Wonders of the World, Ordeals of the Soul, Revelations of the Spirit
GA 129
22 August 1911, Munich
5. The merging of the ancient Hebrew and the Greek currents in the Christ-stream. Dionysos Zagreus and the younger Dionysos.
At the end of yesterday's lecture I introduced the name of Dionysos, and finished on a note of interrogation as to his nature. As everybody knows, Dionysos is one of the Greek gods, and the question must have arisen in your minds as to the nature of the Greek gods in general. I have already tried to describe in considerable detail such figures as Pluto, Poseidon and Zeus himself. In view of what I said yesterday as to the part played by the higher hierarchies in the spiritual guidance of mankind, you may have wanted to ask to what category of the higher hierarchies the ancient Greeks regarded their gods as belonging.
We said yesterday that in contradistinction to conditions prevailing in previous epochs—in the Persian and the EgyptoChaldean epochs—during the Greco-Latin culture the reins of spiritual guidance from above were less tightly drawn. That the Greeks were conscious of this somewhat freer relationship between the divine Spirits and men is quite clear from the way in which they depicted their gods, giving them thoroughly human traits, one might even say human frailties, human passions, human sympathies and antipathies. From this we can infer that they knew that, just as human beings on the physical plane have to strive to make progress, the gods immediately above them do the same thing—they strive to transcend such qualities as they have. In fact, compared with the gods of Egypt or Persia, the Greek gods needed so much to make progress in their own evolution that they could not bother themselves much about men! Hence came that standing-upon-its-own-feet of Greek civilisation which is so truly human. The bond between gods and men was looser than ever before. It was just because they were aware of this that the Greeks could depict their gods as so human. This very fact may well prompt us to ask where in the ranks of the hierarchies the Greeks themselves placed their gods. We can be in no doubt—their very qualities proclaim it loudly enough—we have to put them all without exception into the ranks of the Luciferic beings. If we ask ourselves what these gods were trying to do, what they were seeking to gain by their participation in earthly life, we can have no doubt that they had failed to complete their Moon evolution and that the Greeks knew it, knew that they had to take advantage of Earth evolution just as men had to do. It follows from this that the Greeks knew quite well that all their gods were imbued with the Luciferic principle.
The Greek attitude towards their gods is in sharp contrast to that of another people. We know of one nation which had developed to a very high degree a consciousness of being under a divine hierarchy which in its own development had attained the full goal of the Moon evolution. Anyone who heard the course of lectures I gave here a year ago with all that I then said about the Elohim, about the culmination of the Elohim in Jahve, will have no doubt that the Hebrew people knew that the Elohim, that Jahve, belonged to the gods who could not be directly affected by the Luciferic principle on Earth, because they had reached their full development upon the Moon. That is the great contrast between these two peoples, and the singularity of the ancient Hebrew consciousness of God is wonderfully portrayed in that powerful dramatic allegory which sheds its light upon us from remote antiquity, and the profound meaning of which will only gradually be understood once more as Spiritual Science prepares the ground for it. If ancient Hebrew consciousness was utterly filled with the knowledge that every member of the Hebrew nation was under the divine guidance of spirits who had attained the full goal of their evolution on the Moon, how must this have affected its attitude towards man himself? The Hebrew must inevitably have felt: ‘Devotion to this divine world with the whole strength of the soul will lead men upwards to the spiritual in the universe; union with any other forces, union with forces which still belong to the material world, will inevitably lead men away from the spiritual.’ This is the significance of that text, that epigrammatic utterance, which has come down to us from the Book of Job, whose wife says to her suffering husband: ‘Curse God and die.’ There is something magnificent, powerful, in these words, and they can only mean that union with Jahve, as the extract of the Elohim, means life itself to the ancient Hebrew people. Union with the hierarchy of the Elohim is life, and union with any other hierarchy would mean turning away from this progressive principle of human evolution, would mean death to human evolution. To the ancient Hebrews, no longer to be permeated by the substance of the Elohim, or of Jahve, meant to die.
This is just an indication that in remote antiquity there was an opposite spiritual consciousness in vivid contrast to the consciousness which we meet later among the Greeks. Greek consciousness brings to maturity the truly human element in earthly life, tries to assimilate into its humanity all that the Earth has to offer and is in consequence under the domination of a hierarchy which is seeking to lay hold of the elements of earthly life for its own development, and which therefore exercises the least possible control over men. The other consciousness, the ancient Hebrew consciousness surrenders itself entirely to the principle of the Elohim, is completely given up to Jahve. Those were the two great poles of civilisation in the past.
I said yesterday that the Luciferic beings, or the Angels who during the Moon evolution remained backward, can still incarnate upon the Earth, can still move among men, in contradistinction to those who completed their evolution on the Moon. But we are not told that the Greek gods incarnated directly in human form! There seems here to be an inconsistency. Such apparent inconsistencies are inevitable, for Spiritual Science is extraordinarily comprehensive and complicated. Indeed the paths of spiritual truth are intricate, and can only be trodden by those who patiently wind their way through the labyrinth—as is said in a passage of my Mystery Play The Soul's Probation.1Scene 2 of The Soul's Probation. The precise words are:
“Der höhern Wahrheit Wege sind verworren;
nur der vermag zurecht zu finden sich
der in Geduld durch Labyrinthe wandeln kann.”
Translated as:
“Tangled the paths that lead to higher truths!
And only those may hope to reach the goal
Who walk in patience through their labyrinths.” Such inconsistencies can only be resolved little by little, and anyone who expects a glib solution will not easily penetrate to the truth. The Greeks were certainly aware that in their own time the Beings of their divine hierarchies were not able to incarnate directly upon the earth. But those soul-individualities whom the Greeks regarded as their gods did nevertheless incarnate in physical bodies, and that happened in the time of Atlantis! Just as in the Greek Heroes we have the later incarnations of backward Angels from the Moon evolution, going about the Earth in human bodies, bearing within them knowledge of a Luciferic, a superhuman nature, so in the Greek gods we have beings who underwent their fleshly incarnation in Atlantean bodies. Thus we can say that the Greeks looked upon their gods as true Luciferic beings who had already gone through their human incarnation in Atlantis. We must be clear about this if we wish to understand the whole world of the Greek gods.
But another apparent contradiction might occur to you. You might say: ‘All very well, but another time you tell us that Zeus is outside in space as the macrocosmic representative of the astral forces at work in man, Poseidon as the macrocosmic representative of the forces working in the ether body, Pluto as the macroscosmic representative of the forces of the physical body ... so that one has to think of these forces as outspread in the widths of space!’ The objection that these forces are at work outside in space without being gathered together into separate human forms could only be made by someone who has not yet understood how evolution comes about, what is its whole meaning. For a modern consciousness it is somewhat difficult to come to terms with the proper concepts. It is difficult to imagine that what works outside in space as natural law can at the same time walk about the Earth in a human body. Nevertheless it can be so. For the scientist of today naturally it would seem utter nonsense for anyone to say, ‘Take all the forces known today to the chemist, all the chemical forces described in the text-books, all the forces at work in the analysis and combination of substances, and then think of all these laws at some time concentrated in a human body, walking about, making use of hands and feet’ ... a modern man would regard that as sheer madness! Equally little would he be able to imagine that the macrocosmic counterpart of the forces at work in our astral bodies, their counterpart outspread in space ... was once upon a time, exactly in the manner of today, a human soul, centred in a single person, a single person who in Atlantis walked the Earth as Zeus. And the same thing applies to Poseidon and to Pluto. In these Atlantean men to whom Greek consciousness gave the names of Pluto, Zeus, Poseidon, there were incarnated those wonders of the world which are also called laws. Try then to imagine to yourself a real man of Atlantean mould walking about in Atlantis just like other Atlanteans, and imagine an observer endowed with full consciousness looking upon this denizen of Atlantis who was Zeus ... such an observer would have been obliged to say: ‘This soul of Zeus walking about as an Atlantean appears to be concentrated in an Atlantean body, but that is an illusion, that is maya. It only seems to be so. The truth is that this soul is the totality of all the macrocosmic forces which work outside as the counterpart of the soul-forces concentrated in our astral bodies.’ If clairvoyant observation were directed to this Atlantean man who is Zeus, it would acknowledge: ‘As I observe this soul, it becomes larger and larger, it broadens out, it is in fact the macrocosmic counterpart of the soul-forces in the human astral body.’ The same thing applied to the other Atlanteans who were really Greek gods. The world as it meets us on the physical plane is altogether maya. It is because the modern man has no idea of this that it is so difficult for him to conceive of the Being of Christ Jesus Himself. For if we contemplate the soul which was in Christ Jesus after the baptism in the Jordan, we find the same thing. That is made clear in the little book The Spiritual Guidance of Man and of Mankind. In that book we come to recognise that as long as the clairvoyant, or so long as human beings in general, could think of this soul as confined to one human body, they were the victims of maya. In reality this soul pervades all space, and exercises its influence from the whole of space, though for the mind held captive by the sense-world it seems to work through the body of Jesus of Nazareth. Whereas after the baptism by John we have to see the cosmos as a whole through the body of Jesus, in the Greek gods, during the time they were Atlantean men, we have to see those specific forces which have their place within the cosmos. They actually dwelt on the physical plane, and were, in terms of maya, real Atlantean men.
But this will no longer astonish you if you observe the ordinary man of today. At bottom he also is maya, and it is sheer illusion to think that the human soul is confined to the space which encloses his body. As soon as a man attains to knowledge of the super-sensible world he no longer looks upon his physical body as something within which he with his ego is confined; it is something upon which he looks from without, towards which he is focused, and he feels himself, together with his ego, as poured out into cosmic space. He is in fact outside himself, united with the beings of the surrounding world, whom formerly he only looked at; and in a way every soul is spread out over the whole macrocosm, every soul is there within the great universe. Moreover, when man goes through the gate of death and severs his essential soul-nature from his bodily part, as soon as death has taken place, he at once feels himself to be poured out into the macrocosm, he feels himself to be one with the macrocosm, because reality then enters into his consciousness and takes the place of the maya.
I have tried to make clear what a consciousness experiences when it has been freed from the body, when so to say it looks upon the physical body from without, when it lives instead in the spiritual world, when it gradually makes itself at home in the macrocosm. ... I tried to make that clear in Scene 10 of my playThe Soul's Probation, in the monologue which Capesius speaks when, after having plunged into the cosmic, the historical form of his previous incarnation, he returns again to ordinary consciousness. In that monologue what he experienced while he was living through his earlier incarnation passes through his soul; it is not just drily recorded that he had seen one of his earlier incarnations, but if you follow the monologue word by word, line by line, you find a true description of what he experienced. You find it all there, quite realistically described. From this monologue you can get an idea of what really takes place when one looks back in the Akasha Chronicle to earlier periods of Earth evolution, in which one has gone through earlier incarnations. It would be a great mistake to overlook a single word of it; it would be a mistake as regards other passages too, but particularly in this monologue it would be a great mistake not to realise that it describes quite realistically, in all detail, actual soul-experiences. You are even told how the human being has to ask himself whether everything out there in space has not been woven out of the stuff of his own soul! Capesius does actually feel as if what he has encountered there outside himself has been made out of the stuff of his own soul. It is very strange to feel oneself to be part of other things, to feel expanded to a cosmos, to feel completely drained, literally starved of one's own being, which has turned into pictures which then stand before one, pictures that one sees just because they are saturated with the stuff of one's own soul. If you take all that into consideration, you will come to understand the assurance with which the Greeks fashioned the pictures of their gods and of the divine world.
Thus during the time of Atlantis these gods were human beings, with souls which had a macrocosmic significance and this experience enabled them to make such progess as to fit them to play their part in the fourth post-Atlantean culture-epoch, but during that epoch to hold the reins very loosely in their spiritual guidance of humanity. As gods they no longer needed to be like Cecrops, Theseus and Cadmus, in whom were also incarnated Luciferic souls who had fallen behind during the Moon evolution, for they had finished with what earthly incarnation could give them in their Atlantean incarnations. Yet if we are looking at the matter in the right light we see that however much these Greek gods could still give to men, there was one thing they could not give; they could not give the ego-consciousness which man had to acquire. Why not? You will have gathered from all my earlier lectures that this human ego-consciousness was something which had to come about specifically upon Earth. We know of course that man first developed his physical, etheric and astral bodies during the Moon evolution. On the Moon the ego-consciousness could find no footing. There was no ego-consciousness in anything created on the Moon, or in any knowledge which the Greek gods had acquired there about the principle of creation. They could not give ego-consciousness to men, because that was an Earth product. They could do much for man's physical, etheric and astral bodies, for they had been fully conversant with the laws governing these from the time of the Saturn, Sun and Moon evolutions, in which at a higher level they themselves had participated. But because they were retarded Beings they could not become creators of the ego-consciousness. In this respect they are in marked contrast to the Elohim, to Jahve, who is pre-eminently the creator of the ego-consciousness. Thus the whole of modern mental life has only been able to develop through the intermingling of these two polaric influences in human spiritual development—the ancient Hebrew influence, which had the very strong tendency to arouse all the forces in the human soul leading towards ego-consciousness, and the other influence which poured into the human soul all these forces which the human physical, etheric and astral bodies needed in order that Earth evolution might be rightly carried through.
It was only through the intermingling of these two, the Greek and the Hebrew influences, that it was possible for that unified consciousness to arise which was then able to absorb the Christ Impulse, the Christ principle. For within Christianity these two influences are to be found, merged together as the waters of two rivers flow into one. Thus while the life of the soul in modern western civilisation is inconceivable without the impact of Greece, it is no less so without the impulse which was contributed by the ancient Hebrew civilisation. But from the hierarchy to which Zeus, Poseidon and Pluto belonged there was no possibility of man's acquiring his earthly ego-consciousness. The Greeks had a wonderfully clear perception of this, and brought it to expression in their concept of Dionysos. Indeed as regards this figure of Dionysos the Greek soul has expressed itself with such marvellous clarity that we can only contemplate the wisdom of its mythology in reverent amazement.
Greek mythology tells us of an older Dionysos, Dionysos Zagreus. This older Dionysos was a figure which the Greeks depicted in such a way as to give expression to their feeling that an old clairvoyant consciousness had preceded the intellectual consciousness man has since acquired. This sentiment they did not of course express outwardly in thought such as ours, it was entirely a matter of feeling. This old clairvoyant consciousness was not constrained by maya, illusion, deception, to the same degree as is the later consciousness of humanity While men were still clairvoyant they did not believe that the soul is enclosed in the body, that it is bounded by the skin; the centre of the human being, so to say, was still outside the body. Man did not believe that he saw through his eyes by means of his physical body, but he knew: ‘With my consciousness I am standing outside my physical body.’ He regarded the physical body as a possession. One might say that modern man is like someone who sits firmly and comfortably on a chair in his house and says: ‘Here am I inside my house and surrounded by its walls!’ The old clairvoyant man did not sit within his house in this way, he was more like a man who walks out through the door of his house, stands outside it and says: ‘There is my house, I can walk round it, I can look at it from various standpoints.’ ... one then has a far wider view of the house than when one is inside it. That is what the old clairvoyant consciousness was like. It circulated outside its own bodily form and looked upon the latter merely as a possession of the consciousness outside it. When we consider the course of earthly evolution from ancient Lemuria through the Atlantean time and on into the post-Atlantean epochs, we know that the development of earthly consciousness has been gradual. During the Lemurian time this human consciousness was in many respects very similar to that of the Moon evolution. Man paid little attention to his body, he was still outspread in space. It was only by slow degrees that he entered with his ego into his body; during Atlantis his consciousness was to a considerable extent outside it.
Thus it was only gradually that this consciousness began to enter into the physical body—the whole tenor of Earth evolution shows this, and the Greek too was aware of it. He was sensible of an earlier consciousness, a clairvoyant consciousness which, though it had arisen during Earth evolution, still had a very strong leaning towards the Moon consciousness, towards the consciousness which had developed when man's highest member was his astral body. We ourselves might express this stage of human evolution thus.—At the time the Earth entered upon its present evolution man had developed physical, etheric and astral bodies, man bore in his astral body the Zeus forces; in the course of Earth evolution there was added to this all that went to form the ego. A new element united itself with the astral Zeus forces. Grafted upon the Zeus forces as it were, was something which in earlier times had indeed been vaguely associated with them, but which more and more came to be an independent ego added to the Zeus forces. The independent ego first found clairvoyant, and only later intellectual expression. If we see in the astral and Zeus forces, and if in what then emerges, and is at first clairvoyant, we see what we have called Persephone, then we can say: ‘Before man lost his clairvoyant consciousness there lived in him, side by side with what was in his astral body as the Zeus forces, Persephone.’ Man had brought over this astral body, closely associated with the forces of Zeus, from the Moon. The soul-life which we find personified by Persephone was developed in him on the Earth. And that is what the man who lived in olden times on Earth was like! He felt, ‘I have in my astral body. ... I have within me Persephone.’ In olden times man could not yet speak of an intellectual ego, as we do today, but he was aware of something which arose in him as a result of the co-operation of the Zeus forces in his astral body with the Persephone forces. What came about in him through the union of these two, Zeus and Persephone, that was his very self. He was something only one aspect of which was bestowed upon him by Zeus; to this there had to be added the other thing, upon which Zeus as such had no direct influence. What Persephone as the daughter of Demeter was, was connected with the forces of the Earth itself. Persephone was the daughter of Demeter, a divine Being whose relationship with Zeus was regarded as that of a sister. Persephone was a soul who had gone through a different evolution from Zeus, she was connected with the Earth, and out of the Earth had an influence upon man and thereby upon the formation of his ego-consciousness.
Thus from very ancient times man bore in him from the side of Zeus his astral body, from the side of the Earth, Persephone. The ancient Greek was conscious that he bore within him something, the origin of which he could not discover when he looked up to the hierarchies of the upper gods. Hence he ascribed what he bore within him to what were called the sub-earthly gods, to the gods who were connected with the origin of the Earth, in which the upper gods had played no part. ‘I bear something in my being to which I owe my earthly consciousness, something which the world of the upper gods, the world of Zeus or of Poseidon or of Pluto could not directly give me, something with which they could only co-operate! Thus there is upon the Earth something beyond what the macrocosmic forces of Zeus, Poseidon and Pluto are, something which Zeus can only look upon, but which he cannot himself produce.’ For all these reasons Greek mythology has good ground for making the elder Dionysos, Dionysos Zagreus, a son of Persephone and Zeus. In olden times, forces in earthly life which further the development of man's ego-consciousness, looked at microcosmically from within man, constitute the ancient clairvoyant consciousness; seen from the macrocosmic aspect, as they surge through the earthly elements, they are the elder Dionysos.
Thus when man had an ego which was not yet the ego of today with its power of intellect, but the forerunner of our present ego, when man had the old consciousness, which has now become subconscious, man looked outward to the macrocosmic forces which cause the ego-forces to flow into us, and called them Dionysos Zagreus, the elder Dionysos. But the Greek had a peculiar feeling towards what the elder Dionysos could give him. He was, after all, already living in an intellectual civilisation, even though one permeated with the living sap of fantasy, one wholly pictorial. Within the pictorial mode his culture was already intellectual. Only the oldest times still bear evidence of a clairvoyant civilisation. Everything to do with Greece which has been handed down historically to later times is intellectual civilisation, however steeped in imagery and fantasy. Thus actually the Greek looked back to an older time, to a time to which the elder Dionysos really belonged, to a time when he infused into human nature the still clairvoyant ego. The Greek had a sense of tragedy when he said to himself, ‘Our Earth can no longer maintain such an ancient ego-consciousness.’ Try for a moment to place yourself livingly within such a Greek soul. He looked back as if in recollection upon those olden times, and said to himself: ‘At that time there was a humanity which lived with its consciousness outside the physical body, a time when the soul was independent of the bit of space enclosed by its skin, a time when it lived outside, lived at one with the world of cosmic space. But those times have gone, they belong to the past. Since then this ego-consciousness has developed in such a way that in fact man cannot do otherwise than feel himself enclosed in the space bounded by his skin.’
This involved something further. Try to imagine for a moment that, by a miracle, it could come about that each one of your souls, now in your physical bodies, were to leave them, were to become outspread in the widths of space ... then your souls would merge into one another, they would not be separate. The several souls could point to their own property at as many different points as there are heads sitting here; but out there above the souls would coalesce and we should have a unity. But if the souls were to withdraw from this exalted consciousness into their respective bodies again ... what would become of this unity? It would be divided up into as many bodies as are sitting here. Picture to yourselves this sensation, think to yourselves that the Greeks knew in their souls that there was a kind of consciousness in which souls were united with one another and formed a unity, a consciousness in which the human psyche drifted over the Earth, and as an egoity none could really distinguish himself from another; then came a time when this egoity lost its unity and each separate soul trickled into a body. Greek fancy represents this moment in an impressive picture, the picture of the dismembered Dionysos.
With nice discernment Greek mythology has interwoven into the Dionysos saga the figure of Zeus on the one hand and Hera on the other. We have seen that Zeus is the central power of the macrocosmic forces which correspond to the soul-forces anchored in the astral body. These soul-forces have come over from the Moon evolution. Even Zeus really derives from the Moon evolution, so that he plays a part in the creation of Dionysos, who to begin with, as Dionysos the elder, is a son of Zeus and Persephone. Zeus's part in the creation of Dionysos lies in his representing the element of one-ness, of homogeneity, of Being as yet unfragmented. The figure whom we meet in the feminine Hera has passed through a different development. She has passed through a development considerably more advanced spiritually than that of Zeus—more advanced in the sense that she inclined more towards the Earth, whereas Zeus had remained behind at an earlier stage. Whereas Zeus had remained at the stage of the Moon evolution, had persisted in the Moon stage of development, Hera had gone further and had taken into herself certain motives which could be used upon the Earth. Hera belongs to the category of those Luciferic beings who labour to bring about the separation, the individualisation of men. Hence she is so often represented as jealous. Jealousy can only come about where individuality is well defined. Where consciousness of unity prevails there can be no jealousy. Hera belongs to those gods who further separation, individualisation, isolation. Thus Hera plays an active part in the mutilation of Dionysos ... whereas he is the offspring of the union of Zeus and Persephone. At a time when the human being of old was endowed with clairvoyant consciousness as a universal consciousness, the individualising goddess Hera—a function symbolically expressed as her jealousy—appears and calls upon the Titans, the gods centred in the forces of the earth, to cut into pieces the old unified consciousness, thereby driving it into separate bodies. This is how this universal consciousness, this consciousness of being one, was banished from the world.
The ancient Greek looked back with a sense of tragedy to that old clairvoyant consciousness which lived outside the physical body and knew itself to be one with all things in the universe; for he could only look back to it as to a thing of the past. If nothing else had supervened, had there been only the deed of Hera, man would have walked the earth, enclosed within the narrow confines of his own personality. Men would never have understood one another. But neither would they have been able to understand their environment, the elements of the earth, the world. They would have been able to look upon their bodies as their property, to feel themselves shut up within their bodies as in a house; possibly they would have been able to feel the environment in their closest proximity as their own, as a snail feels its shell to belong to it, but further than this the human ego would never have expanded; it would never have expanded to a consciousness of the world. That is what Hera wanted. She wanted to separate men from each other in their individuality.
What then saved men from this isolation? Whence comes it that, although men's egos had assumed intellectual form, this later consciousness, no longer clairvoyant but intellectual, is able to form an image of the world through acquiring intellectual knowledge? Whence comes it that the ego can transcend itself, is able to connect one thing with another? Whereas clairvoyant sight encompasses the whole world in one look, intellectual vision is restricted, it has to pass from object to object, to assemble the separate items in its vision of the world in order to make a picture of the whole by intellectual knowledge. It is not only the work of Hera which has continued to develop, but the intellectuality of the ego has been brought to completion, and although man can no longer, like Dionysos Zagreus, live in objects clairvoyantly, he can at least form intelligent pictures of the world, he can picture the world as a whole. To the Greeks the central power behind this world-picture, behind the thoughts and imagery with which we grasp it, was represented by the goddess Pallas Athene.
In point of fact it was the intellectual image of the world, the wisdom of the intellect, which rescued the dismembered Dionysos, rescued the old unified consciousness that had withdrawn into human bodies. It directed human consciousness once more outwards. Hence the subtlety of the Dionysos saga, which relates how Pallas Athene, after Dionysos had been dismembered by the Titans at the instigation of Hera, rescued his heart and brought it to Zeus. That is a marvellously subtle and wisdom-filled feature of the story, in full accordance with the ‘world-wonders’ to which Spiritual Science provides the key again today. We contemplate its profundities with reverence and admiration. This story of the dismemberment of Dionysos and the rescuing of his heart by Pallas Athene, who took it to Zeus, is only the macrocosmic counterpart of something which takes place microcosmically in us.
We know that the blood which sets the heart in motion is the physical expression of earthly man. What would have happened if the intellectual expansion of the ego to an intellectual conception of the world had not saved it from being imprisoned in the human body? What would have happened had not Pallas Athene rescued the heart of the dismembered Dionysos and taken it to Zeus? Men would have walked about each imprisoned in his own bodily form, each imprisoned in those microcosmic forces of his body which manifest merely the lower egotistic impulses, through which man does in fact tend to cut himself off as an isolated person enclosed in his skin. Of course man does have within him those forces which led to the dismemberment of Dionysos. They are the lower impulses of human nature, those which work in an animal, an instinctive way, and are the basis of human egotism. Those are the impulses from which develop sympathy and antipathy, everything of an instinctive nature, from hunger and other allied instincts to the reproductive instinct, which as such belongs entirely to the category of lower instincts. Had it depended upon Hera alone, had Pallas Athene not intervened to save man, he would only have developed an appetite for food, for the process of reproduction, in short for all the lower instincts.
What then happened to enable man to overcome this egotism, concentrated solely upon his lower nature? These lower instincts do constitute egohood, but there is something in human nature which lifts us above them. It is the fact that in our hearts we can still develop a different kind of enthusiasm from the egotistic passions—the hunger that drives us to maintain life and the sexual instinct that drives us to maintain the species. Those appetites, after all, still leave human nature plunged in its egotism. It is only because something else is intermingled with them that their egotistic character can to a certain extent be overcome, that they can be released from the body. There is a higher element connected with the heart, particularly with the circulation of the blood, which develops higher enthusiasms. When our hearts beat for the spiritual world and for its great ideals, when our hearts are afire for things of the mind, when we feel as much warmth for the spiritual world as a man feels in his lower instincts in the erotic life, then human nature is being purified and spiritualised by what Pallas Athene has added to the deed of Hera. Humanity will only become able to understand this tremendous truth in course of time, for at present there is much in human nature to give the lie to it. How often do we hear this sort of thing said: ‘Some people are very queer, they get worked up about all sorts of things which really don't exist, they get as heated over abstractions, over mere ideas, as other men do about real life’—meaning by that the satisfaction of hunger and other lower instincts. But those who are capable of developing so much warm enthusiasm for the super-sensible, for things in no way concerned with the lower instincts, that they can feel the super-sensible world to be a reality, have devoted themselves to what Pallas Athene added to the work of Hera. That is the microcosmic counterpart of the forces holding sway in the universe, of which Greek mythology gives us such a magnificent picture when it tells how Pallas Athene rescued the heart of the dismembered Dionysos and took it to Zeus who hid it in his loins. After the old clairvoyant consciousness had entered into man it merged with his bodily nature; this is wonderfully expressed in the Greek myth in the fact that the Dionysos-nature is concealed in the loins of Zeus; for all that would have sprung from the dismembered Dionysos would have had its microcosmic counterpart in what emanates from man's lower bodily nature. Thus we see how wonderfully what is given in the magnificent pictures of the old Dionysos saga is in agreement with Spiritual Science.
However, we are told how the old clairvoyant consciousness, represented by the elder Dionysos, developed further into the younger Dionysos, into the later consciousness, into our present ego-consciousness. For the macrocosmic counterpart of our present ego-consciousness, with its intellectual civilisation, with all that derives from our reason, and from our ego generally, is in fact the second Dionysos, who was born because a love-potion, brewed from the rescued heart of the dismembered Dionysos was given to Semele, a mortal, and resulted in her union with Zeus—with the forces of the astral body. Thus one who as a human being is already different, unites with what has come over from the Moon evolution, and from this union comes the man of today, who has his macrocosmic counterpart in the younger Dionysos, the son of Zeus and Semele. What further are we told about this younger Dionysos? Surely if he is the macrocosmic counterpart of our intellectual ego-forces, then he must be the intelligence which spans the Earth, which is outspread in the widths of space. If Greek feeling is to be in accordance with the truth, it will have to think of the younger Dionysos, the macrocosmic counterpart of our intellectual ego, as the intelligence which encircles the Earth; it will have to think that there moves a being outside in space who is like intelligence passing from land to land! And, wonderfully enough, we do find in Greek mythology the splendid legend of the second Dionysos who travelled from Europe to far-distant India, everywhere teaching men the arts of agriculture, the cultivation of the vine, and so on; we find how he then crossed into Arabia, returning again through Egypt. Every variety of intellectual civilisation stems from the journeys of the younger Dionysos; what we in our abstract dryas-dust way call the spread of intellectual civilisation, the old Greek mythology called the journeys of the younger Dionysos, who taught men agriculture, taught them the cultivation of the vine, besides teaching them science, the art of writing and such things, during journeys which carried him all over the earth. The conceptions of the older and the younger Dionysos fit in wonderfully together; they are pictures of mankind advancing from its older, clairvoyant consciousness, with its macrocosmic counterpart in the older Dionysos, to the younger, intellectual consciousness which has a macrocosmic counterpart in the younger Dionysos.
Let us once more turn to the thought which formed the starting point of this lecture, the idea that the ancient Greek gods were Atlantean men. ... The older Dionysos ... you will feel of him that—although the son of Persephone and Zeus has already taken Earth-elements into himself through the Titans, he still has a very close affinity with the gods of the Zeus hierarchy. He is the son of Zeus and Persephone, a super-sensible Being. This elder Dionysos from the very fact that he is still the son of Zeus as well as of Persephone—a super-sensible figure of the post-Atlantean epoch—is in his very nature allied with the Zeus hierarchy. Because of this, ancient Greek consciousness is clear, and the legend makes it clear, that the elder Dionysos, Dionysos Zagreus, like the other Greek gods, lived as a human being in Atlantis, walked the Earth as a man in Atlantis. But when you enter into the spirit of the saga of the younger Dionysos, who is already closely related to man, being born of a human mother, you see that the myth is aware that he is actually more closely akin to man than to the gods. Hence the legend relates what is in fact true, that the younger Dionysos was actually born in Greece in remote antiquity, and lived in a post-Atlantean fleshly body. Just as the forces of Zeus were once to be found in an Atlantean Zeus, in the same way what we recognise as the intellectual civilisation which is spread throughout the world, this mental macrocosmic counterpart of the personal intellectual ego, once lived as a man, as the younger Dionysos, in the post-Atlantean epoch, somewhere in Greek pre-historic times. This Dionysos the younger actually lived, he was one of the Greek Heroes. He grew up in Greece, and travelled to Asia, getting as far as India. This journey really did take place! And much of Indian civilisation—not the part which has survived from the teaching of the Holy Rishis, but another part—derives from the younger Dionysos. Then with his band of earthly creatures he journeyed to Arabia and Libya, and back again to Thrace. This prodigious pre-historic journey really took place. Thus a Dionysos figure who actually lived as a man, accompanied by a remarkable band of followers, described in mythology as sileni, fauns and other like beings, actually made the round journey to Arabia, Libya, Thrace and back again to Greece. When the time came for his death, he poured out his soul into the intellectual civilisation of mankind.
Thus one is justified in asking: ‘Is Dionysos the younger alive today?’ Yes, my dear friends. Go where you will, look at what lives in the world as intellectual culture, consider the mental content of what is given to us by modern historians in such a hopelessly dry-as-dust form, and which is called the tradition of history or something equally fantastic—consider this in its concrete reality. Think of this concrete, macro-telluric element which surrounds the Earth like a spiritual sheath, which subsists from epoch to epoch, which is not only in every head, but which as an atmosphere of intellectual culture also envelops all men in their daily lives—therein lives Dionysos the younger! Whether you turn to the teaching of our universities, or to the intellectual training which is applied to technology, whether you look at the kind of thought which has come into the world and forms the mental atmosphere of the banking and financial system throughout the world, in all that there lives the soul of Dionysos the younger. Since the death of the personality of the younger Dionysos who made that great journey, his soul has gradually been poured out into the intellectual civilisation of the entire Earth.
Fünfter Vortrag
Wir haben gestern sozusagen mit einem Frageausblick den Vortrag beschlossen, mit der Frage nach dem Wesen des Dionysos. Nun ist, wie Sie alle wissen, Dionysos einer der griechischen Götter, und es muß sich Ihnen daher die Frage aufdrängen nach dem Wesen dieser griechischen Götter überhaupt. Wir haben allerdings in bezug auf viele Einzelheiten solche Gestalten wie Pluto, Poseidon und Zeus selbst zu charakterisieren versucht, aber mit Bezug auf das gestern Gesagte, auf den Anteil, den die geistigen Wesenheiten der höheren Hierarchien an der geistigen Führung der Menschheit nehmen, könnte die Frage ganz besonders mit Rücksicht auf das gestern Gesagte bei Ihnen auftauchen. Sie könnten sich fragen, zu welcher Kategorie der Wesen in den höheren Hierarchien rechneten denn in bezug auf die Führung der Menschheit die alten Griechen ihre Götter? Wir haben gestern schon gesagt, daß gewissermaßen im Gegensatz zu den anderen vorangehenden Kulturepochen, der urpersischen, der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Kulturepoche, die Zügel der geistigen Führung von oben herunter während der griechisch-lateinischen Kultur am wenigsten angezogen waren. Daß bei den Griechen ein Bewußtsein von diesem, man darf sagen, etwas freieren Verhältnis der göttlichen Geister zu den Menschen vorhanden war, das mag schon daraus anschaulich sein, daß die Griechen die Bilder ihrer Göttergestalten so ausgestaltet haben, daß in ihnen wirklich durch und durch menschliche Züge sind, man darf sagen menschliche Fehler, menschliche Leidenschaften, menschliche Sympathien und Antipathien. Schon daraus können wir voraussetzen, daß die Griechen wußten, daß geradeso wie die Menschen hier unten auf dem physischen Plane streben, um vorwärtszukommen, dies auch die unmittelbar über ihnen stehende Götterhierarchie tue. Hinauszukommen werden sie suchen über jene Eigenschaften, die sie haben. Die Götter Griechenlands brauchten tatsächlich so viel, um vorwärtszukommen in ihrer eigenen Entwickelung im Verhältnis zu den Göttern, sagen wir, der alten Ägypter oder Perser, daß sie sich, wenn wir trivial sprechen wollen, nicht recht kümmern konnten um die Menschen. Daher kam dieses so echt menschliche Auf-sich-selbst-Gestelltsein der Griechenkultur. Das Band zwischen Göttern und Menschen war eben dazumal am allerwenigsten angezogen. Daher aber konnten die Griechen ihre Götter so menschlich ausgestalten, weil sie sich dieser Tatsache bewußt waren. Gerade einer solchen Sache gegenüber dürfen wir wohl fragen, wenn wir unsere hierarchische Ordnung in Betracht ziehen: Wohin haben wir denn die griechischen Götter zu stellen nach der Empfindung des griechischen Volkes selber? Da müssen wir uns klar sein, daß die Eigenschaften der griechischen Götter laut genug sprachen, daß wir sie im Grunde genommen samt und sonders in einer gewissen Beziehung zu den luziferischen Wesenheiten zu rechnen haben. Wenn Sie bedenken, was alles im Streben der griechischen Götter liegt, was sie wollen von dem, was durch das Erdenleben vor sich gehen kann, dann werden Sie keinen Zweifel hegen können, daß die Griechen es empfanden: ihre Götter haben ihre Entwickelung nicht auf dem alten Monde abgeschlossen, sondern haben aus der Erdenentwikkelung durchaus jenen Nutzen zu ziehen, den auch die Menschen selber aus ihr ziehen. Schon daraus kann hervorgehen, wie die Griechen sich dessen bewußt waren, daß ihre gesamte Götterwelt das luziferische Prinzip in sich hatte, daß sie nicht ihre volle Entwickelung auf dem alten Mond erlangt hatte.
In dieser Beziehung steht das Bewußtsein der Griechen von ihren Göttern in einem sehr schroffen Gegensatz zu dem Bewußtsein eines anderen Volkes. Es gibt in dem Altertum ein Volk, welches im eminentesten Sinne ein Bewußtsein davon ausgebildet hatte, daß es unter einer Götterhierarchie stehe, welche mit ihren eigenen Entwickelungsbedingungen das völlige Mondenziel erreicht hat. Und wer die vorjährigen Vorträge gehört hat, die ich hier im Münchner Zyklus gehalten habe, mit alledem, was dazumal über die Elohim und gleichsam über die Gipfelung der Elohim in Jahve gesagt worden ist, der wird keinen Zweifel hegen, daß innerhalb des althebräischen Volkes das Bewußtsein war, daß die Elohim, daß Jahve zu denjenigen Göttergestalten gehörten, welche nicht auf der Erde unmittelbar von dem luziferischen Prinzip berührt werden konnten, weil sie ihr völliges Entwickelungsziel auf dem alten Monde erreicht hatten. Das ist der große Gegensatz. Und wir sehen wunderbar diese Eigentümlichkeit des althebräischen Gottesbewußtseins ausgesprochen in jener gewaltigen dramatischen Allegorie, die aus grauen alten Zeiten zu uns heraufleuchtet und deren tiefen Gehalt man erst wiederum nach und nach, wenn die Geisteswissenschaft auch hier Vertiefung schaffen kann, einsehen wird. Was mußte denn das althebräische Bewußtsein in bezug auf den Menschen denken, wenn es ganz erfüllt war davon, daß das althebräische Volk in allen seinen Gliedern unterstand einer göttlichen Führung solcher Geister, die auf dem alten Mond ihren Entwickelungsabschluß erlangt hatten? Da mußte sich dieses Bewußtsein sagen: Hingabe mit allen menschlichen Seelenkräften an diese göttliche Welt -, das führt in das Geistige des Universums hinauf. Und eine Verbindung mit irgendwelchen anderen Kräften, eine Verbindung mit denjenigen Kräften, die irgendwie noch zusammenhängen mit dem Materiellen, muß gleichsam den Menschen herausführen aus der geistigen Welt. Darauf spielt jenes Wort an, das epigrammatisch aus der Hiob-Allegorie herübertönt, jenes Wort, das uns mitgeteilt wird von dem Dulder Hiob, zu dem gesagt wird: «Sage Gott ab und stirb!» In diesen Worten liegt etwas Grandioses, Gewaltiges und ein Hinweis bedeutungsvoll, wie er nur sein kann — darauf, daß die Verbindung mit dem Jahvegott als dem Extrakt der Elohim für das althebräische Volk das Leben überhaupt bedeutete. Die Verbindung mit dieser Hierarchie der Elohim bedeutete das Leben, und die Verbindung mit irgendwelchen anderen Götterhierarchien würde bedeutet haben die Abkehr von diesem fortschreitenden Prinzip des Weltenwerdens, den Tod für die menschliche Entwickelung. Sterben war in der Tat für das althebräische Volk gleichbedeutend mit Nichtdurchdrungensein von dem substantiellen Gehalt der Elohim- oder Jahve-Wesenheit.
Dies soll zunächst nur eine Hindeutung darauf sein, daß uns aus grauer Vorzeit in der Tat heraufleuchtet ein polarischer Gegensatz im geistigen Bewußtsein zu dem, was uns später entgegentritt als griechisches Bewußtsein. Während dieses die Menschlichkeit der Erde ausbilden, alles in die Menschlichkeit aufnehmen will, was die Erde bieten kann, und deshalb sich einer Götterhierarchie unterstellt, welche selbst für sich beansprucht, die Elemente des Erdenlebens zu seiner eigenen Entwickelung in sich aufzunehmen, daher auch die Zügel gegenüber dem Menschen möglichst wenig straff anzieht, gibt sich das andere Bewußtsein, das althebräische, ganz und gar hin an das Prinzip der Elohim, geht ganz und gar auf in dem Jahve. Das sind die beiden großen Pole der älteren Menschheitskultur.
Wenn nun gestern gesagt worden ist, daß die luziferischen Wesenheiten oder überhaupt die auf dem alten Mond zurückgebliebenen Engelwesenheiten auf der Erde sich noch inkarnieren können, unter den Menschen herumgehen können im Gegensatz zu denen, die ihre Entwickelung auf dem Monde abgeschlossen haben, wie verhält es sich dann mit den griechischen Göttern, von denen nicht mitgeteilt wird, daß sie sich etwa auf der Erde unmittelbar in Menschengestalt inkarniert hätten? Das scheint ein Widerspruch zu sein. Solche Widersprüche müssen vorhanden sein, da die Geisteswissenschaft etwas ungeheuer Umfassendes, Kompliziertes ist und da der Spruch wahr ist, der in unserem Rosenkreuzermysterium «Die Prüfung der Seele» enthalten ist: daß die Wege der höheren Wahrheit verworren sind und daß sie nur derjenige gehen kann, der in Geduld durch die Labyrinthe wandeln will. So etwas muß da sein, solche Widersprüche müssen sich erst nach und nach lösen, und wer leichten Herzens die Lösung solcher Widersprüche anstrebt, wird nicht leicht zur Wahrheit vordringen.
Die Griechen hatten zwar ein Bewußtsein davon, daß, so wie die Sachen während ihrer Gegenwart standen, sich die Wesen ihrer Götterhierarchien nicht unmittelbar auf der Erde inkarnieren können. Aber diese Seelenindividualitäten, welche die Griechen als ihre Götter sich vorstellten, waren dennoch in physischen Leibern inkarniert, und zwar während der alten atlantischen Zeit. Wie wir die Heroen auf der Erde mit Menschenleibern herumwandeln sahen, die im Innern ein solches Wissen tragen, das luziferischen Charakter hat, ein Wissen von übermenschlicher Natur, wie wir in den Heroen später inkarnierte, zurückgebliebene Mondengel haben, so haben wir in den griechischen Göttern Wesenheiten, die ihre fleischliche Inkarnation in atlantischen Leibern durchgemacht haben. Da wandelten sie selbst als atlantische Menschen, als atlantische Könige und Priester unter den Menschen herum. Und da hatten sie eben das errungen, was sie zu erlangen hatten von der Erdenentwickelung durch die Inkarnation, durch die Verkörperung in einem Menschenleibe. So können wir also sagen: Das griechische Bewußtsein stellte sich vor, daß seine Götter zwar echte luziferische Wesenheiten seien, daß sie aber ihre Menschenverkörperung bereits in der alten atlantischen Zeit durchgemacht haben. Dies müssen wir zugrunde legen, wenn wir überhaupt diese ganze griechische Götterwelt verstehen wollen.
Aber ein anderer Widerspruch könnte sich noch vor Ihre Seele hinstellen. Sie könnten sagen: Ja, auf der einen Seite sagst du uns, daß Zeus draußen der Repräsentant, der makrokosmische Repräsentant der im Menschen wirkenden Kräfte des Astralleibes war, Poseidon der makrokosmische Repräsentant der im Ätherleibe wirkenden Kräfte, Pluto der makrokosmische Repräsentant der im physischen Leibe wirksamen Kräfte. So daß man eigentlich sich vorstellen müßte, daß diese Kräfte ausgebreitet sind in den Weiten des Raumes. - Daß sie draußen wirken, ohne zusammengezogen zu sein in den einzelnen Menschengestalten, solch einen Einwand könnte nur der machen, der noch nicht darauf gekommen ist, wie eigentlich die Entwickelung geschieht, welches der ganze Sinn der Evolution ist. Es ist in der Tat für ein modernes Bewußtsein etwas schwierig, in dieser Beziehung mit den wahren Begriffen zurechtzukommen. Denn ein solches modernes Bewußtsein wird sich ja schwer vorstellen können, daß das, was draußen im Raume wie Naturgesetze wirkt, was draußen ausgebreitet ist, zu gleicher Zeit in einem menschlichen Leibe auf der Erde herumwandelt. Das kann aber durchaus der Fall sein. Für einen modernen Naturforscher wäre es natürlich der Ausdruck des höchsten Wahnsinnes, wenn jemand sagen würde: Nimm alle die Kräfte, von denen heute der Chemiker spricht, alle die chemischen Kräfte, die in den Lehrbüchern der Chemiker verzeichnet werden, die draußen wirken in der Entmischung und Vermischung der Stoffe, und denke dir, daß alle diese Gesetze nun auch einmal konzentriert in einem menschlichen Leibe herumwandeln, auf Beinen gehen, mit Händen greifen. — Das würde natürlich ein Mensch mit modernem Bewußtsein für den tollsten Wahnsinn halten. Und ebensowenig würde er sich vorstellen können, daß das makrokosmische Gegenbild der Kräfte, die in unserem Astralleib wirken, dieses Gegenbild, das da draußen im Raume sich ausbreitet, einmal geradeso wie heute eine Menschenseele konzentriert in einer einzelnen Wesenheit war, die in der alten atlantischen Zeit als Zeus herumwandelte. Und ebenso war es bei Poseidon und Pluto. In diesen atlantischen Menschen, die das griechische Bewußtsein mit Pluto, Zeus, Poseidon bezeichnet, war in-: karniert das, was sonst Gesetze der Weltenwunder sind. Denken Sie sich also einen wirklichen Menschen nach atlantischem Menschenmuster in der alten Atlantis herumwandeln so wie andere Atlantier, und denken Sie sich einen mit vollem Bewußtsein ausgestatteten Beobachter, der auf die Seele dieses atlantischen Bewohners, der der Zeus war, hinblickt. Da müßte sich ein solcher Beobachter sagen: Gewiß, diese Seele des Zeus, der da als Atlantier herumwandelt, scheint in einem solchen Körper konzentriert zu sein, aber das ist Maja, Illusion, das scheint nur so; in Wahrheit ist die Sache doch anders, in Wahrheit ist diese Seele die Gesamtheit aller makrokosmischen Kräfte, die draußen wirken als das Gegenbild der in unserem Astralleibe konzentrierten Seelenkräfte. - Nehmen wir an, der hellseherische Blick wendete sich auf diesen atlantischen Menschen, welcher der Zeus ist. Dann würde er erkennen: Diese Seele, indem ich sie betrachte, wird immer größer und größer, sie breitet sich aus, sie ist in der Tat das makrokosmische Gegenbild der menschlichen Seelenkräfte im Astralleibe. - So war es auch bei den atlantischen Menschen, die eigentlich die anderen griechischen Götter waren. Die Welt, wie sie uns entgegentritt auf dem physischen Plane, ist eben durch und durch Maja. Daß sich der moderne Mensch dieses nicht vorstellen kann, das macht es ihm auch schwierig, die Wesenheit des Christus Jesus selber sich vorzustellen. Denn wenn man die Seele, die nach der Johannestaufe im Jordan in Christus Jesus war, ins Auge faßt, so ist es ebenso. Das können Sie klar angedeutet finden in dem Büchelchen «Die geistige Führung des Menschen und der Menschheit». Da lernen wir erkennen, wie diese Seele eigentlich nur so lange von dem hellseherischen Blicke oder von dem Blicke des Menschen überhaupt zusammengezogen in einem menschlichen Leibe gedacht werden konnte, solange man in der Maja befangen blieb. In Wahrheit ist diese Seele alle Räume durchdringend und aus allen Räumen heraus wirkend. Für den in der Sinneswelt befangenen Menschen stellt sie sich so dar, als wenn sie durch den Leib des Jesus von Nazareth wirkte. Während wir das Universelle des Kosmos durch den Leib des Jesus nach der Johannestaufe zu sehen haben, haben wir in den griechischen Göttern, während sie atlantische Menschen waren, zu sehen jene Spezialkräfte, die im Kosmos darin stehen. So wandelten sie in der Tat herum innerhalb des physischen Planes und waren der Maja nach echte atlantische Menschen.
Aber Sie werden gar nicht mehr erstaunt sein über diese Tatsache, wenn Sie den gewöhnlichen Menschen von heute betrachten. Im Grunde genommen ist das, was man als den gewöhnlichen Menschen von heute beschreibt, auch eine Maja, und es gehört zu dem Illusionärsten, wenn man glaubt, daß die Menschenseele nur da drinnen steckt innerhalb des Raumes, der vom menschlichen Leibe umschlossen ist. In dem Augenblick, wo der Mensch zu der Erkenntnis der übersinnlichen Welten hinauf sich entwickelt, tritt sofort das ein, daß der Mensch seinen physischen Leib nicht als etwas betrachtet, in dem er mit seinem Ich steckt, sondern als etwas, was er von außen anschaut, zu dem er gleichsam hingeordnet ist, und mit seinem Ich fühlt sich der Mensch ergossen in den Weltenraum. Der Mensch ist in der Tat außer sich, ist verbunden mit den Wesenheiten der Umwelt, die er sonst nur anschaut, und in gewisser Beziehung ist eine jede Seele ausgedehnt über den Makrokosmos, steht in der großen Welt da drinnen. Wiederum, wenn der Mensch durch die Pforte des Todes geht und sich sein eigentliches Seelenhaftes von dem Leiblichen trennt, tritt auch sofort das auf, was man nennen kann: der Mensch fühlt sich, nachdem der Tod eingetreten ist, wie ausgegossen in den Makrokosmos, eins mit dem Makrokosmos, weil dann eben in das menschliche Bewußtsein hereintritt, was die Wirklichkeit und nicht die Maja ist.
Es ist versucht worden, ein wenig anschaulich darzustellen, was ein Bewußtsein erlebt, das vom Leibe frei wird und sozusagen den physischen Leib von außen anschaut, dafür aber in der geistigen Welt lebt, sich in den Makrokosmos hineinlebt. Es ist versucht worden, das darzustellen in jenem Monolog, der sich in der «Prüfung der Seele» findet, nachdem Capesius untergetaucht ist in die Weltgestaltung, in die Geschichtsgestaltung seiner vorigen Inkarnation, und dann wiederum auftaucht. Da sehen wir ihn, wie durch seine Seele geht, was er erlebt hat, während er seine frühere Inkarnation durchlebte. Da ist nicht nur trocken geschildert, daß er etwa diese oder jene frühere Inkarnation gesehen hat, sondern wenn Sie diesen Monolog genau, wörtlich, Zeile für Zeile durchgehen, dann finden Sie der Wahrheit nach geschildert, was da durchlebt ist, finden alles darin ganz realistisch geschildert, und Sie können aus diesem Monolog eine Vorstellung bekommen, wie das Zurückschauen in der Akasha-Chronik auf frühere Zeiten der Erdenentwickelung, in denen man frühere Inkarnationen durchgemacht hat, in Wirklichkeit sich abspielt. Sie würden wie bei den anderen Dingen gerade bei diesem Monologe fehlgehen, wenn Sie wirklich ein Wort übersehen würden und nicht abwägen würden, daß da ganz realistische, wirkliche Erlebnisse der Seele bis in die Einzelheiten hinein geschildert sind. Aber auch da finden Sie erwähnt, wie der Mensch sich fragen muß: Ja ist denn nicht alles das, was da draußen im Raume war, aus meinem Seelenstoffe gewoben? In der Tat fühlt Capesius so, wie wenn das, was da draußen ihm entgegengetreten ist, gemacht worden wäre aus seinem Seelenstoffe. Das ist ein ganz merkwürdiges Gefühl, wenn man sich fühlt wie aufgeteilt in die anderen Dinge, wie zu einer Welt erweitert, im wahrhaftigen Sinne des Wortes ganz ausgehungert, ganz ausgedorrt von seiner eigenen Wesenheit, die zu Bildern gestaltet ist und die einem dann entgegentritt als diese Bilder, die eben dadurch sichtbar werden, daß sie sich durchtränken mit unserem eigenen Seelenstoffe.
Wenn Sie das alles in Erwägung ziehen, dann werden Sie eine Empfindung erhalten von der Sicherheit des griechischen Gefühles in der Ausgestaltung seiner Götterbilder und Götterwelten. So waren also diese Götter Griechenlands während der atlantischen Zeit Menschen mit Seelen, die eine makrokosmische Bedeutung hatten, und durch diese Entwickelung waren sie so weit gekommen, daß sie eingreifen konnten in der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, aber so, daß sie sozusagen die Zügel in der geistigen Führung der Menschen am wenigsten straff anzogen. Sie brauchten nicht mehr als Götter ebenso zu werden wie Kekrops, Theseus und Kadmos, in denen luziferische, auf dem Monde zurückgebliebene Seelen inkarniert waren, denn sie hatten mit ihrer atlantischen Inkarnation das abgemacht, was die Menschheitsverkörperung auf der Erde sein soll. Nun müssen wir uns, wenn wir das richtig ins Auge fassen, sagen: Dann konnten aber diese griechischen Götter, so viel sie auch schließlich dem Menschen noch geben konnten, eines dem Menschen nicht geben: das Ich-Bewußtsein, das der Mensch sich erwerben sollte. - Warum denn nicht? Nun, Sie werden aus dem Geiste aller meiner bisherigen Vorträge entnehmen können, daß dieses Ich-Bewußtsein für den Menschen speziell auf der Erde entstehen mußte. Wir wissen ja, daß der Mensch auf dem Monde erst entwickelt hatte seinen physischen Leib, Ätherleib und Astralleib. Da konnte das Ich-Bewußstsein nicht Platz greifen. In alledem, was auf dem Monde geschaffen wurde, was die griechischen Götter dort kennengelernt hatten in bezug auf das schöpferische Prinzip, war das Ich-Bewußtsein nicht enthalten. Sie konnten das Ich-Bewußtsein dem Menschen nicht geben, weil das ein Erdenprodukt ist. Vieles konnten sie dem Menschen geben, was sich bezieht auf physischen Leib, Ätherleib und Astralleib, denn mit denen und ihren Gesetzen waren sie vertraut von der Saturn-, Sonnen- und Mondenentwickelung her, die sie auf höherer Stufe mitgemacht hatten. Weil sie aber zurückgeblieben waren, konnten sie nicht Schöpfer des Ich-Bewußtseins werden. In dieser Beziehung stehen die griechischen Götter im Gegensatze zu den Elohim, zu Jahve, der im eminentesten Sinne gerade der Schöpfer des Ich-Bewußtseins ist. Daher konnte sich die ganze moderne Seelenkultur nur dadurch entwickeln, daß zusammengeflossen sind diese zwei polarischen Strömungen in der menschlichen Geistesentwickelung: die althebräische Strömung, welche darauf bedacht war, im eminentesten Sinne alle die Kräfte in der menschlichen Seele wachzurufen, die zum Ich-Bewußtsein führen, und die andere Strömung, welche alle die Kräfte in die menschliche Seele goß, welche der menschliche physische Leib, der menschliche Ätherleib und Astralleib brauchten, um die Erdenentwickelung in der richtigen Weise absolvieren zu können.
Erst durch das Zusammenfließen dieser beiden Strömungen, der griechischen und der althebräischen Strömung, war es möglich, daß jene Einheitsströmung zustande kam, welche dann aufnehmen konnte den Christus-Impuls, das Christus-Prinzip. Denn innerhalb der Christus-Strömung sind diese beiden Strömungen so enthalten, wie das Wasser in einem Strome enthalten ist, der aus zwei Flüssen zusammengeflossen ist. Und so wie unser modernes Seelenleben nicht zu denken ist innerhalb der abendländischen Kultur ohne den Einschlag der griechischen, ebensowenig ist sie zu denken ohne den Impuls, der in der althebräischen Kultur gegeben war. Aber innerhalb des Griechentums selber fehlte aus der Welt, der Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto angehörten, die Möglichkeit, dem Menschen sein irdisches Ich-Bewußtsein unmittelbar aus dieser Hierarchie heraus zu geben. Davon hat wiederum die Griechenseele eine wunderbar klare Empfindung, und sie hat diese Empfindung in der Konzeption der Dionysosgestalt zutage gefördert. Ja, diese Griechenseele hat gerade in bezug auf die Dionysosgestalt in einer so wunderbar klaren Weise gesprochen, daß wir vor der Weisheit dieser griechischen Mythologie nur anbetend, bewundernd stehen können.
Da wird uns gesprochen im alten Griechenland von einem älteren Dionysos, dem Dionysos Zagreus. Dieser ältere Dionysos war eine Gestalt, welche die griechische Seele so konzipierte, daß sie sich dabei in ihrer Empfindung, nicht etwa mit unseren äußeren Gedanken, sondern durchaus empfindungsgemäß, gefühlsgemäß, sagte: Dem Bewußtsein, das der Mensch erlangt hat als das intellektuelle Bewußtsein, ging ein altes hellseherisches Bewußtsein voraus. Dieses alte hellseherische Bewußtsein unterlag nicht in demselben Grade der Maja, der Illusion, der Täuschung wie das spätere Menschheitsbewußtsein. Während die Menschen noch hellseherisch waren, haben sie nicht geglaubt, daß die Menschenseele eingeschlossen ist im physischen Leib, daß sie von seiner Haut begrenzt ist, sondern da war sozusagen der Mittelpunkt des Menschen noch außerhalb des physischen Leibes. Und der Mensch glaubte nicht, mit seinem physischen Leib zu schauen aus seinen Augen heraus, sondern er wußte: Mit meinem Bewußtsein stehe ich außerhalb des physischen Leibes. - Und er deutete so auf diesen physischen Leib wie auf sein Besitztum. Wenn man einen Vergleich gebrauchen will, so kann man sagen, der moderne Mensch ist wie einer, der sich recht fest und behaglich auf einen Stuhl setzt in seinem Haus und sagt: Da bin ich drinnen, und die Wände meines Hauses umgeben mich. - Der alte hellseherische Mensch war nicht so, daß er innerhalb seines Hauses saß, sondern ihn können Sie vergleichen mit dem Menschen, der durch die Tore seines Hauses herausgeht und sich außerhalb desselben aufstellt und sagt: Das ist mein Haus, da kann man herumgehen, das kann man von verschiedenen Standpunkten anschauen, und dann hat man einen viel weiteren Raum, um das Haus von außen anzusehen, als wenn man drinnen ist. — So war es mit dem alten hellseherischen Bewußtsein. Man ging herum um die eigene Leibesgestalt und betrachtete sie nur als ein Besitztum des alten hellseherischen Bewußtseins, des außerhalb des physischen Leibes befindlichen Bewußtseins.
Wenn wir nun den Erdenverlauf betrachten, wie er sich gestaltet hat von der alten lemurischen Zeit durch die atlantische Zeit und in die nachatlantischen Kulturepochen herein, so wissen wir, daß sich das menschliche Erdenbewußtsein nach und nach ausgebildet hat. Während der alten lemurischen Zeit war in vielfacher Beziehung dieses Menschheitsbewußtsein dem alten Mondenbewußtsein noch recht ähnlich, der Mensch reflektierte noch wenig auf seinen Leib, war noch ganz ausgeflossen in den Raum. Nach und nach zog der Mensch erst mit seinem Ich in seinen Leib ein, und während der atlantischen Zeit war der Mensch noch ziemlich außerhalb seines Leibes mit seinem Bewußtsein. Nach und nach ist also dieses Bewußtsein erst in den physischen Leib hereingezogen, das zeigt uns den ganzen Sinn der Erdenentwickelung. Das aber empfand auch die griechische Seele. Sie konnte empfindungsgemäß hinweisen auf ein früheres Bewußtsein, auf ein hellseherisches Bewußtsein, das zwar innerhalb der Erdenentwickelung zutage getreten ist, aber noch in engster Anlehnung war an das alte Mondenbewußtsein, an das Bewußtsein, das sich ausbildete, als der Mensch als höchstes Glied seinen astralischen Leib ausgebildet hatte. Da stehen wir also vor dieser Menschheitsentwickelung und können sagen: Als die Erde in ihrer jetzigen Entwickelung war, da kam der Mensch und hatte ausgebildet seinen physischen Leib, Ätherleib und astralischen Leib, trug in seinem astralischen Leibe die Zeuskräfte. Dazu kam dann im Laufe der Erdenentwickelung alles das, was zum Ich wurde. Es verband sich ein neues Element mit den astralischen Zeuskräften, wie darauf gepfropft auf diese Zeuskräfte wurde das, was in alten Zeiten noch undeutlich verknüpft war mit den Zeuskräften, was aber immer mehr und mehr als eine selbständige Ichheit zu diesen Zeuskräften hinzukam. Es kam die selbständige Ichheit zuerst hellseherisch und dann intellektuell heraus. Wenn wir im Astralischen die Zeuskräfte sehen, wenn wir in dem, was da herauskommt und zuerst hellseherisch ist, das sehen, was wir als Persephone angeführt haben, so können wir sagen: Bevor der Mensch sein hellseherisches Bewußtsein verloren hatte, bevor die intellektualistische Art des Bewußtseins auftrat, da lebte im Menschen neben dem, was in seinem astralischen Leib als die Zeuskräfte vorhanden war, da lebte Persephone, eng verbunden mit den astralischen Zeuskräften. Vom alten Mond herüber hatte sich der Mensch diesen astralischen Leib gebracht. Auf der Erde entwickelte sich in ihm das Seelenleben, das wir repräsentiert finden in Persephone. Und das war der Mensch, wie er in alten Zeiten auf der Erde lebte, der so fühlte: Ich habe in meinem astralischen Leib die Zeuskräfte, und ich habe in mir die Persephone. -— Wie wir heute von unserm Ich sprechen, so durfte der Mensch der alten Zeiten noch nicht von einem intellektuellen Ich sprechen, aber von etwas konnte er sprechen, von etwas, was ihm entstand durch das Zusammenwirken der im astralischen Leibe verankerten Zeuskräfte und der Persephonekräfte. Was durch die Verbindung dieser beiden, Zeus und Persephone, in ihm hervorging, das war er selbst. Es war etwas, was ihm nur von einer Seite her, vom Zeus gegeben war, wozu das andere hinzukommen mußte, auf das Zeus als solcher keinen unmittelbaren Einfluß hatte. Das, was Persephone war als Tochter der Demeter, hing zusammen mit den Kräften der Erde selber. Persephone war die Tochter der Demeter, einer göttlichen Wesenheit, die nur so mit Zeus verwandt war, daß sie als seine Schwester angesehen wurde. Eine Seele, die eben eine andere Entwickelung durchgemacht hatte als Zeus, so daß sie mit der Erde verwandt war und von der Erde aus auf den Menschen wirken konnte und damit auch auf die Formung des menschlichen Ich-Bewußtseins.
So trug der Mensch seit den ältesten Zeiten in sich von der Zeusseite her den Astralleib, von der Erdenseite her Persephone. Der alte Grieche war sich also dessen bewußt, daß er in sich etwas trug, dessen Ursprung er nicht erblicken konnte, wenn er hinaufschaute zu den Hierarchien der oberen Gottheiten. Daher rechnete er das, was er in sich trug, zu den sogenannten unterirdischen Göttern, zu denjenigen Göttern, die mit dem Werden der Erde zusammenhingen und an dem die oberen Götter keinen Anteil hatten: Ich trage etwas in mir in meiner Wesenheit und verdanke dem gerade mein Erdenbewußtsein, was mir nicht die oberen Götter der Zeus- oder Poseidon- oder Plutowelt direkt geben können, sondern an dem sie nur mitwirken können. - So ist also auf der Erde etwas außer dem, was makrokosmisch die Zeus-, Poseidon-, Plutokräfte sind, etwas, auf das Zeus nur hinschauen kann, das er selber nicht hervorbringen kann. Aus all den Gründen, die ich angeführt habe, läßt der griechische Mythos mit guter Begründung Dionysos den Älteren, Dionysos Zagreus, einen Sohn der Persephone und des Zeus sein. Alle die Kräfte innerhalb des Erdenlebens, die vorbereitend wirken in alten Zeiten für das menschliche Ich-Bewußtsein, die sind, wenn wir sie im Innern des Menschen mikrokosmisch betrachten, das alte hellseherische Bewußtsein. Wenn wir sie makrokosmisch betrachten, wie sie die Elemente der Erde durchwallen, sind sie der ältere Dionysos. Damals also, als der Mensch ein Ich hatte, das noch nicht das heutige Ich mit seiner intellektuellen Kraft ist, sondern der Vorläufer des heutigen Ich, das alte, hellseherische Bewußtsein, das jetzt Unterbewußtsein geworden ist, da schaute dieser Mensch das war auch noch bei den Griechen der Fall - hinaus zu den makrokosmischen Kräften, die in uns hereinfließen lassen diese Ich-Kräfte, und er nannte sie den Dionysos Zagreus, den alten ‚ Dionysos. Aber der Grieche empfand etwas sehr Eigentümliches gegenüber alledem, was ihm dieser alte Dionysos geben konnte. Der Grieche lebte ja im Grunde genommen schon in einer intellektuellen Kultur, wenn diese auch noch vollsaftiger von der Phantasie durchdrungen war, wenn sie auch durchaus noch im Bilde lebte. Innerhalb des Bildes war sie doch schon intellektuelle Kultur. Nur die ältesten Zeiten weisen noch die hellseherische Kultur auf. Alles, was geschichtlich von Griechenland auf die späteren Zeiten gekommen ist, ist intellektuelle, wenn auch bildhafte, von der Phantasie durchtränkte Kultur, so daß im Grunde genommen der Grieche in seinem Bewußtsein hinaufschaute in eine alte Zeit, wo eigentlich heimisch war der alte Dionysos, der einträufeln ließ in die menschliche Natur dasjenige, was noch hellseherisches Ich war. Und als etwas Tragisches empfand es der alte Grieche, wenn er sich sagte: Solch ein altes Ich-Bewußtsein kann unsere Erdenwelt nicht mehr aufnehmen. - Stellen Sie sich einmal für einen Augenblick recht lebendig in eine solche griechische Seele hinein. Sie blickte wie erinnernd auf alte Zeiten zurück und sagte sich: Dazumal gab es eine Menschheit, die mit dem Bewußtsein außerhalb des physischen Leibes lebte, wo die Seele gleichsam unabhängig von diesem Raumesteil, der von der Haut umschlossen wird, draußen einheitlich in den Raumeswelten lebte, aber die Zeiten sind vorbei, sie gehören der Vergangenheit an. — Mittlerweile hat sich dieses Ich-Bewußtsein so entwickelt, daß der Mensch in der Tat nicht anders kann, als mit seinem Ich sich eingeschlossen fühlen in einem Raum, der von der Haut umschlossen ist. - Damit war noch etwas anderes verknüpft. Denken Sie sich einmal, wenn jetzt durch ein Weltenwunder geschehen könnte, daß eine jede einzelne der Seelen, die in Ihren physischen Leibern ist, herausginge, sich ausbreitete in die Weiten des Raumes. Dann würden diese Seelen ineinanderströmen, dann wären sie nicht getrennt. So viele Köpfe hier säßen, auf so viele Punkte könnten die einzelnen Seelen dann hindeuten als auf ihre Besitztümer. Aber die Seelen würden sich oben vermischen, und eine Einheit hätten wir da. Wenn dann wiederum die Seelen hineinziehen würden aus diesem erhöhten Bewußtsein in die einzelnen Leiber, was würde mit der Einheit geschehen? Sie würde zerstükkelt werden in so viele Leiber, als hier sitzen. Malen Sie sich diese Empfindung aus, denken Sie sich, daß die Griechenseele wußte: es gab ein Bewußtsein, wo die einzelnen Seelen miteinander verbunden waren und eine Einheit bildeten, wo das Menschenseelenwesen über die Erde hinwehte und keiner sich von dem anderen als eine Ich-Wesenheit im Grunde genommen unterscheiden konnte. Dann kam eine Zeit, wo diese Ich-Wesenheit ihre Einheit verließ und jede einzelne Seele hineintropfte in einen Leib. Diesen Moment, den stellte in einem grandiosen Bilde die griechische Phantasie in der Gestalt des zerstückelten Dionysos hin. Und mit einem feinen Zug hat diese griechische Mythologie in die Dionysossage hineinverflochten die Gestalt des Zeus auf der einen Seite und die Gestalt der Hera auf der anderen Seite.
Wir haben gesagt: Zeus ist die Zentralgewalt der makrokosmischen Kräfte, die ihrem Gegenbilde entsprechen, der im astralischen Leibe verankerten Seelenkräfte. Diese Seelenkräfte kommen vom alten Mond herüber. Zeus im Grunde genommen auch, so daß Zeus Anteil an der Schaffung des Dionysos hat, der als älterer Dionysos zunächst ein Sohn des Zeus und der Persephone ist. So daß des Zeus Anteil an der Schöpfung des Dionysos darin besteht, daß er das Einheitliche, das Unvermischte, das noch Unzerstückelte darstellt. Eine andere Entwickelung hat die Gestalt durchgemacht, die uns in der weiblichen Hera entgegentritt. Sie hat eine Entwikkelung durchgemacht, die wesentlich weiter war in einer gewissen geistigen Beziehung als die des Zeus selber, insofern sie mehr nach dem Irdischen hin tendierte, während Zeus zurückgeblieben war. Während Zeus zurückgeblieben war auf der alten Mondenentwikkelung, sich eingesteift hatte auf diese, ging Hera weiter und nahm in sich gewisse Momente auf, die auf der Erde gebraucht werden konnten. Hera gehört in die Kategorie jener luziferischen Wesenheiten, welche daran arbeiten, gerade die Zerstückelung, die Individualisierung der Menschen herbeizuführen; daher wird Hera so oft als die Eifersüchtige hingestellt. Eifersucht kann ja nur da zustande kommen, wo die Individualitäten abgegrenzt sind; wo sie sich eins wissen, kommt keine Eifersucht zustande. Hera gehört zu denjenigen Göttergestalten, die durchaus schon die Besonderung, die Individualisierung, die Vereinzelung fördern, daher ist Hera tätig, wo Dionysos zerstückelt werden soll, während er hervorgegangen ist aus der Verbindung des Zeus mit der Persephone. Als der alte Mensch das hellseherische Bewußtsein als Einheitsbewußtsein hatte, kam als die individualisierende Gottheit Hera, was bildlich ausgedrückt wird in ihrer Eifersucht, und rief die Götter auf, die in den Kräften der Erde konzentriert sind, die Titanen, daß sie das alte Einheitsbewußtsein zerstückeln, damit es hineingehe in die einzelnen Leiber. Damit war aber zunächst dieses Bewußtsein abgeschlossen von der Welt.
Tragisch blickte der alte Grieche zurück auf das alte hellseherische Bewußtsein, das außerhalb des physischen Leibes lebte und das sich eins wußte mit allen Dingen draußen, denn auf das konnte man nur zurückblicken wie auf etwas Vergangenes. Wäre nichts anderes gekommen, wäre nur die Tat der Hera das einzige geblieben, dann würden die Menschen auf der Erde nebeneinander hergehen, ein jeder in seiner engsten Persönlichkeit eingeschlossen. Einander verstehen würden die Menschen niemals. Aber auch ihre Umgebung, die Elemente der Erde, der Welt würden die Menschen niemals verstehen können. Die Menschen könnten ihre eigenen Leiber als ihr Besitztum betrachten, sich innerhalb ihres Leibes wie in einem Hause abgeschlossen fühlen, vielleicht das nächste Stück Umgebung wie eine Schnecke ihr Haus zu sich gehörig fühlen, aber weiter hinaus, zu einem Weltenbewußtsein würde sich dieses menschliche Ich niemals erweitern. Das ist in der Tat, was Hera gewollt hat: die Menschen ganz in ihrer Individualität absondern voneinander. Was hat denn die Menschen vor dieser Absonderung gerettet, daß - Obwohl ihr Ich die intellektuelle Form angenommen hat — dennoch dieses Ich so geworden ist, daß nun dieses spätere Bewußtsein, welches nicht mehr ein hellseherisches, sondern ein intellektuelles ist, durch das Wissen, durch die intellektuelle Erkenntnis sich ein Weltbild formen kann, daß es hinausgehen, die Dinge miteinander verbinden kann?
Während der hellseherische Blick in einem das Weltbild umspannt, ist es dem intellektuellen Blick vorbehalten, von Weltenstück zu Weltenstück zu gehen, die einzelnen Stücke unserer Weltanschauung miteinander zu verbinden und daraus ein Weltgesamtbild zu machen in dem intellektuellen Wissen, in der intellektuellen Wissenschaft. So trat etwas auf, was man so schildern kann: Das Wirken der Hera ist es nicht allein gewesen, was sich fortentwickelt hat, sondern die Intellektualität des Ich wurde herausgeführt, und der Mensch kann sich, obwohl er nicht selber mit seiner Hellsichtigkeit drinnen leben kann in den Dingen wie Dionysos Zagreus, wenigstens verstandesgemäß Bilder der Welt, ein Gesamtweltbild machen. Der Grieche dachte sich nun die Zentralgewalt für dieses Weltenbild, das wir uns machen für die Gedanken und Phantasiebilder, mit denen wir die Welt umspannen, repräsentiert durch die göttliche Wesenheit der Pallas Athene.
In der Tat, das intellektualistische Weltbild, die intellektualiistische Weisheit hat den zerstückelten Dionysos gerettet, mit anderen Worten: das alte Einheitsbewußtsein, das in die Leiber hineingezogen war. Es führte das menschliche Bewußtsein wiederum aus sich heraus. Daher diese feine Ausgestaltung der Dionysossage, daß von allen Stücken Pallas Athene das Herz des Dionysos, nachdem er zerstückelt worden war von den Titanen auf Anstiftung der Hera, gerettet und dem Zeus gebracht hat. Das ist ein ungeheuer feiner, weisheitsvoller Zug, der vollständig den Weltenwundern entspricht, die uns die Geisteswissenschaft heute wiederum erschließt und dessen Tiefen wir nur anbetend und bewundernd gegenüberstehen können. Was so makrokosmisch dargestellt wird, daß der Dionysos zerstückelt wird und daß sein Herz von Pallas Athene gerettet und dem Zeus gebracht wird, das ist wiederum nur das makrokosmische Gegenbild von etwas, was mikrokosmisch in uns vorgeht.
Wir wissen ja, daß die physische Offenbarung des Erdenmenschen das Blut ist, welches das Herz bewegt. Was wäre geschehen, wenn Jetzt, theoretisch gesprochen, die intellektualistische Ausweitung des Ich zum intellektuellen Weltbild das Eingeschlossensein dieses Ich in dem menschlichen Leib nicht gerettet hätte? Bildlich gesprochen, was wäre geschehen, wenn Pallas Athene nicht das Herz des zerstückelten Dionysos gerettet und dem Zeus gebracht hätte? Dann würden die Menschen herumgehen, ein jeder abgeschlossen in seiner eigenen Leibesgestalt, in denjenigen mikrokosmischen Kräften seiner Leibesgestalt, die lediglich die niederen egoistischen Triebe darstellen, durch welche sich eben der Mensch abschließen will als einzelne Wesenheit, die in ihre Haut eingeschlossen ist. Der Mensch hat sie in sich, diese Kräfte, die zur Zerstückelung des Dionysos hingeführt haben. Es sind die niederen Triebe der menschlichen Natur, die mit einer tierischen, instinktiven Art in der menschlichen Natur wirken und welche die Grundlagen des eigentlichen menschlichen Egoismus sind. Aus diesen Trieben heraus entwickeln sich Sympathie und Antipathie, die Triebe, das Instinktartige, von dem Nahrungstrieb, von sonstigen anderen Trieben bis zum Fortpflanzungstriebe herauf, der durchaus als solcher in die Reihe der niederen Triebe gehört. Wenn es nur auf Hera angekommen wäre, wenn Pallas Athene nicht rettend eingegriffen hätte, würde der Mensch nur Enthusiasmen entwickelt haben, die aus diesen niederen Trieben hervorgehen: Enthusiasmen für die Nahrung, für die Fortpflanzung, kurz für alle niederen Triebe allein.
Was ist denn geschehen, daß der Mensch diese rein auf den Egoismus abzielende niedere Menschennatur überwunden hat? Das ist auch Ichheit, was sich auf alle diese Triebe bezieht, aber es gibt etwas in unserer Menschennatur, das uns hinwegführt über alle die genannten niederen Triebe. Was uns so hinwegführt über die niederen Triebe, das ist die Tatsache, daß wir mit unserm Herzen einen anderen Enthusiasmus noch entwickeln können als jene egoistischen Enthusiasmen, welche auf die Erhaltung des Leibes in den Nahrungstrieb, auf die Erhaltung der Art in den Geschlechtstrieb gehen. Das alles läßt aber die menschliche Natur trotz alledem im Egoismus darinnen stecken. Nur weil sich diese Triebe mit etwas anderem vermischen, kann auch ihnen in einer-gewissen Beziehung der Charakter des Egoismus, des Abgeschlossenseins im Leibe genommen werden. Es gibt aber ein Höheres, an das Herz, speziell an unsern Blutkreislauf Gebundenes, was höhere Enthusiasmen entwickelt. Wenn unser Herz schlägt für die geistige Welt und für die großen Ideale der geistigen Welt, wenn unser Herz entflammt ist für das Spirituelle, wenn wir so warm fühlen gegenüber der geistigen Welt, wie der Mensch mit seinen niederen Trieben in dem erotischen Leben fühlt, dann wird die menschliche Natur verklärt und vergeistigt durch dasjenige, was Pallas Athene zu der Tat der Hera hinzugefügt hat. Ein volles Verständnis für diese gewaltige Tatsache wird sich die Menschheit erst im Laufe der Zeit aneignen, denn es ist noch vieles in der heutigen Menschennatur, was widersprechen will diesen Dingen. Wie oft hören Sie sagen: Ach, da gibt es solche verdrehte Köpfe, die schwärmen für allerlei, was es eigentlich gar nicht gibt! Die kennen ebenso warme Empfindungen gegenüber Abstraktionen, gegenüber dem, was man sich bloß vorstellen muß, wie sonst die Menschen dem, wie man sagt, wirklichen Leben gegenüber empfinden, was nichts anderes bedeutet als den Nahrungs- und anderen niederen Trieben gegenüber. — Diejenigen aber, die gegenüber dem Übersinnlichen, gegenüber dem, was nicht auf die niederen Triebe abzielt, einen heißen Enthusiasmus haben können, so daß sie fühlen gegenüber der übersinnlichen Welt als einer Realität, die haben sich an das hingegeben, was Pallas Athene zu Hera hinzugebracht hat. Das ist das mikrokosmische Gegenbild für die draußen waltenden Kräfte, die grandios bildlich ausgedrückt sind in der griechischen Mythologie dadurch, daß Pallas Athene das Herz des zerstückelten Dionysos rettet und es dem Zeus bringt, der es in seiner Lende verbirgt. Nachdem das alte hellseherische Bewußtsein in den Menschen hineingekommen ist, hat es sich mit seiner Leibesnatur vermischt, mit demjenigen, was so wunderbar ausgedrückt wird darin, daß die Dionysosnatur in den Lenden des Zeus verborgen wird. Alles das, was aus dem zerstückelten Dionysos kommen würde, das hätte in dem Menschen sein mikrokosmisches Gegenbild in demjenigen gehabt, was aus seiner niederen Leibesnatur kommt. So sehen wir wunderbar zusammenstimmen mit der Geisteswissenschaft das, was in den grandiosen Bildern der alten Dionysossage dargestellt wird.
Nun wird uns erzählt, wie sich fortentwickelt hat das alte hellseherische Bewußtsein, repräsentiert durch den älteren Dionysos, zu dem jüngeren Dionysos, zu dem späteren Bewußtsein, zu unserem heutigen Ich-Bewußtsein, der späteren Dionysoskraft. Denn das heutige Ich-Bewußtsein mit seiner intellektuellen Kultur, mit alledem, was aus unserem Verstand, überhaupt aus unserem Ich folgt, das hat sein makrokosmisches Gegenbild im zweiten Dionysos, der dadurch entsteht, daß aus dem geretteten Herzen des zerstückelten Dionysos der Liebestrank für Semele gebildet wird, durch den nun die Verbindung der Semele, das heißt eines sterblichen Weibes, mit Zeus, mit den Kräften des astralischen Leibes, zustande kommt. Also ein Wesen, das wirklich schon ein anderer Mensch ist, verbindet sich mit dem, was vom alten Mond herüberkommt, und daraus entsteht dann der Mensch unserer Gegenwart, der sein makrokosmisches Gegenbild in dem jüngeren Dionysos, dem Sohne des Zeus und der Semele, hat. Und von diesem Dionysos, was wird uns von ihm erzählt? Ja, wenn er das makrokosmische Gegenbild unserer intellektuellen Ich-Kräfte ist, dann muß er gleichsam die Intelligenz sein, die über die Erde hinzieht, sich in den Raumesweiten draußen ausbreitet. Hat der Grieche richtig gefühlt, so müßte er sich unter dem jüngeren Dionysos, unter dem makrokosmischen Gegenbilde unseres intellektuellen Ich, die über die Erde schreitende Intelligenz denken. Er müßte sich denken, daß da draußen im Raum schreitet eine Wesenheit, welche wie die über die Länder hingehende Intelligenz ist. Wunderbar, meine lieben Freunde! Das alte griechische Bewußtsein erzählt uns in der herrlichen Legende von dem zweiten Dionysos, daß dieser ausgezogen ist von Europa weit nach Indien, überall den Menschen gelehrt hat die Wissenschaft, den Ackerbau, die Weinpflanzung und so weiter, herübergezogen ist nach Arabien, wiederum zurück über Ägypten. Alles das, was intellektuelle Kultur ist, wird angeknüpft an den Zug des jüngeren Dionysos. Es ist wirklich so in der griechischen Mythologie: was wir sonst, wenn wir trocken, nüchtern, abstrakt sprechen, die Ausbreitung der intellektuellen Kultur nennen, das nannte die alte griechische Mythologie den Zug des jüngeren Dionysos, der den Menschen Ackerbau, Weinpflanzung, die Wissenschaft, aber auch die Schrift und dergleichen lehrte: den Zug über die Erde hin. Wunderbar schließen sich die Gedanken des älteren und jüngeren Dionysos zusammen. Bilder sind sie für die fortschreitende Menschheit mit ihrem älteren, hellseherischen Bewußtsein, das sein makrokosmisches Gegenbild in dem älteren Dionysos hat, zu dem jüngeren, intellektuellen Ich-Bewußtsein, das sein makrokosmisches Gegenbild in dem jüngeren Dionysos hat.
Betrachten wir noch einmal den Gedanken, den wir am Ausgangspunkt des heutigen Vortrages hinstellen konnten, daß ja die altgriechischen Götter atlantische Menschen waren. Der ältere Dionysos, Sie werden von ihm empfinden, daß er als der Sohn der Persephone und des Zeus eigentlich noch recht verwandt ist - wenn er auch schon irdische Elemente in sich aufgenommen hat, die er aber von außen aufgenommen hat - mit dem, was die Götter der Zeus-Hierarchie selber sind. Er ist der Sohn des Zeus und der Persephone, einer übersinnlichen Wesenheit. Dieser ältere Dionysos ist dadurch, daß er noch der Sohn des Zeus und der Persephone, also einer übersinnlichen Gestalt für die nachatlantische Zeit, ist, mit seiner ganzen Wesenheit verwandt der Zeus-Hierarchie. Deshalb fühlt das alte griechische Bewußtsein klar und läßt es durchblicken in der Legende: dieser ältere Dionysos, dieser Dionysos Zagreus lebte als Mensch, aber er lebte wie die anderen griechischen Götter als ein atlantischer Mensch unter den Menschen der atlantischen Zeit und wandelte da herum. Aber wenn Sie den ganzen Geist der Sage vom jüngeren Dionysos durchgehen, so können Sie das Bewußtsein darin durchblicken sehen, daß der jüngere Dionysos, der schon ganz verwandt ist mit dem Menschen - er stammt ja von einer menschlichen Mutter ab -,, in der Tat näher dem Menschen als den Göttern steht. Daher läßt die Legende durchblicken, was wiederum wahr ist, daß der jüngere Dionysos in der Tat in der grauen Vorzeit in Griechenland selber geboren worden ist und - in einem nachatlantischen fleischlichen Leib inkarniert - gelebt hat. Das, was menschliche intellektuelle Kultur ist, die sich im Raume ausbreitet, dieses spirituelle makrokosmische Gegenbild unseres intellektuellen Ich, das war einmal — gerade so, wie die Zeuskräfte in einem atlantischen Zeus - in der nachatlantischen Zeit, etwa in der vorgeschichtlichen griechischen Zeit selber, als ein einzelner Mensch in dem wirklichen lebendigen Dionysos, das heißt in dem jüngeren Dionysos, verkörpert. Es lebte dieser Dionysos, der jüngere, und gehörte zu den altgriechischen Heroen, er lebte und wuchs heran in Griechenland und durchzog - denn dieser Zug hat tatsächlich stattgefunden — Asien bis hinunter nach Indien. Und ein großer Teil der indischen Kultur, nicht derjenige Teil, der von den alten heiligen Rishis geblieben ist, sondern ein anderer Teil, rührt von diesem jüngeren Dionysos her. Dann zog er mit seinen Scharen von Erdenbewohnern nach Arabien, Libyen, wiederum zurück bis Thrazien. Dieser Zug hat als ein gewaltiger vorhistorischer Zug wirklich stattgefunden. Also eine Dionysosgestalt, die tatsächlich als Mensch gelebt hat, begleitet von einem merkwürdigen Gefolge, die der Mythos als Silenen, als Faune und dergleichen vorstellt, zog wie ein großer Heerführer durch Arabien, Libyen, Thrazien, wiederum wie in der Runde nach Griechenland zurück. Ein wirklicher Mensch der nachatlantischen Zeit, der griechischen, grauen vorgeschichtlichen Zeit war der jüngere Dionysos. Und als der jüngere Dionysos seinen Erdentod gefunden hatte, ergoß sich seine Seele in die intellektuelle Kultur der Menschheit hinein. Und man kann mit vollem Recht und in Wahrheit die Frage aufwerfen: Lebt Dionysos der jüngere heute?
Ja, meine lieben Freunde, gehen Sie hin in alle Welt, sehen Sie alles, was als intellektuelle Kultur in der Welt lebt, betrachten Sie das Seelische, was unsere neueren Geschichtsschreiber und Kulturhistoriker in einer so trostlos nüchternen und abstrakten Form die Ideen der Geschichte nennen oder wie dergleichen Phantastereien alle heißen — betrachten Sie es in seiner konkreten Wirklichkeit! Betrachten Sie dieses Konkrete, Makrotellurische, was wie eine geistige Schichte die Erde umgibt, was von Epoche zu Epoche weiterlebt, was in allen Köpfen lebt, was aber auch wie eine Atmosphäre der intellektuellen Kultur alle unsere Menschen einhüllt im Alltagsleben, betrachten Sie das! Darin lebt Dionysos der jüngere, gleichgültig ob Sie hinschauen auf das, was auf unseren Universitäten gelehrt wird, auf das, was als intellektuelle Kultur ausgegossen ist über die Maschinen unserer Industrien, gleichgültig ob Sie schauen auf jene Gedanken, die in die Welt eingeflossen sind und die im Bank- und Börsenwesen als Verstandesatmosphäre über unsere Erde hin leben. In alledem lebt Dionysos der Jüngere seiner Seele nach. Diese Seele des jüngeren Dionysos hat sich nach und nach ausgegossen über unsere gesamte intellektuelle Erdenkultur, nachdem die einzelne individuelle Persönlichkeit des jüngeren Dionysos, der den großen Zug unternommen hatte, als Einzelpersönlichkeit gestorben ist.
Fifth Lecture
Yesterday we concluded our lecture, so to speak, with a question about the nature of Dionysus. Now, as you all know, Dionysus is one of the Greek gods, and so the question of the nature of these Greek gods in general must arise. We have, of course, attempted to characterize figures such as Pluto, Poseidon, and Zeus himself in many details, but with reference to what was said yesterday, to the part that the spiritual beings of the higher hierarchies play in the spiritual guidance of humanity, the question may arise in your minds, especially in light of what was said yesterday. You may ask yourselves to which category of beings in the higher hierarchies the ancient Greeks counted their gods in relation to the guidance of humanity. We said yesterday that, in contrast to the other preceding cultural epochs, the ancient Persian and Egyptian-Chaldean cultural epochs, the reins of spiritual guidance from above were least tight during the Greek-Latin culture. That the Greeks were aware of this somewhat freer relationship between the divine spirits and human beings is evident from the fact that they designed the images of their gods in such a way that they really have thoroughly human traits, one might say human faults, human passions, human sympathies, and antipathies. From this alone we can assume that the Greeks knew that just as human beings here below on the physical plane strive to advance, so too does the hierarchy of gods immediately above them. They will seek to transcend those qualities they possess. The gods of Greece actually needed so much to advance in their own development in relation to the gods, say, of the ancient Egyptians or Persians, that, to put it trivially, they could not really care about human beings. This is where the genuinely human self-reliance of Greek culture came from. The bond between gods and humans was at that time very weak indeed. But the Greeks were able to make their gods so human because they were aware of this fact. When we consider our hierarchical order, we must ask ourselves precisely this question: Where do we place the Greek gods according to the feelings of the Greek people themselves? We must be clear that the characteristics of the Greek gods spoke loudly enough that we must, in essence, consider them all to be related in some way to the Luciferic beings. If you consider everything that lies in the striving of the Greek gods, what they want from what can happen through earthly life, then you will have no doubt that the Greeks felt that their gods did not complete their development on the old moon, but rather that they had to derive from earthly development the same benefit that human beings themselves derive from it. From this alone it can be seen how the Greeks were aware that their entire world of gods had the Luciferic principle within it, that it had not attained its full development on the old moon.
In this respect, the Greeks' awareness of their gods stands in stark contrast to the awareness of another people. There is a people in ancient times who had developed, in the most eminent sense, an awareness that they stood under a hierarchy of gods who had attained the complete goal of the moon with their own conditions of development. And anyone who has heard the lectures I gave here in Munich last year, with all that was said then about the Elohim and, as it were, about the culmination of the Elohim in Yahweh, will have no doubt that within the ancient Hebrew people there was the consciousness that the Elohim, that Yahweh, belonged to those god-figures which could not be directly touched on earth by the Luciferic principle because they had reached their complete goal of development on the old moon. This is the great contrast. And we see this peculiarity of the ancient Hebrew consciousness of God wonderfully expressed in that powerful dramatic allegory which shines down to us from ancient times and whose deep meaning will only be understood little by little, when spiritual science is able to provide deeper insight. What must the ancient Hebrew consciousness have thought about human beings when it was completely convinced that the ancient Hebrew people, in all their members, were subject to the divine guidance of such spirits who had reached the end of their development on the old moon? This consciousness had to say to itself: Devotion with all human soul forces to this divine world leads up into the spiritual realm of the universe. And any connection with other forces, any connection with those forces that are still somehow related to the material world, must, as it were, lead human beings out of the spiritual world. This is alluded to in that word which resounds epigrammatically from the allegory of Job, that word which is communicated to us by the long-suffering Job, to whom it is said: “Renounce God and die!” There is something grandiose and powerful in these words, and a reference that could not be more meaningful—that the connection with the God Yahweh as the essence of the Elohim meant life itself for the ancient Hebrew people. The connection with this hierarchy of Elohim meant life, and the connection with any other hierarchy of gods would have meant turning away from this progressive principle of world evolution, death for human development. For the ancient Hebrew people, dying was in fact synonymous with not being permeated by the substantial content of the Elohim or Yahweh essence.
This is only meant to be a hint that a polar opposition in spiritual consciousness to what later confronts us as Greek consciousness does indeed shine forth from ancient times. While the latter seeks to develop humanity on earth, to absorb into humanity everything that the earth can offer, and therefore submits to a hierarchy of gods, which itself claims to absorb the elements of earthly life into itself for its own development, and therefore keeps the reins on human beings as loosely as possible, the other consciousness, the ancient Hebrew consciousness, surrenders itself completely to the principle of the Elohim and is completely absorbed in Yahweh. These are the two great poles of the older human culture.
If it was said yesterday that the Luciferic beings, or in general the angelic beings who remained on the old moon, can still incarnate on Earth and walk among humans, in contrast to those those who have completed their development on the moon, how does this relate to the Greek gods, of whom it is not said that they incarnated directly on Earth in human form? This seems to be a contradiction. Such contradictions must exist, since spiritual science is something enormously comprehensive and complicated, and since the saying contained in our Rosicrucian mystery, “The Trial of the Soul,” is true: that the paths of higher truth are confusing and that only those who are willing to walk through the labyrinths with patience can follow them. Such things must exist, and such contradictions must be resolved little by little. Those who seek to resolve such contradictions with a light heart will not easily attain the truth.
The Greeks were aware that, as things stood during their lifetime, the beings of their god hierarchies could not incarnate directly on Earth. But these soul individualities, which the Greeks imagined as their gods, were nevertheless incarnated in physical bodies during the ancient Atlantean period. Just as we saw heroes walking around on earth in human bodies, carrying within them a knowledge of a Luciferic nature, a knowledge of a superhuman nature, as we have in the heroes who later incarnated as backward moon angels, so we have in the Greek gods beings who underwent their fleshly incarnation in Atlantean bodies. There they walked among humans as Atlantean humans, as Atlantean kings and priests. And there they had achieved what they had to achieve from Earth's development through incarnation, through embodiment in a human body. So we can say that the Greek consciousness imagined that its gods were genuine Luciferic beings, but that they had already undergone their human incarnation in ancient Atlantean times. We must take this as our basis if we want to understand the whole Greek world of gods at all.
But another contradiction could arise in your mind. You might say: Yes, on the one hand you tell us that Zeus was the representative, the macrocosmic representative of the forces of the astral body working in human beings, Poseidon the macrocosmic representative of the forces working in the etheric body, Pluto the macrocosmic representative of the forces working in the physical body. So that one would actually have to imagine that these forces are spread out in the vastness of space. That they work outside, without being concentrated in individual human forms—only someone who has not yet realized how development actually takes place, what the whole meaning of evolution is, could raise such an objection. It is indeed somewhat difficult for the modern consciousness to come to terms with the true concepts in this regard. For such a modern consciousness will find it difficult to imagine that what works outside in space as natural laws, what is spread out outside, is at the same time moving around in a human body on earth. But that may well be the case. For a modern natural scientist, it would of course be the height of madness if someone were to say: Take all the forces that chemists talk about today, all the chemical forces listed in chemistry textbooks, which are at work outside in the separation and mixing of substances, and imagine that all these laws are now concentrated in a human body, walking around on legs and grasping with hands. A person with a modern consciousness would naturally consider this to be the height of madness. And just as little would he be able to imagine that the macrocosmic counterpart of the forces working in our astral body, this counterpart that spreads out there in space, was once just like today a human soul concentrated in a single being who walked around in ancient Atlantean times as Zeus. And it was the same with Poseidon and Pluto. In these Atlantean humans, whom the Greek consciousness designates as Pluto, Zeus, and Poseidon, is incarnated that which is otherwise the laws of the wonders of the world. So imagine a real human being based on the Atlantean model wandering around in ancient Atlantis like other Atlanteans, and imagine an observer endowed with full consciousness looking at the soul of this Atlantean inhabitant who was Zeus. Such an observer would have to say to himself: Certainly, this soul of Zeus, who is walking around as an Atlantean, seems to be concentrated in such a body, but that is Maya, illusion, it only seems that way; in reality, things are different, in reality, this soul is the totality of all macrocosmic forces that work outside as the counter-image of the soul forces concentrated in our astral body. Let us assume that the clairvoyant gaze turned to this Atlantean man, who is Zeus. Then he would recognize: This soul, as I look at it, becomes larger and larger, it spreads out, it is indeed the macrocosmic counterpart of the human soul forces in the astral body. This was also the case with the Atlantean people, who were actually the other Greek gods. The world as it appears to us on the physical plane is thoroughly Maya. The fact that modern human beings cannot imagine this makes it difficult for them to imagine the essence of Christ Jesus himself. For when one contemplates the soul that was in Christ Jesus after his baptism in the Jordan, it is exactly the same. You can find this clearly indicated in the little book “The Spiritual Guidance of Man and Humanity.” There we learn to recognize how this soul could actually only be conceived, contracted in a human body, by clairvoyant vision or by the vision of human beings in general, as long as they remained caught up in Maya. In truth, this soul permeates all spaces and acts out of all spaces. To people trapped in the sensory world, it appears as if it were acting through the body of Jesus of Nazareth. While we have to see the universality of the cosmos through the body of Jesus after his baptism by John, we have to see in the Greek gods, while they were Atlantean humans, those special forces that exist in the cosmos. Thus, they actually walked around within the physical plane and were, according to Maya, genuine Atlantean humans.
But you will no longer be surprised by this fact when you consider the ordinary human being of today. Basically, what is described as the ordinary human being of today is also a Maya, and it is one of the most illusory beliefs that the human soul is only contained within the space enclosed by the human body. The moment a person develops the ability to perceive the supersensible worlds, they immediately cease to regard their physical body as something in which their ego is enclosed, but rather as something they view from outside, to which they are, as it were, assigned, and with their ego they feel themselves poured out into the world space. Human beings are indeed outside themselves, connected with the beings of the environment that they otherwise only observe, and in a certain sense every soul is extended throughout the macrocosm, standing there in the great world. Again, when man passes through the gate of death and his actual soul separates from the physical body, what can be called the following immediately occurs: after death, man feels as if he has been poured out into the macrocosm, one with the macrocosm, because then what enters human consciousness is reality and not Maya.
An attempt has been made to illustrate a little what a consciousness experiences when it is freed from the body and, so to speak, looks at the physical body from outside, but lives in the spiritual world, lives itself into the macrocosm. An attempt has been made to describe this in the monologue found in The Soul's Test, after Capesius has immersed himself in the world's creation, in the history of his previous incarnation, and then reappears. There we see him passing through his soul, experiencing what he went through during his previous incarnation. It is not just a dry description of him seeing this or that previous incarnation, but if you go through this monologue carefully, word for word, line by line, you will find a truthful description of what was experienced, and you will find everything described in a very realistic way. and from this monologue you can get an idea of how looking back in the Akashic Records to earlier times of Earth's development, in which one went through previous incarnations, actually takes place. As with other things, you would be mistaken in this monologue if you overlooked a single word and did not consider that very realistic, real experiences of the soul are described in detail. But there you will also find mentioned how man must ask himself: Yes, isn't everything that was out there in space woven from the substance of my soul? In fact, Capesius feels as if what confronted him out there had been made from the substance of his soul. It is a very strange feeling when one feels as if one is divided into other things, as if one has expanded into another world, in the true sense of the word, completely starved, completely dried up of one's own essence, which is formed into images and then confronts one as these images, which become visible precisely because they are saturated with our own soul substance.
If you consider all this, you will gain a sense of the certainty of the Greek feeling in the creation of its images of gods and worlds of gods. So during the Atlantean period, the gods of Greece were human beings with souls that had a macrocosmic significance, and through this development they had progressed so far that they were able to intervene in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, but in such a way that they held the reins of the spiritual guidance of human beings as loosely as possible. They did not need to become gods like Kekrops, Theseus, and Cadmus, in whom Luciferic souls remaining on the moon were incarnated, for they had agreed with their Atlantean incarnation what the embodiment of humanity on Earth should be. Now, if we consider this correctly, we must say: But then these Greek gods, however much they could ultimately give to human beings, could not give them one thing: the ego consciousness that human beings were to acquire. Why not? Well, you will be able to gather from the spirit of all my previous lectures that this ego consciousness had to arise specifically for human beings on Earth. We know that humans first developed their physical body, etheric body, and astral body on the Moon. Self-consciousness could not take root there. In everything that was created on the Moon, in everything that the Greek gods had learned there about the creative principle, self-consciousness was not included. They could not give human beings ego-consciousness because it is a product of the Earth. They could give humans many things relating to the physical body, etheric body, and astral body, because they were familiar with these and their laws from the Saturn, Sun, and Moon evolutions, which they had experienced at a higher level. But because they had remained behind, they could not become creators of ego-consciousness. In this respect, the Greek gods stand in contrast to the Elohim, to Yahweh, who in the most eminent sense is precisely the creator of ego-consciousness. Therefore, the whole of modern soul culture could only develop through the merging of these two polar currents in human spiritual evolution: the ancient Hebrew current, which was concerned with awaken in the most eminent sense all the forces in the human soul that lead to ego-consciousness, and the other stream, which poured into the human soul all the forces that the human physical body, the human etheric body, and the human astral body needed in order to complete the earth's evolution in the right way.
Only through the merging of these two currents, the Greek and the ancient Hebrew, was it possible for that unity current to come into being which was then able to take up the Christ impulse, the Christ principle. For within the Christ current, these two currents are contained as water is contained in a stream that has flowed together from two rivers. And just as our modern soul life cannot be conceived within Western culture without the influence of the Greeks, neither can it be conceived without the impulse that was present in ancient Hebrew culture. But within Greek culture itself, which belonged to the world of Zeus, Poseidon, and Pluto, there was no possibility of giving human beings their earthly ego consciousness directly out of this hierarchy. The Greek soul has a wonderfully clear sense of this, and it brought this sense to light in its conception of the figure of Dionysus. Indeed, the Greek soul spoke so wonderfully clearly about the figure of Dionysus that we can only stand in awe and admiration before the wisdom of Greek mythology.
In ancient Greece, there is mention of an older Dionysus, Dionysus Zagreus. This older Dionysus was a figure whom the Greek soul conceived in such a way that it said, not with our outer thoughts, but entirely in accordance with its feelings, with its emotions: The consciousness that man has attained as intellectual consciousness was preceded by an ancient clairvoyant consciousness. This old clairvoyant consciousness was not subject to the same degree of Maya, illusion, and deception as the later human consciousness. While humans were still clairvoyant, they did not believe that the human soul was enclosed in the physical body, that it was limited by its skin, but rather that the center of the human being was, so to speak, still outside the physical body. And human beings did not believe that they saw out of their eyes with their physical bodies, but they knew: With my consciousness I stand outside the physical body. And they pointed to this physical body as if it were their property. If one wants to use a comparison, one can say that modern man is like someone who sits quite firmly and comfortably in a chair in his house and says: I am inside, and the walls of my house surround me. The ancient clairvoyant human being did not sit inside his house, but you can compare him to a person who goes out through the doors of his house and stands outside it and says: That is my house, you can walk around it, you can look at it from different points of view, and then you have a much wider space to look at the house from the outside than when you are inside. — That was how it was with the old clairvoyant consciousness. One walked around one's own physical form and regarded it only as a possession of the old clairvoyant consciousness, the consciousness outside the physical body.
If we now look at the course of the Earth as it has developed from the ancient Lemurian period through the Atlantean period and into the post-Atlantean cultural epochs, we know that human consciousness on Earth has gradually developed. During the ancient Lemurian period, this human consciousness was still quite similar in many respects to the ancient lunar consciousness; human beings reflected little on their bodies and were still completely diffused into space. Gradually, human beings first moved into their bodies with their egos, and during the Atlantean period, human beings were still quite outside their bodies with their consciousness. Gradually, therefore, this consciousness moved into the physical body, which shows us the whole meaning of Earth's development. The Greek soul also felt this. It was able to point to an earlier consciousness, to a clairvoyant consciousness that had emerged during Earth's development but was still closely linked to the old lunar consciousness, the consciousness that developed when humans formed their astral body as the highest member of their being. So we stand before this development of humanity and can say: When the Earth was in its present stage of development, human beings came and had developed their physical body, etheric body, and astral body, carrying the Zeus forces in their astral body. Then, in the course of Earth's development, everything that became the I was added to this. A new element connected itself with the astral Zeus forces, as if grafted onto these Zeus forces, that which in ancient times was still vaguely linked to the Zeus forces, but which increasingly added itself to these Zeus forces as an independent ego. The independent ego emerged first clairvoyantly and then intellectually. When we see the Zeus forces in the astral, when we see in what emerges and is first clairvoyant what we have referred to as Persephone, we can say: Before human beings lost their clairvoyant consciousness, before the intellectual type of consciousness appeared, Persephone lived in human beings alongside what was present in their astral body as the forces of Zeus, closely connected with the astral forces of Zeus. Human beings had brought this astral body with them from the old moon. On Earth, the soul life developed within them, which we find represented in Persephone. And that was the human being as they lived on Earth in ancient times, feeling: I have the Zeus forces in my astral body, and I have Persephone within me. Just as we speak of our ego today, the human beings of ancient times could not yet speak of an intellectual ego, but they could speak of something that arose through the interaction of the forces of Zeus anchored in the astral body and the forces of Persephone. What emerged in them through the connection between these two, Zeus and Persephone, was their own self. It was something that was given to them only from one side, from Zeus, to which the other had to be added, over which Zeus as such had no direct influence. What Persephone was as the daughter of Demeter was connected with the forces of the earth itself. Persephone was the daughter of Demeter, a divine being who was related to Zeus only in that she was regarded as his sister. A soul that had undergone a different development from Zeus, so that it was related to the earth and could work from the earth on human beings and thus also on the formation of the human ego consciousness.
Thus, since the earliest times, human beings carried within themselves the astral body from the side of Zeus and Persephone from the side of the earth. The ancient Greeks were therefore aware that they carried within themselves something whose origin they could not see when they looked up to the hierarchies of the higher deities. They therefore attributed what they carried within themselves to the so-called subterranean gods, to those gods who were connected with the becoming of the earth and in whom the higher gods had no part: I carry something within me in my being, and it is precisely this that gives me my earthly consciousness, something that the higher gods of the world of Zeus, Poseidon, or Pluto cannot give me directly, but only contribute to. So there is something on earth besides what are macroscopically the forces of Zeus, Poseidon, and Pluto, something that Zeus can only look at, something he cannot bring forth himself. For all the reasons I have given, Greek mythology has good reason to make Dionysus the Elder, Dionysus Zagreus, a son of Persephone and Zeus. All the forces within earthly life that worked in ancient times to prepare the human ego-consciousness are, when we consider them microcosmically within the human being, the old clairvoyant consciousness. When we consider them macrocosmically, as they surge through the elements of the earth, they are the older Dionysus. At that time, when human beings had an ego that was not yet the ego of today with its intellectual power, but rather the precursor of the ego of today, the old clairvoyant consciousness that has now become the subconscious, these human beings looked out—this was also the case with the Greeks—toward the macrocosmic forces that flow into us, these ego forces, and he called them Dionysus Zagreus, the old Dionysus. But the Greeks felt something very peculiar about all that this old Dionysus could give them. The Greeks basically already lived in an intellectual culture, even if it was still more saturated with fantasy and still lived entirely in images. Within the image, however, it was already an intellectual culture. Only the earliest times still show signs of a clairvoyant culture. Everything that has come down to us from Greece in later times is an intellectual culture, albeit pictorial and steeped in imagination, so that, in essence, the Greek looked up in his consciousness to an ancient time when the old Dionysus was at home, instilling in human nature that which was still clairvoyant ego. And the ancient Greek felt it was tragic when he said to himself: Such an ancient ego consciousness can no longer be accommodated by our earthly world. Imagine for a moment that you are truly alive in such a Greek soul. You look back on ancient times as if remembering and say to yourself: Back then there was a humanity that lived with consciousness outside the physical body, where the soul lived uniformly in the worlds of space, as if independent of this part of space enclosed by the skin, but those times are over, they belong to the past. In the meantime, this ego-consciousness has developed to such an extent that human beings cannot help feeling enclosed with their ego in a space enclosed by the skin. There was something else connected with this. Imagine if, through some miracle, each and every one of the souls in your physical bodies could come out and spread out into the vastness of space. Then these souls would flow into each other, and they would no longer be separate. There would be as many points as there are heads sitting here, and each soul could point to its own possession. But the souls would mix together above, and we would have unity there. If the souls then withdrew from this elevated consciousness into the individual bodies, what would happen to the unity? It would be fragmented into as many bodies as are sitting here. Imagine this sensation, think that the Greek soul knew: there was a consciousness where the individual souls were connected with each other and formed a unity, where the human soul being wafted over the earth and no one could fundamentally distinguish themselves from the other as an I-being. Then came a time when this ego entity left its unity and each individual soul dripped into a body. The Greek imagination depicted this moment in a grandiose image in the form of the dismembered Dionysus. And with a subtle touch, Greek mythology wove into the Dionysus saga the figure of Zeus on one side and the figure of Hera on the other.
We have said that Zeus is the central power of the macrocosmic forces, which correspond to their counterpart, the soul forces anchored in the astral body. These soul forces come from the old moon. Zeus, too, in essence, so that Zeus has a share in the creation of Dionysus, who as the older Dionysus is initially a son of Zeus and Persephone. Thus Zeus' share in the creation of Dionysus consists in his representing the unified, the unmixed, the still undivided. The figure that confronts us in the female Hera has undergone a different development. She has undergone a development that was essentially further in a certain spiritual relationship than that of Zeus himself, inasmuch as she tended more toward the earthly, while Zeus remained behind. While Zeus remained behind in the old lunar development, rigidly fixed in it, Hera went further and took into herself certain elements that could be used on earth. Hera belongs to the category of those Luciferic beings who work to bring about the fragmentation and individualization of human beings; this is why Hera is so often portrayed as jealous. Jealousy can only arise where individualities are separated; where they know themselves to be one, jealousy cannot arise. Hera belongs to those divine figures who promote differentiation, individualization, and isolation, which is why Hera is active where Dionysus is to be fragmented, even though he emerged from the union of Zeus and Persephone. When ancient man had clairvoyant consciousness as unity consciousness, Hera appeared as the individualizing deity, which is expressed figuratively in her jealousy, and called upon the gods concentrated in the forces of the earth, the Titans, to fragment the old unity consciousness so that it could enter into individual bodies. But this meant that this consciousness was initially cut off from the world.
The ancient Greeks looked back tragically on the old clairvoyant consciousness that lived outside the physical body and knew itself to be one with all things outside, for they could only look back on it as something that had passed. If nothing else had come, if only Hera's deed had remained, then people on earth would walk side by side, each enclosed in their own narrow personality. People would never understand each other. But neither would they ever be able to understand their surroundings, the elements of the earth, the world. People could regard their own bodies as their property, feel enclosed within their bodies as in a house, perhaps feel that the immediate surroundings belong to them like a snail feels its house belongs to it, but beyond that, this human ego would never expand into a consciousness of the world. That is indeed what Hera wanted: to separate people completely from one another in their individuality. What saved people from this separation, so that—even though their ego took on an intellectual form—this ego nevertheless became such that this later consciousness, which is no longer clairvoyant but intellectual, can form a worldview through knowledge and intellectual insight, so that it can go out and connect things with each other?
While the clairvoyant gaze encompasses the world view, it is reserved for the intellectual gaze to move from one piece of the world to another, to connect the individual pieces of our world view with one another and to form a complete picture of the world in intellectual knowledge, in intellectual science. Thus something emerged that can be described as follows: it was not the work of Hera alone that developed, but the intellectuality of the ego was brought out, and although human beings cannot live within things with their clairvoyance like Dionysus Zagreus, they can at least form images of the world, a total world picture, through their intellect. The Greeks now conceived of the central power for this world picture, which we create for the thoughts and fantasy images with which we encompass the world, represented by the divine being of Pallas Athena.
In fact, the intellectualistic worldview, intellectualistic wisdom, saved the dismembered Dionysus, in other words, the old consciousness of unity that had been drawn into the bodies. It led human consciousness out of itself again. Hence the subtle elaboration of the Dionysus myth, in which Pallas Athena rescued Dionysus' heart from all the pieces after he had been dismembered by the Titans at Hera's instigation and brought it to Zeus. This is an incredibly subtle, wise move, which is completely in keeping with the wonders of the world that spiritual science is now revealing to us again and whose depths we can only contemplate with awe and admiration. What is depicted in such a macrocosmic way, that Dionysus is dismembered and his heart is saved by Pallas Athena and brought to Zeus, is in turn only the macrocosmic counterpart of something that is happening microcosmically within us.
We know that the physical manifestation of the earthly human being is the blood that moves the heart. What would have happened if, theoretically speaking, the intellectual expansion of the ego into an intellectual worldview had not saved the ego from being trapped in the human body? Figuratively speaking, what would have happened if Pallas Athena had not saved the heart of the dismembered Dionysus and brought it to Zeus? Then people would walk around, each enclosed in their own physical form, in the microcosmic forces of their physical form, which represent only the lower egoistic instincts through which human beings want to shut themselves off as individual beings enclosed in their skin. Human beings have these forces within them that led to the dismemberment of Dionysus. They are the base instincts of human nature, which act in an animalistic, instinctive way in human nature and are the foundations of true human egoism. From these instincts develop sympathy and antipathy, the instinctive, from the instinct for food, from other instincts, up to the instinct for reproduction, which definitely belongs as such in the series of lower instincts. If it had been up to Hera alone, if Pallas Athena had not intervened to save the day, human beings would have developed only enthusiasms arising from these lower instincts: enthusiasm for food, for reproduction, in short, for all the lower instincts alone.What happened that enabled humans to overcome this lower human nature, which is purely egoistic? It is also the self that relates to all these instincts, but there is something in our human nature that leads us beyond all the lower instincts mentioned above. What leads us away from the lower instincts is the fact that we can develop in our hearts an enthusiasm other than the selfish enthusiasm that is directed toward the preservation of the body in the instinct for food and toward the preservation of the species in the sexual instinct. But all this nevertheless leaves human nature stuck in egoism. Only because these instincts are mixed with something else can they, in a certain sense, be stripped of their character of egoism and isolation within the body. But there is something higher, connected to the heart, especially to our blood circulation, which develops higher forms of enthusiasm. When our heart beats for the spiritual world and for the great ideals of the spiritual world, when our heart is inflamed for the spiritual, when we feel as warm toward the spiritual world as man with his lower instincts feels in his erotic life, then human nature is transfigured and spiritualized by what Pallas Athena added to Hera's deed. Humanity will only acquire a full understanding of this tremendous fact in the course of time, for there is still much in human nature today that wants to contradict these things. How often do you hear people say: Oh, there are such twisted minds who rave about all kinds of things that don't actually exist! They feel just as warmly toward abstractions, toward things that one must merely imagine, as other people feel toward what is called real life, which means nothing other than food and other base instincts. But those who can feel a burning enthusiasm for the supernatural, for that which does not aim at the base instincts, so that they feel the supernatural world to be a reality, have devoted themselves to what Pallas Athena brought to Hera. This is the microcosmic counterpart to the forces reigning outside, which are grandly expressed in Greek mythology by Pallas Athena saving the heart of the dismembered Dionysus and bringing it to Zeus, who hides it in his loins. After the ancient clairvoyant consciousness entered into human beings, it mingled with their physical nature, with that which is so wonderfully expressed in the fact that the Dionysian nature is hidden in the loins of Zeus. Everything that would come from the dismembered Dionysus would have had its microcosmic counterpart in man in that which comes from his lower physical nature. Thus we see how wonderfully the spiritual science agrees with what is depicted in the grandiose images of the ancient Dionysus saga.
Now we are told how the ancient clairvoyant consciousness, represented by the older Dionysus, developed into the younger Dionysus, into the later consciousness, into our present ego consciousness, the later Dionysian power. For today's ego consciousness, with its intellectual culture, with everything what follows from our intellect, from our ego in general, has its macrocosmic counterpart in the second Dionysus, who comes into being when the love potion for Semele is made from the rescued heart of the dismembered Dionysus, through which the connection between Semele, that is, a mortal woman, and Zeus, with the forces of the astral body, is brought about. Thus, a being that is really already another human being connects with what comes over from the old moon, and from this arises the human being of our present, who has his macrocosmic counterpart in the younger Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Semele. And what is told to us about this Dionysus? If he is the macrocosmic counterpart of our intellectual ego forces, then he must be, as it were, the intelligence that moves across the earth and spreads out into the vastness of space. If the Greeks felt correctly, they would have to think of the younger Dionysus, the macrocosmic counterpart of our intellectual ego, as the intelligence striding across the earth. They would have to think that out there in space there is a being striding about which is like the intelligence passing over the lands. Wonderful, my dear friends! The ancient Greek consciousness tells us in the wonderful legend of the second Dionysus that he set out from Europe far to India, taught people everywhere science, agriculture, viticulture, and so on, moved on to Arabia, and then back again via Egypt. Everything that is intellectual culture is linked to the journey of the younger Dionysus. This is really how it is in Greek mythology: what we otherwise, when we speak dryly, soberly, abstractly, call the spread of intellectual culture, ancient Greek mythology called the journey of the younger Dionysus, who taught people agriculture, viticulture, science, but also writing and the like: his journey across the earth. The thoughts of the older and younger Dionysus come together wonderfully. They are images for the advancing humanity with its older, clairvoyant consciousness, which has its macrocosmic counterpart in the older Dionysus, and for the younger, intellectual ego-consciousness, which has its macrocosmic counterpart in the younger Dionysus.
Let us consider once again the thought we put forward at the beginning of today's lecture, that the ancient Greek gods were Atlantean beings. The older Dionysus, you will feel, is actually still quite closely related to what the gods of the Zeus hierarchy themselves are, as the son of Persephone and Zeus, even though he has already taken on earthly elements, which he has, however, taken from outside. He is the son of Zeus and Persephone, a supernatural being. Because he is still the son of Zeus and Persephone, that is, a supernatural figure for the post-Atlantean era, this older Dionysus is related in his entire being to the Zeus hierarchy. That is why the ancient Greek consciousness feels this clearly and allows it to shine through in the legend: this older Dionysus, this Dionysus Zagreus, lived as a human being, but like the other Greek gods, he lived as an Atlantean human being among the people of the Atlantean era and walked around there. But if you go through the whole spirit of the legend of the younger Dionysus, you can see the consciousness shining through, that the younger Dionysus, who is already completely related to man—he is descended from a human mother—is in fact closer to man than to the gods. The legend thus reveals what is true, namely that the younger Dionysus was indeed born in Greece itself in ancient times and lived incarnated in a post-Atlantean physical body. That which is human intellectual culture, spreading out in space, this spiritual macrocosmic counterpart of our intellectual ego, once existed — just as the powers of Zeus in an Atlantean Zeus — in the post-Atlantean era, for example in prehistoric Greece itself, embodied in a single human being in the real, living Dionysus, that is, in the younger Dionysus. This Dionysus, the younger one, lived and belonged to the ancient Greek heroes; he lived and grew up in Greece and traveled — for this journey actually took place — through Asia as far down as India. And a large part of Indian culture, not the part that has remained from the ancient holy rishis, but another part, stems from this younger Dionysus. Then he moved with his hordes of earth dwellers to Arabia, Libya, and back again to Thrace. This migration really took place as a mighty prehistoric migration. So a Dionysus figure who actually lived as a human being, accompanied by a strange retinue, which the myth presents as Sileni, fauns, and the like, moved like a great military leader through Arabia, Libya, Thrace, and then back again, as if in a circle, to Greece. A real human being of the post-Atlantean, Greek, gray prehistoric period was the younger Dionysus. And when the younger Dionysus met his earthly death, his soul poured into the intellectual culture of humanity. And one can rightly and truthfully ask the question: Does Dionysus the younger live today?
Yes, my dear friends, go out into the world, see everything that lives as intellectual culture in the world, consider the spiritual, what our more recent historians and cultural historians call the ideas of history in such a bleakly sober and abstract form, or whatever such fantasies are called — consider it in its concrete reality! Consider this concrete, macro-telluric phenomenon that surrounds the earth like a spiritual layer, that lives on from epoch to epoch, that lives in all minds, but also envelops all of us in everyday life like an atmosphere of intellectual culture. Consider that! In this lives Dionysus the Younger, regardless of whether you look at what is taught in our universities, at what is poured out as intellectual culture through the machines of our industries, regardless of whether you look at those thoughts that have flowed into the world and live in the banking and stock exchange system as an intellectual atmosphere over our earth. In all this, Dionysus the Younger lives according to his soul. This soul of the younger Dionysus has gradually poured out over our entire intellectual earthly culture after the individual personality of the younger Dionysus, who had undertaken the great journey, died as an individual personality.