they alone know that this object is a sword. In that age of peace the purpose of a sword is no longer known—it has been replaced by the ploughshare. Then a farmer digging in the earth finds an object made of stone ... Again it is not recognised. “For a time this was banished from the earth,” say those who still have some knowledge, “for men no longer understood it! Once upon a time they used it as a symbol of strife.” It is a cross of stone,—but now, when the impulse given by Christ Jesus for all future time gathers men together, now it has become something different!
How does this poet, writing in the year 1835, describe this symbol of the mission of the Christ Impulse, when rightly understood? He describes it as follows:
Though known to none, yet with its ancient blessing,
Eternal in their breast it stands upright;
There blooms its seed abroad on every pathway,
A Cross it was—this stranger to their sight.The Cross of Stone now stands within a garden,
A strange and sacred relic from of old;
Flowers of all patterns lift their growth above it,
While roses, climbing high, the Cross enfold.So stood the Cross, weighty with solemn meaning,
On Golgotha, amidst resplendent sheen
Long since 'tis hidden by its sheath of roses;
No more, for roses, can the Cross be seen.2The whole poem consists of 108 verses, in five parts.
Die Tatsache des Durch den Tod Gegangenen Gottes-Impulses
Es soll heute meine Aufgabe sein, einiges zu besprechen im Zusammenhang mit Dingen, die auch Gegenstand des öffentlichen Vortrages hier bilden werden, die aber in einem öffentlichen Vortrage nicht so besprochen werden können, wie es vor denen möglich ist, die sich durch längeres Studium in einem theosophischen Zweig vorbereitet haben, diese Dinge entgegenzunehmen.
Das Erste, was wir besprechen wollen, ist etwas, was ja in unserer Gegenwart für alle diejenigen, die sich mit Theosophie beschäftigen und die ihr Interesse und ihre Sehnsucht derselben zuwenden, auRerordentlich wichtig ist. Zwar ist hier die Frage, die wir berühren wollen, oftmals besprochen worden, aber man kann nicht oft genug von den theosophischen Anschauungen sprechen, die da Kräfte und Impulse für die Menschen der Gegenwart und der nächsten Zukunft bilden sollen. Eine Seite dessen, was die theosophische Strömung in der Welt zu bedeuten hat, werde ich heute hervorheben, und das ist, dass wir in unserer Gegenwart es so außerordentlich nötig haben, dem, was wir nennen können unseren Weltenkörper, eine Art von Seele zu geben.
Weltenkörper! In der Tat, so wie wir heute sprechen können von einem Weltenkörper, so konnte man vor verhältnismäßig recht kurzer Zeit innerhalb der Menschheitsentwicklung noch nicht von einem Weltenkörper sprechen. Wir brauchen nur um ein weniges zurückzuschauen in der geschichtlichen Entwicklung der Menschheit und wir werden finden, dass vor verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit der Gedanke von einem Weltenkörper, der von einer Menschheit, die ein Ganzes bildet, bewohnt wird, den Menschen noch nicht zum Bewusstsein gekommen ist. Da finden wir Kulturen, die ein Ganzes bildeten und die in engen Grenzen sich abspielten. Bei einzelnen Völkern, die getrennt sind durch Gebirge, Meere oder Flüsse, die ein abgeschlossenes Leben für sich hatten, spielte sich ab die indische, persische Kultur und so weiter, die durch die Volksgeister der betreffenden Kultur geleitet wird.
Solche Kulturen sind zwar noch immer vorhanden, wir sprechen mit Recht von einer italienischen, russischen, französischen, spanischen, deutschen Kultur. Aber neben alldem merken wir heute, wenn wir den Blick über den Erdkreis hinschweifen lassen, dass etwas Einheitliches, Gleiches sich über den ganzen Erdball hinbreitet, etwas, was die Völker des Erdballes in einer Einheit verbindet und was von entferntesten Völkern zu entferntesten Völkern spielt. Wir brauchen nur zu denken an den Industrialismus, an Eisenbahnen, Telegrafen, an die Erfindungen der letzten Zeit. In derselben Weise stellt man Schecks aus und kassiert sie ein, baut Eisenbahnen und Telegrafen über den ganzen Erdkreis hin, und ebenso wird es sein mit den Erfindungen, die noch vor der Tür stehen.
Fragen wir uns nun: Was hat das alles als Eigentümliches an sich, was sich da in gleicher Weise über den Erdkreis erstreckt, sodass es in Tokio, Rom, Berlin, London gleich ist? Alles dies versorgt die Menschheit mit Brot, Kleidern sowie mit den immer mehr erhöhten Luxusbedürfnissen. Eine materielle Kultur hat sich über den ganzen Erdball gebreitet, ohne Unterschied zwischen Nation und Nation, zwischen Rasse und Rasse. Und diese materielle Kultur hat sich seit den letzten Jahrhunderten ausgebreitet. Die griechische Kultur hat sich auf einem kleinen Gebiet der Erde abgespielt, und außerhalb dieses Gebietes wusste man nicht viel davon. Heute gehen Nachrichten um den ganzen Erdball in wenigen Stunden herum, und wer wollte zweifeln, dass man diese materielle Kultur eine Erdenkultur nennen könnte! Und diese Kultur wird eine immer mehr materielle werden, unser Erdenkörper wird immer mehr von dieser Kultur umschlungen sein.
Diejenigen Menschen aber, welche die Notwendigkeit der theosophischen Bewegung einsehen, werden das Verständnis immer mehr entwickeln, dass niemals ein Körper bestehen kann ohne Seele. So wie eine materielle Kultur den ganzen Erdenkörper umfasst, so soll Theosophie die Seele sein, die sich über die ganze Erde ausbreiter, ohne Unterschied von Nation, Farbe, Rasse und Volk. Und so wie man die Methode, Eisenbahnen und Telegrafen zu bauen, in gleicher Weise über die ganze Erde hin ausübt, so wird man sich verständigen müssen in kurzer Zeit über die ganze Erde hin über die Fragen, die die Seelen der Menschheit angehen. Dasjenige, was immer mehr als Sehnsucht und Fragen in diesen Seelen entstehen wird, fordert eine Antwort auf diese Fragen. Und daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer geistigen Bewegung. Es wird sich dann etwas abspielen im Großen, so wie in der äußeren Kultur im Verkehr der einzelnen Völker. Wie ein Verkehr von Seele zu Seele wird es sich spinnen über den ganzen Erdball hin. Und was sich da von Seele zu Seele spinnen wird, können wir nennen eine intime Verständigung in Bezug auf alles dasjenige, was über den Erdkreis hin den einzelnen Seelen heilig ist: wie sie sich verhalten zur geistigen Welt.
Es wird in nicht zu ferner Zeit über den ganzen Erdkreis hin ein intimes Verständnis geben über dasjenige, was in den Zeiten der Vergangenheit die herbsten Kämpfe, die furchtbarsten Disharmonien über die Menschheit gebracht hat, solange sie in die einzelnen Kulturgebiete zerstückelt war, die nichts voneinander wussten. Was sich im Großen über die Erde hin abspielen wird als eine die ganze Erdenmenschheit umfassende geistige Bewegung, muss sich aber auch abspielen im Allerkleinsten von Seele zu Seele. Wie weit entfernt sind jetzt noch die Buddhisten und die Christen voneinander, wie wenig verstehen sie sich, wie sehr lehnen sie einander ab, wenn sie auf dem engsten Boden ihrer Bekenntnisse stehen! Aber die Zeit wird kommen, wo es immer mehr Buddhisten geben wird, die aus dem Buddhismus heraus Theosophen sein werden, und immer mehr Christen, die aus dem Christentum heraus Theosophen sein werden. Und diese werden vollstes, tiefstes Verständnis einander entgegenbringen.
Dass die Menschheit zu einem solchen intimen Verständnis, zu einer solchen Verständigung drängt, sehen wir heute daran, dass auch in der äußeren Wissenschaft Bestrebungen Platz greifen, die wir als vergleichende Religionswissenschaft bezeichnen. Es sollen nicht geschmälert werden die Verdienste dieser Wissenschaft; sie hat Großes vollbracht. Aber was fördert sie zutage, indem sie erzählt von den verschiedenen Lehren der verschiedenen Religionen? Wenn man es auch nicht sagt, aber es steckt hinter dem, was die vergleichende Religionswissenschaft zutage fördert, doch nur dasjenige, was in den Religionen Kinderglauben ist, worüber diejenigen hinaus sind, die den Kern dieser Religionen erfasst haben: Das sucht sie sich anzueignen.
Was will aber Theosophie in Bezug auf die Religionen? Sie will gerade dasjenige erkennen, was die wissenschaftlichen Religionsforscher nicht erkennen können, dasjenige, was in den einzelnen Religionen als tiefstes Wahrheitsgut enthalten ist.
Wovon geht die Theosophie aus? Davon, dass die Menschheit ihren Ursprung genommen hat aus einem gemeinschaftlichen Gott und dass nur, wie in cine Anzahl von Strahlen gebrochen, verteilt ist eine Zeit hindurch auf die verschiedenen Völker und Menschengruppen jene Urweisheit der ganzen Menschheit, die aus dem gemeinsamen Gottesursprung stammt. Diese Urwahrheit und Urweisheit, ungetrübt durch dieses oder jenes Bekenntnis, wiederum aufzufinden und der Menschheit zurückzugeben, das ist das Ideal der Theosophie. Daher kann sie auf die einzelnen Religionen eingehen. Sie schaut aber nicht auf die äußeren Riten und Zeremonien, sondern darauf, wie in dieser Religion ebenso wie in jener dieser uralte Weisheitskern enthalten ist. Die Religionen sind ihr so und so viele Kanäle, durch die sich in einzelnen Strahlen dasjenige ergießt, was einst über die ganze Menschheit gleichmäßig sich ergossen hat.
Während der Christ des äußeren Bekenntnisses, der nichts anderes weiß als dasjenige, was die äußere Konfession im Menschenherzen herangezogen hat im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, zu dem Buddhisten sagt: Wenn du zur Wahrheit kommen willst, musst du dasselbe glauben, was ich glaube - und der Buddhist demgegenüber das aufstellt, was ihm heilig ist, und es so zu keinem Verständnis kommen konnte zwischen Christ und Buddhist, verhält sich Theosophie diesen Fragen gegenüber in anderer Weise.
Wer da eindringt durch die neuen hellsichtigen Methoden in den Kern des Buddhismus sowohl als des Christentums, der lernt dasjenige kennen, was für den Buddhismus der Hauptnerv ist: Er lernt kennen hohe Wesenheiten, die aus dem Reiche der Menschen hervorgegangen sind und die man Bodhisattvas nennt. Und auch der Christ hört charakterisieren, wie ein Bodhisattva hervorgegangen ist aus dem Menschentum, und lernt erkennen, wie ein solcher Bodhisattva wirkt und arbeitet in der Menschheit. Er hört, dass unter diesen Bodhisattvas auch einer war, der geboren wurde sechshundert Jahre vor unserer Zeitrechnung als Siddhartha, der Königssohn des Suddhodana, dass er im neunundzwanzigsten Jahre seines Lebens zur Buddha-Würde aufgestiegen ist, und er lernt erkennen, dieser theosophische Christ, dass ein solches Wesen, das aufgestiegen ist vom Bodhisattva zum Buddha, nicht wiederum in einem fleischlichen Leibe auf die Erde zurückkommen muss.
Solche Lehren überliefern uns zwar auch die Religionsforscher, aber sie können nichts anfangen mit einem solchen Wesen, wie es ein Bodhisattva oder ein Buddha ist. Sie können nicht hinaufschauen zu dem, was eigentlich der Kern eines solchen Wesens ist, sie können auch nicht überschauen, wie eine solche Wesenheit, wenn sie auch nicht in einem fleischlichen Leibe lebt, dennoch die Menschheit aus den geistigen Welten heraus weiter lenkt und leitet.
Wir aber können als theosophische Christen uns ebenso gläubig wie ein Buddhist diesem Bodhisattva gegenüberstellen. Wir verstehen das durch unsere theosophische Entwicklung. Und wir sagen genau dasselbe, was ein Buddhist über seinen Buddha sagt. Auch das verstehen wir. Der theosophische Christ sagt zum Buddhisten: Ich verstehe und glaube dasselbe, was du verstehst und glaubst. — Und es würde keiner, der sich zur Theosophie durchgerungen hat auf dem Felde des Christentums, jemals wagen, als Christ zu sagen: Der Buddha kommt doch wiederum im Fleische. - Er würde wissen, dass das verletzen müsste die intimsten Gefühle des Buddhisten und dass er durch eine solche Aussage nicht treffen würde den wahren Charakter jener Wesen, die vom Bodhisattva zum Buddha aufgestiegen sind. Er hat diese Wesenheiten aus seinem Christentum heraus kennen und verstehen gelernt.
Und wie wird sich der Buddhist verhalten, der Theosoph geworden ist? Er wird hören, dass das Christentum in einer besonderen Weise charakterisiert werden muss in dem, was ihm zugrunde liegt. Er würde sagen: Das Christentum hat zwar zunächst auch einen solchen Religionsstifter wie andere Religionen der Welt. Der theosophische Buddhist würde diesen Religionsstifter so charakterisieren, dass er sagen würde: Dieser Stifter ist Jesus von Nazareth. Man könnte viel über diese Persönlichkeit sagen, über das, was sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte angeknüpft hat an sie. Aber der Christ sieht diese Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth anders an, als der Buddhist den Stifter seiner Religion anschaut. Im Orientalischen sagt man: Wer ein großer Religionsstifter ist, hat sich aufgeschwungen zu einem vollständigen Gleichmaß aller Leidenschaften und Begierden, kurz aller menschlichen, persönlichen Eigenschaften. Vergleiche man damit Jesus von Nazareth. Zeigt er ein solches vollständiges Gleichmaß? Wir lesen, dass er in Zorn gerät, dass er die Tische der Wechsler umwirft, sie aus dem Tempel treibt, dass er Worte des leidenschaftlichen Zornes ausruft. Da sehen wir, dass er nicht dasjenige hat, was von einem Religionsstifter des Ostens erwartet wird. Wir könnten noch manches andere aufzeigen, aber diese Dinge kommen nicht in die Diskussion. Das Bedeutsame ist, dass das Christentum sich unterscheidet von allen anderen Religionen des Erdballes insofern, als diese auf einen Religionsstifter hinweisen als auf einen großen Lehrer. Wer aber glauben würde, dass das tiefste Wesen des Christentums in einem solchen liegt, der erkennt nicht das Wesen des Christentums. Nicht auf ein Zurückgehen auf den Jesus von Nazareth, nicht auf den Hinweis auf einen großen Lehrer kommt es an. Auf eine Tatsache weist der Ursprung des Christentums hin. Es geht von einer unpersönlichen Tatsache aus: von dem Mysterium von Golgatha.
Wodurch hat dies geschehen können? Dadurch, dass anwesend war drei Jahre in der Person des Jesus von Nazareth eine Wesenheit, die man als den Christus, wenn man ein Wort für sie wählen will, bezeichnet. Aber mit diesem Namen ist nicht der göttliche Geist zu umfassen, den wir in Christus erkennen. Mit einem menschlichen Namen, einem menschlichen Wort ist nicht ein Göttliches zu erfassen. Und mit einem großen, über die Welt hinziehenden göttlichen Impuls haben wir es zu tun bei dem Christus: mit dem ChristusImpuls, der durch die Taufe am Jordan einzieht in den Jesus von Nazareth. Dies ist das Wesentliche beim Christentum, dieser Christus-Impuls, der durch eine physische Persönlichkeit auf die Erde kam, der einzog in die physische Persönlichkeit des Jesus von Nazareth, der in seinen Hüllen barg den Christus. Diese physische Hülle trug der Christus aus dem Grunde, weil sich die Weltentwicklung abspielt in einer solchen Linie, dass sie zuerst hinab- und dann wiederum heraufsteigt. Am tiefsten Punkt des Hinabstieges haben wir das Mysterium von Golgatha. Und das war deshalb notwendig, weil aus ihm allein die Kraft ersprießen konnte, die Menschheit wieder aufwärts zu führen.
Nach der atlantischen Katastrophe haben wir die urindische Epoche, die in ihrer Spiritualität nicht wieder in den folgenden Epochen erreicht wird, sondern erst beim Ende der Entwicklung, beim Aufstieg erreicht werden wird in der siebenten Epoche. Auf die indische folgte die urpersische, dann die chaldäisch-ägyptische Epoche. Selbst wenn man nur äußerlich die Menschheitsentwicklung verfolgt, so wird es klar, dass die Spiritualität immer mehr zurückging. Dann kommen wir zu der Kultur, die ganz auf dem Boden des Irdischen stand: zur griechisch-lateinischen Kultur. Da sehen wir zusammenstoßen das Wunderbare, was geschaffen werden konnte in Bezug auf die Vermählung des Geistes mit der Form in dem, was die Griechen geschaffen haben in ihren Kunstwerken, und in der römischen Kultur, im römischen Bürgertum, da wird der Mensch Meister auf dem physischen Plan. Aber das Spirituelle der griechischen Kultur wird charakterisiert durch den Ausspruch: Lieber ein Bettler auf der Oberwelt als ein König im Reiche der Schatten. - Grauen vor der Welt, die hinter dem physischen Plan steht, drückt sich darin aus, Grauen vor der Welt, die der Mensch betreten soll nach dem Tode. Da ist die Spiritualität bis zum tiefsten Punkt herabgestiegen.
Von da ab brauchte aber die Menschheit einen Impuls zur Umkehr nach den spirituellen Welten, und dieser wird in diesem vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum ihr auch gegeben dadurch, dass sich abspielte innerhalb dieses Zeitraumes etwas, was im Grunde genommen entrückt war dem ganzen physischen Plan.
Das Mysterium von Golgatha, wie hat es sich abgespielt auf dem entlegenen Erdenfleckchen in Palästina? So, dass wir sagen können: international, interkonfessionell hat es sich abgespielt. Einsam, in Verborgenheit fand es statt, dies Mysterium von Golgatha. Nichts wusste davon die äußere Kultur, nichts wussten davon die Römer, welche Herren waren des Stückchen Landes, wo es sich abspielte. Und sie waren wahrhaftig keine Bekenner des Christus, und noch viel weniger waren das die Juden.
Wer ist denn eigentlich anwesend, als sich dies Mysterium von Golgatha abspielte? Wen hat um sich gesammelt derjenige, der im dreißigsten Jahre aufnehmen durfte den Christus? Hat er um sich gesammelt Schüler, wie Konfuzius, Laotse oder Buddha es taten? Wenn man genau zusieht, tat er nicht einmal das. Denn waren seine Jünger bis zum Mysterium von Golgatha schon seine Apostel? Nein! Zerstreut haben sie sich, weggegangen sind sie, als derjenige, dem sie bis dahin gefolgt waren, seinen Leidensweg antrat. Dadurch erst sind sie seine Apostel geworden, dass er, durch den Tod hindurchgehend, ihnen die Gewissheit gab, dass etwas lebt, was Sieger ist über den Tod. Da erst sind sie seine wahren Apostel geworden und haben seine Kraft hinausgetragen unter die Völker der Erde. Vorher aber haben sie ihn nicht einmal verstanden. Und derjenige, der nach dem Mysterium von Golgatha am meisten tut zur Ausbreitung des Christentums, versteht ihn wiederum erst, als er ihm im Geiste erschienen ist.
So sehen wir: Im Wesentlichen besteht das Christentum nicht darin, wie es bei anderen Religionen und ihren Stiftern der Fall ist, dass ein großer Lehrer Schüler um sich sammelt und diese seine Lehren weiter verbreiten, sondern darin, dass ein Gottes-Impuls auf die Erde herabkommt, durch den Tod geht und die Ursache ist zu dem Impuls nach aufwärts für die Menschheit. Als das Persönliche weg ist, durch den Tod gegangen ist, da erst wirkt die Kraft, die durch den Christus auf die Erde kam. Nicht wirkt fort eine persönliche Lehre, sondern die Tatsache, dass der Christus im Jesus war, dass er das Mysterium von Golgatha durchgemacht hat und dass von diesem eine Kraft ausstrahlt über die ganze folgende Menschheitsentwicklung hin.
Das ist der Unterschied zwischen dem, was das Christentum an den Ausgangspunkt seines Werdens stellt, und dem, was andere Religionen an ihren Ausgangspunkt stellen. Es handelt sich darum zu charakterisieren, wenn wir den Ausgangspunkt des Christentums ins Auge fassen, was da geschehen ist beim Mysterium von Golgatha. Paulus sagt: Durch Adam - das heißt denjenigen, der noch vor dem Sündenfall, noch ehe er eigentlich Mensch war, Veranlassung gab zu dieser absteigenden Linie, der also auch nicht eigentlich eine Persönlichkeit war -, durch Adam ist die Menschheit veranlasst zur absteigenden Linie, durch den Christus ist sie veranlasst zur aufsteigenden Linie.
Alles dies erfordert, wenn es wahres Gefühl und Empfinden werden soll, ein volles Eingehen auf alle der Menschheit zufließenden okkulten Wahrheiten. Um alles das zu verstehen, was in dieser Tatsache liegt, ist notwendig, dass man durch die intimsten und tiefsten okkulten Wahrheiten sich zu einem Verständnis anregen lässt. Wenn man das versteht, da wird man begreiflich finden, dass zunächst auch da, wo sich das Christentum ausgebreitet hat, die höchsten Gedanken und die tiefsten Wahrheiten des Christentums nicht sogleich haben gefasst werden können. Die Tatsache des durch den Tod gegangenen Gottes-Impulses zu begreifen, das zu bedenken, dass sich eine solche Tatsache nicht ein zweites Mal abspielen kann, dass sie, indem sie hineinfällt in den tiefsten Punkt der Menschheitsentwicklung, die Kraft ausströmt, durch welche die Menschheit von nun an wiederum aufwärtssteigen kann, das alles zu denken, zu begreifen, das war nur wenigen zugänglich. Deshalb lehnten sich die Menschen der Jahrhunderte, die gefolgt sind, an den Jesus von Nazareth an, ihn suchten sie; den Christus konnten sie noch nicht begreifen. Durch den Jesus ist auch der Christus-Impuls eingeflossen in die Werke der Kunst. Den Jesus wollen die Menschen, nicht den Christus.
Aber wir stehen erst im Beginn des wirklichen Christentums, es ist erst am Anfang seiner Selbstständigkeit. Und wenn jetzt gesagt wird: Nehmt uns nicht den persönlichen Jesus, der uns tröstet und erhebt, an den wir uns anlehnen, gebt uns nicht statt seiner eine unpersönliche Tatsache -, so müssen die Menschen einsehen lernen, dass das nur Egoismus ist. Erst wenn sie aus diesem persönlichen Egoismus herauswachsen werden, erst wenn sie einsehen werden, dass sie erst dann sich Christen nennen dürfen, wenn sie ihr Christentum herleiten werden von der Tatsache, die sich in grandioser Einsamkeit auf Golgatha abgespielt hat, erst dann werden sie wirklich sich dem Christus nähern können. Aber dies wird erst eine spätere Zeit einsehen.
Wenn es heute Menschen geben könnte, die sagen würden, es hätte der Christus nicht gekreuzigt werden sollen oder beim Wiederkommen - es kann ja selbstverständlich nicht die Rede sein von einem Wiederkommen in einem fleischlichen Leibe - müsste dann vermieden werden die Kreuzigung, so würde dies eine Meinung der Menschen bedeuten und nicht mehr. Diese Menschen unterscheiden nicht zwischen dem, was nicht sein kann, und dem, was ein ganz gewöhnliches Missverständnis ist. Denn dasjenige, was durch das Mysterium von Golgatha in die Menschheitsentwicklung eingezogen ist, konnte nur von einem Gottes-Impuls ausgehen, der durchgemacht hat alle Leiden und Schmerzen der Menschheit, allen Jammer und alles Elend, allen Spott und allen Hohn, alle Verachtung und alle Schmach, wie es geschehen ist durch den Christus. Und all dieses war für einen Gott viel, viel schwerer durchzumachen als für einen gewöhnlichen Menschen.
Man kann auch nicht so, wie andere geschichtliche Ereignisse, die Tatsache des Mysteriums von Golgatha beweisen. Schon dass überhaupt die Kreuzigung stattgefunden hat, ist nicht zu beweisen. Es finden sich keine äußeren authentischen Dokumente darüber. Aber es hat seinen guten Grund, dass man es nicht beweisen kann, denn es fällt heraus aus der übrigen Entwicklung der Menschheit. Denn das Mysterium von Golgatha ist ja — und dies ist sein Grundcharakter etwas, was sich nicht beschäftigt mit dem, was mit der Menschheitsentwicklung unmittelbar in erster Linie zu tun hat.
Womit beschäftigt es sich denn? Mit dem Herabschreiten der Menschheit auf der absteigenden Bahn und dem, was sie wieder heraufführen soll, mit dem luziferischen Einfluss auf die Menschheit. Luzifer mit all dem, was zu ihm gehört, ist ja kein Mensch, Luzifer und die Seinen, das sind übermenschliche Wesenheiten. Und Luzifer hat nicht die Tendenz und die Sehnsucht gehabt, durch seine Taten die Menschen in eine abschüssige Bahn zu bringen, sondern sich gegen die oberen Götter aufzulehnen. Seine Feinde wollte er besiegen, nicht die Menschen auf eine abschüssige Bahn bringen. Die fortschreitenden, die oberen Götter und Luzifer mit seinen Scharen der unteren, der hemmenden Götter kämpften miteinander, und der Mensch ist hereingerissen in diesen Götterstreit vom Anfang der Erdenentwicklung an. Das war etwas, was die Götter in den höheren Welten unter sich auszumachen hatten, aber die Menschen sind durch den Götterstreit tiefer hineingerissen in die Welt der Materie, als sie es gesollt hatten. Da hatten nun die Götter auch wiederum den Ausgleich zu schaffen dafür. Die Menschen mussten wiederum heraufgebracht werden, es musste die Tat des Luzifer ungeschehen gemacht werden. Und nicht durch einen Menschen konnte das geschehen. Nur durch eine Göttertat konnte das vollbracht werden. Diese Göttertat soll charakterisiert werden, so wie sie wahrhaft ist.
Wenn wir unsere Erde durchforschen, so finden wir als das Rätselvollste auf ihr Geburt und Tod. Dass Wesen sterben können, ist doch das Grundproblem für die forschende Menschheit. Tod, Sterben gibt es nur auf der Erde; in den höheren Welten gibt es keinen Tod, sondern Verwandlung, Metamorphosen. Der Tod ist aber zurückzuführen auf dasjenige, was durch Luzifer in die Menschen gekommen ist, und es würde, wenn nicht etwas geschehen wäre vonseiten der Götter, die ganze Menschheit immer mehr hineinverstrickt worden sein in eine dem Tode zuführende Tendenz. Da musste vonseiten der Götter ein Opfer gebracht werden: Es musste einer der ihrigen herabsteigen und den Tod erleben, den man nur inmitten der Erdenkinder erleben kann, als eine die luziferische Tat ausgleichende Tat. Und von diesem Göttertod strahlt aus die Kraft, die auch in die Menschenseelen hineinstrahlen und sie wiederum hinaufbringen kann aus den Finsternissen, in die sie durch Luzifers Tat hineingeraten sind. Es musste ein Gott einmal sterben auf dem physischen Plan.
Das geht die Menschen nicht direkt an, sie sahen zu bei einer Götterangelegenheit. Kein Wunder, dass man dasjenige, was Angelegenheit der höheren Welten ist, nicht darstellen kann mit physischen Mitteln, denn es fällt heraus aus der physischen Welt.
Die Früchte aber dieser Göttertat, die sich hier auf unserer Erde abspielen musste, fielen der Menschheit zu, und die christliche Initiation gibt den Menschen die Kraft, diese Göttertat zu verstehen. Und gerade so, wie sich der Ursprung der Menschheit, das Hervorgehen aus dem Schoß der Gottheit, nur einmal abspielen konnte, so konnte sich auch die Überwindung dessen, was bei diesem Ursprung in die Menschenseele eingezogen ist, nur einmal abspielen.
Stellt der Christ, der Theosoph geworden ist, dem Buddhisten, der Theosoph geworden ist, dieses Wesen des Christus dar, so würde dieser sagen: Also würde ich dich missverstehen, wenn ich glauben könnte, dass das, was du den Christus nennst, etwas wäre, was der Reinkarnation unterläge. Nein, es unterliegt niemals der Reinkarnation, ebenso wenig wie du sagen würdest, dass der Buddha wiederkommen könnte! - Dennoch besteht ein großer Unterschied. Der Buddhist weist hin auf den großen Lehrer, auf den er seine Religion zurückführt, der wahre Christ aber auf eine Tatsache der geistigen Welten, die einsam sich auf dem Erdenball abgespielt hat, auf etwas, was ganz unpersönlich ist, was nichts zu tun hat mit irgendeiner Konfession. Keiner war zunächst Bekenner dieser Tatsache, nichts hatte sie zu tun mit einem bestimmten Fleck der Erde, in majestätischer Einsamkeit ergoss sich die Götterkraft von dieser Tatsache aus in die ganze folgende Menschheitsentwicklung.
Wahrheit zu suchen in den verschiedenen Religionen, das ist die Aufgabe einer theosophischen Weltanschauung, und wenn wir wirklich den Wahrheitskern suchen in allen Religionen, so bedeutet er den Frieden. Nicht will eine Religion, wenn der Bekenner derselben sie im Lichte der Theosophie wirklich erkennt, einer anderen Religion ihren besonderen Strahl der Wahrheit aufdrängen. So wie der theosophische Christ nicht sagen kann, der Buddha würde wiederkommen, denn dann hätte er den Buddha nicht verstanden, ebenso wenig könnte der theosophische Buddhist sagen, der Christus würde wiederkommen, denn da versteht er den Christus nicht. Wahrheit aber über den Buddha und Wahrheit über den Christus bedeutet nirgends - wenn wir nicht persönliche Vorurteile hegen - Unfrieden und Sektiererei, sondern Harmonie und Frieden. Das folgt ganz von selbst auf die Wahrheit, sie bedeutet und bewirkt Frieden in der Welt. Dem Buddha, dem großen Lehrer in der höchsten Wahrheit, können alle Nationen und alle Religionen der Erde angehören. Und dem Christus, der göttlichen Kraft in der höchsten Wahrheit, können alle Nationen und alle Religionen der Erde angehören. Und das gegenseitige Verständnis bedeutet den Frieden in der Welt. Und dieser Frieden, das ist die Seele der neuen Welt. Und zu dieser Seele, die als Geisteswissenschaft aller Menschen inmitten aller Erdenkultur über die ganze Erde hin walten soll, muss Theosophie führen.
Solche Erkenntnisse wurden gepflegt in den Rosenkreuzerschulen der vergangenen Jahrhunderte vom dreizehnten, vierzehnten Jahrhundert an. Sie wussten, dass mit solchen Erkenntnissen der Friede in die Menschenseelen einzieht. Und sie wussten, dass gar mancher, der hier auf der Erde diesen Frieden nicht erleben kann, es nach dem Tode als eine Erfüllung seiner liebsten Ideale empfinden wird, wenn er herabschaut auf die Erde und den Frieden unter den Nationen entstehen sehen wird in demselben Maße, als sie solchen Erkenntnissen sich öffnen werden.
So wie ich heute hier gesprochen habe, so redeten in den letzten Jahrhunderten in engem, kleinem Kreise die Angehörigen der Rosenkreuzerkreise. Heute kann es vor größeren Menschenmengen gesprochen werden. Diejenigen, welche die Mission haben, aus der theosophischen Bewegung heraus als Testamentsvollstrecker desjenigen zu wirken, was vom Mysterium von Golgatha in die Menschheit strömt, sie wissen, dass der Jesus, der den Christus in sich geborgen hat, jedes Jahr zur Osterzeit aufsucht die Stätte, wo sich abgespielt hat das Mysterium von Golgatha. Gleichgültig, ob der Jesus im Fleisch ist oder nicht, er sucht jedes Jahr diese Stätte auf, und da können die Schüler, die die Reife erlangt haben, ihre Vereinigung mit ihm haben.
Das empfand ein Dichter - Anastasius Grün -, wie eine Individualität herabkommt und die Stätte, wo sich das Mysterium von Golgatha abspielte, jedes Jahr am ersten Osterfeiertage besucht. Er beschreibt fünf solcher Versammlungen des Meisters mit seinen Schülern. Die erste, die sich nach der Zerstörung von Jerusalem abspielt, die zweite nach der Einnahme durch die Kreuzfahrer, die dritte: Ahasver auf Golgatha weilend, die vierte ein betender Mönch, die Rettung vom Eroberer erhoffend, da Sekten verschiedener Art über die Erde zerstreut sind und miteinander streiten, während die Stätte seines Wirkens derjenige überschaut, der die größte Friedensbotschaft auf die Erde brachte. Das sind die vier Bilder von vergangenen Besuchen des Jesus auf der Stätte seines Wirkens auf Golgatha. Dann lässt Anastasius Grün im Gedicht «Schutt» ein Bild erstehen von einem zukünftigen Herabkommen auf Golgatha. In ferner Zukunft liegt das, was er schildert: diese Situation der Zukunft, die er wie die Gewalt des Friedens fühlt, der dann herrschen wird auf der Erde. Sie liegt in dem nicht konfessionellen, sondern rosenkreuzerisch empfundenen Christentum. Da sicht er Kinder spielen. Sie graben - mag auch jetzt dieses Bild noch eine Utopie sein -, sie graben aus einen Gegenstand aus Eisen und sie wissen nicht, was das ist. Diejenigen nur, die noch ferne Nachrichten haben von dem längst vergangenen Streit der Menschen, sie wissen, dass das ein Schwert ist. In der Zeit des Friedens erkennt man nicht mehr den Zweck eines Schwertes und verwendet es als Pflugschar. Und ein Ackersmann gräbt weiter, findet einen Gegenstand aus Stein. Wiederum erkennt man das nicht. Es war eine Weile von der Erde verbannt, sagen diejenigen, die noch etwas davon wissen. Die Menschen haben es nicht mehr erkannt! Einst haben sie es als Symbol des Streites benutzt - es ist ein Kreuz aus Stein -, jetzt aber wird es, indem sich die Menschen versammeln unter dem Zukunftsimpuls des Christus Jesus, jetzt wird es etwas anderes.
Und wie schildert uns der Dichter dies im Jahr 1836? So schildert er uns dies Symbolum der Mission des richtig verstandenen Christus-Impulses:
Ob sie’s auch kennen nicht, doch steht's voll Segen,
Aufrecht in ihrer Brust, in ew’gem Reiz,
Es blüht sein Same rings auf allen Wegen;
Denn was sie nimmer kannten, war ein Kreuz!Das Kreuz von Stein, sie stellen’s auf im Garten,
Ein rätselhaft, ehrwürdig Altertum,
Dran Rosen rings und Blumen aller Arten
Empor sich ranken, kletternd um und um.So steht das Kreuz inmitten Glanz und Fülle
Auf Golgatha, glorreich, bedeutungsschwer:
Verdeckt ist’s ganz von seiner Rosen Hülle,
Längst sieht vor Rosen man das Kreuz nicht mehr.
The Fact of the Death of the Divine Impulse
It is my task today to discuss a few things in connection with matters that will also be the subject of the public lecture here, but which cannot be discussed in a public lecture in the same way as they can be understood by those who have prepared themselves by lengthy study in a branch of theosophy.
The first thing we want to discuss is something that is extremely important in our present time for all those who are concerned with theosophy and who turn their interest and longing toward it. Although the question we wish to touch upon has often been discussed here, one cannot speak often enough of the theosophical views that are to form forces and impulses for the people of the present and the near future. Today I will emphasize one aspect of what the theosophical movement means in the world, namely that in our present time we have an extraordinary need to give a kind of soul to what we can call our world body.
World body! Indeed, just as we can speak today of a world body, so, relatively recently in human evolution, it was not yet possible to speak of a world body. We need only look back a little in the historical development of humanity and we will find that, until relatively recently, the idea of a world body inhabited by a humanity forming a whole had not yet come to human consciousness. We find cultures that formed a whole and existed within narrow boundaries. Among individual peoples separated by mountains, seas, or rivers, who lived isolated lives, Indian, Persian, and other cultures developed, guided by the national spirit of the culture in question.
Such cultures still exist today, and we rightly speak of Italian, Russian, French, Spanish, and German cultures. But in addition to all this, when we look around the world today, we notice that something uniform and similar is spreading across the entire globe, something that connects the peoples of the world in unity and that plays a role from the most distant peoples to the most distant peoples. We need only think of industrialism, railroads, telegraphs, and the inventions of recent times. In the same way, checks are issued and cashed, railroads and telegraphs are built all over the world, and the same will be true of the inventions that are just around the corner.
Let us now ask ourselves: What is it that is so unique about all this, that extends in the same way across the globe, so that it is the same in Tokyo, Rome, Berlin, and London? All of this provides humanity with bread, clothing, and increasingly sophisticated luxuries. A material culture has spread across the entire globe, without distinction between nation and nation, between race and race. And this material culture has spread over the last few centuries. Greek culture took place in a small area of the earth, and outside this area, not much was known about it. Today, news travels around the globe in a matter of hours, and who would doubt that this material culture could be called a global culture! And this culture will become increasingly material, our earthly body will become increasingly entangled in this culture.
However, those who recognize the necessity of the theosophical movement will increasingly develop the understanding that a body can never exist without a soul. Just as a material culture encompasses the entire body of the earth, so should theosophy be the soul that spreads across the entire earth, without distinction of nation, color, race, or people. And just as the methods of building railways and telegraphs are applied in the same way throughout the world, so will it soon be necessary to communicate throughout the world on questions that concern the souls of humanity. What will increasingly arise as longing and questions in these souls demands an answer to these questions. And this gives rise to the necessity of a spiritual movement. Something will then take place on a grand scale, just as in the outer culture in the interaction of individual peoples. Like an interaction from soul to soul, it will spread across the entire globe. And what will spread from soul to soul, we can call an intimate understanding of everything that is sacred to the individual souls across the globe: how they relate to the spiritual world.
In the not too distant future, there will be an intimate understanding throughout the whole world of what brought the harshest struggles and the most terrible disharmony upon humanity in times past, as long as it was divided into individual cultural areas that knew nothing of each other. What will take place on a large scale across the Earth as a spiritual movement encompassing all of humanity must also take place on the smallest scale, from soul to soul. How far apart are Buddhists and Christians still, how little do they understand each other, how much do they reject each other when they stand on the narrowest ground of their creeds! But the time will come when there will be more and more Buddhists who will be Theosophists out of Buddhism, and more and more Christians who will be Theosophists out of Christianity. And these will have the fullest, deepest understanding of each other.
That humanity is striving for such an intimate understanding, such an understanding, we see today in the fact that even in the outer sciences, efforts are taking hold that we call comparative religious studies. The merits of this science should not be belittled; it has accomplished great things. But what does it bring to light by telling us about the different teachings of the different religions? Although it is not said, what lies behind what comparative religious studies brings to light is only what is childish belief in religions, what those who have grasped the core of these religions have gone beyond: it seeks to appropriate this.
But what does theosophy want in relation to religions? It wants to recognize precisely what scientific researchers of religion cannot recognize, namely what is contained in the individual religions as the deepest truth.
What is the starting point of theosophy? That humanity originated from a communal God and that only, like rays refracted into many rays, is the original wisdom of all humanity, which comes from the common origin of God, distributed throughout time to the various peoples and groups of people. The ideal of theosophy is to rediscover this original truth and wisdom, unclouded by this or that creed, and to restore it to humanity. This is why it can relate to the individual religions. However, it does not look at the external rites and ceremonies, but at how this ancient core of wisdom is contained in this religion as well as in that one. Religions are so many channels through which individual rays pour forth what once poured forth equally over all humanity.
While the Christian of the outer confession, who knows nothing else than what the outer denomination has brought forth in the human heart over the centuries, says to the Buddhist: If you want to come to the truth, you must believe the same as I do—and the Buddhist, on the other hand, asserts what is sacred to him, and thus no understanding could come between Christian and Buddhist. Theosophy takes a different approach to these questions.
Those who penetrate to the core of both Buddhism and Christianity through the new clairvoyant methods learn what is the main nerve of Buddhism: they learn about high beings who have emerged from the human realm and are called bodhisattvas. And Christians also hear how a bodhisattva emerged from humanity and learn to recognize how such a bodhisattva works and acts in humanity. They hear that among these bodhisattvas there was one who was born six hundred years before our era as Siddhartha, the son of King Suddhodana, that in the twenty-ninth year of his life he attained Buddhahood, and the theosophical Christian learns to recognize that such a being, who has ascended from bodhisattva to Buddha, does not have to return to earth in a physical body.
Such teachings are also handed down to us by religious scholars, but they cannot make sense of a being such as a Bodhisattva or a Buddha. They cannot look up to what is actually the core of such a being, nor can they comprehend how such a being, even if it does not live in a physical body, can still guide and direct humanity from the spiritual worlds.
But as theosophical Christians, we can face this bodhisattva with just as much faith as a Buddhist. We understand this through our theosophical development. And we say exactly the same thing that a Buddhist says about his Buddha. We understand that too. The theosophical Christian says to the Buddhist: I understand and believe the same thing that you understand and believe. — And no one who has come to theosophy from Christianity would ever dare to say as a Christian: The Buddha will come again in the flesh. They would know that this would hurt the most intimate feelings of Buddhists and that such a statement would not do justice to the true character of those beings who have ascended from bodhisattva to Buddha. He has come to know and understand these beings through his Christianity.
And how will the Buddhist who has become a theosophist behave? He will hear that Christianity must be characterized in a special way in terms of its underlying principles. He would say: Christianity does indeed have a religious founder like other religions of the world. The theosophical Buddhist would characterize this founder of religion by saying: This founder is Jesus of Nazareth. Much could be said about this personality, about what has become associated with him over the centuries. But Christians view the personality of Jesus of Nazareth differently than Buddhists view the founder of their religion. In the East, it is said that a great founder of a religion has risen to a state of complete equilibrium of all passions and desires, in short, of all human, personal qualities. Compare this with Jesus of Nazareth. Does he show such complete equilibrium? We read that he became angry, that he overturned the tables of the money changers, drove them out of the temple, and uttered words of passionate anger. Here we see that he does not have what is expected of a founder of a religion in the East. We could point to many other things, but these things are not relevant to the discussion. What is significant is that Christianity differs from all other religions of the world in that they point to a religious founder as a great teacher. But anyone who believes that the deepest essence of Christianity lies in this does not recognize the essence of Christianity. It is not a matter of going back to Jesus of Nazareth or pointing to a great teacher. The origin of Christianity points to a fact. It proceeds from an impersonal fact: from the mystery of Golgotha.
How was this possible? It was possible because, for three years, there was present in the person of Jesus of Nazareth a being whom, if one wants to choose a word for him, one calls the Christ. But this name does not encompass the divine spirit that we recognize in Christ. A human name, a human word, cannot grasp something divine. And in Christ we are dealing with a great divine impulse that extends throughout the world: the Christ impulse that entered Jesus of Nazareth through his baptism in the Jordan. This is the essence of Christianity, this Christ impulse that came to earth through a physical personality, that entered into the physical personality of Jesus of Nazareth, who sheltered the Christ in his shell. Christ wore this physical shell because world development takes place in such a way that it first descends and then ascends again. At the lowest point of the descent, we have the mystery of Golgotha. And this was necessary because only from it could the power spring forth to lead humanity upward again.
After the Atlantean catastrophe, we have the ancient Indian epoch, whose spirituality will not be reached again in the following epochs, but only at the end of development, during the seventh epoch. The Indian epoch was followed by the ancient Persian epoch, then the Chaldean-Egyptian epoch. Even if one follows the development of humanity only externally, it becomes clear that spirituality declined more and more. Then we come to the culture that was entirely grounded in the earthly realm: the Greek-Latin culture. Here we see a clash between the marvelous things that could be created through the marriage of spirit and form in the works of art produced by the Greeks, and the Roman culture, in which the Roman bourgeoisie became masters of the physical realm. But the spiritual aspect of Greek culture is characterized by the saying: Better to be a beggar in the upper world than a king in the realm of shadows. This expresses a fear of the world that lies beyond the physical plane, a fear of the world that human beings must enter after death. Here, spirituality has descended to its lowest point.
From then on, however, humanity needed an impulse to turn back to the spiritual worlds, and this was given to it in this fourth post-Atlantean period by something that took place within this period, something that was basically removed from the entire physical plane.
The mystery of Golgotha, how did it unfold on that remote spot of earth in Palestine? We can say that it unfolded internationally and interdenominational. This mystery of Golgotha took place in solitude and secrecy. The outer culture knew nothing about it, the Romans who ruled the small piece of land where it took place knew nothing about it. And they were truly not followers of Christ, and even less so were the Jews.
Who was actually present when this mystery of Golgotha took place? Who gathered around the one who was allowed to receive Christ in his thirtieth year? Did he gather disciples around him, as Confucius, Laozi, or Buddha did? If you look closely, he did not even do that. For were his disciples already his apostles until the mystery of Golgotha? No! They scattered and went away when the one they had followed until then began his path of suffering. It was only then that they became his apostles, because he, passing through death, gave them the certainty that something lives that is victorious over death. Only then did they become his true apostles and carry his power out among the peoples of the earth. Before that, however, they did not even understand him. And the one who does the most to spread Christianity after the mystery of Golgotha only understands him when he appears to him in spirit.
So we see that Christianity does not essentially consist, as is the case with other religions and their founders, in a great teacher gathering disciples around him and spreading his teachings, but in a divine impulse coming down to earth, passing through death, and becoming the cause of the upward impulse for humanity. When the personal aspect has passed away through death, only then does the power that came to earth through Christ begin to work. It is not a personal teaching that continues to work, but the fact that Christ was in Jesus, that he went through the mystery of Golgotha, and that from this a power radiates throughout the entire subsequent development of humanity.
This is the difference between what Christianity places at the starting point of its development and what other religions place at their starting point. When we consider the starting point of Christianity, we must characterize what happened in the mystery of Golgotha. Paul says: Through Adam—that is, through the one who, even before the Fall, even before he was actually human, gave rise to this descending line, who was therefore not really a personality—through Adam, humanity was led into the descending line; through Christ, it was led into the ascending line.
All this requires, if it is to become true feeling and perception, a complete acceptance of all the occult truths flowing to humanity. In order to understand everything that lies in this fact, it is necessary to allow oneself to be inspired to understanding by the most intimate and deepest occult truths. When one understands this, one will find it understandable that even where Christianity spread, the highest thoughts and deepest truths of Christianity could not be grasped immediately. To comprehend the fact of the death of the divine impulse, to consider that such a fact cannot happen a second time, that by falling into the deepest point of human development it pours forth the power through which humanity can now rise again, to think and comprehend all this was accessible only to a few. That is why the people of the centuries that followed clung to Jesus of Nazareth, they sought him; they could not yet comprehend the Christ. Through Jesus, the Christ impulse also flowed into the works of art. People want Jesus, not the Christ.
But we are only at the beginning of true Christianity; it is only just beginning to stand on its own feet. And when people now say, “Don't take away from us the personal Jesus who comforts and uplifts us, to whom we cling; don't give us an impersonal fact in his place,” they must learn to see that this is nothing but egoism. Only when they grow out of this personal egoism, only when they realize that they can only call themselves Christians when they derive their Christianity from the fact that took place in magnificent solitude on Golgotha, only then will they be able to truly approach Christ. But this will only be understood at a later time.
If there were people today who would say that Christ should not have been crucified, or that when He returns—of course, there can be no question of a return in a physical body—His crucifixion should have been avoided, this would be merely a human opinion and nothing more. Such people do not distinguish between what cannot be and what is a common misunderstanding. For what entered into human evolution through the Mystery of Golgotha could only come from a divine impulse that went through all the suffering and pain of humanity, all the misery and all the wretchedness, all the mockery and all the scorn, all the contempt and all the shame, as it happened through Christ. And all this was much, much harder for a God to go through than for an ordinary human being.
Nor can the fact of the mystery of Golgotha be proven in the same way as other historical events. Even the fact that the crucifixion took place at all cannot be proven. There are no external authentic documents about it. But there is a good reason why it cannot be proven, because it falls outside the scope of the rest of human development. For the mystery of Golgotha is — and this is its fundamental character — something that does not concern itself with what is directly and primarily related to human development.
What does it deal with? With the descent of humanity on the downward path and what is supposed to lead it back up again, with the Luciferic influence on humanity. Lucifer, with all that belongs to him, is not a human being; Lucifer and his followers are superhuman beings. And Lucifer did not have the tendency or the desire to lead people down a slippery slope through his actions, but rather to rebel against the higher gods. He wanted to defeat his enemies, not lead people down a slippery slope. The progressive, higher gods and Lucifer with his hosts of lower, hindering gods fought each other, and human beings have been drawn into this battle of the gods since the beginning of Earth's development. This was something that the gods in the higher worlds had to settle among themselves, but through the battle of the gods, humans were drawn deeper into the world of matter than they should have been. Now the gods had to compensate for this. Humans had to be brought back up again, and Lucifer's deed had to be undone. And this could not be done by a human being. Only through an act of the gods could this be accomplished. This act of the gods shall be characterized as it truly is.
When we explore our Earth, we find birth and death to be the most mysterious phenomena. The fact that beings can die is the fundamental problem for inquiring humanity. Death and dying exist only on Earth; in the higher worlds there is no death, but transformation, metamorphosis. Death, however, can be traced back to what came into human beings through Lucifer, and if something had not happened on the part of the gods, the whole of humanity would have become increasingly entangled in a tendency leading to death. A sacrifice had to be made on the part of the gods: one of their own had to descend and experience death, which can only be experienced among the children of the earth, as an act compensating for Lucifer's deed. And from this death of a god radiates the power that also shines into human souls and can lift them up again from the darkness into which they have fallen through Lucifer's deed. A god had to die once on the physical plane.
This does not concern human beings directly; they were merely spectators to a matter between gods. No wonder that what belongs to the higher worlds cannot be represented by physical means, for it falls outside the physical world.
But the fruits of this divine deed, which had to take place here on our earth, fell to humanity, and Christian initiation gives people the strength to understand this divine deed. And just as the origin of humanity, its emergence from the bosom of the Godhead, could only happen once, so too could the overcoming of what entered the human soul at this origin only happen once.
If a Christian who has become a theosophist were to explain this nature of Christ to a Buddhist who has become a theosophist, the latter would say: “Then I would misunderstand you if I could believe that what you call Christ is something subject to reincarnation. No, it is never subject to reincarnation, just as you would not say that Buddha could come back! Nevertheless, there is a great difference. The Buddhist points to the great teacher to whom he traces his religion, but the true Christian points to a fact of the spiritual worlds that took place in solitude on the globe, to something that is completely impersonal, that has nothing to do with any denomination. No one was initially a believer in this fact; it had nothing to do with a particular spot on earth. In majestic solitude, the power of the gods poured forth from this fact into the entire subsequent development of humanity.
Seeking truth in the various religions is the task of a theosophical worldview, and if we truly seek the kernel of truth in all religions, it means peace. When the adherent of a religion truly recognizes it in the light of theosophy, that religion does not want to impose its particular ray of truth on another religion. Just as the theosophical Christian cannot say that Buddha will return, because then he would not have understood Buddha, so the theosophical Buddhist cannot say that Christ will return, because then he would not understand Christ. But truth about Buddha and truth about Christ mean nowhere—if we do not harbor personal prejudices—discord and sectarianism, but harmony and peace. This follows quite naturally from the truth; it means and brings about peace in the world. All nations and all religions of the earth can belong to the Buddha, the great teacher of the highest truth. And all nations and all religions of the earth can belong to Christ, the divine power in the highest truth. And mutual understanding means peace in the world. And this peace is the soul of the new world. And Theosophy must lead to this soul, which as the spiritual science of all human beings is to reign in the midst of all earthly culture throughout the whole earth.
Such insights were cultivated in the Rosicrucian schools of past centuries, from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries onwards. They knew that with such insights peace would enter into human souls. And they knew that many who cannot experience this peace here on earth will feel it after death as the fulfillment of their dearest ideals when they look down upon the earth and see peace among the nations arising to the same extent that they open themselves to such insights.
Just as I have spoken here today, so have the members of the Rosicrucian circles spoken in close, small circles over the last few centuries. Today it can be spoken before larger crowds. Those who have the mission to work out of the theosophical movement as executors of the testament of what flows into humanity from the Mystery of Golgotha know that Jesus, who has Christ within himself, visits the place where the Mystery of Golgotha took place every year at Easter time. Regardless of whether Jesus is in the flesh or not, he visits this place every year, and there the disciples who have attained maturity can have their union with him.
This is how a poet, Anastasius Grün, felt when an individuality descended and visited the place where the mystery of Golgotha took place every year on the first day of Easter. He describes five such gatherings of the Master with his disciples. The first takes place after the destruction of Jerusalem, the second after the capture by the Crusaders, the third: Ahasuerus lingering on Golgotha, the fourth a praying monk hoping for salvation from the conqueror, as sects of various kinds are scattered across the earth and fight with one another, while the place of his ministry is overlooked by the one who brought the greatest message of peace to the earth. These are the four images of Jesus' past visits to the site of his work on Golgotha. Then, in the poem “Schutt” (Rubble), Anastasius Grün conjures up an image of a future descent on Golgotha. What he describes lies in the distant future: this situation of the future, which he feels like the power of peace that will then reign on earth. It lies in Christianity as understood not in a denominational sense but in the Rosicrucian sense. There he sees children playing. They are digging—even if this image may still be a utopia—they are digging up an iron object and do not know what it is. Only those who still have distant memories of the long-past strife among humans know that it is a sword. In times of peace, people no longer recognize the purpose of a sword and use it as a plowshare. And a farmer continues digging and finds an object made of stone. Again, no one recognizes it. It had been banished from the earth for a while, say those who still know something about it. People no longer recognized it! Once they used it as a symbol of strife—it is a cross made of stone—but now, as people gather under the future impulse of Christ Jesus, it is becoming something else. And how does the poet describe this to us in 1836? He describes this symbol of the mission of the correctly understood Christ impulse as follows:
Though they do not know it, it is full of blessing,
Upright in their hearts, in eternal charm,
Its seed blossoms all around on every path;
For what they never knew was a cross!The stone cross, they set it up in the garden,
A mysterious, venerable antiquity,
Around it roses and flowers of all kinds
Climb upward, twining around and around.Thus stands the cross amid splendor and abundance
On Golgotha, glorious, full of meaning:
It is completely covered by its veil of roses,
Long since the cross can no longer be seen through the roses.