Man in the Light of Occultism, Theosophy and Philosophy
GA 137
7 June 1912, Oslo
Lecture V
My dear Friends,
Yesterday we made a general survey of some of the various forms of mysticism. We saw how the mystic, and especially the mystic of modern Christian times, is one who sets out to tread the occult path and undertakes in the first place, in preparation for the same, to overcome and transcend his personal everyday ego-consciousness.
We had to show also from examples we brought forward, how it is possible for such a mystic to miss the road. Having done his best to extinguish ordinary consciousness, then in the moment when a super-sensible experience ought to emerge in its place, it may well be that he enters into a region which excludes the possibility of all experience whatsoever. We saw how this has actually happened in the case of eminent mystics. We found that one very distinguished mystic spoke of the goal she had in view as a “marriage” and a “union.” At the same time we had to describe this marriage or union as inevitably involving a loss of self. The mystic is estranged from himself, he no longer possesses himself, but passes over—as it were in a kind of higher sleep—into a completely different element.
Herein lies the cause why mysticism, generally speaking, although it can be a path to occultism, does not attain to the consciousness that is without an object. For the moment the mystic leaves the objects of this world, he loses also consciousness itself, and another state intervenes, a kind of intoxication; he loses himself and so cannot attain to what we named as the third element of occult experience—that higher consciousness which possesses not one of all the objects consciousness ordinarily possesses and yet still is a consciousness.
I want now today to show you how the occultist on the other hand contrives to make, as it were, the leap out of ordinary consciousness and yet not lose himself but still retain something within which he himself can live. Let us first ask ourselves the question: How is it that the fact that in the case of the majority of mystics, the most thorough investigation can discover no inner compelling reason why they should go out of themselves. No such inner need is present.
It would be quite easy, in the case of the mystics of whom we spoke yesterday, to point to external grounds that induced them to overstep the bounds of their own personality. In Saint Francis of Assisi, for instance, there is evidence of inherited clairvoyant, visionary states; and in the case of the various women mystics we cited, it was the personality—I say expressly, the personality—of Jesus Himself, Whom they regarded as a Bridegroom. Had it not been for the Christian tradition that worked upon them as a stimulus from without, they would never have arrived at their mystical state. In the case of all the mystics whom we studied yesterday, there was this external stimulus, but there was no inward compelling cause that moved them to overstep the bounds of self. Such an inward compelling cause is present in the case of the true aspirant after occultism. We may picture it to ourselves in the following way.
Imagine that someone sets out to meditate upon his ego, that strange and mysterious member of man's nature, the very centre of his consciousness He will note in the first place how it is the ego that holds his life together on the earth. If you study your life, you will quickly discover that your external substantial body has very little to do with your continued existence on this earth. Natural science can tell you that the substance of the body is completely renewed in the course of seven or eight years; so that there will certainly not be many of you who can claim to have today anything at all of the bodily substance you had as children: all of you will have to admit that your body has changed its substance completely and fundamentally in the course of your life. It has, indeed, become an entirely new body. The permanent element in your life is therefore most certainly not to be found in the substance of the body. And if you now turn from the external substance of the body and cast your eye over your inner life of soul, over your thinking, feeling and willing, there too you cannot fail to notice how much change has come about. Look back over the years of your life and try to recall the thoughts—still more, the feelings and will impulses—that held sway in you when you were young. You have only to compare them with those of a later time of life to see at once what fundamental changes go on in your inner life of soul. It would not, however, occur to anyone in his senses to speak of himself as being a different ego from what he was ten, twenty or thirty years ago, or as many years ago as he can remember. The moment a man did have to admit to himself that, let us say, from three or four years of age up to seventeen he was one ego, but that since he was seventeen years of age he had been another ego,—in that moment his being would be torn asunder; he would be, as we say, no longer in his right mind. Our ego, which is the centre point of our consciousness, must be assumed to be something that is permanent throughout the course of earthly life. And yet, if we stop to think it over, we soon discover that even this assumption concerning the ego is not after all quite correct. When you speak to your fellowman of yourself, you say “ I ”; and you mean by “ I ” that which has held your consciousness together during the course of your earthly life. This is the fundamental feeling men have about the I or ego, and it has led a number of philosophers to regard the I as something which can be taken as a starting-point for any statement about the nature of the human being. In all modern philosophy we find again and again this inclination to take the ego as the starting-point. From Fichte to Bergson—to go no further back in time—you will find that philosophy is continually given this orientation. Remarkable and significant results have come to light from such considerations. Nevertheless, when one comes to reflect more deeply, quite another thought suddenly thrusts itself forward. It is this. We are constantly speaking of our ego and we are persuaded that this ego is something that persists and is permanent for the whole of earthly life; but do we really know this ego? Could we give any description or definition of it? Careful reflection will show us that the ego is not after all so permanent as we thought. Life itself contradicts the philosophers who speak of an enduring ego and think they can have knowledge of it. Every night when man goes to sleep, the “permanent” ego is disproved. For when man is asleep it is extinguished. So that when we speak of our ego in this way, we are in error. We contemplate our life, forgetting that we are omitting entirely what happens to our ego during sleep! This ego, of which we know that it belongs to us,—in the night we know nothing of it at all. Therefore, when we think of our ego, we have to make the picture not of a continuous, but of an interrupted line.
How can such a thing be? How can it be that ego-consciousness is continually being broken? The explanation is that when we speak of the ego we mean really no more than the thought or idea of the ego. And since all ideas sink down in sleep into the darkness of unconsciousness, so does also the thought of the ego. The very fact that it sinks away with all our world of ideas should demonstrate to us that in the ego as we conceive it we have merely a picture or image of that of which we mean to speak when we say “ I.”
We shall not, therefore, be able to find in the ego the occult starting-point for which we are looking. For the ego is only there for us, to begin with, as a picture. It is, however, a picture of a unique kind, the study of which can bring us to a very interesting result. For how in any case do pictures and ideas come into the soul? Through the fact that man has around him objects. If you examine carefully the ideas with which your consciousness is filled, you will find they are aroused by external objects, they are all—originally—pictures of external objects. Herein lies the source of our life of ideation; we owe it to the stimulation of external objects. If the objects were not there we should never have ideas of them. With the idea of the I, however, it is different. In this respect the picture we have of the I is unique. In the world outside, look where you will, you can find no object to arouse it. This it is that distinguishes the idea of the I from all other ideas, We can point to no object that is the origin of it. Whatever it is that lives in the idea of the I and clothes itself in the words “ I am,” we cannot—find it anywhere in the whole wide compass of external life.
We are obliged, therefore, to admit that behind the idea of the I lies something totally unknown, something that is nowhere to be found in the external world in so far as this is open to man's perception. A strange and a marvellous thing, this I of ours! If we could lay hold of it inside us, as Bergson and others think we can, if it were possible to grasp more of it than the mere picture or idea, then we would be able to say that we had—not perhaps very much, but something of an earthly reality that is not given from without. But we cannot catch it, we cannot reach it!
There is, however, one thing we can know of this ego, one thing that can serve as a fulcrum, like the fulcrum Archimedes called for long ago, that he might unhinge the Earth. One thing we can discover when we focus our attention upon the I. Among all the multitude of questions and riddles that present themselves to us when we turn our thought to the outer world, there is one particular question that calls loudly for an answer, and it is the question which every aspirant after occultism must face if he would make the leap out of consciousness. He must ask himself: “In all the wide realm of earthly experience, do you see nothing at all of which you can say that it brings to expression the innermost part of your own being? Do you find nowhere anything in which your ego is expressed?”
To search for such an expression in our inner life will only lead to disappointment. There we simply enter into our transitory and fleeting ideas, and we can never be sure of finding anything to lead us beyond this world of temporal ideas. In any case we can never hope to get free of our personality—the very thing we must do as occultists—so long as we are gazing perpetually into it! In the external world outside us on the other hand, there are only the experiences of man on Earth. Any expression of what corresponds to the I in man must needs be an external expression. The I itself we cannot reach; but when we look around us, we do find something that is an expression—and for the moment, the one and only expression—for our I. It is the human form or figure.
We have here reached a difficult point in our consideration, but we must find the way to master it. In the first place let me ask you to understand the term “human form” as indicating the form of man as we meet with it in the external world You will, I think, not have any difficulty in following me when I say that as a plant is in its outward form the expression of its nature and being, as a crystal is formed in such a way as to correspond with its inner being, and as an animal too has a form that corresponds with its inner being, so must the human form correspond with the nature and being of man. And since from out the whole range of our earthly experiences we gather together our being in our I, the human form must needs be an expression of the human I. In other words, in all the vast realm of our experience there is this one thing—the human form or figure—which is an expression of the human being. It sounds a trivial thing to say, but it is in reality one of the most important utterances that can be made, and one upon which we do well to ponder and meditate.
The occultist must now go further. Of the ego he can say that he expresses it when he says “ I,” but he cannot say that he has it, that it is “there” for perception. What he has, what is there, is the idea of the ego. The human form, on the other hand, seems to be there. And so the occultist finds himself in a strange and puzzling situation. He meets at every turn the human form, the expression of the human ego, while the ego itself still eludes him.
There is here only one possible course for the occultist to follow. And it is this. He must clearly understand that it is no different with the human form than it is with a human ego. If the human form be always there, then it does not correspond to the ego that is not always there. We are faced with the necessity of coming somehow to understand that the human form—which apparently we encounter every minute of our life—is not there, has no existence among earthly objects. It is exceedingly important to arrive at a perception that the form of man is possessed of a peculiar quality, and one in which it very nearly resembles the idea of the ego. For the human form too in its external aspect deceives us, it lies to us. That is what the occultist comes to realise,—that the human form lies to him, pretending to be an expression of man's being, claiming to be there as plain reality, when all the time man's being remains hidden.
As you will see, we should be coming no nearer the goal we have set before us—namely, a “consciousness that has no object and is yet a consciousness”—if we set about acquiring a consciousness of the human form, since the human form is after all an external object! This means that the human form as we meet it in life cannot be what we are looking for as an expression of the ego.
Now the occultist must of course know that he cannot live in ideas and conclusions that are taken from the world outside, the experiences to which he has now to penetrate cannot be received from without; for what comes to him from without goes to make up his Earth consciousness, and this he wants to transcend. When the occultist looks at the human form, what he has to do is to experience something in it that leads him out beyond Earth consciousness.
Is it possible to experience in the human form something that leads us out beyond all Earth consciousness? Yes, it is possible. Let us look first at the human countenance and observe the impression it makes upon us. If we want to attain a true perception of the human countenance, we must not be so foolish as to cling to our accustomed ideas of it. For we have here to enter upon a profound experience that will lead at last to the startling conclusion that the human countenance is not as it should be. We learn to see how the human countenance and all that belongs to it—indeed the whole of the upper part of man—has undergone change in course of time through the working of pride in the soul of man,—pride and haughtiness and presumption.
This is the first experience we have to meet, when we begin to overstep the bounds of ordinary consciousness. We enter right down into a deep and original feeling of the soul where we say: “You lie to me, you human countenance and human head! Through pride and presumption you have given yourself a form you should not have. As I look at the whole upper part of man, I begin to see through your appearance; when I behold how pride and presumption have made their impress on man throughout many incarnations, then I begin to perceive an original human countenance that is quite different from you.” Thus, looking at the upper part of man, we perceive how through pride and presumption man has changed his original form.
A further observation has then to be made, and this time it concerns the remaining parts of the human figure. Here again, when the deepest and original perceptions of the soul are aroused, we have the impression that the human form is lying to us. The remaining parts of it—these too, no less than the head, ought to be different from what they are. Again we have to discover and eliminate some interfering influence in order to come to the original; and here it is passionate longing and desire. Changed in form and figure has man become,—above through pride and presumption, below through desire. If desire were not aflame within him, then the lower part of his organism would have a different form.
These two experiences are fundamental, upon them we must build. They are experiences that it is possible to have and that can lead one to pronounce two judgments,—that man is too proud and that man is too full of longing and desire. They are definite inner experiences in consciousness and they force themselves upon one if one looks at the human being with the soul's deepest powers of perception. But what about their origin? Have they been aroused by any object in the whole wide world of Earth life? They are, as we have seen, only present when man begins to feel the imperfection of his own form, when he feels that his form had originally a different plan and character and has become changed through the working of pride and desire. It is not, therefore, any external object that has occasioned these experiences. Yet they are experiences that can make their appearance in human consciousness, that can be there simply through the fact that man lives his life on Earth together with his environment.
We have here made a discovery of extraordinary importance, namely, that it is possible to come to an inner judgment, an inner experience, that has no object. And this inner experience has the following result. The occult student conceives a dislike for his human form. He says to it: “You are false.” He withdraws from it,—not like the mystics of whom we spoke yesterday, who, when they withdraw themselves, retain nothing of the experiences of Earth. No, the occultist steps forth out of ordinary experience and takes something with him; what he takes is a judgment about the human form. It is a judgment to which, in fact, expression has been given by man again and again in countless different ways.
What has here been described is, so to speak, the first elementary perception that stands at the beginning of occult consciousness,—if it is genuine occult consciousness and not mere mystical experience. At the very beginning stands a judgment about the human being. The human form as such has been extinguished; not so, however, all inner experience. There remains a judgment concerning man, which says to him: “It is Earth life that has made you as you are; the form in which we see you now refers us back to another and altogether different form.”
In order to see quite clearly that we have here to do with the dawning of a “consciousness without object,” it will be necessary for us to study a little more closely this human form or figure. For when we showed how the occult student makes this leap out of himself, retaining only a kind of judgmatic feeling about the human form—finding fault with the one half for being too proud and with the other half for being too full of desire—we were speaking of an inner experience that is rather indefinite. As a matter of fact it is one which leads on, as we shall see later, to the highest regions of spiritual experience; as yet, however, it is undefined.
To come to greater definiteness, let us now study the human form in some detail. Speaking in scientific language, let us dissect the human form! When we try to do so, we are at once struck by the remarkable fact that the human form divides up of itself quite naturally into various members, We shall see clearly what these members are when we enquire how man came to receive his present form. We shall find that the truths which are drawn from the deep wells of occultism give us a complete picture of the memberment of the human form, show us how the human form has been put together.
The first thing about the human form that arrests our attention, the first thing in his form that makes man, is what I laid stress on in the opening words of these lectures,—the fact that it is upright. Man is a being who walks upright. That is the first important thing about him,—so to speak, the first member of his form—his upright posture.
It will perhaps seem to you as though there were something arbitrary about the way I am dissecting the form of man. But if you follow closely and carefully, you will see that it is not really so at all; the fact is, the essential being of man, as described for us in occult knowledge, is reflected in his form or figure.
The second thing that makes man man and that will also be readily recognised as essential to the human form, is the fact that he is so constituted as to enable him to be a speaking being. Sound can be born in him. Consider how essential a characteristic this is. In general, man is organised in an upward direction, and in particular he is so organised that his speech organs, beginning from the heart and larynx, go upwards,—up to the face. Study the human being from this aspect and you will find that all the forms of the limbs are so arranged as to suit the creation and the moulding and forming of spoken sound. Thus we can say, the second important factor in the ordering of the members of the human form is that they are ordered and disposed with a view to speech.
The third thing that we have to regard as important for the form of man is the fact that it is symmetrical. Inevitably one feels that the human form would lose something of its real nature if it were not symmetrical. That then is the third essential, that the limbs and members are symmetrically disposed. As we know, there are exceptions, but the quality of symmetry is essential.
The fourth thing that comes into consideration manifests in the following way. If you will observe attentively these three first members of man's form—upright posture, speaking, symmetry—you will see that they are all directed outwards. The fact that man holds himself upright is something that places him into the external world. Speech is again something that obviously relates him to the external world. Finally, the symmetry of his form gives him a certain balance in space. Now we come to a different aspect. We come to the fact that man has an inside. From the purely physical point of view man has organs that are enclosed within his skin. We may, therefore, say that man has as the fourth member of his form the fact of enclosure within the skin, so that the organs on which the inner functions depend are inside and are protected from the external world. Enclosure or isolation within the skin is thus something that properly belongs to the human form.
To find the fifth member of the human form, you must give your attention to the fact that within it, in the parts that are shut away from the outside, we find organs, active inner organs. All that lives and works inside man—that is the fifth thing we have to note. That there is movement and life within him can convince us that man as he stands before us in his form is not dependent merely on the external world, but is dependent on his own inner man as well he has within him as it were a centre for all the weaving of his life and being. Contrast, for example, with the members we have already described, such a thing as the circulation of the blood. There you have a process that takes its course entirely inside man, it is something completely isolated from the world outside. Thus we have as fourth member the fact of enclosure or isolation, and as fifth, the inside of man that is so enclosed.
But now there is something further we have to observe about this inside of the human form. Looked at from the purely physical aspect, it is a duality. There are, first of all, organs like the lungs and heart, which owe their form to a compromise, for they receive an influence also from without. Even the heart, by reason of its connection with the lungs, has to be adapted to outside conditions. The air from outside enters into man through the lungs and is by this means brought into contact with the inner organs. Then we have, on the other hand, organs which show by their form that they are adapted solely and entirely to the inside of the body. These are the organs of the abdomen. They owe their very shape and form to the fact that they are inside man. It is quite possible to imagine that the stomach, intestines, liver or spleen, if they were differently formed, could still be in connection with the heart and lungs and in some way or other fulfil their right and proper functions. When once the external world has found entrance into the lungs, then all the inner organs can assume their own several forms. They are determined entirely from within. So that we may say we have, as sixth, a member of the human which we may call the true inside of man in the bodily sense. It is important to realise that here we have a member of the human form which has no connection with the outside world.
We have now come to a boundary in the human form, where the outward direction begins to work again, where once more we find something that has strong relation to the outside world. Consider the shape of man's foot. If it were not formed for the ground, if it had not a sole, man would not be able to walk. If his foot, for example, ended in a point, he would be continually falling down. Thus, as we follow the human form downwards, we come again to organs that are adapted to external conditions. At the same time we note that the feet, and also the legs, help to give man his distinctively human form. If man were a fish, or if he were a creature that flies in the air, these organs would have to be formed quite differently; as it is, their form expresses the fact that man is a being who stands and walks upon the earth. All the organs from the hips downwards are shaped with this end in view,—that man shall be a being able to work and stand and walk upon the earth. So that we may say, in the hips we have, as seventh member, a condition of balance What is above the place of balance is either given an outward direction in its form, or as we have seen, turned inwards; what is below is formed in a downward direction. In the hips you have a point of equilibrium between these tendencies. Of all that comes below the hips, we may say that it is adapted to earthly conditions.
Then we have as eighth member organs that are entirely orientated with a view to conditions outside the human being,—the organs of reproduction. Continuing further, a little reflection will enable you to see that for man to walk in the way that is proper to him, the thigh must be separate from the leg, there must be the bend between them. And so he has, joined on to the thigh, the knee, making it possible for him to adapt himself in his walk to earthly conditions. For it is earthly conditions that determine altogether the lower part of the figure of man. Then we have the leg and, separated again from it, the foot. Perhaps you will say, what about the hands? We shall see in the next lecture why the hands are left out in this connection.
And now I will ask you to follow this list we have made of the members of man's form.
- Upright posture.
- Orientation to the utterance of Sound.
- Symmetry.
- Enclosure within itself.
- The Interior of man that is so enclosed.
- The Interior of man in bodily aspect, having no connection with the outside world.
- Balance.
- Organs of Reproduction.
- Thigh.
- Knee.
- Leg.
- Feet.
As I said before, it might at first sight appear arbitrary to show the human form divided in this way into twelve members. But everything man requires in his form in order for him to be man on earth is really comprised in these twelve members (I will explain tomorrow how it is with the hands), and in such a way that each member has a certain independence, each member is separate from the others. One could even imagine that each one of them, while remaining still in connection with the others, might assume quite another form from the form it actually has. It is perfectly possible in each single case to imagine other shapes or forms for the several members; but that the whole human figure stands before us as the result of the conjunction of twelve such members, is a fact that cannot be disregarded.
When you reflect upon the whole meaning and intention of man's existence upon Earth, you cannot leave out of account that he has a form and figure membered in this particular way, so that when we come to study his form we must inevitably think of it as divisible into twelve parts or members. These twelve members have always been regarded in occultism as of the deepest possible significance. We are bound to take them into consideration if we would understand the meaning of the form and figure of man in its relation to his being. Occultism has always known of them, and for reasons which will become clear to us in the course of these lectures, as we continue our study of man in the light of occultism, philosophy and theosophy, the twelve members have received twelve specific designations.
What we gave as the first member has been called “Ram” (Aries) and is denoted by the Sign ♈︎.
The second is named “Bull” (Taurus) and symbolised with the Sign ♉︎.
Symmetry is called “Twins” (Gemini) and is denoted with the Sign ♊︎.
What we described as the quality of enclosure within itself is given the Sign ♋︎ and called “Crab” (Cancer).
What we described as the interior, the life that is so enclosed, is called “Lion” (Leo) and symbolised with the Sign ♌︎.
The inner parts of man, that in bodily aspect have no connection at all with the outside world and point to the threefold character of man's nature, themselves typifying complete isolation from the outside world, are called “Virgin” (Virgo) and denoted with the Sign ♍︎.
Then we come to the condition of balance and there, no explanation will be needed for giving the name of “Scales” (Libra) ♎︎.
The organs of reproduction, which have once more the direction outwards, are denoted by the expression “Scorpion” (Scorpio) and symbolised with the Sign ♏︎.
The Thigh is called “Archer” (Sagittarius) and has the Sign ♐︎.
The knees, the “Goat” (Capricorn), are symbolised with the Sign ♑︎.
The leg below the knee is “Waterman” (Aquarius) and has the Sign ♒︎.
Finally, the feet are termed “Fishes” (Pisces) and have the Sign ♓︎.
For the moment, I ask you to see in these Signs no more than signs and signatures for the various members that go to make the complete human form. Please regard them as nothing else than a means of distinguishing the several members of the human form. You know very well that these Signs belong to habits of mind and thought that are of great antiquity, and in particular that they play a part in astrology. I want you, however, to connect nothing else with them now than the fact that with their help we are able to study the human form and see how it lends itself naturally to division into twelve members. If it should seem that we are giving rather strange names and signs to these members of the human form, it is really only as it is with the sounds of human speech, where we cannot by any means always quickly recognise the meaning from the sound, or, shall we say, as it is with the letters of the alphabet, of which we are often quite unable to say at once why they designate this or that sound. All we have done is to find an expression for the twelve-membered figure of man and, for convenience of further reference, give these members names which have here and there found their way out of occultism into general use.
Fünfter Vortrag
Wir haben gestern die verschiedenen Formen der Mystik, zum Teil wenigstens, an unserer Seele vorüberziehen lassen. Es sollte in dieser gestrigen Betrachtung gezeigt werden, daß der Mystiker ein Mensch ist, insbesondere in der neueren, nachchristlichen Zeit, welcher sich auf den okkulten Pfad, den okkulten Weg begibt, und zu diesem Zwecke es unternimmt, sein persönliches, sein alltägliches Ich-Bewußtsein zu überwinden.
Wir haben aber an den Beispielen, die wir gestern anführen konnten, gezeigt, wie der Mystiker gewissermaßen seinen Weg, den er also nimmt, doch verfehlen kann. Er kann ihn verfehlen, weil er zwar das gewöhnliche Bewußtsein zu überwinden, ja auszulöschen versucht, dabei aber doch — und das haben wir ja an hervorragenden mystischen Persönlichkeiten gezeigt — in dem Moment, wo anstelle des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins nun ein übersinnliches Erfahren auftauchen sollte, er oftmals in ein Gebiet hineinkommt, das eigentlich alle Erfahrung, alles wirkliche Erleben ausschließt. Daher mußten wir bemerken, wie eine hervorragende mystische Persönlichkeit ihr Ziel so ausdrückt, daß sie es in das Wort Vermählung, Vereinigung kleidet. Zu gleicher Zeit mußten wir charakterisieren diese Vermählung, diese Vereinigung, wie eine Art Sich-selbst-Verlieren, wie ein Sich-Entfremden, wie ein Sich-nicht-mehr-Haben, wie, in einer Art von höherem Schlaf, ein in ein anderes Element Übergegangensein.
In dem letzteren liegt es, daß die Mystik, so wie sie uns zumeist entgegentritt, zwar der Weg ist zum Okkultismus hin, aber nicht erreicht das Bewußtsein ohne einen bewußten Gegenstand. Denn in dem Augenblicke, wo der Mystiker die Gegenstände dieser Welt alle verläßt, wenigstens so weit, wie wir gestern die Mystik besprochen haben, verliert er auch das Bewußtsein selber; da kommt ein anderer Zustand, ein Zustand von Trunkenheit, von Selbstverlorenheit über ihn, so daß er nicht erreicht, was als das dritte Element des okkulten Erlebens bezeichnet werden muß, nämlich das andere Bewußtsein, das höhere Bewußtsein, das keinen äußeren Gegenstand von all den Gegenständen, die sonst das Bewußtsein hat, besitzt und dennoch ein Bewußtsein ist.
Ich will Ihnen nun heute zeigen, wie der Okkultist es eigentlich zunächst anstellt, daß er aus dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein herausspringt, daß er es verläßt und dennoch sich nicht verliert, dennoch noch etwas hat, in dem er lebt. Wenn wir uns die Frage vorlegen: Woher kommt es denn bei einer solchen Mystik, wie wir sie gestern besprochen haben, daß die mystische Persönlichkeit sich selbst verliert? — da müssen wir sagen: Es kommt davon her, daß wir bei den meisten dieser mystischen Persönlichkeiten, wenn wir noch so genau nachforschen, eigentlich einen innerlichen zwingenden Grund, aus sich herauszugehen, gar nicht finden; ein innerlicher zwingender Grund ist zunächst nicht da.
Es würde ein leichtes sein, bei allen Mystikern, die gestern angeführt worden sind, zu zeigen, wie es äußere Gründe waren, die sie sozusagen zum Überspringen ihrer eigenen Persönlichkeit veranlaßt haben. Wir könnten da zeigen, wie gewisse, sagen wir, vererbte hellseherische visionäre Zustände bei Franz von Assisi da waren. Wir könnten bei den verschiedenen weiblichen Mystikern, die wir angeführt haben, zeigen, wie es die Persönlichkeit — die Persönlichkeit, betone ich ausdrücklich — des Jesus selber ist, der ihnen wie ein Bräutigam erscheint, so daß wir gleich sehen: Wenn nicht die alte christliche Tradition, also ein äußerer Umstand auf diese Mystikerinnen gewirkt hätte, wenn sie nicht von außen angeregt worden wären, so würden sie nicht zu ihrem mystischen Zustande haben kommen können.
Diese äußere Anregung war es namentlich bei all den Mystikern, die wir gestern angeführt haben. Ein innerer zwingender Grund muß es aber sein, der den Menschen dazu bewegt, sich selber zu überspringen.
Ein solcher zwingender Grund liegt beim wahren okkultistischen Aspiranten nun auch wirklich vor. Wir können uns ihn in der folgenden Art vorstellen. Nehmen Sie einmal an, der Mensch kommt dazu, über sein Ich, über dieses merkwürdige Glied der menschlichen Wesenheit, über diesen Mittelpunkt seines Bewußtseins einmal nachzusinnen. Zunächst merkt ja der Mensch, daß dieses Ich gewissermaßen das Zusammenhaltende in seinem Leben innerhalb des Erdenzustandes ist. Sie würden, wenn Sie zum Beispiel naturwissenschaftlich Ihr Leben verfolgten, zu der Einsicht kommen, daß Ihr äußerer Leib schon so, wie er substantiell Ihnen entgegentritt, mit Ihrem Bleibenden auf dieser Erde nicht viel zu tun hat; denn die Naturwissenschaft zeigt Ihnen, daß sich das Substantielle des Leibes in sieben bis acht Jahren vollständig erneuert, so daß nicht gerade viele unter uns sein werden, welche annehmen können, daß sie irgend etwas von den Substanzen ihres Leibes, die sie in der Kindheit in sich gehabt haben, heute noch haben; vielmehr werden sich wohl so ziemlich alle hier sagen müssen: Dieser Leib hat sein Substantielles im Laufe des Lebens gründlich verändert, dieser Leib ist gründlich ein anderer geworden. Das Bleibende ist also in der Substantialität des Leibes gewiß nicht zu finden.
Wenn Sie von der äußeren Substantialität des Leibes absehen und versuchen einen Blick zu werfen auf Ihr inneres Erleben, auf Ihr Denken, Fühlen und Wollen, so werden Sie bald bemerken, wie auch das sich im Laufe des Lebens geändert hat. Sie brauchen nur zurückzudenken, wie ganz andere Gedanken, namentlich ganz andere Empfindungen, Gefühle und Willensimpulse es waren, die in Ihrer Jugend in Ihrer Seele gewaltet haben, wenn Sie sie mit denen in einem späteren Alter vergleichen, und Sie werden bemerken, wie sich dieses innere Seelenleben eigentlich recht gründlich geändert hat. Aber niemandem von Ihnen wird es einfallen, wenn er, wie man so sagt, bei gesunden Sinnen ist, davon zu sprechen, daß er jetzt ein anderes Ich sei als vor zehn oder zwanzig oder dreißig Jahren, oder überhaupt vor so viel Jahren, als er zurückdenken kann. In dem Augenblick, wo nämlich der Mensch sich zugeben müßte, daß er, sagen wir, bis in sein siebzehntes Jahr zurück ein Ich wäre, und vom siebzehnten Jahre bis zum vierten oder dritten Jahre ein anderes Ich, dann wäre seine innere Wesenheit zerrissen und er wäre nicht mehr bei seinen gesunden Sinnen. Also von diesem Ich, das der eigentliche Mittelpunkt unseres Bewußtseins ist, müssen wir für dieses Erdenleben allerdings annehmen, daß es etwas Bleibendes ist während unseres irdischen Lebensganges.
Aber sehen Sie, wenn man sich weiter besinnt, dann merkt man doch sehr bald, daß etwas noch nicht ganz stimmt in dieser Erwägung über das Ich. Wenn Sie zu Ihren Mitmenschen von sich selber sprechen, so sagen Sie in Ihrem Satze «Ich», und Sie meinen eben mit diesem «Ich» alles das, was Ihr Bewußtsein während Ihrer irdischen Lebensbahn zusammengehalten hat. Diese Grundempfindung über das Ich hat es bewirkt, daß viele Philosophen, und manche Philosophen noch bis heute, das Ich geradezu als etwas ansprechen, wovon man überhaupt zunächst ausgehen kann, wenn man über den Menschen und sein Wesen irgend etwas sagen will. Man möchte sagen, wenn man nur die neuere Philosophie durchsieht, daß immer wieder und wieder der Drang auftritt, an das Ich anzuknüpfen. Von Fichte bis Bergson wenn wir nur diesen letzten Zeitraum ins Auge fassen — finden Sie überall die Bestrebungen, an das Ich anzuknüpfen. Es sind bemerkenswerte, bedeutsame Resultate dadurch zustande gekommen. Aber dem, der noch tiefer denkt, der noch tiefer sich besinnt, taucht da plötzlich ein anderer Gedanke auf. Es taucht der Gedanke auf: Du sprichst zwar immer von deinem Ich, du bist überzeugt davon, daß dieses Ich das Bleibende, das Beständige ist im Erdenleben, aber kennst du es denn auch, dieses Ich, weißt du es denn auch irgendwie zu schildern? — Wer darauf sich genauer besinnt, der merkt, daß dieses Ich doch nicht so bleibend ist, wie er es kennt, denn alle bloße Ich-Philosophie, wenn ihre Vertreter von einem dauernden Ich sprechen, das sie kennen wollen, widerlegt das Leben. Jede Nacht, in der der Mensch schläft, wird das bleibende Ich einfach widerlegt, denn da ist es ausgelöscht; so daß wir eigentlich, wenn wir sprechen von unserem Ich, in diesem Sprechen einen gewissen Fehler begehen. Wir besinnen uns auf unser Leben und lassen unwillkürlich das, wovon wir wissen, daß es zu uns gehört, nämlich gerade unser Ich, während der Nacht- und Schlafzustände aus, denn dann wissen wir ja nichts von diesem Ich. Wir haben also bei der Besinnung auf unser Ich eine unterbrochene Linie, nicht eine fortlaufende.
Wie kann das überhaupt sein, daß wir es mit jener unterbrochenen Linie zu tun haben, daß das Ich-Bewußtsein immer abreißt? Das kommt davon her, daß das, was wir als Mensch von dem Ich haben, nur der Gedanke, nur die Vorstellung des Ich ist. Und weil alle Vorstellungen beim Schlafen in die Finsternis der Bewußtlosigkeit hinuntersinken, so tut es auch der Gedanke des Ich. Der sinkt mit hinunter. Schon der Umstand, daß er mit der Vorstellungswelt versinkt, zeigt uns, daß wir in dem Ich - und der Philosoph hat logischerweise auch nur die Vorstellung des Ich - ein Abbild haben von etwas, von dem wir reden, wenn wir «Ich» sagen, das sich uns aber nur im Bilde zeigt.
Also mit diesem Dauernden unseres Seelenlebens, mit diesem Ich und seiner Erkenntnis steht es immerhin nicht so, daß sich ein eigentlicher okkulter Ausgangspunkt gewinnen läßt, denn es ist zunächst nur als Bild gegeben, es ist nur als Bild da. Unser Seelenleben aber ist ein Bild von eigentümlicher Art, ein sehr merkwürdiges Bild; ein Bild, das auf etwas schließen läßt. Es gibt nämlich viele Bilder in unserem Seelenleben, viele Vorstellungen. Wie kommen denn diese Vorstellungen in das Seelenleben beim irdischen Menschen hinein? Dadurch, daß Gegenstände um ihn herum sind. Wenn Sie wirklich richtig das Bewußtsein prüfen, wenn Sie Ihr vorstellendes Seelenleben — und das ist das Bewußtsein — prüfen, dann werden Sie überall finden, daß dasjenige, was sich als Vorstellung geltend macht, was das Bewußtsein ausfüllt, von den äußeren Dingen angeregt ist, Bild sozusagen ist von den äußeren Dingen.
Damit hätten wir den Grund gegeben, warum wir uns dieses oder jenes vorstellen. Er liegt darin, daß die äußeren Dinge uns anregen. Wenn sie nicht da wären, würden wir sie uns nicht vorstellen. Aber mit der Ich-Vorstellung, mit dem merkwürdigen Bilde des Ich, ist es etwas ganz Besonderes. Suchen Sie sich draußen in der Welt den Gegenstand, der Ihre Ich-Vorstellung anregt. Da ist keiner vorhanden, da gibt es keinen. Es ist der Unterschied der Ich-Vorstellung, des IchBildes, wenn wir es nur als Bild haben, daß wir für die anderen Vorstellungen Gegenstände nachweisen können, für die Ich-Vorstellung aber nicht. Also kann im weiteren Umkreise unseres äußeren Lebens nicht das vorhanden sein, was in der Ich-Vorstellung vorhanden ist, was sich in die Worte «Ich bin» kleidet.
Wir müssen also sagen, da liegt zugrunde etwas immerhin Unbekanntes, etwas, was nicht in der äußeren Welt, soweit sie sich dem Erdenmenschen darbietet, zu finden ist. Es ist etwas Eigentümliches, dieses Ich. Wäre nämlich dieses Ich innerlich zu erhaschen, zu erfassen, wie manche Intuitionisten wie zum Beispiel Bergson meinen, wäre mehr zu erfassen als das bloße Bild, dann könnte man sagen, man hätte zwar wenig von einer irdischen Wirklichkeit, von einer Wirklichkeit, die nicht von außen gegeben ist, aber man hätte immerhin etwas. Man kann es aber nicht erhaschen, nicht erreichen, dieses Ich.
Aber eines kann jeder Mensch von diesem Ich wissen, eines, das gewissermaßen dienen kann als Stützpunkt, so wie ihn einstmals Archimedes für seinen Hebel verlangt hat, um die Erde aus den Angeln zu heben. Eines kann dazu dienen, wenn wir gerade auf dieses Ich hin die Besinnung unserer Seele richten. Aus den vielerlei Fragen und Welträtseln, die da entstehen können, wenn Menschen sie bloß auf die Außenwelt richten, kann nämlich eine besondere Frage sich herauslösen; und das wird im Grunde genommen immer die Frage sein, bei der der okkultistische Aspirant einsetzen muß, wenn er das Bewußtsein überspringen will. Er muß sich fragen: Siehst du da gar nichts im weiten Umkreise deines irdischen Erlebens, was dir so erscheint, daß du sagen kannst, das Innerste deines Wesens drückt sich in ihm aus? Findest du nirgends etwas, was dein Ich zum Ausdruck bringt?
Mit dem Hineinschauen in das innere Leben ist es zunächst eine betrübende, eine fatale Sache. Da kommen wir nur in unsere zeitlichen Vorstellungen hinein und können niemals sicher sein, ob wir etwas finden, was uns aus der zeitlichen Vorstellungswelt herausführt. Jedenfalls können wir nicht hoffen, von unserer Persönlichkeit loszukommen — und das müssen wir als Okkultisten erreichen —, wenn wir fortwährend in unsere Persönlichkeit hineinschauen. Draußen sind aber nur die Erfahrungen und Erlebnisse des Erdenmenschen. Wir finden, daß nur das, was im äußeren Ausdruck vorhanden ist, Ausdruck sein kann für etwas, was dem Ich entspräche; aber wir können das Ich eben nicht erhaschen. Wenn wir den Blick um uns rundherum wenden, so finden wir nur eines, und das ist zunächst das einzige, was wir finden können als Ausdruck für unser Ich: das ist die menschliche Gestalt.
Fassen Sie jetzt dieses Wort, damit wir uns über diesen schwierigen Punkt hinweghelfen — er muß überwunden werden, wenn wir unser Thema bewältigen wollen -, «die menschliche Gestalt» ja so recht auf, wie es aufzufassen ist, nämlich, daß sie uns entgegentritt in der äußeren Welt. Es gibt, glaube ich, für jeden Menschen leicht die Möglichkeit, sich zu sagen: So wie eine Pflanze in ihrer äußeren Form der Ausdruck ihrer Wesenheit ist, wie sie so geformt ist, weil es ihrem inneren Wesen entspricht; so wie ein Kristall geformt ist, wie er ist, weil es seinem inneren Wesen entspricht; wie jedes Tier so geformt ist, wie es seinem inneren Wesen entspricht, so muß auch die menschliche Form dem menschlichen Wesen entsprechen. Und da wir zunächst aus unseren irdischen Erlebnissen in unserem Ich zusammenfassen unser Wesen, so muß die menschliche Form der Ausdruck für das menschliche Ich sein. Mit anderen Worten: Im weiten Umkreise unserer Erfahrung erweist sich die menschliche Form, die menschliche Gestalt als der Ausdruck des menschlichen Wesens. Ein recht trivialer Satz scheint es zu sein, aber es ist einer der allerwichtigsten Sätze, denen wir uns überhaupt betrachtend hingeben können.
Nun aber muß der Okkultist weitergehen. Von dem Ich sagt er sich, daß er es zwar ausdrückt, wenn er Ich sagt, daß er es aber nirgends hat, daß es nicht da ist; denn das, was da ist, ist nur immer die Vorstellung des Ich. Die menschliche Gestalt scheint aber da zu sein. So daß wir vor die merkwürdige Rätselfrage gestellt sind: Wir sehen auf Schritt und Tritt die menschliche Gestalt, den Ausdruck des menschlichen Ich, und das Ich dieses Wesens können wir doch nicht erhaschen.
Nun gibt es nur eine Möglichkeit, weiterzukommen, und diese Möglichkeit ist die, daß der Okkultist sich recht sehr einläßt darauf, zu empfinden, daß es sich mit der menschlichen Gestalt auch so verhält wie mit einem menschlichen Ich. Denn wenn sie immer da ist, dann entspricht sie eben nicht dem Ich, das nicht immer da ist. Die Notwendigkeit liegt also vor, daß wir irgendwie dazu kommen können, von dem, was uns scheinbar immer begegnet auf Schritt und Tritt, von der menschlichen Gestalt, der menschlichen Form zu sagen, sie ist nicht da, sie existiert zunächst gar nicht unter den Erdendingen. Es ist außerordentlich wichtig, daß wir vordringen zu der Vorstellung, daß es mit der menschlichen Gestalt etwas ganz Besonderes auf sich hat, ähnlich wie mit der Vorstellung des Ich, und daß diese menschliche Gestalt, indem sie uns von außen entgegentritt, uns in irgendeiner Weise eigentlich täuscht, daß sie uns in irgendeiner Weise anlügt. Das ist die Empfindung, zu der der okkultistische Aspirant kommt: daß die menschliche Gestalt ihn anlügt, indem sie vorgibt, ein Ausdruck für sein Wesen zu sein, aber einfach so trivial da sein will, während das Wesen sich verbirgt.
Es wäre ja auch in anderer Beziehung nicht gerade entsprechend der Forderung, die wir aufgestellt haben, nämlich ein Bewußtsein zu haben ohne einen bewußten Gegenstand, das doch ein Bewußtsein ist, wenn wir uns aneignen würden ein Bewußtsein von der menschlichen Gestalt, die ja doch wieder ein äußerer Gegenstand ist. Das heißt mit anderen Worten: Die menschliche Gestalt, die uns überall begegnet im Leben, kann das nicht sein, was wir suchen als Ausdruck des Ich.
Nun muß der Okkultist allerdings wissen, daß er nicht in Vorstellungen, nicht in Schlußfolgerungen leben kann, die von außen genommen sind; er kann die Erlebnisse, zu denen er jetzt kommen muß, nicht von außen her nehmen, denn das von außen Kommende macht sein Erdenbewußtsein aus, das er überspringen will. Wenn der Okkultist seine menschliche Gestalt ansieht, muß er aber etwas erleben an dieser menschlichen Gestalt, was ihn über alles Erdenbewußtsein hinausführt.
Können wir denn an der menschlichen Gestalt etwas erleben, was uns über alles Erdenbewußtsein hinausführt? Ja, wir können etwas in der menschlichen Gestalt erleben dadurch, daß wir zunächst unser menschliches Antlitz ansehen und bemerken, daß dieses menschliche Antlitz einen ganz besonderen Eindruck macht. Man muß allerdings, wenn man so als okkultistischer Aspirant zu dieser entsprechenden Empfindung kommen will, nicht vernarrt und verliebt sein in die gewöhnliche Vorstellung, die man einmal hat; sonst wird man immer dem menschlichen Antlitz so entgegentreten, daß man zu der Empfindung, die zu entwickeln ist, nicht kommen kann. Man wird zu den tiefstmöglichen Empfindungen kommen müssen, die in uns aufzutreiben sind, denn wir kommen dem menschlichen Antlitz gegenüber zu einer besonders merkwürdigen Empfindung, nämlich zu der Empfindung: Dieses menschliche Antlitz ist nicht so, wie es sein sollte. Und man wird dem menschlichen Antlitz und allem, was dazugehört, überhaupt dem oberen Teil des Menschen, ansehen lernen, daß es verändert worden ist durch dasjenige im menschlichen Seelenleben, was man nennen kann Hochmut, Stolz und Überhebung.
Sehen Sie, das ist der Anfang des Überspringens des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins, daß der Mensch bis zu dieser ursprünglichen Empfindung vordringt, daß er sagt: Du, menschliches Antlitz, du, menschlicher Kopf, du, menschlicher Oberleib, du lügst mich an; du hast dir durch deinen Stolz und deine Überhebung eine Form gegeben, die du nicht haben solltest. Wenn ich dich sehe, dich menschlichen Oberleib, so sehe ich durch dein Scheinbild durch, und wenn ich alles betrachte, was durch die vielen Inkarnationen hindurch dem Menschen aufgeprägt worden ist an Hochmut und Überhebung, so zeigt sich mir etwas ganz anderes. - Da kommen wir durch dasjenige, was die menschliche Gestalt in ihrer oberen Hälfte ist, zu der Empfindung, daß der Mensch seine ursprüngliche Gestalt verändert hat durch Hochmut und durch Überhebung.
Auch ein Zweites sehen wir als okkultistische Aspiranten dem Menschen in bezug auf seine Gestalt und in bezug auf die übrigen Teile seines Wesens an. Wiederum macht der Mensch, wenn alle ursprünglichen Empfindungen des Seelenlebens aufgerufen werden, den Eindruck: er Jügt uns eigentlich an; es müssen auch die übrigen Teile der menschlichen Gestalt anders sein. Man muß wiederum etwas abziehen, dann kommt man auf das Ursprüngliche der menschlichen Gestalt; und was man da weiter abziehen muß, ist die Begehrlichkeit, die Begierde. Umgestaltet ist der Mensch, man muß sagen, oben durch Stolz und Hochmut und durch Überhebung, unten durch die Begierde. Würde die Begierde ihn nicht als innerliches Feuer durchglühen, so würde die untere Hälfte seines Organismus eine andere Gestalt haben.
Diese zwei Empfindungen sind die Grundempfindungen, von denen ausgegangen werden muß. Diese Empfindungen kann man haben. Man kann sie kleiden in die zwei Urteile: Der Mensch ist zu stolz, zu voll von Überhebung, und er ist zu begehrlich. — Das sind bestimmte innere Bewußtseinserlebnisse, die man haben kann, die sich aufdrängen, wenn man den Menschen wirklich mit den tiefsten Empfindungen der Seele anschaut. Aber was hat uns diese Empfindungen verursacht? Sind denn diese Empfindungen durch irgendeinen Gegenstand in der weiten Welt des Erdenlebens hervorgerufen? Sie sind ja nur dann da im menschlichen Erleben, wenn der Mensch seine eigene Gestalt als nicht zutreffend empfindet, wenn er dasjenige, was in ihm ist, empfindet, als ob es ursprünglich anders veranlagt und durch Überhebung und Begierde umgeändert worden wäre. Das also, was wir als äußere Gegenstände bezeichnen, veranlaßt diese zwei Erlebnisse nicht. Dennoch können sie auftreten im menschlichen Bewußtsein, können da sein dadurch, daß der Mensch mit seiner Umwelt lebt.
Das ist außerordentlich wichtig, daß es möglich ist, zu einem inneren Urteil, einem inneren Erleben zu kommen, das keinen Gegenstand hat. Und dieses innere Erleben bewirkt etwas. Es bewirkt, daß der okkult strebende Mensch sich abwendet zunächst von seiner menschlichen Erdengestalt, indem er sagt: Du bist nicht wahr, Mensch, wie du eigentlich vor mir stehst. — Er wendet sich ab; aber nicht wie die Mystiker, von denen wir gestern gesprochen haben, die, indem sie sich abwenden von den Erdenerlebnissen, nichts mehr haben, sondern er tritt aus seinem gewöhnlichen Erleben heraus, nimmt aber etwas mit, nämlich ein Urteil über die menschliche Gestalt, das im Grunde genommen in der mannigfaltigsten Weise aus dem menschlichen Gefühl heraus immer wieder ausgesprochen worden ist.
Was jetzt charakterisiert worden ist, ist sozusagen das Elementare, von dem das okkulte Bewußtsein oftmals ausgegangen ist, wenn es nicht bloß mystisches Erleben, sondern okkultes Bewußtsein werden sollte. Es ist ausgegangen von einem Urteil über den Menschen, aber so, daß die menschliche Gestalt ausgelöscht worden ist. Nicht ist aber ausgelöscht worden alles innere Erleben. Es ist geblieben ein gewisses Urteil über den Menschen, nämlich: Eigentlich hat das, wie du bist, alles das Erdenleben gemacht, und du bist im Grunde genommen so, daß du hinweisest auf eine ganz andere Gestalt, auf eine ganz andere Form.
Wenn wir nun noch weiter verstehen wollen, wie wir es da eigentlich zu tun haben mit dem, was dem Menschen nach und nach aufdämmern kann als ein Bewußtsein ohne Gegenstand, dann wird es notwendig sein, daß wir etwas genauer auf diese menschliche Form eingehen. Denn wenn wir gezeigt haben, wie der okkultistische Aspirant herausspringt aus sich und nur behält eine Art von Empfindungsurteil über den Menschen, so daß wir gewissermaßen uns abwenden von der einen Hälfte des Menschen, indem wir sagen, sie ist zu stolz, und von der anderen Hälfte, indem wir sagen, sie ist zu begehrlich, so ist das bis jetzt doch noch ein ziemlich unbestimmtes innerliches Erleben, das noch nicht konkret, noch nicht bestimmt werden will. Es ist ja innerliches Erleben, von dem wir sehen werden, daß es in die höchsten Regionen des geistigen Erlebens hinaufführt; aber es ist noch unbestimmt.
Damit wir zu größerer Bestimmtheit kommen können, wollen wir uns einmal auf die menschliche Gestalt, wie sie uns zunächst detaillierter entgegentritt, einlassen. Wenn man gelehrt sprechen wollte, würde man sagen: Wir wollen die menschliche Gestalt einmal zerlegen. — Wenn man die menschliche Gestalt zerlegt, sondert man sie allerdings in gewisse Glieder und Teile, die sich außerordentlich bedeutungsvoll aufdrängen, weil sich die menschliche Gestalt wirklich auseinanderlegt in diese Glieder. Diese Glieder werden sich uns ergeben, wenn wir uns fragen: Was macht es eigentlich, daß der Mensch gestaltet ist, wie er gestaltet ist? — wenn Sie sich einlassen auf das, was ich sagen werde. Sie werden finden, daß die Angaben, die aus den Tiefen des Okkultismus geschöpft sind, in der Tat erschöpfend die Einteilung der menschlichen Gestalt ergeben, daß sie uns zeigen, wie die menschliche Gestalt eigentlich zusammengesetzt ist.
Das erste, was uns an dieser menschlichen Gestalt auffällt, was wesentlich ist, was sozusagen den Menschen äußerlich, der Form nach zum Menschen macht, ist das, was ich schon hervorgehoben habe, als ich sozusagen den ersten Satz dieser Vorträge sprach. Das ist die Tatsache, daß die menschliche Gestalt aufrecht ist, die Tatsache, daß der Mensch ein aufrechtgehendes Wesen ist. Das ist das erste Wichtige, sozusagen der erste Teil seiner Gestalt. Wir wollen, um diesen Teil seiner Gestalt einmal vor uns hinzustellen, ihn die Aufrechtheit nennen.
Sehen Sie, es wird Ihnen zunächst so scheinen, als ob irgendeine Willkür in der Art läge, wie ich Ihnen jetzt den Menschen in bezug auf seine Gestalt zerlege. Wenn Sie sich aber wirklich genau darauf einlassen, dann werden Sie sehen, daß es keine Willkür ist, sondern daß es das Wesen des Menschen aus seiner Gestalt wiedergibt, wie ich Ihnen jetzt das Wesen des Menschen wiedergebe im Sinne der okkulten Erkenntnis.
Das zweite, was wir als wesentlich für die menschliche Gestalt annehmen können, was den Menschen zum Menschen macht, das ist die Tatsache, daß seine Gestalt nach vorn hin so veranlagt ist, daß er ein sprechendes Wesen sein kann, daß der Ton sich in ihm erzeugen kann. Bedenken Sie doch nur einmal, daß das ganz wesentlich ist für den Menschen. Während im allgemeinen jeder Mensch nach oben hin organisiert ist, ist er im speziellen nach oben so organisiert, daß seine Sprechorgane vom Herzen und Kehlkopf anfangen und nach oben, nach dem Gesichte zu gehen. Betrachten Sie den Menschen daraufhin, so werden Sie finden, daß alle Formen der Glieder nach der Tonerzeugung und Tonbildung hin organisiert sind. Wir können also sagen: Das zweite Wichtige in der Ordnung der Glieder der menschlichen Gestalt ist die Hinordnung zur Tonbildung, zum Sprechen.
Das dritte, was Sie als wichtig für die menschliche Gestalt ansehen müssen, ist die Tatsache, daß diese menschliche Gestalt symmetrisch ist. Sie können sich nicht denken, daß die menschliche Gestalt von ihrem Wesen nichts verlieren würde, wenn sie nicht symmetrisch wäre. Das ist das dritte Wesentliche: Alle Glieder sind so gestellt, daß beide Seiten symmetrisch sind. Wir wissen, daß es Ausnahmen davon gibt, aber das Symmetrische gehört zum Wesentlichen einer Anzahl von Gliedern.
Das vierte, das in Betracht kommt, ergibt sich in der folgenden Weise. Wenn Sie beachten, was der Mensch in diesen drei Gliederungen seiner Gestalt: seiner Aufrechtheit, seinem Sprechen und seiner Symmetrie hat, so werden Sie sagen müssen: Was da im Menschen als drei Glieder vorhanden ist, das geht nach außen. Daß der Mensch sich aufrichtet, das ist etwas, was ihn in die äußere Welt hineinstellt. Die Sprache ist etwas, von dem Sie ohne weiteres wissen werden, daß es ihn in die äußere Welt hineinstellt. Die symmetrische Gestalt ordnet ihn im Raume in eine gewisse Gleichgewichtslage ein. — Jetzt kommen wir noch zu etwas anderem; das ist der Umstand, daß der Mensch, rein physisch genommen, eine Innerlichkeit ist, daß er eingeschlossen hat gewisse Organe von seiner Haut, von seinem Äußeren. Wir können also sagen: Der Mensch hat als viertes Glied seiner Gestalt das Eingeschlossensein durch seine Haut, so daß die Organe, welche die innerlichen Funktionen unterhalten, innerlich sind und vor der Außenwelt geschützt werden. - Wir werden also sagen: Eingeschlossenheit oder Abgeschlossenheit ist etwas, was zu dieser Gestalt gehört.
Ein weiteres, das fünfte, was zu dieser Gestalt gehört, bitte ich darin zu sehen, daß in dieser Innerlichkeit, die eben von der äußeren Hülle abgeschlossen ist, die Organe tätig sind; dasjenige, was da im Inneren wirkt und lebt. Daß es da im Inneren wirkt und lebt, das bezeugt uns, daß der Mensch, so wie er vor uns steht in seiner Gestalt, nicht nur abhängig ist von der Außenwelt, sondern daß er auch von seinem Inneren abhängig ist, daß er in seinem Inneren gleichsam einen Mittelpunkt seines Webens und Wesens hat. Wenn wir also den Gliedern, die wir jetzt schon betrachtet haben, zum Beispiel nur die Blutzirkulation gegenüberstellen, so haben wir etwas, was rein im Inneren verläuft, ein innerliches Abgeschlossensein. Wir haben also die Abgeschlossenheit, und wir haben ein Inneres, sich Abschließendes.
Aber mit diesem Inneren, sich Abschließenden in der menschlichen Gestalt, hat es seine ganz besondere Bewandtnis. Dieses Innere, sich Abschließende nämlich, ist im Menschen eine Zweiheit, rein physisch gesprochen. Es gibt nämlich solche inneren Organe, wie Lunge und Herz, die ihre Gestalt einem Kompromisse verdanken, einer Wirkung von außen. Das Herz muß mit der Lunge in Korrespondenz stehen und ist daher den äußeren Verhältnissen angepaßt worden. Die Außenwelt, die Luft dringt durch die Lunge in das Innere ein und wird daher den inneren Organen angepaßt. Dann haben wir auch Organe, die durch ihre Gestalt schon anzeigen, daß sie nur dem Inneren des Leibes angepaßt sind. Das sind die Organe des Unterleibes. Die haben ihre Gestalt davon, daß sie im Menschen drinnen sind. Sie können sich alle denken, daß der Magen, die Gedärme, die Leber, die Milz, wenn sie anders im Inneren gestaltet wären, zusammenhängen könnten mit dem Herzen und der Lunge, und in irgendeiner Weise doch die richtigen Funktionen verrichten könnten. Wenn das Äußere einmal in die Lunge Eingang gefunden hat, dann kann das Innere verschieden gestaltet sein; dann ist nur das Innere des Menschen maßgebend. So daß wir sagen können: Wir haben sechstens einen Teil der menschlichen Gestalt, den wir das eigentliche Innere nennen können, das Innere in leiblicher Beziehung, und wichtig ist es hierbei, daß wir uns bewußt werden: ohne Beziehung zur Außenwelt.
Nun sind wir auch an die Grenze gelangt, wo in der menschlichen Gestalt sozusagen aus dem Inneren wieder etwas nach außen gehen muß, wo wir etwas an der menschlichen Gestalt finden, das sehr wohl wieder mit der Außenwelt in Beziehung steht. Betrachten Sie nur die Form der menschlichen Füße. Wenn sie nicht so geformt wären für den Boden, wenn sie nicht unten eine Sohle hätten, so könnte der Mensch nicht gehen. Wenn sie so geformt wären, daß sie in eine spitze Form ausgingen, würde der Mensch fortwährend umfallen. Da kommen wir also, wenn Sie die menschliche Gestalt verfolgen, zu Organen, die wiederum angepaßt sind an die äußeren Verhältnisse. Aber nicht nur die Füße, sondern auch die Beine sind so geformt, daß der Mensch eben ein Mensch ist. Wäre er ein Fisch oder ein fliegendes Wesen, so würden seine Organe anders geformt sein müssen; sie sind aber so geformt, daß der Mensch dieses auf der Erde stehende und gehende Wesen ist. Zu diesem Zwecke, ein auf der Erde arbeitendes, stehen und gehen könnendes Wesen zu sein, sind alle die Organe geformt, von den Hüften ab nach abwärts, so daß wir sagen können: In den Hüften haben wir siebentens eine gewisse Gleichgewichtslage. Was darüber ist, ist notwendig nach außen geformt oder nach innen abgeschlossen; was nach unten ist, ist nach unten geformt, so daß wir sagen können: In den Hüften ist eine gewisse Gleichgewichtslage. Von dem, was darunter ist, können wir sagen, daß es sich anpaßt an die irdischen Verhältnisse.
Dann haben wir, wenn wir den Menschen weiter verfolgen, weitere Organe, welche ganz angepaßt sind den äußeren Verhältnissen, nämlich achtens die Reproduktionsorgane.
Sie brauchen sich nur zu überlegen, daß der Mensch, wenn er in entsprechender Weise gehen will, wie er als Mensch gehen soll, auch die Oberschenkel in einer Weise angeordnet haben muß, daß sie, von den unteren getrennt, im Winkel sich biegen. Das bewirkt, daß er sich in seinem Gange an seine irdischen Verhältnisse anpassen kann, so daß der Mensch an die Oberschenkel anschließend, was wichtig ist, die Knie hat, welche wesentlich seine untere Gestalt bedingen. Sodann hat der Mensch noch die Unterschenkel und, wieder getrennt davon, die Füße.
1. Aufrechtheit
2. Hinordnung zur Tonbildung
3. das Symmetrische
4. Abgeschlossenheit
5. Inneres, sich Abschließendes
6. Inneres in leiblicher Beziehung, ohne Beziehung zur Außenwelt
7. Gleichgewichtslage
8. Reproduktionsorgane
9. Oberschenkel
10. Knie
11. Unterschenkel
12. Füße.
Sie werden sagen, daß da die Hände fehlen. Wir werden in der nächsten Betrachtung sehen, warum hier eigentlich die Hände fehlen. Aber ich bitte Sie, sich diese Tabelle zunächst einmal anzusehen. Ich sagte, es könnte zunächst erscheinen, als ob es eine willkürliche Hinordnung wäre, daß die gesamte menschliche Gestalt hier in zwölf Glieder geteilt worden ist. Aber alles, was der Mensch wirklich braucht, um Erdenmensch zu sein — wie es sich mit den Händen verhält, werden wir morgen besprechen -, ist in diesen Gliedern enthalten; und es ist so darin enthalten, daß jedes dieser Glieder eine gewisse Selbständigkeit hat, daß jedes dieser Glieder getrennt ist von den anderen; und es wäre immerhin denkbar, daß jedes dieser Glieder mit den anderen in Verbindung stände und doch etwas anders geformt wäre, als sie geformt sind. Sie können sich andere Formen denken; aber daß zwölf solche Teile zusammengefügt sind, damit die menschliche Gestalt da ist, das können Sie nicht außer acht lassen.
Wenn Sie das nehmen, was der Mensch sein soll auf der Erde, dann können Sie nicht außer acht lassen, daß er eine gegliederte Gestalt sein muß, die in dieser Weise angeordnet ist, so daß, wenn wir die menschliche Gestalt betrachten, sie sich gliedern muß in zwölf einzelne Glieder. Diese zwölf einzelnen Glieder haben immer im Okkultismus die denkbar größte Bedeutung gehabt. Diese zwölf einzelnen Glieder der menschlichen Gestalt brauchen wir, um die ganze Bedeutung dieser menschlichen Gestalt in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem menschlichen Wesen ins Auge zu fassen. Der Okkultismus hat sie immer gekannt, und aus Gründen, die sich uns ergeben werden im weiteren Verfolge dieser Vorträge, wenn wir den Menschen in okkulter, theosophischer und philosophischer Beziehung kennenlernen werden, wird sich uns zeigen, warum diese Glieder aus einem gewissen Zusammenhange heraus ganz bestimmte Bezeichnungen erhalten haben.
Man hat nämlich das, was unter erstens angeführt worden ist, genannt «Widder» und bezeichnet mit dem Zeichen ♈︎.
Was unter zweitens angeführt ist, wird bezeichnet als «Stier» und mit dem Zeichen ♉︎ symbolisiert.
Was als das Symmetrische angeführt ist, als «Zwillinge», ist mit dem Zeichen ♊︎ bezeichnet worden.
Was als Abgeschlossenheit im Inneren charakterisiert wurde, ist mit diesem Zeichen ♋︎ belegt und «Krebs» genannt worden.
Was als Inneres, sich abschließendes Leben charakterisiert wurde, nannte man «Löwe» und symbolisierte es mit diesem Zeichen: ♌︎.
Dasjenige, was Inneres in leiblicher Beziehung, ohne Beziehung auf etwas Äußeres ist, was also im Inneren abgeschlossen ist, die dreifache menschliche Natur bezeichnet und den Abschluß nach innen andeutet, wird genannt «Jungfrau» und mit diesem Zeichen ♍︎ belegt.
Das, was die Gleichgewichtslage andeutet, braucht nicht viel Erklärung, wenn man es als «Waage» bezeichnet: ♎︎.
Die Reproduktionsorgane, die wieder die Richtung nach außen haben, werden bezeichnet mit dem Ausdruck «Skorpion» und mit diesem Zeichen ♏︎ symbolisiert.
Die Oberschenkel, das, was man als «Schütze» bezeichnet, haben dieses Zeichen: ♐︎.
Die Knie, als «Steinbock», sind symbolisiert durch dieses Zeichen: ♑︎.
Die Unterschenkel, als «Wassermann», durch dieses Zeichen: ♑︎.
Und endlich die Füße als «Fische» mit diesem Zeichen: ♓︎.
Sehen Sie zunächst in diesen Zeichen nur Signaturen, Zeichen für die Glieder der menschlichen Gestalt, von denen man sagen kann, daß sie die gesamte menschliche Gestalt zusammensetzen. Sehen Sie in diesen Zeichen zunächst nichts anderes als ein Mittel, so wie wenn man Buchstaben gewählt hätte, um diese einzelnen Teile der menschlichen Gestalt zu benennen. Dann haben Sie zunächst genug getan, ins Auge zu fassen das, was wir als menschliche Gestalt bezeichnen. Und wir können, weil wir sie in einzelne Teile gliedern, die angeführten Namen geben, diese einzelnen Teile wie mit Buchstaben mit den Zeichen belegen, die hinzugeschrieben sind.
Sie wissen ja alle, daß in einer gewissen Beziehung diese Bezeichnungen uralten Gewohnheiten entsprechen und daß sie namentlich, so wie sie angeführt sind, in der Astrologie eine Rolle spielen. Aber ich bitte Sie, für diese Vorträge mit diesen Bezeichnungen nichts anderes zu verbinden, als daß wir mit ihrer Hilfe unsere Aufmerksamkeit hinlenken auf die menschliche Gestalt und sie naturgemäß gliedern in zwölf Teile. Wenn wir diesen Gliedern sonderbare Namen geben und sonderbare Zeichen hinzufügen, so ist das nicht anders aufzufassen, als wenn die Laute der menschlichen Sprache manchmal so sind, daß wir nicht gleich erkennen können, warum sie dieses oder jenes ausdrücken; nicht anders, als wenn die Buchstaben so sind, daß man auch nicht immer sagen kann, warum sie dieses oder jenes bezeichnen.
Was wir erreicht haben mit diesen Bezeichnungen, ist, daß wir darin haben den Ausdruck der menschlichen Gestalt, gegliedert in zwölf Teile, und daß wir ihnen zu unserem weiteren Gebrauch Namen beigefügt haben, die aus dem Okkultismus auch schon hie und da in die Öffentlichkeit gedrungen sind.
Fifth Lecture
Yesterday we allowed the various forms of mysticism, at least in part, to pass before our souls. Yesterday's reflection was intended to show that the mystic is a person, especially in the more recent, post-Christian era, who embarks on the occult path, the occult way, and for this purpose undertakes to overcome his personal, everyday ego-consciousness.
However, we showed yesterday with the examples we were able to give how the mystic can, in a sense, miss the path he has chosen. He can miss it because, although he tries to overcome, even to extinguish, ordinary consciousness, he nevertheless — and we have shown this in outstanding mystical personalities — at the moment when a supersensible experience should arise in place of ordinary consciousness, he often enters a realm that actually excludes all experience, all real living experience. That is why we had to note how an outstanding mystical personality expresses his goal by clothing it in the words marriage, union. At the same time, we had to characterize this marriage, this union, as a kind of losing oneself, as an alienation, as no longer having oneself, as, in a kind of higher sleep, passing into another element.
In the latter lies the fact that mysticism, as it usually appears to us, is indeed the path to occultism, but does not attain consciousness without a conscious object. For at the moment when the mystic abandons all the objects of this world, at least to the extent that we discussed mysticism yesterday, he also loses consciousness itself; another state comes over him, a state of intoxication, of self-loss, so that he does not attain what must be called the third element of occult experience, namely, the other consciousness, the higher consciousness, which has no external object among all the objects that consciousness otherwise has, and yet is consciousness.
I will now show you how the occultist actually goes about jumping out of ordinary consciousness, leaving it behind and yet not losing himself, still having something in which he lives. When we ask ourselves the question: Where does it come from, in such mysticism as we discussed yesterday, that the mystical personality loses himself? We must say that it comes from the fact that, even if we investigate most of these mystical personalities very carefully, we cannot find any inner compelling reason for them to step outside themselves; there is no inner compelling reason at first.
It would be easy to show, in all the mystics mentioned yesterday, how external reasons caused them, so to speak, to leap over their own personalities. We could show how certain, let us say, inherited clairvoyant visionary states were present in Francis of Assisi. We could show in the various female mystics we have mentioned how it is the personality — the personality, I emphasize — of Jesus himself who appears to them as a bridegroom, so that we immediately see: If the old Christian tradition, that is, an external circumstance, had not had an effect on these female mystics, if they had not been stimulated from outside, they would not have been able to attain their mystical state.
This external stimulus was particularly evident in all the mystics we mentioned yesterday. However, there must be an inner compelling reason that moves people to transcend themselves.
Such a compelling reason really does exist in the true occult aspirant. We can imagine it in the following way. Suppose a person comes to reflect on his ego, on this strange member of the human being, on this center of his consciousness. At first, the person notices that this ego is, in a sense, what holds their life together within the earthly state. If, for example, you were to pursue your life scientifically, you would come to the realization that your outer body, as it appears to you in its substantial form, has little to do with what remains of you on this earth; for science shows you that the substance of the body is completely renewed in seven to eight years, so that there will not be many of us who can assume that we still have anything of the substances of our bodies that we had in childhood; rather, almost all of us here will have to say: This body has thoroughly changed its substance in the course of life; this body has become a thoroughly different one. What remains is therefore certainly not to be found in the substance of the body.
If you disregard the external substance of the body and try to take a look at your inner experience, at your thinking, feeling, and willing, you will soon notice how this too has changed in the course of your life. You need only think back to how completely different thoughts, namely completely different sensations, feelings, and impulses of the will, ruled your soul in your youth when you compare them with those of a later age, and you will notice how this inner life of the soul has actually changed quite thoroughly. But none of you, if you are in your right mind, as they say, would ever think of saying that you are now a different person than you were ten or twenty or thirty years ago, or even as long ago as you can remember. For the moment a person would have to admit that, say, up to the age of seventeen he was one self, and from the age of seventeen to the age of twenty-four or twenty-three he was another self, his inner being would be torn apart and he would no longer be in his right mind. So we must assume that this I, which is the actual center of our consciousness, is something permanent during our earthly life.
But if you think about it further, you will soon realize that something is not quite right in this consideration of the I. When you speak to your fellow human beings about yourself, you say “I” in your sentence, and by this “I” you mean everything that has held your consciousness together during your earthly life. This basic feeling about the I has caused many philosophers, and some philosophers even today, to address the I as something from which one can start when one wants to say anything about human beings and their nature. Looking at recent philosophy, one might say that the urge to connect with the I arises again and again. From Fichte to Bergson, if we consider only this last period, we find everywhere the striving to connect with the I. This has led to remarkable and significant results. But for those who think more deeply, who reflect more deeply, another thought suddenly arises. The thought arises: You always speak of your ego, you are convinced that this ego is the lasting, the constant in earthly life, but do you really know this ego, can you describe it in any way? — If you think about it more carefully, you realize that this “I” is not as permanent as you know it to be, because all mere “I” philosophy, when its proponents speak of a permanent “I” that they want to know, is refuted by life. Every night when a person sleeps, the permanent I is simply refuted, for then it is extinguished; so that when we speak of our I, we are actually making a certain mistake in our speech. We reflect on our lives and involuntarily exclude what we know belongs to us, namely our ego, during the night and while we sleep, because then we know nothing of this ego. So when we reflect on our ego, we have an interrupted line, not a continuous one.
How can it be that we are dealing with this interrupted line, that the ego-consciousness always breaks off? This comes from the fact that what we as human beings have of the ego is only the thought, only the idea of the ego. And because all ideas sink down into the darkness of unconsciousness during sleep, so does the idea of the ego. It sinks down with them. The very fact that it sinks with the world of ideas shows us that in the ego—and logically, the philosopher also has only the idea of the ego—we have an image of something we talk about when we say “I,” but which only shows itself to us in the image.
So with this permanence of our soul life, with this I and its knowledge, it is not the case that an actual occult starting point can be gained, for it is initially given only as an image, it is only there as an image. But our soul life is an image of a peculiar kind, a very strange image; an image that suggests something. For there are many images in our soul life, many ideas. How do these ideas enter the soul life of earthly human beings? Through the objects that surround them. If you really examine your consciousness properly, if you examine your imaginative soul life — and that is consciousness — then you will find everywhere that what asserts itself as an idea, what fills consciousness, is stimulated by external things; it is, so to speak, an image of external things.
This gives us the reason why we imagine this or that. It lies in the fact that external things stimulate us. If they were not there, we would not imagine them. But with the idea of the I, with the strange image of the I, it is something very special. Look for an object in the world that stimulates your idea of the I. There is none, there is no such thing. It is the difference between the concept of the self, the image of the self, when we have it only as an image, that we can prove the existence of objects for the other concepts, but not for the concept of the self. So in the wider sphere of our external life, what is present in the concept of the self, what is clothed in the words “I am,” cannot be present.
We must therefore say that there is something unknown underlying this, something that cannot be found in the external world as it presents itself to human beings on earth. This ego is something peculiar. For if this I could be grasped inwardly, as some intuitionists such as Bergson believe, if there were more to grasp than the mere image, then one could say that one would have little of an earthly reality, of a reality that is not given from outside, but one would at least have something. But one cannot grasp this I, one cannot reach it.But there is one thing that every human being can know about this self, one thing that can serve as a kind of fulcrum, as Archimedes once demanded for his lever to lift the earth out of its hinges. One thing can serve this purpose when we focus the attention of our soul on this self. From the many questions and riddles of the world that can arise when people focus solely on the external world, one particular question can emerge; and this will always be the question that the occult aspirant must address if he wants to transcend consciousness. He must ask himself: Do you see nothing in the wide circle of your earthly experience that appears to you in such a way that you can say that the innermost part of your being is expressed in it? Can you find nothing anywhere that expresses your I?
Looking into the inner life is at first a sad and fatal thing. We only enter into our temporal concepts and can never be sure whether we will find anything that leads us out of the temporal world of concepts. In any case, we cannot hope to free ourselves from our personality — and this is what we must achieve as occultists — if we continually look into our personality. Outside, however, there are only the experiences and adventures of the earthly human being. We find that only what is present in external expression can be an expression of something that corresponds to the I; but we cannot grasp the I. When we look around us, we find only one thing, and that is initially the only thing we can find as an expression of our I: that is the human form.
Now grasp this word, so that we can get past this difficult point—it must be overcome if we want to master our subject—“the human form” in the sense in which it is to be understood, namely, that it confronts us in the external world. I believe that every human being can easily say to themselves: just as a plant is the expression of its essence in its outer form, just as it is shaped because it corresponds to its inner essence; just as a crystal is shaped as it is because it corresponds to its inner essence; just as every animal is shaped in accordance with its inner essence, so too must the human form correspond to the human essence. And since we initially summarize our essence in our ego from our earthly experiences, the human form must be the expression of the human ego. In other words, in the wide circle of our experience, the human form, the human shape, proves to be the expression of the human being. This seems to be a rather trivial statement, but it is one of the most important statements we can contemplate.
But now the occultist must go further. He says of the ego that he expresses it when he says “I,” but that he has it nowhere, that it is not there; for what is there is always only the idea of the ego. But the human form seems to be there. So we are faced with the strange riddle: We see the human form, the expression of the human ego, at every turn, and yet we cannot grasp the ego of this being.
Now there is only one way to proceed, and that is for the occultist to really engage himself in feeling that the human form is the same as the human ego. For if it is always there, then it does not correspond to the ego, which is not always there. It is therefore necessary that we somehow come to say of what we seem to encounter at every turn, of the human form, that it is not there, that it does not initially exist among earthly things. It is extremely important that we advance to the idea that there is something very special about the human form, similar to the idea of the ego, and that this human form, in coming toward us from outside, actually deceives us in some way, that it lies to us in some way. This is the feeling that the occult aspirant arrives at: that the human form lies to him by pretending to be an expression of his being, but simply wants to be there in a trivial way, while the being hides itself.
In other respects, too, it would not exactly correspond to the requirement we have set, namely to have consciousness without a conscious object, which is nevertheless consciousness, if we were to appropriate consciousness of the human form, which is again an external object. In other words, the human form that we encounter everywhere in life cannot be what we are looking for as an expression of the I.
Now, however, the occultist must know that he cannot live in ideas or conclusions taken from outside; he cannot take the experiences he must now come to from outside, for what comes from outside constitutes his earthly consciousness, which he wants to transcend. When the occultist looks at his human form, he must experience something in this human form that leads him beyond all earthly consciousness.
Can we experience something in the human form that leads us beyond all earthly consciousness? Yes, we can experience something in the human form by first looking at our human face and noticing that this human face makes a very special impression. However, if you want to arrive at this feeling as an aspiring occultist, you must not be infatuated with or in love with the ordinary idea you once had; otherwise, you will always approach the human face in such a way that you cannot arrive at the feeling that needs to be developed. We will have to arrive at the deepest possible feelings that can be found within us, for we come to a particularly strange feeling when we look at the human face, namely the feeling that this human face is not as it should be. And you will learn to see in the human face and everything that belongs to it, indeed in the upper part of the human being, that it has been changed by what in human soul life can be called arrogance, pride, and haughtiness.
You see, this is the beginning of the leap beyond ordinary consciousness, when the human being reaches this original feeling and says: You, human face, you, human head, you, human upper body, you are lying to me; through your pride and arrogance you have given yourself a form that you should not have. When I see you, human upper body, I see through your illusory image, and when I consider everything that has been imprinted on man through many incarnations in the form of pride and arrogance, something quite different appears to me. Through what the human form is in its upper half, we come to the feeling that man has changed his original form through pride and arrogance.
As occult aspirants, we also see a second thing in man in relation to his form and in relation to the other parts of his being. Again, when all the original feelings of the soul life are called upon, human beings give the impression that they are actually deceiving us; the other parts of the human form must also be different. Once again, something must be subtracted, and then we arrive at the original human form; and what must be subtracted is covetousness, desire. Man is transformed, one must say, above by pride and arrogance and by haughtiness, below by desire. If desire did not burn through him as an inner fire, the lower half of his organism would have a different form.
These two feelings are the basic feelings from which one must start. These feelings can be experienced. They can be clothed in two judgments: Man is too proud, too full of arrogance, and he is too desirous. These are certain inner experiences of consciousness that can be had, that impose themselves when one truly looks at man with the deepest feelings of the soul. But what caused these feelings? Are they brought about by some object in the wide world of earthly life? They are only present in human experience when people perceive their own form as inadequate, when they perceive what is within them as if it were originally different and had been changed by arrogance and desire. So what we call external objects do not cause these two experiences. Nevertheless, they can arise in human consciousness, they can be there because human beings live with their environment.
It is extremely important that it is possible to arrive at an inner judgment, an inner experience that has no object. And this inner experience has an effect. It causes the occult seeker to turn away from his human earthly form, saying: You are not true, human being, as you actually stand before me. He turns away, but not like the mystics we spoke of yesterday, who, by turning away from earthly experiences, have nothing left. Rather, he steps out of his ordinary experience, but takes something with him, namely a judgment about the human form, which has been expressed in the most varied ways from human feeling throughout history.
What has now been characterized is, so to speak, the elementary element from which occult consciousness has often proceeded when it was to become not merely mystical experience but occult consciousness. It proceeded from a judgment about human beings, but in such a way that the human form was obliterated. However, not all inner experience has been eliminated. A certain judgment about human beings has remained, namely: Actually, the way you are has made your whole earthly life, and you are basically such that you point to a completely different form, to a completely different shape.
If we now want to understand further how we are actually dealing with what can gradually dawn on the human being as a consciousness without an object, then it will be necessary to go into this human form in more detail. For when we have shown how the occult aspirant leaps out of himself and retains only a kind of sensory judgment about human beings, so that we turn away, as it were, from one half of the human being by saying that it is too proud, and from the other half by saying that it is too desirous, this is still a rather vague inner experience that does not yet want to become concrete or definite. It is an inner experience, which we shall see leads up to the highest regions of spiritual experience; but it is still undefined.
In order to arrive at greater certainty, let us first consider the human form as it appears to us in greater detail. If one wanted to speak learnedly, one would say: Let us dissect the human form. — When one dissects the human form, one divides it into certain members and parts that are extremely significant because the human form really does break down into these members. These members will become apparent to us when we ask ourselves: What actually makes the human being shaped as he is? — if you are willing to engage with what I am about to say. You will find that the information drawn from the depths of occultism does indeed provide an exhaustive classification of the human form, showing us how the human form is actually composed.
The first thing that strikes us about the human form, what is essential, what makes a human being human in terms of outward appearance, is what I already emphasized when I spoke the first sentence of these lectures, so to speak. It is the fact that the human form is upright, the fact that human beings are upright beings. This is the first important thing, so to speak, the first part of his form. In order to place this part of his form before us, let us call it uprightness.
You see, at first it will seem to you as if there is some arbitrariness in the way I am now breaking down the human being in relation to his form. But if you really look closely, you will see that it is not arbitrary, but that it reflects the essence of the human being from his form, just as I am now reflecting the essence of the human being to you in the sense of occult knowledge.
The second thing we can consider essential to the human form, which makes human beings human, is the fact that their form is oriented forward so that they can be speaking beings, so that sound can be produced within them. Just consider how essential this is for human beings. While every human being is generally organized upwards, they are specifically organized upwards in such a way that their speech organs begin at the heart and larynx and move upwards towards the face. If you look at human beings in this light, you will find that all the forms of the limbs are organized towards sound production and sound formation. We can therefore say that the second important thing in the order of the limbs of the human form is their orientation toward sound formation, toward speech.
The third thing you must consider important for the human form is the fact that this human form is symmetrical. You cannot imagine that the human form would lose anything of its essence if it were not symmetrical. That is the third essential feature: all members are arranged so that both sides are symmetrical. We know that there are exceptions to this, but symmetry is essential to a number of members.
The fourth consideration arises in the following way. If you consider what humans have in these three aspects of their form: their upright posture, their speech, and their symmetry, you will have to say: What is present in humans as three aspects is directed outward. The fact that humans stand upright is something that places them in the external world. Language is something that you will readily recognize as placing him in the outer world. His symmetrical form places him in a certain position of equilibrium in space. Now we come to something else, namely the fact that, purely physically speaking, man is an inner being, that he has enclosed certain organs within his skin, within his outer shell. We can therefore say that the fourth element of human form is the enclosure provided by the skin, so that the organs which perform the internal functions are internal and protected from the external world. We will therefore say that enclosure or seclusion is something that belongs to this form.
I ask you to see a fifth element belonging to this form in the fact that within this inner nature, which is enclosed by the outer shell, the organs are active; that which works and lives within. The fact that it works and lives there within testifies to us that the human being, as he stands before us in his form, is not only dependent on the external world, but that he is also dependent on his inner self, that he has, as it were, a center of his being and essence within himself. If we contrast the limbs we have already considered with, for example, the circulation of the blood, we have something that takes place purely within, an inner seclusion. We therefore have seclusion, and we have an inner, secluded part.
But this inner, self-enclosing aspect of the human form has a very special significance. This inner, self-enclosing aspect is, in purely physical terms, a duality in the human being. There are internal organs, such as the lungs and the heart, which owe their form to a compromise, to an external influence. The heart must correspond with the lungs and has therefore been adapted to external conditions. The outside world, the air, penetrates the lungs and thus becomes adapted to the internal organs. Then we also have organs whose form already indicates that they are only adapted to the interior of the body. These are the organs of the lower abdomen. They owe their shape to the fact that they are inside the human body. You can all imagine that if the stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen were shaped differently inside, they could be connected to the heart and lungs and still perform their proper functions in some way. Once the exterior has found its way into the lungs, the interior can be structured differently; then only the interior of the human being is decisive. So we can say: Sixth, we have a part of the human form that we can call the actual interior, the interior in a physical sense, and it is important here that we become aware that it has no relationship to the outside world.
Now we have also reached the limit where, in the human form, something must, so to speak, go out again from the inside, where we find something in the human form that is very much in relation to the outside world. Just consider the shape of the human feet. If they were not shaped for the ground, if they did not have a sole at the bottom, human beings would not be able to walk. If they were shaped to taper to a point, humans would constantly fall over. So, if you follow the human form, you come to organs that are in turn adapted to external conditions. But it is not only the feet that are shaped in such a way that humans are human beings. If humans were fish or flying creatures, their organs would have to be shaped differently; but they are shaped in such a way that humans are beings that stand and walk on the earth. For this purpose, to be beings that work, stand, and walk on the earth, all the organs are shaped from the hips downwards, so that we can say: Seventh, in the hips we have a certain equilibrium. What is above this is necessarily shaped outward or closed inward; what is below is shaped downward, so that we can say: In the hips there is a certain equilibrium. Of what is below this, we can say that it adapts itself to earthly conditions.
Then, if we continue to examine the human being, we find further organs that are completely adapted to external conditions, namely, eighth, the reproductive organs.
You only need to consider that if a human being wants to walk in the manner appropriate to a human being, the thighs must also be arranged in such a way that they are separated from the lower legs and bent at an angle. This enables them to adapt their gait to their earthly circumstances, so that, importantly, humans have knees adjacent to their thighs, which essentially determine their lower form. Humans also have lower legs and, separate from these, feet.
1. Uprightness
2. Orientation toward sound production
3. Symmetry
4. Completeness
5. Inner, self-contained
6. Inner in a physical relationship, without relation to the outside world
7. Balance
8. Reproductive organs
9. Thighs
10. Knee
11. Lower leg
12. Feet.
You will say that the hands are missing. We will see why the hands are missing here in the next consideration. But I ask you to look at this table first. I said that it might at first appear to be an arbitrary arrangement that the entire human form has been divided into twelve members here. But everything that human beings really need in order to be earthly human beings — as we will discuss tomorrow with regard to the hands — is contained in these members; and it is contained in such a way that each of these members has a certain independence, that each of these members is separate from the others; and it would be conceivable that each of these members could be connected to the others and yet be shaped somewhat differently than they are. You can imagine other shapes; but you cannot ignore the fact that twelve such parts are joined together to form the human form.
If you take what man is supposed to be on earth, then you cannot ignore the fact that he must be a structured form, arranged in such a way that when we look at the human form, it must be divided into twelve individual members. These twelve individual members have always had the greatest possible significance in occultism. We need these twelve individual members of the human form in order to grasp the whole meaning of this human form in its connection with the human being. Occultism has always known this, and for reasons that will become clear to us as we continue these lectures and get to know the human being in an occult, theosophical, and philosophical context, we will see why these members have been given very specific names based on a certain connection.
The first of these has been called “Aries” and is symbolized by the sign ♈︎.
The second is called “Taurus” and is symbolized by the sign ♉︎.
What is listed as symmetrical, as “Gemini,” has been designated with the symbol ♊︎.
What has been characterized as inward closure has been assigned this symbol ♋︎ and called “Cancer.”
What was characterized as inner, self-contained life was called “Leo” and symbolized with this sign: ♌︎.
That which is internal in a physical sense, without relation to anything external, that which is therefore closed off internally, denoting the threefold human nature and indicating inward closure, is called “Virgo” and is represented by this symbol: ♍︎.
That which indicates a state of equilibrium does not need much explanation when referred to as “Libra”: ♎︎.
The reproductive organs, which again point outward, are referred to as “Scorpio” and symbolized by this sign ♏︎.
The thighs, referred to as “Sagittarius,” have this symbol: ♐︎.
The knees, referred to as “Capricorn,” are symbolized by this symbol: ♑︎.
The lower legs, referred to as “Aquarius,” have this symbol: ♑︎.
And finally, the feet, known as “Pisces,” are symbolized by this sign: ♓︎.
At first, see these symbols as nothing more than signatures, signs for the limbs of the human form, which can be said to make up the entire human form. See these symbols as nothing more than a means of naming these individual parts of the human form, just as if letters had been chosen. Then you have done enough to grasp what we call the human form. And because we divide it into individual parts, we can give them the names listed above and assign the symbols written next to them to these individual parts as if they were letters.
You all know that in a certain sense these designations correspond to ancient customs and that they play a role in astrology, particularly as they are listed here. But I ask you not to associate these designations with anything else in these lectures other than that we use them to direct our attention to the human form and divide it naturally into twelve parts. When we give these parts strange names and add strange symbols, this is no different than when the sounds of human speech are sometimes such that we cannot immediately recognize why they express this or that; no different than when letters are such that one cannot always say why they denote this or that.
What we have achieved with these designations is that we have the expression of the human form, divided into twelve parts, and that we have added names to them for our further use, which have already found their way into public consciousness here and there from occultism.