Spiritual Beings in the Heavenly Bodies and in the Kingdoms of Nature
GA 136
6 April 1912, Helsinki
Lecture IV
If we wish to know the nature of the spiritual forces powers active in the different kingdoms of nature in the heavenly bodies, we must first become acquainted with these spiritual beings themselves, as we have already begun to do in the three lectures which have been given. We tried to characterise the so-called nature-spirits, and then ascended to the beings which stand immediately above man and which we can find in the higher world to our own. We will continue these considerations to-day, and must therefore link them to what has already been said on the way in which we can link ourselves to the beings of the Third Hierarchy. As shown in the last lecture, it is possible for man to rise above himself, to subdue all his own special ego interests in order, by that means, to rise into a sphere which he first of all finds his own guide, who can give him some idea of those beings called, in the sense of western esotericism, Angels, Angeloi.
We then pointed out how further progress along the path leads to knowledge of the Folk or Nation-Spirits, of whom we have spoken as Archangels, Archangeloi; and how, in the course of cultural civilisation we find the so-called Spirits of the Age, the Archai. If a man follows the path roughly indicated yesterday, he gains a certain feeling of what is meant by these beings of Third Hierarchy, but even if he goes through an occult development, he will for a long time only have a sort of feeling. Only if he goes in patience and persevere through all the feelings and perceptions mentioned yesterday, can he pass over to what may be called clairvoyant vision of the beings of the Third Hierarchy. If, therefore, we progress further along this way, we shall find that gradually we educate ourselves, developing in ourselves a different state of consciousness, and then we can begin to have a clairvoyant consciousness of the beings of the Third Hierarchy. When a man follows this way further he will find that he gradually trains himself to another condition of consciousness and that then a clairvoyant perception of the Third Hierarchy can begin.
This other condition of consciousness can be compared with the sleep of man, because in this condition a man with his ego and his astral body feels freed from his physical and etheric bodies. We must have a perception of this feeling of freedom. We must gradually learn what it means not to see with our eyes, hear with our ears, or think with our intellect, which is connected with the brain. Again, we must distinguish this condition from that of ordinary sleep, inasmuch as in it we are not unconscious, for we have perceptions of the spiritual beings in our environment;—at first, only dimly sensing them, and then, as has been described, clairvoyant consciousness lights up within us, and we get a living view of the beings of the Third Hierarchy and of their off-spring, the nature-spirits. If we wish to describe this condition more accurately, we may say that he who raises himself through occult development to this condition actually perceives a sort of demarcation between his ordinary consciousness and this new condition of consciousness. Just as we can distinguish between waking and sleeping, so to him who has gone through occult development, there is at first a distinction between the consciousness in which he sees with his ordinary eyes, hears with his ordinary ears, and thinks with the ordinary intellect—and that clairvoyant condition in which he has nothing at all around him of what he perceives in the normal consciousness, but has instead another world around him, the world of the Third Hierarchy and its offspring. The first achievement is learning to remember in ordinary consciousness what one has experienced in this other condition of consciousness. Thus we can accurately distinguish a certain stage in the occult development of man, when he can live alternately in his ordinary consciousness, when he sees, hears, and thinks like other men, and in the other condition of consciousness which he can, in a sense, produce voluntarily, and in which he perceives what is around him in the spiritual world of the Third Hierarchy. And then just as we remember a dream, so can he, in his ordinary consciousness, remember what he experienced in the other, the clairvoyant condition. He can talk about it, can translate into ordinary conceptions and ideas what he experiences in the clairvoyant state. Thus if a seer in his ordinary condition of consciousness, himself wishes to know something of the spiritual world, or to relate something about it, he must call to mind what he experienced in the other, the clairvoyant conditions of consciousness. A clairvoyant having reached this stage of development, can only know something of those beings whom we have described as the beings of the Third Hierarchy and their offspring; he can at first know nothing of higher worlds. If he wishes to know of these he must attain a still higher stage of clairvoyant vision
This higher stage is reached by continually practicing those exercises described in my book Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and How to Attain It and especially going through those exercises there described as the observation—let us say—of the plant, of the animal, etc. If a man continues his exercises in this way, he attains a higher stage of clairvoyance. This consists not only in his having two alternate conditions of consciousness and being able to remember his clairvoyant experiences in the normal condition; but having attained this higher stage of clairvoyance, he can also perceive spiritual worlds, spiritual beings and spiritual facts when in his ordinary condition of consciousness, looking at the things of the external world through his eyes. He can then, so to speak, carry his clairvoyant vision over into his ordinary consciousness, and can see behind the beings around him in the external world, the spiritual beings and forces everywhere more deeply concealed, as though behind a veil.
We may ask: “What has happened to a clairvoyant, who is able not merely to remember the experiences of another condition of consciousness, but who can have clairvoyant experiences in his own everyday consciousness?” If a man has only ascended to the first stage, he can only make use of his astral body in order to look into the spiritual world. Thus the body which a man makes use of at the first stage of clairvoyance is the astral body; at the second stage of clairvoyance which has just been described, he learns to make use of his etheric body. By means of this he can even in ordinary, normal consciousness, look into the spiritual world. If a man learns to use his etheric body in this way as an instrument for clairvoyance, he gradually learns to perceive everything in the spiritual world belonging to the beings of the Second Hierarchy.
Now, however, the clairvoyant must not stand still here, only perceiving his own etheric body, so to speak; but on attaining this second stage of clairvoyance he has a very definite experience. He has the experience of seeming to go out of himself, and as it were, of no longer feeling enclosed within his skin. When he—let us say—encounters a plant or an animal, or even another human being he feels as if a part of himself were within the other being; he feels as if immersed in the other being. In normal consciousness and even when we have reached the first stage of clairvoyance, we can still say, in a certain sense, “I am here; and that being which I see is there.” At the second stage of clairvoyance, we can no longer say this; we can only say, “Where that being is which I perceive, there am I myself.” It is as though our etheric body stretched out tentacles on all sides and drew us within the beings into which we, perceiving them, plunge our own being. There is a feeling belonging to our ordinary normal consciousness which can give us an idea of this clairvoyant experience; only, what the clairvoyant of the second stage experiences is infinitely more intense than a feeling; it amounts to a perception, an understanding of, an immersion in another being. The feeling to which I refer, which can be compared to this experience of the clairvoyant, is sympathy, love. What does it really imply when we feel sympathy and love in ordinary life? If we ponder more closely on the nature of sympathy and love—this was slightly touched upon yesterday—we find that sympathy and love cause us to detach ourselves from ourselves and to pass over into the life of the other being. It is truly a wonderful mystery of human life, that we are able to feel sympathy and love. There is scarcely anything among the ordinary phenomena of normal consciousness which can so convince man of the divinity of existence, as the possibility of developing love and sympathy. As human beings we experience our existence in our own selves; and we experience the world by perceiving it with our senses or grasping it with our reason. It is not possible for any intellect, for any eye, to look into the human heart, to gaze into the human soul; for the soul of another keeps enclosed in its innermost chamber what it has within it of joy or sorrow, and truly it should appear as a wonderful mystery to anyone, that he can, as it were, pour himself into the being of other souls—live in their life and share their joys and sorrows. So just as we with our normal consciousness can by means of sympathy and love plunge into the sorrows and joys of conscious beings, so does the clairvoyant learn, at the second stage of clairvoyance, not only to plunge into everything conscious, into everything that can suffer and rejoice in a human way or in a manner resembling the human; he learns to plunge into everything that is alive. Mark well, I say everything living;—for at this second stage one only learns to plunge into living things, not yet into that which is without life or which appears lifeless, dead, and which we see around as a mineral kingdom. But this immersing oneself into living things is connected with a view of what goes on in the inner nature of those beings. We feel ourselves there, within the living beings; we learn to live with the plants, the animals, and with other human beings, at this second stage of clairvoyance. But not only this; we also learn to recognize behind all living things a higher spiritual world, the beings of the Second Hierarchy. It is necessary that we should form a clear idea of these connections for if one only enumerated what sort of beings belonged to the various hierarchies that would seem but a dry theory. We can only gain a living idea of what lives and weaves behind the sense-world if we know the path by which clairvoyant consciousness penetrates it.
Now, beginning once more from man, we will try to describe the beings of the Second Hierarchy. We saw yesterday, that the beings of the Third Hierarchy are characterised by the fact that in place of human perception, they have manifestation of their own being, and instead of human inner life they have what we may call “being filled with the spirit.” In the beings of the Second Hierarchy we experience when we plunge into them, that not only is their perception a manifestation of their being, not only do they manifest their own being, but that this manifestation remains, as something independent, which separates from these beings themselves. We can gain an idea of what we thus perceive if we think of a snail, which separates off its own shell. The shell—so we understand—consists of a substance which is at first contained in the body of the snail. The snail then detaches it. Not only does the snail manifest its own being externally, but detaches something which then becomes objective and remains. So it is with the actual nature, with the selfhood of the beings of the Second Hierarchy. Not only do they manifest their self-hood as do the beings of the Third Hierarchy, but they detach it from themselves, so that it remains as an independent being. This will be clearer to us, if we picture on the one hand, a being of the Third Hierarchy, and on the other hand a being of the Second Hierarchy. Let us direct our occult vision to a being of the Third Hierarchy. We recognize this being as such because it manifests its selfhood, its inner life externally, and in this manifestation it has its perception; but if it were to change its inner perception, its inner experience, the outer manifestation would also be different. As the inner condition of these beings of the Third Hierarchy changes, and their experiences vary, so do the external manifestations continually change. But if you look at a being of the Second Hierarchy with occult vision, it is quite different. These beings also perceive and experience inwardly; but what they experience is detached from them like a sort of shell or skin; it acquires independent existence. If the being of the Second Hierarchy then passes on into another inner condition, has a different perception and manifests in a new way, the old manifestation of the being will still exist; it still remains and does not pass away, as in the case of a being of the Third Hierarchy. So then, what appears in the place of manifestation in a being of the Second Hierarchy, we can call a self-creation, a sort of shell or skin; it creates, as it were, an impression of itself, makes itself objective, in a sort of image. That is what distinguishes the beings of the Second Hierarchy. And if we ask ourselves what appears in these beings in the place of the “being filled with the spirit” of the beings of the Third Hierarchy, it is shown to occult vision that every time the being detaches such a picture, or image of itself, life is stimulated. The stimulation of life is always the result of such a self-creation.
Thus, in the beings of the Third Hierarchy we must distinguish their external life in their manifestation, and their inner life in their “being filled with spirit.” In the beings of the Second Hierarchy we must distinguish their external side as a creating of themselves, a making of themselves objective in images, in pictures; and their inner activity as the stimulation of life, as if fluidity continually rippled in itself and congealed as it detached its image externally. This approximately represents to occult vision the external and internal fulfilment of the beings of the Second Hierarchy. Whilst to occult vision the “being filled with the spirit” of the beings of the Third Hierarchy appears in picture and imagination, as a sort of spiritual light, so is the fluidic life, the stimulation of life which is connected with an external separation, perceived in such a way that occult perception hears something like spiritual tone, the Music of the Spheres. It is like spiritual sound, not spiritual light as in the case of the Third Hierarchy.
Now in these beings of the Second Hierarchy we can distinguish several categories just as we did among the beings of the Third Hierarchy. To distinguish between these categories will be more difficult, for the higher we ascend the more difficult it becomes. We must in the course of our ascent, first of all gain some idea of all that underlies the world surrounding us, in so far as the world around us has forms. I have already said that as regards this second stage of clairvoyance, we need only consider that which lives, not that which appears to us lifeless. What lives comes into consideration, but what lives has in the first place, form. Plants have forms, animals have forms, man has a form. If clairvoyant vision is directed with all the qualities described to-day, to everything around us in nature which has form, and if we look away from all the other parts of the being and only see the forms, considering among the plants the multiplicity of the forms, as also in the animals and in man, this clairvoyant vision then perceives from the totality of the beings of the Second Hierarchy those which we call the Spirits of Form— the Exusiai. We can, however, turn our attention to something besides the form in the beings around us in nature. We know indeed, that everything which lives changes its form, in a certain respect, as it grows. This change, this alteration of form, this metamorphosis, strikes us more particularly in the plant-world. Now if we direct, not the ordinary vision but the clairvoyant vision of the second stage, to the growing plant-world, we see how the plant gradually gains its form, how it passes from the form of the root to the form of the leaf, to the form of the flower, to the form of the fruit. If we look at the growing animal, at the growing man, we do not merely consider a form as it exists at a given moment, we see the growth of the living being. If we allow ourselves to be stimulated by this contemplation of the growth of the living being; reflecting how the forms change, how they are in active metamorphosis—then, the clairvoyant vision of the second stage becomes aware of what we call the category of the Spirits of Motion—Dynamis.
It is still more difficult to consider a third category of such beings of the Second Hierarchy. For we must consider neither the form as such, nor the changes of form, nor the movement; but that which is expressed in the form. We can describe how a man may train himself to this. Of course it does not suffice to train the ordinary normal consciousness in such a way as has just been described, he must he helped by the use of the other exercises which raise man to occult vision. He must perform these; and not educate himself by means of his ordinary consciousness but by clairvoyant consciousness. This must first train itself as to how man himself becomes, in his outer form, the expression of his inner being. As we have said, that can also be done by the normal consciousness, but in that way one would attain to nothing but conjecture, a supposition of what may lie behind the bearing, gestures, and the facial expression of the human being. But when the clairvoyant vision which has already been trained to the second stage of clairvoyance, allows the physiognomy, gestures, and facial expression in man to work upon him, it produces stimulations through which he can gradually train himself to observe the beings of the third category of the Second Hierarchy. But this cannot take place—please take note of this—if he merely observes the gestures, imitative expression, and physiognomy of man; if he remains at this stage very little can really be gained. He must pass on—occult education is carried on in this most rational way in this realm—he must pass over to the plants. The animals can be left out, it is not very important to study them, but after one has trained oneself a little, clairvoyantly, to learn the inner being of his soul from a man's physiognomy and gestures; it is important to turn to the plant-world and educate oneself further by means of this. Here someone clairvoyantly trained can have very remarkable experiences; he will feel profoundly the difference between the leaf of a plant which—let us say—runs to a point (diagram a.) and the leaf of a plant which has this form (diagram b.); between a blossom which grows upwards in this way (c.) and one which opens outwards. (d.) (See Figure 2) A whole world of difference appears in the inner experience if one directs the occult vision of the second stage to a lily or to a tulip, if one lets either a panicle of oats or a wheat or barley stalk work upon one.

All this becomes as livingly speaking as the physiognomy of the human being. And when this speaks as livingly as the physiognomy, the gestures, of a man speaks, when we feel how the blossom which opens outwards has something of the character of a hand which turns outwards with the inner surface below and the outer surface above, and when we find another blossom which closes its petals above, like the two hands folded; it we feel the gestures, the physiognomy, and the colors of the plant-world to he something like a physiognomy, then the inner vision, the occult perception and understanding are stimulated;—and we recognize a third category of the beings of the Second Hierarchy, whom we call the Spirits of Wisdom. This name is chosen by way of comparison, because when we consider man in his mimicry, physiognomy and gestures, we see the spiritual part of him, that which is filled with wisdom, springing forth externally, manifesting itself. In this way we feel how the spiritual beings of the Second Hierarchy permeate all nature, and find expression in the physiognomy, the collective gestures, the collective mimicry of nature. Flowing Wisdom passes full of life through all beings, through all the realms of nature; and not merely a general flowing wisdom, for this flowing wisdom is differentiated into a profusion of spiritual beings, into the profusion of the Spirits of, Wisdom. When occult consciousness raises itself to these spirits, it is at first the highest stage of those spiritual beings whom we can reach in this manner; but just as we could say that the beings of the Third Hierarchy, the Angels, Archangels, and Spirits of the Age—have offspring who separate from them, so, too, the beings of the Second Hierarchy have offspring. In the course of time there are detached from the beings of the Second Hierarchy, in the same way as we were able to describe yesterday with regard to the beings of the Third Hierarchy, other beings of a lower order who are sent down into the kingdoms of nature, just as the nature-spirits by the Third Hierarchy who then become, as it were, the master-builders and foremen in miniature in the Kingdom of Nature.—Now the spiritual beings which are detached from the beings of the Second Hierarchy and which sink down into the kingdoms of nature, are those designated in occultism as the group-souls of the plants and animals, the group-souls of the individual beings. So that occult vision of the second stage finds in the beings of the plant and animal kingdoms, spiritual beings which are not, as in man, individual spirits in individual human beings; but we find groups of animals, groups of plants which are of like form, ensouled by a common spiritual being. The form of the lion and tiger and other forms are, for instance, ensouled by a common Soul-being. These we call group-souls, and these group-souls are the detached offspring of the beings of the Second Hierarchy, just as the nature-spirits are the offspring of the Third Hierarchy. Thus when we penetrate from below upwards into the higher worlds, we find, when we look at the elements, which are of importance to all the beings of the plant and animal kingdoms and to the human kingdom, that in these elements, in solid, fluidic, and gaseous matter, there rule the nature-spirits which are the offspring of the beings of the Third Hierarchy. If we ascend from the elements of earth, water, and air, to that which lives in the nature kingdoms by the aid of these elements, we find spiritual beings, group-souls, who animate and interpenetrate the beings of these nature-kingdoms, and these group-souls are spiritual beings detached from those we call the beings of the Second Hierarchy.
You can realise from this that only to the occult vision of the second stage are those beings which we call the group-souls, actually perceptible. Only for those occultly developed individuals who can extend their own etheric body as tentacles, is it possible to know the beings of the Second Hierarchy and also the group-soul-beings which exist in the various kingdoms of Nature. Still more difficult is the ascent to the beings of the First Hierarchy, and to those beings which are their offspring in the kingdoms of nature. We shall speak further about these in the next lecture.
Vierter Vortrag
Wenn wir das Wesen der geistigen Kräfte und Mächte kennenlernen wollen, welche in den verschiedenen Naturreichen und in den Himmelskörpern wirksam sind, so müssen wir ja zuerst diese - geistigen Wesenheiten selber kennenlernen, und wir haben damit den Anfang bereits gemacht in den drei Vorträgen, die gehalten worden sind. Wir haben versucht, die sogenannten Naturgeister zu charakterisieren, und sind dann aufgestiegen zu den Wesenheiten, welche unmittelbar über dem Menschen stehen in der nächsthöheren Welt, die wir von der unsrigen ausgehend finden können. Wir werden heute diese Betrachtung fortsetzen und müssen deshalb anknüpfen an dasjenige, was sich uns erwiesen hat als der Weg, auf dem wir uns zunächst erheben können zu den Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie. Es ist im vorigen Vortrag gezeigt worden, daß es dem Menschen möglich ist, über sich selber hinauszukommen, alles, was an ihm an speziellen egoistischen Interessen und Aufmerksamkeiten ist, zu überwinden, um dadurch sich in eine Sphäre zu erheben, in welcher er zunächst seinen eigenen Führer findet, der ihm schon eine Vorstellung geben kann von jenen Wesenheiten, die wir im Sinne der abendländischen Esoterik Engel, Angeloi, nennen. Und wir haben dann gezeigt, wie ein Weiterschreiten auf diesem Wege dazu führt, die Stammes-, die Völkergeister kennenzulernen, die wir als Erzengel, Archangeloi, angesprochen haben, und wie man dann als tätig im Verlaufe des Kulturprozesses die sogenannten Zeitgeister, die Archai, findet. Es wird der Mensch, wenn er den Weg beschreitet, der gestern skizzenhaft angedeutet worden ist, ein gewisses Gefühl davon erhalten, was mit diesen Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie gemeint ist. Es wird lange Zeit, auch wenn man eine okkulte Entwickelung durchmacht, durchaus so bleiben, daß man bloß eine Art von Gefühl hat. Erst wenn man lange in Geduld und Ausdauer alle die Gefühle und Empfindungen durchmacht, welche gestern angedeutet worden sind, dann wird man übergehen können zu dem, was genannt werden darf hellsichtiges Erblicken dieser Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie.
Wenn man diesen Weg also weiter beschreitet, dann wird man finden, daß man allmählich zu einem anderen Bewußtseinszustand sich selber erzieht, sich selber entwickelt, und dann kann das hellsichtige Anschauen der Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie beginnen. Dieser andere Bewußtseinszustand läßt sich vergleichen mit dem Schlaf des Menschen, und zwar zunächst dadurch, daß der Mensch in diesem Zustand mit seinem Ich und seinem astralischen Leib sich befreit fühlt von dem physischen und ätherischen Leib. Dies Befreitfühlen muß man als eine Empfindung haben. Man muß allmählich lernen, was es heißt, nicht durch seine Augen zu schauen, durch seine Ohren zu hören, durch den Verstand, der an das Gehirn gebunden ist, zu denken. Unterscheiden wiederum von dem gewöhnlichen Schlaf müssen wir diesen Zustand dadurch, daß wir bei ihm eben nicht bewußtlos sind, sondern daß wir Wahrnehmungen von geistigen Wesenheiten in unserer Umgebung haben; zuerst ein dunkles Gefühl, daß solche Wesenheiten in unserer Umgebung sind, dann aber, wie gesagt, das Aufleuchten hellsichtigen Bewußtseins und das lebendige Anschauen von den Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie und ihrer Nachkommen, der Naturgeister. Wenn man noch genauer diesen Zustand charakterisieren will, so kann man nun sagen, daß derjenige, welcher sich in der okkulten Entwickelung bis zu diesem Zustand erhebt, zunächst wirklich eine Art von Scheidung erblickt zwischen seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein und diesem neuen Bewußtseinszustand. Wie eine Scheidung zwischen Wachen und Schlafen, so ist zunächst für den, der eine okkulte Entwickelung durchmacht, eine Scheidung zwischen dem Bewußtsein, wo der Mensch mit seinen gewöhnlichen Augen sieht, mit seinen gewöhnlichen Ohren hört, mit seinem gewöhnlichen Verstande denkt, und jenem hellseherischen Zustand, in dem er nichts von all dem um sich herum hat, was er im gewöhnlichen normalen Bewußtseinszustand wahrnimmt, dafür aber eben eine andere Welt um sich hat, die Welt der dritten Hierarchie und ihrer Nachkommen. Wozu man es zunächst bringt, ist, daß man lernt, im gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein sich dessen zu erinnern, was man erlebt hat in diesem anderen Bewußtseinszustand.
Wir können also genau eine Stufe der okkulten Entwickelung des Menschen unterscheiden, auf welcher der Mensch abwechselnd leben kann in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein, wo er sieht und hört und denkt wie andere Menschen mit normalem Bewußtsein, und in dem anderen Bewußtseinszustand, den er in gewisser Weise auch willkürlich herbeiführen kann, in welchem er wahrnimmt, was in der geistigen Welt der dritten Hierarchie um ihn herum ist. Und dann kann er, wie man sich an einen Traum erinnert, sich, wenn er in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinszustand ist, an das erinnern, was er in dem anderen, in dem hellseherischen Zustand erlebt hat, und er kann davon erzählen, er kann das umsetzen in gewöhnliche Begriffe und Ideen, was er im hellseherischen Zustand erlebt. Wenn also ein solcher Hellseher in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinszustand ist und selber etwas wissen will von der geistigen Welt oder aber erzählen will von ihr, dann muß er sich erinnern an das, was er in seinem anderen, hellseherischen Bewußtseinszustand erlebt hat. Ein Hellseher, der auf dieser Stufe der Entwickelung steht, kann nur etwas wissen von jenen geistigen Wesenheiten, die wir bisher beschrieben haben als die Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie und ihre Nachkommen. Er weiß zunächst nichts von noch höheren Welten. Wenn er etwas wissen will von noch höheren Welten, dann muß er auch eine höhere Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit erreichen.
Diese höhere Stufe kommt dadurch zustande, daß der Mensch jene Übungen, die beschrieben sind in dem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?», immer weiter fortsetzt, daß er namentlich diejenigen Übungen macht, welche dort beschrieben sind als das Beobachten, sagen wir, der Pflanzen, der Tiere und so weiter. Wenn der Mensch also seine Übungen fortsetzt, dann kommt er zu einer höheren Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit. Sie besteht darin, daß der Mensch dann nicht nur zwei wechselnde Zustände hat, einen gewöhnlichen normalen Bewußtseinszustand und einen hellsichtigen, und sich also an die hellseherischen Erlebnisse in dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinszustand erinnern kann, sondern es kann dann der Mensch, wenn er diese höhere Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit erreicht hat, geistige Welten, geistige Wesenheiten und geistige Tatsachen auch wahrnehmen, wenn er in seinem gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinszustand ist und durch seine Augen auf die Dinge der Außenwelt schaut. Er kann sozusagen dann die Hellsichtigkeit hereintragen in seinen gewöhnlichen Bewußtseinszustand und er kann hinter den Wesenheiten, die ihn in der Außenwelt umgeben, überall die wie hinter einem Schleier verborgenen tieferen geistigen Wesenheiten und Kräfte sehen.
Wir fragen uns: Was ist denn da geschehen mit einem solchen Hellseher, welcher in die Lage gekommen ist, nun nicht mehr bloß sich erinnern zu müssen an die Erlebnisse eines anderen Bewußtseinszustandes, sondern der in seinem alltäglichen Bewußtseinszustand hellseherische Erfahrungen machen kann? Wenn der Mensch erst zu der ersten Stufe des Hellsehens aufgestiegen ist, kann er nur seinen astralischen Leib benützen, um in die geistige Welt hineinzuschauen. Der Leib also, dessen sich der Mensch bedient, um in die geistige Welt hineinzuschauen auf der ersten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit, das ist der astralische Leib. Auf der zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit, welche eben jetzt beschrieben worden ist, kann sich der Mensch bedienen lernen seines ätherischen Leibes. Dadurch kann er auch in dem gewöhnlichen normalen Bewußtsein hineinschauen in eine geistige Welt. Wenn der Mensch so lernt, seinen ätherischen Leib als ein Werkzeug für seine Hellsichtigkeit zu benutzen, dann lernt er allmählich alles das in der geistigen Welt erkennen, was zu den Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie gehört.
Nun aber darf der Mensch nicht stehenbleiben dabei, nur sozusagen seinen eigenen ätherischen Leib wahrzunehmen, sondern wenn er zu dieser zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit aufsteigt, macht er eine ganz bestimmte Erfahrung. Er macht nämlich die Erfahrung, daß er wie aus sich selber herausgeht, daß er sich gleichsam nicht mehr in seiner Haut eingeschlossen fühlt. Wenn er, sagen wir, einer Pflanze, einem Tiere gegenübersteht oder auch einem anderen Menschen, dann fühlt er, wie wenn ein Stück von ihm selber in dieser anderen Wesenheit drinnen wäre. Wie untergetaucht in die andere Wesenheit fühlt er sich. Im normalen Bewußtsein und wenn wir auf der ersten Stufe des Hellsehens stehen, dann können wir noch in einer gewissen Weise sagen: Ich bin hier, das Wesen, welches ich sehe, ist dort. — So können wir auf der zweiten Stufe des Hellsehens nicht mehr sagen, sondern da können wir nur sagen: Wo das Wesen ist, das wir wahrnehmen, da sind wir selber. — Wir sind gleichsam so, daß wir unseren eigenen Ätherleib wie Fangarme nach allen Seiten ausstrecken und uns hineinsaugen in die Wesenheiten, in die wir, also wahrnehmend, unser eigenes Wesen untertauchen.
Es gibt im gewöhnlichen normalen Bewußtsein ein Gefühl, welches uns eine Vorstellung davon geben kann, was der Hellseher auf dieser zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit erlebt, nur ist das, was der Hellseher da erlebt, unendlich viel intensiver und nicht nur ein Gefühl, sondern steigert sich bis zur Wahrnehmung, bis zum Verstehen, bis zum Untertauchen. Das Gefühl des normalen Bewußtseins, das sich mit diesem Erlebnis des Hellsehers auf der zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit vergleichen läßt, ist nämlich das Mitleid, ist die Liebe. Was bedeutet es denn, wenn wir im gewöhnlichen Leben Mitleid und Liebe empfinden? Wenn man genauer nachdenkt über das Wesen von Mitleid und Liebe — es ist einiges schon gestern angedeutet worden —, dann findet man, daß Mitleid und Liebe uns dahin bringen, von uns selber loszukommen und uns in das andere Wesen hinüberzuleben. Es ist eigentlich ein wunderbares Mysterium des Menschenlebens, daß wir imstande sind, Mitleid, Liebe zu empfinden. Und unter den gewöhnlichen Erscheinungen des normalen Bewußtseins gibt es wohl kaum etwas, was den Menschen so sehr überzeugen kann von der Göttlichkeit des Daseins als die Möglichkeit, daß er Liebe, daß er Mitleid entwickeln kann. Man erlebt als Mensch sonst sein eigenes Dasein in sich selber, oder man erlebt die Welt, indem man sie wahrnimmt durch die Sinne oder indem man sie versteht durch den Verstand. Hineinzuschauen in ein menschliches Herz, hineinzublicken in eine menschliche Seele ist keinem Verstand, ist keinem Auge möglich, denn verschlossen in innersten Kammern hält die andere Seele das, was sie in sich selbst an Leiden, an Freuden hat. Und wunderbar eigentlich, mysteriös sollte es jedem Menschen erscheinen, daß er gleichsam sich selber ergießen kann in das Wesen der anderen Seele, in ihr Leben mit ihren Freuden, mit ihren Leiden. So wie wir untertauchen können mit dem normalen Bewußtsein durch Mitleid und Liebe in Leiden und Freuden bewußter Wesen, so lernt der Hellseher auf der zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit unterzutauchen nicht nur in alles Bewußte, das leiden und sich freuen kann auf eine menschliche oder menschenähnliche Art, sondern ein solcher Hellseher lernt unterzutauchen in alles Lebendige. Wohlgemerkt, ich sage: in alles Lebendige. Denn auf dieser zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit lernt man nur unterzutauchen in alles Lebendige, noch nicht in das, was uns unlebendig, tot erscheint, was uns als ein Mineralisches umgibt. Aber mit diesem Untertauchen in das Lebendige ist verbunden ein Anschauen dessen, was im Innern der Wesenheiten vorgeht. Wir selbst fühlen uns da drinnen in den lebendigen Wesenheiten, wir lernen leben mit den Pflanzen, mit den Tieren, leben mit den anderen Menschen auf dieser zweiten Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit. Aber nicht nur das. Wir lernen auch hinter all dem, was da lebt, eine höhere geistige Welt kennen, eben mit den Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie. Es ist notwendig, daß wir uns diese Begriffe klarmachen, denn es erscheint wie eine trockene Theorie, wenn man nur aufzählt, was für Wesenheiten zu den verschiedenen Hierarchien gehören. Eine lebendige Vorstellung kann sich der Mensch zunächst von dem, was da hinter der Sinneswelt webt und lebt, nur dann verschaffen, wenn er den Weg kennt, auf dem das hellsichtige Bewußtsein dorthin dringt.
Nun wollen wir, ebenso wie wir gestern versuchten, die Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie zu charakterisieren, wiederum vom Menschen ausgehend diese Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie schildern. Wir haben gestern gesagt, daß die Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie dadurch charakterisiert sind, daß sie an der Stelle der menschlichen Wahrnehmung die Offenbarung ihres eigenen Wesens haben und an der Stelle der menschlichen Innerlichkeit dasjenige, was wir nennen können Geist-Erfüllung. Bei den Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie, da erfahren wir, indem wir in sie untertauchen, daß nicht nur ihre Wahrnehmung eine Offenbarung ihres Wesens ist, daß sie nicht nur ihr eigenes Wesen offenbaren, sondern daß diese Offenbarung ihres eigenen Wesens erhalten bleibt als etwas Selbständiges, was sich absondert von diesen Wesenheiten selbst. Eine Vorstellung von dem, was wir da wahrnehmen, können wir uns verschaffen, wenn wir etwa denken an eine Schnecke, welche ihr eigenes Haus absondert. Das Haus, so stellen wir uns vor, besteht aus einer Substanz, die zuerst in dem Leib der Schnecke enthalten ist. Dann sondert die Schnecke ihr Haus ab. Sie hat nicht nur ihr eigenes Wesen nach außen für den Anblick gezeigt, sondern sie hat etwas abgesondert, was dann objektiv wird, was bleibt. So ist es mit dem eigenen Wesen, mit der Selbstheit der Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie. Sie offenbaren nicht nur ihr Selbst, wie die Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie, sondern sie sondern dieses Wesen von sich ab, so daß es erhalten bleibt als eine selbständige Wesenheit.
Dies wird uns klarer werden, wenn wir uns etwa auf der einen Seite ein Wesen der dritten Hierarchie, auf der andern Seite ein Wesen der zweiten Hierarchie vorstellen. Wir richten den okkulten Blick auf ein Wesen der dritten Hierarchie. Dieses Wesen wird für uns dadurch erkennbar, daß es seine Selbstheit, seine Innenheit nach außen offenbart und in seiner Offenbarung seine Wahrnehmung hat; wenn es aber seine innere Vorstellung, sein Innenerlebnis ändert, dann ist auch eine andere Offenbarung da. So wie also dieses Wesen der dritten Hierarchie innerlich seine Zustände ändert, seine Erlebnisse variiert, so ändert sich fortwährend die äußere Offenbarung. Wenn wir ein Wesen der zweiten Hierarchie anschauen mit dem okkulten Blick, so ist das anders. Da, sagen wir, stelle das Wesen auch vor, erlebt auch innerlich, aber das, was es innerlich erlebt, das sondert es von sich ab wie eine Art Schale, wie eine Art Haut: es bekommt eine selbständige Wesenheit. Und wenn das Wesen dann zu einem andern Innenzustand übergeht, wenn das Wesen etwas anderes vorstellt und sich also auf eine neue Art offenbart, dann ist die alte Offenbarung des Wesens noch vorhanden, bleibt bestehen und geht nicht vorüber wie bei der Wesenheit der dritten Hierarchie. So daß wir dasjenige, was an die Stelle der Offenbarung tritt bei den Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie, nennen können ein sich selbst Schaffen einer Art von Schale oder Haut. Wie einen Abdruck seiner selbst schaffen, sich selber in einer Art von Bild objektiv machen, das ist es, was die Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie auszeichnet. Und wenn wir uns fragen: Was tritt an die Stelle der Geist-Erfüllung der Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie bei den Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie? — dann zeigt sich für den okkulten Blick, daß jedesmal, wenn das Wesen ein solches Bild seiner selbst absondert, solch eine Art von Schale seiner selbst, die das Gepräge seiner selbst trägt, daß dann im Innern des Wesens Leben erregt wird. Immer ist das Erregen von Leben die Folge eines solchen Sich-selber-Schaffens.
So müssen wir unterscheiden bei den Wesen der dritten Hierarchie ihre Äußerlichkeit in ihrer Offenbarung und ihre Innerlichkeit in dem Erfülltsein vom Geiste, wir müssen unterscheiden bei den Wesen der zweiten Hierarchie ihre Außenseite als «sich selber im Abdruck, im Bilde schaffen, objektivieren» und ihre Innerlichkeit als Lebenserregung, wie wenn Flüssigkeit fortwährend in sich selber rieselte, indem sie gefrierend ihr Bild nach außen absondert. So ungefähr stellt sich für den okkulten Blick dar, was die Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie äußerlich und innerlich erfüllt. Während dem okkulten Blick die Geist-Erfüllung der Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie im Bilde, in der Imagination wie eine Art von geistigem Licht erscheint, so erscheint dieses Lebenrieseln, diese Lebenserregung, die mit Absonderung nach außen verknüpft ist, so, daß die okkulte Wahrnehmung etwas wie geistiges Tönen, Sphärenmusik vernimmt. Es ist wie geistiges Tönen, nicht wie geistiges Licht wie bei den Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie.
Wir können nun wiederum bei diesen Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie mehrere Kategorien unterscheiden, wie wir auch bei den Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie mehrere Kategorien unterscheiden konnten. Wenn wir allerdings die Unterschiede dieser Kategorien ins Auge fassen wollen, so wird das schwieriger, weil ja die Dinge immer schwieriger werden, je mehr wir zu den höheren Hierarchien aufsteigen. Wir haben, wenn wir da aufsteigen, zunächst eine Vorstellung zu gewinnen von all dem, was der uns umgebenden Welt zugrunde liegt, insofern diese uns umgebende Welt Formen hat. Es kommt, wie ich schon gesagt habe, für diese zweite Stufe der Hellsichtigkeit nur das in Betracht, was lebt, nicht das, was uns zunächst als Lebloses erscheint. Das, was lebt, kommt in Betracht, aber das, was lebt, ist zunächst geformt. Formen haben die Pflanzen, Formen haben die Tiere, eine Form hat der Mensch. Wenn der hellsichtige Blick mit all den Eigenschaften, die wir heute beschrieben haben, sich richtet auf alles, was um uns herum in der Natur geformt ist, und wenn er absieht von allem übrigen bei den Wesenheiten und nur auf die Formen sieht, bei den Pflanzen also die Mannigfaltigkeit der Formen betrachtet, ebenso bei den Tieren und bei den Menschen, dann nimmt dieser hellsichtige Blick aus der Gesamtheit der Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie diejenigen wahr, welche wir nennen die Geister der Form, Exusiai.
Wir können aber auch etwas anderes an den Wesenheiten der uns umgebenden Natur ins Auge fassen als die Form. Wir wissen ja, daß alles, was lebt, seine Form in einer gewissen Beziehung ändert, indem es wächst. Am meisten fällt uns diese Änderung, dieser Wechsel der Form, diese Metamorphose bei der Pflanzenwelt auf. Wir betrachten nunmehr, indem wir nicht den gewöhnlichen Blick, sondern den hellsichtigen Blick der zweiten Stufe auf die wachsende Pflanzenwelt richten, wie die Pflanze ihre Form nach und nach gewinnt, wie sie von der Form der Wurzel übergeht zu der Form des Blattes, zu der Form der Blüte, zu der Form der Frucht. Wir betrachten das wachsende Tier, den wachsenden Menschen, kurz, wir betrachten nicht bloß eine Form, wie sie in einem Augenblick da ist, sondern wir betrachten das Werden der Lebewesen. Wenn wir uns anregen lassen von dieser Betrachtung des Werdens der Lebewesen: wie die Formen wechseln, wie sie in lebendiger Metamorphose sind, dann tritt uns für den hellseherischen Blick der zweiten Stufe das entgegen, was wir die Kategorie der Geister der Bewegung nennen, Dynamis.
Schwieriger ist nun, eine dritte Kategorie von solchen Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie zu betrachten. Da müssen wir weder die Form als solche noch auch die Bewegung, die Veränderung der Form, sondern dasjenige betrachten, was in der Form sich ausdrückt. Wir können charakterisieren, wie der Mensch zu einer solchen Betrachtung sich erziehen kann. Natürlich genügt nicht, daß man das gewöhnliche normale Bewußtsein in solcher Weise erzieht, wie es jetzt geschildert wird, sondern es müssen die anderen Übungen, welche dem Menschen zu dem okkulten Blick verhalfen, dabei sein. Der Mensch muß die anderen Übungen machen und nicht mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein gleichsam sich erziehen an dem, was jetzt geschildert wird, sondern sich schon mit dem hellseherischen Bewußtsein erziehen. Das hellseherische Bewußtsein muß sich zuerst erziehen an der Art und Weise, wie der Mensch selber in seiner äußeren Form zum Ausdruck wird für sein Inneres. Wie gesagt, es kann das auch das normale Bewußtsein. Da wird man aber nichts erreichen als ein Ahnen, als ein Vermuten dessen, was hinter der Miene, hinter der Geste, hinter dem Gesichtsausdruck, hinter der Physiognomie des Menschen ist. Wenn aber der hellseherische Blick, der sich schon bis zur zweiten Stufe des Hellsehers geschult hat, wenn der die Physiognomie, die Geste, den mimischen Ausdruck beim Menschen auf sich wirken läßt, dann ruft er in sich Anregungen hervor, durch die er sich allmählich erziehen kann, die Wesenheiten der dritten Kategorie der zweiten Hierarchie zu beobachten.

Aber das kann nicht geschehen — ich bitte wohl zu beachten, was ich jetzt sagen werde —, wenn man dabei stehenbleibt, nur die Gesten, den mimischen Ausdruck, die Physiognomie des Menschen zu betrachten. Da erreicht man eigentlich noch wenig. Man muß dann, so ist die okkulte Schulung auf diesem Gebiete am rationellsten, zu den Pflanzen übergehen. Die Tiere kann man überspringen, das ist nicht besonders wichtig, daß man sich an den Tieren heranschult. Aber wichtig ist, daß, nachdem man sich hellseherisch ein wenig dazu erzogen hat, aus der Mimik, aus der Physiognomie, aus dem Gestus eines Menschen in das Innere seiner Seele sich hineinzuleben, nachdem man sich so erzogen hat am Menschen, man dann sich zu der Pflanzenwelt wendet und an der Pflanzenwelt sich weiter erzieht. Da wird der hellseherisch geschulte Mensch sehr merkwürdige Erlebnisse haben können, da wird der hellseherisch geschulte Mensch tief empfinden können einen Unterschied zwischen einem Pflanzenblatt, das, sagen wir, spitz zuläuft (a), und einem Pflanzenblatt, welches diese Form (b) hat; zwischen einer Blüte, welche in dieser Weise (c) nach aufwärts wächst, und einer Blüte, welche etwa so (d) nach außen sich öffnet. Ganze Welten von Unterschieden in den inneren Erlebnissen stellen sich ein, wenn man den okkulten Blick der zweiten Stufe nach einer Lilienblüte oder nach einer Tulpenblüte hinwendet, wenn man die Rispe eines Hafers oder den Halm der Gerste oder des Weizens auf sich wirken läßt. Alles das wird so lebendig sprechend wie die Physiognomie eines Menschen. Und wenn das so lebendig sprechend wird, wie die Physiognomie eines Menschen spricht, wie sogar der Gestus eines Menschen spricht, wenn wir empfinden, wie eine Blüte, die nach außen sich öffnet, etwas hat wie eine Hand, die sich etwa, mit der Innenfläche nach unten, mit der Außenfläche nach oben, auswärts wendet, wenn wir dann wiederum eine Blüte finden, welche die Blätter nach oben zusammenschließt wie eine Handbewegung, wo die zwei Hände sich zusammenfalten —, wenn wir so den Gestus, die Physiognomie der Pflanzenwelt und in der Farbe der Blüte etwas wie Physiognomik empfinden, dann belebt sich der okkulte innere Blick, die okkulte Wahrnehmung und das okkulte Verständnis, und wir erkennen dann eine dritte Kategorie von Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie, die wir nennen die Geister der Weisheit. Dieser Name ist vergleichsweise gewählt aus dem Grunde, weil, wenn wir einen Menschen betrachten in seiner Mimik, in seiner Physiognomie, in seinen Gesten, wir sein Geistiges, sein Weisheitsvolles nach außen sprießen sehen, sich darleben sehen. So fühlen wir, wie geistige Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie alle Natur durchdringen und sich in der Gesamtphysiognomie, in dem Gesamtgestus, in der gesamten Mimik der Natur zum Ausdruck bringen. Flutende Weisheit geht lebensvoll durch alle Wesen, alle Reiche der Natur, und nicht bloß eine allgemein flutende Weisheit, sondern differenziert ist diese flutende Weisheit in eine Fülle von geistigen Wesenheiten, in die Fülle der Geister der Weisheit. Es ist, wenn das okkulte Bewußtsein sich hinauferhebt zu diesen Geistern, zunächst die höchste Stufe dieser geistigen Wesenheiten, die wir auf diese Art erreichen.
Aber so, wie wir sagen konnten, daß die Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie, die Engel, Erzengel und Zeitgeister, Nachkommen haben, die sich von ihnen abspalten, so haben auch die Wesenheiten dieser zweiten Hierarchie Nachkommen. Im Laufe der Zeit spalten sich in ähnlicher Art, wie wir das gestern für die Wesen der dritten Hierarchie beschreiben konnten, von diesen Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie andere ab, die dann von niedrigerer Kategorie werden, die geradeso in die Reiche der Natur heruntergesandt werden wie die Naturgeister aus den Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie, welche gleichsam die Baumeister und Werkmeister im kleinen in den Naturreichen sind. Die geistigen Wesenheiten nun, welche da von der zweiten Hierarchie abgespalten werden und sich heruntersenken in die Reiche der Natur, das sind diejenigen Wesenheiten, welche wir im Okkultismus bezeichnen als die Gruppenseelen der Pflanzen, der Tiere, die Gruppenseelen in den einzelnen Wesenheiten. So daß der okkulte Blick auf der zweiten Stufe in den Wesenheiten, die zum Pflanzen-, zum Tierreich gehören, geistige Wesenheiten findet, welche nicht so wie beim Menschen als individuelle Geister in den einzelnen menschlichen Persönlichkeiten sind, sondern wir finden Gruppen von Tieren und Pflanzen, die ähnlich gestaltet sind, beseelt von einer gemeinsamen geistigen Wesenheit. Sagen wir, wir finden die Form der Löwen, die Form der Tiger, andere Formen beseelt von gemeinsamen Seelenwesen. Die gemeinsamen Seelenwesen, wir nennen sie die Gruppenseelen, und diese Gruppenseelen sind abgespaltene Nachkommen der Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie, wie die Naturgeister Nachkommen der Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie sind.
So dringen wir von unten hinauf in die höheren Welten, finden, wenn wir die Elemente überblicken, die wichtig sind für alle Wesenheiten des Pflanzen-, des Tierreichs, des Menschenreichs, daß in diesen Elementen, im Festen, im Flüssigen, im Gasförmigen, die Naturgeister walten, die da Nachkommen sind der Wesenheiten der dritten Hierarchie. Wir finden, wenn wir von den Elementen Erde, Wasser, Luft aufsteigen zu dem, was mit Hilfe dieser Elemente lebt in den Naturreichen, geistige Wesenheiten, die belebend durchdringen die Wesenheiten dieser Naturreiche, Gruppenseelen, und diese Gruppenseelen sind abgespaltene geistige Wesenheiten derjenigen, die wir als die Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie kennen.
Sie können daraus ersehen, daß auch nur für den okkulten Blick der zweiten Stufe diese Wesenheiten, die wir als Gruppenseelen bezeichnen, wirklich wahrnehmbar sind. Nur für denjenigen okkult entwickelten Menschen, der das Wesen seines eigenen Ätherleibes wie in Fangarmen ausdehnen kann, ist es möglich, daß er die Wesenheiten der zweiten Hierarchie kennenlernt und auch die Wesenheiten der Gruppenseelen, die in den verschiedenen Reichen der Natur vorhanden sind. Noch schwieriger ist das Aufsteigen zu den Wesenheiten der ersten Hierarchie und zu denjenigen Wesenheiten, welche in den Naturreichen wiederum die Abkömmlinge sind dieser Wesenheiten der ersten Hierarchie. Davon wollen wir dann morgen weitersprechen.
Fourth Lecture
If we want to get to know the nature of the spiritual forces and powers that are active in the different realms of nature and in the heavenly bodies, we must first get to know these spiritual beings themselves, and we have already begun to do so in the three lectures that have been given. We have attempted to characterize the so-called nature spirits, and then ascended to the beings that stand immediately above human beings in the next higher world, which we can find starting from our own. Today we will continue this consideration and must therefore pick up where we left off, on the path that has proven to be the way in which we can first ascend to the beings of the third hierarchy. In the previous lecture, it was shown that it is possible for human beings to rise above themselves, to overcome all their special egoistic interests and attentions, and thereby to ascend into a sphere where they first find their own guide, who can already give them an idea of those beings whom we call angels, angeloi, in the sense of Western esotericism. And we then showed how continuing along this path leads to getting to know the tribal and national spirits, which we have referred to as archangels, archangeloi, and how one then finds the so-called spirits of the times, the archai, active in the course of the cultural process. If you follow the path that was outlined yesterday, you will get a certain feeling of what is meant by these beings of the third hierarchy. Even if one undergoes occult development, it will remain for a long time that one has only a kind of feeling. Only when one has patiently and persistently gone through all the feelings and sensations that were indicated yesterday will one be able to pass over to what may be called clairvoyant vision of these beings of the third hierarchy.
If one continues along this path, one will find that one gradually educates oneself to a different state of consciousness, develops oneself, and then the clairvoyant viewing of the beings of the third hierarchy can begin. This other state of consciousness can be compared to human sleep, initially in that in this state the human being feels liberated with his ego and his astral body from the physical and etheric bodies. This feeling of liberation must be experienced as a sensation. One must gradually learn what it means not to see through one's eyes, not to hear through one's ears, not to think through the mind that is bound to the brain. We must distinguish this state from ordinary sleep in that we are not unconscious, but have perceptions of spiritual beings in our environment; at first a dark feeling that such beings are in our surroundings, but then, as I said, the dawning of clairvoyant consciousness and the living vision of the beings of the third hierarchy and their descendants, the nature spirits. If one wants to characterize this state more precisely, one can now say that the person who rises to this state in occult development initially really sees a kind of separation between his ordinary consciousness and this new state of consciousness. Like a separation between waking and sleeping, there is initially, for the person undergoing occult development, a separation between the consciousness in which the human being sees with his ordinary eyes, hears with his ordinary ears, thinks with his ordinary mind, and that clairvoyant state in which he has nothing around him of what he perceives in the ordinary normal state of consciousness, but instead has a different world around him, the world of the third hierarchy and its descendants. The first result of this is that one learns to remember in ordinary consciousness what one has experienced in this other state of consciousness.
We can therefore distinguish exactly one stage of human occult development, in which a person can live alternately in their ordinary consciousness, where they see, hear, and think like other people with normal consciousness, and in the other state of consciousness, which they can bring about in a certain way at will, in which they perceive what is in the spiritual world of the third hierarchy around him. And then, just as one remembers a dream, when he is in his ordinary state of consciousness, he can remember what he experienced in the other, clairvoyant state, and he can talk about it, he can translate what he experienced in the clairvoyant state into ordinary concepts and ideas. So when such a clairvoyant is in his ordinary state of consciousness and wants to know something about the spiritual world or wants to tell about it, he must remember what he experienced in his other, clairvoyant state of consciousness. A clairvoyant who has reached this stage of development can only know something about those spiritual beings that we have described so far as the beings of the third hierarchy and their descendants. He knows nothing at first about even higher worlds. If he wants to know something about even higher worlds, he must also attain a higher stage of clairvoyance.
This higher stage is achieved by continuing the exercises described in the book How to Know Higher Worlds, especially those exercises described there as observing, for example, plants, animals, and so on. So when a person continues these exercises, he reaches a higher level of clairvoyance. This consists in the fact that the person then no longer has only two alternating states, an ordinary normal state of consciousness and a clairvoyant one, and can therefore remember the clairvoyant experiences in the ordinary state of consciousness, but that the person, once they have reached this higher level of clairvoyance, perceive spiritual worlds, spiritual beings, and spiritual facts even when they are in their ordinary state of consciousness and looking at things in the outer world through their eyes. He can, so to speak, bring clairvoyance into his ordinary state of consciousness and see behind the beings that surround him in the outer world the deeper spiritual beings and forces that are hidden behind a veil.
We ask ourselves: What has happened to such a clairvoyant who has now reached the point where he no longer has to remember the experiences of another state of consciousness, but can have clairvoyant experiences in his everyday state of consciousness? Once a person has risen to the first stage of clairvoyance, they can only use their astral body to look into the spiritual world. The body that humans use to look into the spiritual world at the first stage of clairvoyance is the astral body. At the second stage of clairvoyance, which has just been described, humans can learn to use their etheric body. This enables them to look into the spiritual world even in their normal state of consciousness. When human beings learn to use their etheric body as a tool for clairvoyance, they gradually learn to recognize everything in the spiritual world that belongs to the beings of the second hierarchy.But now the human being must not stop at merely perceiving his own etheric body, so to speak. When he ascends to this second stage of clairvoyance, he has a very specific experience. He experiences that he is stepping out of himself, that he no longer feels enclosed in his own skin. When he stands, say, in front of a plant, an animal, or even another human being, he feels as if a part of himself were inside this other being. He feels as if he were submerged in the other being. In normal consciousness, and when we are on the first stage of clairvoyance, we can still say in a certain sense: I am here, the being I see is there. — At the second stage of clairvoyance, we can no longer say this, but can only say: Where the being we perceive is, there we are ourselves. — We are, as it were, extending our own etheric body like tentacles in all directions and sucking ourselves into the beings in which we, as perceivers, immerse our own being.
In ordinary normal consciousness, there is a feeling that can give us an idea of what the clairvoyant experiences at this second stage of clairvoyance, only that what the clairvoyant experiences there is infinitely more intense and not just a feeling, but increases to perception, to understanding, to immersion. The feeling of normal consciousness that can be compared to this experience of the clairvoyant at the second stage of clairvoyance is compassion, love. What does it mean when we feel compassion and love in ordinary life? If we think more deeply about the nature of compassion and love—some of which was already mentioned yesterday—we find that compassion and love lead us to detach ourselves from ourselves and live our lives in another being. It is actually a wonderful mystery of human life that we are capable of feeling compassion and love. And among the ordinary phenomena of normal consciousness, there is hardly anything that can convince human beings so much of the divinity of existence as the possibility that they can develop love and compassion. As human beings, we otherwise experience our own existence within ourselves, or we experience the world by perceiving it through the senses or by understanding it through the intellect. No mind, no eye can look into a human heart or into a human soul, for locked in its innermost chambers, the other soul keeps what it has within itself in suffering and joy. And it should seem wonderful, indeed mysterious, to every human being that he can, as it were, pour himself into the essence of another soul, into its life with its joys and sufferings. Just as we can immerse ourselves with our normal consciousness through compassion and love in the suffering and joys of conscious beings, so the clairvoyant on the second level of clairvoyance learns to immerse himself not only in everything conscious that can suffer and rejoice in a human or human-like way, but such a clairvoyant learns to immerse himself in everything that lives. Mind you, I say: into everything that lives. For at this second stage of clairvoyance, one learns only to immerse oneself in everything that lives, not yet in what appears to us as inanimate, dead, what surrounds us as mineral. But this immersion into the living is connected with seeing what is going on inside beings. We ourselves feel ourselves inside the living beings, we learn to live with the plants, with the animals, to live with other human beings on this second stage of clairvoyance. But not only that. We also learn to know a higher spiritual world behind everything that lives, namely with the beings of the second hierarchy. It is necessary that we clarify these concepts for ourselves, because it seems like dry theory if we simply list the beings that belong to the various hierarchies. Human beings can only gain a living idea of what weaves and lives behind the sensory world if they know the path by which clairvoyant consciousness penetrates there.
Now, just as we attempted yesterday to characterize the beings of the third hierarchy, let us again describe the beings of the second hierarchy, starting from the human being. We said yesterday that the beings of the third hierarchy are characterized by the fact that they have the revelation of their own being in the place of human perception and, in the place of human inner life, what we can call spirit fulfillment. With the beings of the second hierarchy, we experience, as we immerse ourselves in them, that not only is their perception a revelation of their nature, that they do not merely reveal their own nature, but that this revelation of their own nature remains as something independent, something that separates itself from these beings themselves. We can get an idea of what we perceive here if we think of a snail that secretes its own house. We imagine that the house consists of a substance that is initially contained in the snail's body. Then the snail secretes its house. It has not only revealed its own nature to the outside world, but has separated something that then becomes objective, that remains. So it is with the own nature, with the selfhood of the beings of the second hierarchy. They do not merely reveal their self, as the beings of the third hierarchy do, but they separate this nature from themselves so that it remains as an independent being.
This will become clearer to us if we imagine, for example, a being of the third hierarchy on one side and a being of the second hierarchy on the other. We direct our occult gaze toward a being of the third hierarchy. This being becomes recognizable to us because it reveals its selfhood, its inner nature, to the outside world and perceives itself in this revelation; but when it changes its inner conception, its inner experience, then a different revelation is present. Thus, just as this being of the third hierarchy changes its inner states and varies its experiences, so its outer revelation is constantly changing. When we look at a being of the second hierarchy with the occult eye, it is different. There, let us say, the being also imagines, also experiences inwardly, but what it experiences inwardly, it separates from itself like a kind of shell, like a kind of skin: it acquires an independent entity. And when the being then passes into another inner state, when the being imagines something else and thus reveals itself in a new way, the old revelation of the being is still present, remains and does not pass away as it does with the beings of the third hierarchy. So we can call what takes the place of revelation in the beings of the second hierarchy the creation of a kind of shell or skin. Creating an imprint of themselves, objectifying themselves in a kind of image, is what characterizes the beings of the second hierarchy. And when we ask ourselves: What takes the place of the spirit-fulfillment of the beings of the third hierarchy in the beings of the second hierarchy? — then it becomes apparent to the occult gaze that every time the being separates such an image of itself, such a kind of shell of itself that bears its own imprint, life is stirred within the being. The stirring of life is always the result of such self-creation.
Thus, we must distinguish between the beings of the third hierarchy in their outward appearance in their manifestation and their inner nature in their being filled with spirit; we must distinguish between the beings of the second hierarchy in their outer aspect as “creating themselves in imprint, in image, objectifying themselves” and their inner nature as the stirring of life, as if liquid were continually trickling within themselves, freezing and secreting their image outward. This is roughly how the occult gaze perceives what fills the beings of the second hierarchy externally and internally. While the spiritual fulfillment of the beings of the third hierarchy appears to the occult gaze in the image, in the imagination, as a kind of spiritual light, this trickling of life, this life force, which is connected with separation from the outside, appears in such a way that the occult perception hears something like spiritual sounds, sphere music. It is like spiritual sound, not like spiritual light as with the beings of the third hierarchy.
We can now again distinguish several categories among these beings of the second hierarchy, just as we were able to distinguish several categories among the beings of the third hierarchy. However, if we want to consider the differences between these categories, this becomes more difficult because things become more difficult the higher we ascend in the hierarchies. As we ascend, we must first gain an idea of everything that underlies the world around us, insofar as this world around us has forms. As I have already said, only that which lives comes into consideration for this second stage of clairvoyance, not that which initially appears to us as lifeless. That which lives comes into consideration, but that which lives is initially formed. Plants have forms, animals have forms, human beings have a form. When the clairvoyant gaze, with all the qualities we have described today, is directed toward everything that is formed around us in nature, and if it disregards everything else in the beings and looks only at the forms, thus observing the diversity of forms in plants, animals, and humans, then this clairvoyant gaze perceives from the totality of the beings of the second hierarchy those whom we call the spirits of form, the Exusiai.
However, we can also perceive something else in the beings of the nature surrounding us besides form. We know that everything that lives changes its form in a certain way as it grows. This change, this metamorphosis, is most noticeable in the plant world. Now, by directing not our ordinary gaze but the clairvoyant gaze of the second stage toward the growing plant world, we observe how the plant gradually acquires its form, how it passes from the form of the root to the form of the leaf, to the form of the flower, to the form of the fruit. We observe the growing animal, the growing human being; in short, we do not merely observe a form as it is at a given moment, but we observe the becoming of living beings. If we allow ourselves to be inspired by this observation of the becoming of living beings: how forms change, how they undergo a living metamorphosis, then what we call the category of spirits of movement, dynamis, appears to the clairvoyant gaze of the second stage.
It is now more difficult to consider a third category of such beings of the second hierarchy. Here we must consider neither the form as such nor the movement, the change of form, but rather that which is expressed in the form. We can characterize how the human being can train himself to such a consideration. Of course, it is not enough to train the ordinary consciousness in the way described above; other exercises that help the human being to attain occult vision must also be included. Human beings must do the other exercises and not educate themselves with their ordinary consciousness in what has now been described, but must educate themselves with clairvoyant consciousness. Clairvoyant consciousness must first educate itself in the way in which human beings themselves express their inner life in their outer form. As I have said, normal consciousness can also do this. But then one will achieve nothing more than a vague inkling, a guess at what lies behind the expression, the gesture, the facial expression, the physiognomy of the human being. But when the clairvoyant gaze, which has already been trained to the second stage of clairvoyance, allows the physiognomy, the gesture, the facial expression of the human being to work on it, then it evokes within itself impulses through which it can gradually train itself to observe the beings of the third category of the second hierarchy.

But this cannot happen — please pay close attention to what I am about to say — if one stops at merely observing the gestures, facial expressions, and physiognomy of human beings. That actually achieves very little. The most rational occult training in this field is to move on to plants. Animals can be skipped; it is not particularly important to train oneself on animals. But it is important that, after you have trained yourself a little clairvoyantly to empathize with the inner soul of a person from their facial expressions, physiognomy, and gestures, after you have trained yourself in this way with people, you then turn to the plant world and continue your training there. The clairvoyantly trained person will then have very strange experiences; they will be able to feel deeply the difference between a plant leaf that tapers to a point (a) and a plant leaf that has this shape (b); between a flower that grows upward in this way (c) and a flower which opens outward in this way (d). Whole worlds of differences in inner experiences arise when one turns the occult gaze of the second stage toward a lily flower or a tulip flower, when one allows the panicle of oats or the stalk of barley or wheat to work on oneself. All of this becomes as vividly expressive as the physiognomy of a human being. And when this becomes as vividly expressive as the physiognomy of a human being, as even the gestures of a human being, when we sense how a flower opening outward has something like a hand turning outward with its inner surface downward and its outer surface upward, when we then find another flower whose leaves close upward like a hand movement, where the two hands fold together — when we perceive the gesture, the physiognomy of the plant world and in the color of the flower something like physiognomy, then the occult inner vision, the occult perception and the occult understanding come to life, and we then recognize a third category of beings of the second hierarchy, which we call the spirits of wisdom. This name has been chosen for comparative reasons, because when we observe a human being in their facial expressions, in their physiognomy, in their gestures, we see their spiritual, their wisdom sprouting outward, coming to life. In this way, we feel how spiritual beings of the second hierarchy permeate all of nature and express themselves in the overall physiognomy, in the overall gesture, in the overall facial expressions of nature. Wisdom flows through all beings, all realms of nature, and not just a general flowing wisdom, but differentiated into a multitude of spiritual beings, into the multitude of spirits of wisdom. When occult consciousness rises to these spirits, the highest level of these spiritual beings is the first level we reach in this way.
But just as we could say that the beings of the third hierarchy, the angels, archangels, and spirits of the age, have descendants who separate from them, so too do the beings of this second hierarchy have descendants. In the course of time, in a similar way to what we described yesterday for the beings of the third hierarchy, other beings split off from these beings of the second hierarchy, which then become of a lower category and are sent down into the realms of nature, just like the nature spirits from the beings of the third hierarchy, who are, as it were, the master builders and craftsmen in miniature in the realms of nature. The spiritual beings that split off from the second hierarchy and descend into the realms of nature are those beings that we in occultism refer to as the group souls of plants and animals, the group souls in the individual beings. Thus, on the second stage, the occult view finds spiritual beings in the beings belonging to the plant and animal kingdoms, which are not, as in the case of human beings, individual spirits in individual human personalities, but rather we find groups of animals and plants that are similarly formed, animated by a common spiritual being. Let us say we find the form of lions, the form of tigers, other forms animated by common soul beings. We call these common soul beings group souls, and these group souls are split-off descendants of the beings of the second hierarchy, just as the nature spirits are descendants of the beings of the third hierarchy.
Thus we ascend from below into the higher worlds and, when we survey the elements that are important for all beings in the plant, animal, and human kingdoms, we find that in these elements—in the solid, liquid, and gaseous—the nature spirits reign, who are the descendants of the beings of the third hierarchy. When we ascend from the elements earth, water, and air to what lives in the natural kingdoms with the help of these elements, we find spiritual beings that permeate and enliven the beings of these natural kingdoms, group souls, and these group souls are separated spiritual beings of those we know as the beings of the second hierarchy.
You can see from this that only with the occult vision of the second stage can these beings, which we call group souls, be truly perceived. Only those occultly developed human beings who can extend the essence of their own etheric body like tentacles can get to know the beings of the second hierarchy and also the beings of the group souls that exist in the various realms of nature. It is even more difficult to ascend to the beings of the first hierarchy and to those beings which, in the natural realms, are in turn the descendants of these beings of the first hierarchy. We will continue talking about this tomorrow.