The Gospel of St. Mark
GA 139
19 September 1912, Basel
Lecture V
Yesterday we endeavored to place before our minds from a certain point of view the world-historical position that existed at the moment in time when the Mystery of Golgotha occurred. We tried to do this by presenting the picture of two significant leaders of mankind, the Buddha and Socrates, both of whom lived several centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha. In doing this we remarked that the Buddha represented something like the significant conclusion of one stream of evolution. There Buddha stands in the fifth or sixth century before the Mystery of Golgotha proclaiming what has since then been recognized as a deeply significant teaching. The revelation of Benares, that in a certain way encompasses and renews all that had been able to flow into human souls during thousands of years, was proclaimed in the only way it could be half a millennium before the Mystery of Golgotha. We can see even more clearly how far the Buddha represented the great conclusion of one cosmic stream when we place before our minds his great predecessor who recedes far back into the twilight of human evolution: Krishna,1Krishna is usually regarded as a mythical figure, and a member of the Hindu pantheon, one of the earthly avatars, or incarnations of the god Vishnu. He appeared as the charioteer in the Hindu poem the Bhagavad Gita, in which he is endowed with divine attributes. Rudolf Steiner does not date his incarnation exactly, but gives it as occurring in the third post-Atlantean cultural epoch, which lasted from approximately 3000 B.C. to 747 B.C. who in quite a different sense appears to us as the final moment of a revelation thousands of years old. Krishna can be placed several centuries before the Buddha, but that is not the issue here. The main point is that the more we allow the being of Krishna and the being of the Buddha to affect us, the more clearly do we recognize that in Krishna what was later to be proclaimed by the Buddha appears in an even brighter light, whereas with Buddha, as we wish to demonstrate in a moment, in a certain way it comes to an end.
The name “Krishna” embraces something that for many thousands of years has shone into the spiritual development of mankind. If we immerse ourselves in all that is meant by the proclamation of Krishna, we look up into the sublime heights of human spiritual evolution, instilling the feeling within us that nothing can possibly surpass, nothing can enhance what is contained in, what resounds from Krishna's revelation. What resounds from this revelation of Krishna is a kind of climax; in saying this we are attributing to the person of Krishna what also was revealed by others before him. For it is indeed true that everything that had been given out gradually for thousands of years before his time by those who were given the task of becoming the bearers of knowledge was renewed, summed up and brought to a conclusion in the revelations of Krishna to his people. If we take into consideration how Krishna speaks about the divine spiritual worlds and the relation of these worlds to mankind, and about the course of cosmic events, and if we also consider the spirituality to which we ourselves must rise if we wish to penetrate the deeper meaning of the teaching of Krishna, then we may say that only one event in the whole subsequent development of humanity can in even a slight degree be compared with it. We may say of the revelation of Krishna that it is in a certain sense an occult teaching. Why occult? It is occult for the simple reason that few people can achieve the inner capacity to ascend to those spiritual heights where understanding can be gained. There is no need to keep secret what Krishna revealed in an external way, to lock it up in a safe, so that it stays “occult”; it remains occult for no other reason than that too few people rise to the heights to which they must rise if they are to understand it. However widely such revelations as those of Krishna are disseminated among the people and put into their hands, they still remain occult. For they can be brought out of the realm of the occult not by disseminating them among the people, but only when there are souls who can rise high enough to be able to unite with them. It is true that such revelations hover above us at a certain spiritual height, yet they speak to us as if from a high point of spirituality. Anyone who simply picks up the words that are contained in such revelations should by no means believe he understands them, not even if he is a learned man of the twentieth century. It is entirely comprehensible that it is widely asserted today that there is no occult teaching. This is understandable because those who say such things do indeed possess the words, and with them think they have everything. But it is in the very nature of occult teaching that they do not understand what they possess.
Earlier I said that there is just one thing that can be compared with the teaching of Krishna, and indeed what we associate with the name “Krishna” can be compared with what may remind us of three later names which are in a certain sense closely connected with us—though in the case of these three the method, conceptual and philosophical, is quite different. I am referring to everything that in recent years has been linked to the names of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel,2Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1762–1814. German idealist philosopher.
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 1775–1854. German idealist philosopher.
When a man of today who believes he has enjoyed not an average but a superior education takes up a philosophical work by Fichte or Hegel he believes he is reading something concerned only with the development of advanced concepts. Most people will agree that it is difficult really to warm up to it, if, for example, they turn to Hegel's Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences and read for the first time about being, nonbeing, becoming, existence, and the like. We have probably heard it said that in this work a man has cooked up a collection of highly abstract concepts, beautiful enough, no doubt, but providing nothing capable of kindling warmth in heart or soul. I have known many people who after three or four pages of this particular work have promptly closed the book. But they are not at all prepared to admit that perhaps the guilt lies in themselves that they do not warm up and have avoided the struggles that have to be endured in going from hell to heaven. This they do not willingly admit. Yet it is possible by means of these so-called “abstract concepts” to experience a veritable life-struggle, and to feel not only a living warmth but the whole range of feeling from the most extreme cold to the highest soul-warmth. Then one can come to feel that these things are written not in simply abstract concepts but in the heart's blood.
We may compare what radiates over to us from Krishna with what is regarded as the newest evolutionary phase of the human ascent toward the spiritual heights. Yet there is a significant difference. What we meet with in Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, these most mature thinkers of Christianity, we meet with in a pre-Christian era, in the form it had to take then, in Krishna. For what is Krishna's revelation? It is something that can never again be repeated, whose greatness of its kind and in its own way can never be surpassed. If we have an understanding for such things we may have a conception, an idea of the strength of that spiritual light that shines over to us, if we let such things affect us as are connected with the culture from which Krishna emerged. If we do this, if we allow words like the following to influence us (to take a few examples from the Bhagavad Gita) where Krishna indicates in words his real being, we arrive at thoughts, feelings and emotions that will be characterized later. Thus in the tenth canto Krishna speaks as follows:
I am the spirit of creation, its beginning, its center and its end. Among all beings I am always the noblest of all that has come into being; among spiritual beings I am Vishnu, I am the sun among the stars; among the lights I am the moon; among the elements I am fire; among the mountains I am the lofty Meru; among the water I am the great cosmic sea, among the rivers I am the Ganges, among the multitude of trees I am Ashvattha; in the true sense of the word I am the ruler of men and of all the beings that live; among the serpents I am the one that is eternal, the very ground of existence itself!
Let us take another example from the same culture, which we find in the Vedas. The Devas were gathered around the throne of the Almighty, and in deep reverence they ask who he himself is. Then the Almighty, that is to say the cosmic god in the old Indian sense, answered:
If there were another than I, I would describe myself through him. I have been from all eternity and through all eternity I shall be. I am the primal cause of everything, of all that is in West, in East, in North and South; I am the cause of all that is in the heights above and in the depths below. I am all, I am more ancient than anything that is. I am the ruler of rulers, I am the truth itself. I am revelation itself, and the cause of revelation. I am knowledge, I am piety, I am the law. I am almighty!
And when, as the ancient document records, it was asked what was the cause of all things, the answer was given:
The cause of the world, it is fire; it is the sun and it is also the moon. It is also this pure Brahman and this water and this highest of all creatures. All moments and all weeks and all months and all centuries and all millennia and all millions of years have proceeded from him, have emerged from his radiant personality which no one can comprehend, neither above nor below nor in the circumference, nor in the center, here where we stand!
Such words sound over to us from very ancient times, and we surrender ourselves to them. If we approach these words without preconceptions, how do we feel in relation to them? Certain things are said in the words; we have seen that Krishna says something about himself. And things are said about the cosmic God and about cosmic origins. From the tone of these thoughts, as they sound forth through these words, things are said that could never have been expressed in a greater or more significant way. And one knows that they never could have been spoken in a greater or more significant manner. That is to say, something was placed into human evolution that must stand just as it is and be accepted as it is since it has come to a conclusion. And wherever people in later times have thought about such things, and may perhaps have believed in accordance with methods employed in these later times that one thing or another could have been expressed in clearer concepts or could have been modified in one way or another, they have nevertheless been unable to say it better. They have never done so. Indeed if anyone wished to say something better about precisely these things, it would be sheer presumption.
Let us first consider the passage of the Bhagavad Gita where Krishna, so to speak, characterizes his own nature. What is he really characterizing? His way of speaking is truly remarkable. He says of his nature that he is the spirit of all that has come into being, that he is among the heavenly spirits Vishnu, among the stars the sun, among the lights the moon, among the elements the fire, and so on. If we wish to paraphrase this and compress it into a formula we can say that Krishna points to himself as the essence, the entity of all things. He is this entity in such a way that it represents always the purest, the most divine kind of nature. Hence, according to this passage, if we penetrate beyond the actual things and seek to find behind them the nature of their true being, we arrive at the being of Krishna. If we take a number of plants of the same species and look for the entity of this species, which is not in itself visible but comes to expression in the single plant forms, and ask what lies behind them as their essence, the answer is: Krishna! But we must not think of this being as identical with any single plant but must think of him as the highest and purest element in the form. Thus we have not only what the essence is, but this essence in its highest, noblest, purest form.
So of what is Krishna actually speaking? Of nothing else but what a man can recognize as his own essence when he sinks into himself; not his being as it appears to him in ordinary life, but something that lies behind man and the human soul as they manifest themselves in life. He speaks of the human essence that is within us because the true human essence is at one with the universe. This is by no means a knowledge that works egotistically within Krishna. It is something in Krishna that wishes to point to the highest in man, something that may perceive itself as identical and at one with what lives as being in all things.
Just as we speak today for our own age, so Krishna spoke to his own age of what he had in mind for his culture. If today we look into our own being we first of all glimpse the ego as you will find it pictured in the book Knowledge of Higher Worlds and its Attainment.3Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and its Attainment, originally written in 1904 and published in the magazine Luzifer-Gnosis, has appeared in many editions in English, including the latest which appeared from Anthroposophic Press in 1984. We distinguish the ordinary ego from the higher, super-sensible ego which does not appear in the world of sense. This super-sensible ego appears in such a manner that it is not only in us but is at the same time poured out over the being of all things. So when we speak of our higher ego, the higher being dwelling in man, we do not speak of what a man says when he says in his customary manner “I am,” although in our language it has the same sound. In Krishna's mouth it would not have had the same sound. He is speaking of the nature of the human soul as it would have been interpreted in that day, in the same way as we today speak of the ego.
How did it come about that Krishna expresses something that is so similar to what we express when we speak of the highest of which we have knowledge? This was possible because the culture out of which Krishna emerged was preceded for thousands of years by a clairvoyant culture, because human beings were accustomed to rising to clairvoyant vision when they looked into the being of things. And we can understand a language such as resounds here to us from the Bhagavad Gita when we look upon it as the close of the old clairvoyant view of the world, when we recognize that when a man in those ancient times passed into the intermediate state between sleeping and waking that was at that time common to all human beings he was not placed among things in such a way that they were “here” and he was outside them, as is the case in ordinary sense perception. He felt himself poured out over all things, felt himself in all beings and at one with them. It was with the best of things that he felt himself to be at one, and his best was in all things. And if you do not start out from an abstract feeling and an abstract perception in the way customary with men of the present time but rather start out from the old way of feeling and perception as we have just characterized them, then you will understand such words as resound over to us from Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita. If then you ask how men with the old clairvoyance perceived themselves, you will understand them and realize that in the same way that a man, when his etheric body is freed through spiritual scientific training, feels himself spread and poured out into what lives in everything, so did the man of former times experience this as a natural condition, although not in the same way as would now be the case as a result of spiritual scientific training. Ancient men felt themselves to be inside things, and this condition came about by itself without their volition. And when these revelations were shaped into forms and what had been seen was expressed in beautiful, wonderful words, then something appeared like, for example, these revelations of Krishna. For this reason it could also be said that Krishna spoke to his fellowmen in this way, “I wish to proclaim in words what the best of us have perceived when they were in the super-sensible worlds and how the best of us have perceived their relationship to the world. In future times such men as these will no longer be found, and you yourselves cannot be as your ancestors were. I wish to put into words what these ancestors perceived, so that it will endure, because humanity can no longer possess this as a natural condition.”
Thus something which had belonged to mankind for thousands of years was brought in words such as were possible at that time in the form of the revelations of Krishna so that mankind in subsequent ages might possess this revelation of what they were no longer able to perceive for themselves.
Other sayings can also be interpreted in a similar manner. Let us suppose that at a period when Krishna was giving his revelations a pupil had stood before his initiate teacher and asked him, “What lies behind the things which my eyes see, can you, my initiated teacher tell me?” The initiated teacher might well have answered, “Behind those things which are now seen by your external, material eyes, lies the spiritual, the super-sensible. But in former times men could still see the super-sensible while they were in their normal condition. They were able to look into the nearest super-sensible world, the etheric world that borders on our material world. Here in this world is to be found the cause of everything that is material, and these men of old were able to see what this cause is. In our time I can do no more than express in words what could in earlier times be seen, ‘It is fire, it is the sun!’ But not the sun as it now appears, for what can now be seen by the eye was precisely what for ancient clairvoyants could least of all be seen. The white fiery globe of the sun was darkness for them, while the effects of the sun were spread over all space. The radiations of the sun's aura in many-colored light pictures flowed in and out of each other, coming forth from each other, in such a way that when they merged into things they became immediately creative light. It is the sun, it is also the moon (though this too was seen in a different manner), for pure Brahman is altogether in it.”
What is pure Brahman? When we breathe in the air and breathe it out again the materialistic person believes he is only inhaling oxygen. But that is a delusion; with every breath we inhale and exhale spirit. The spirit that lives in the air we breathe penetrates into us and goes out from us again. And when an old clairvoyant saw that, he did not, like the materialist, believe that he was breathing in oxygen. That is a materialistic prejudice. The clairvoyant of ancient times was aware that the etheric element of the spirit, Brahman, from whom all life comes, was being inhaled. In the same way that today we believe that life comes from the oxygen in the air, so did ancient man know that life comes from Brahman; and in that he takes up Brahman, he lives. The purest Brahman is the source of our life.
And of what nature are the conceptual heights to which this very ancient, this ether-like, light-like wisdom aspires? Today people believe they are able to think with great subtlety. But when we see how people jumble up everything in a higgledy-piggledy way as soon as they try to explain something, then we lose all respect for the thinking of today, especially for its logical thinking. At this point I really must engage in a short discussion that may seem abstract. I shall make it as short as possible.
Let us suppose that we encounter an animal that has a mane and is yellow; then we call this animal a lion. Now we begin to ask, “What is a lion?” The answer, “A beast of prey.” Next we ask, “What is a beast of prey?” Answer, “A mammal.” We ask further, “What is a mammal?” Answer, “A living creature.” And so we continue describing one thing through another. Most people believe they are being very lucid when they go on asking ever more questions in the same way as they asked about the lion, the mammal and so on. And people often ask similar questions about spiritual matters, even about the highest spiritual things, in just the same way as they ask what a lion is, what a beast of prey is, and the rest. And at the end of lectures, when slips of paper are handed in with questions, questions such as these are asked countless numbers of times, for example, “What is God?” “How did the world begin?” “How will the world end?” There are many people who have no wish to know anything at all beyond these questions. They ask them in just the same way as they ask, “What is a lion?” and so on.
People think that what is valid for everyday life must also be equally valid for the highest things. They do not take into consideration that it is just the highest things that are of such a nature that we cannot ask such questions about them. If we proceed from one thing to another, from the lion to the beast of prey and so on, we must eventually come to something that cannot be described in this way, when there is no longer any sense in asking, what is this? For in this kind of questioning a predicate is sought for the subject. But when we reach the highest being, this being can be comprehended only through itself. From a logical point of view it is absolutely meaningless to ask the question, “What is God?” Everything can be led upward to the highest, but to the highest no predicate can be added, for the answer would have to be: God is ..., and God would then have to be described in terms of something higher. So the question itself would involve the strangest contradiction possible.
The fact that this question is still invariably asked today shows how highly exalted Krishna was when he appeared in a very early epoch and spoke as follows, “The Devas gather around the throne of the Almighty, and in deep devotion ask who He Himself is. Then He answers, ‘If there were anyone else other than I myself, I should describe myself through him.’ ” But this He does not do; He does not describe Himself through another. So we also, as we could say, like the Devas, are led in devotion and humility to this ancient and holy culture, and admire its grandiose logical elevation which it did not achieve through thinking but through the old clairvoyance. In those times people knew at once that when they reached the causes then questioning must cease. The causes must be perceived. At this point we stand in admiration in front of what has come down to us from those very ancient times, as though the spirits who transmitted it to us wished to say to us, “The times have gone when men could see directly into the spiritual worlds, nor will they be able to do so in the future. But we wish to record what we can aspire to, something that at one time was granted to human clairvoyance.”
So we find recorded in the Bhagavad Gita and in the Vedas all those things that were brought together by Krishna as in a kind of conclusion. Such things cannot be surpassed, though they will be perceived again when clairvoyance is renewed. But they will never be perceived through those faculties that have been attained by men in subsequent times. For this reason it is always correct to say that if we remain within the realm of contemporary culture, an external culture whose content is determined by sense perception, we shall never again attain to that ancient sacred revelation which found its conclusion in Krishna unless it is attained through a trained clairvoyance. But through its own evolution through spiritual science the soul can again raise itself and attain it again. What was at one time given to man in a normal way, if I can express myself in this way, is not now given to mankind in ordinary life and cannot be attained by him under natural conditions. It is for this reason that these truths came down to us. When there are thinkers like Fichte, Schelling and Hegel who reached the highest possible purity in their thinking, then we can meet with these things again, not indeed as life-filled as they were nor with the direct personal impact of Krishna, but in the form of ideas—though never in the way in which they were understood in the time of the old clairvoyance. And, as I have often stated, it was a spiritual necessity that the old clairvoyance should slowly and gradually die out in the post-Atlantean era.
If we look back to the ancient Indian civilization, the first post-Atlantean cultural period, we may say that no records are extant from this epoch, for at that time men still could see into the spiritual world. Only through the Akasha Chronicle can there be rediscovered what was then revealed to mankind. It was a lofty revelation. But then mankind sank down lower and lower. In the old Persian epoch, the second post-Atlantean cultural period, though the revelations still continued they had lost their original purity. They were still less pure in the third cultural period, that of ancient Egypt. If we wish to visualize what were the real conditions of the time we must bear in mind that as far as the first cultural epochs are concerned no records exist, and this is true for all the peoples of that age, whether or not a cultural epoch has been called after them. If we speak of the ancient Indian culture we are referring to a culture from which nothing has come down to us in writing. It is just the same with the primeval Persian culture. Written records exist only from the Egyptian-Babylonian-Chaldean culture, which belongs to the third cultural period. But during the period of the unfolding of the primeval Persian culture within Indian culture there was a second Indian period, running parallel to the old Persian. And yet a third period began in India contemporary with the Egyptian-BabylonianChaldean culture, and it was during this period that the first written records began to be kept. These first records date from the latter part of this third culture. Such records are, for example, those contained in the Vedas, which then penetrated into external life. It is these records which also speak of Krishna.
So no one should believe when he speaks of written records that they go back to the first Indian cultural epoch. Everything contained in the documents are records first written down in the third period of ancient India, for the reason that precisely in the third period the old clairvoyance was dying out more and more. These are the records assembled around the person of Krishna. Thus ancient India tells us something that can be externally investigated. If we examine things fundamentally, everything agrees with what can be discovered in the external documents. As the third world age came to an end and men lost what they had originally possessed, Krishna appeared on the scene to preserve what otherwise would have been lost.
When tradition says that Krishna appeared in the third world-age, what age is meant by this? This age is what we call the Egypto-Chaldean cultural epoch. The Indian-Oriental teaching of Krishna accords perfectly with what we have been characterizing. When the old clairvoyance and all its treasures were on the point of being lost, then Krishna appeared and revealed them so that they could be preserved into later times. Thus Krishna is the conclusion of something great and powerful. And everything that has been said here over the years agrees entirely with what is given also in the oriental documents if we read them rightly. It is pure nonsense to talk in this context of “occidental” and “oriental,” because this is only a matter of language, of vocabulary. What is important is that we speak with a full understanding of that which we proclaim. And the more you go into what has been given out over the years, the more you will see that it is in complete agreement with all the documents of the Orient.
So Krishna stands there as a conclusion. Then, a few centuries later, comes the Buddha. In what sense is the Buddha, if we may so express it, the other pole of this conclusion? In what relation does the Buddha stand to Krishna?
Let us place before our souls what we have just spoken of as characteristic of Krishna: great powerful clairvoyant revelations of primordial ages, couched in such words that men of future times will be able to understand and feel and sense in them the ancient clairvoyance of humanity. Krishna's revelation, as he stands before us, is something that men can accept and can say to each other that herein is contained the wisdom of the spiritual world that lies behind the sense world, the world of causes and spiritual facts. This wisdom is expressed in great powerful words in Krishna's revelations. If we immerse ourselves in the Vedas, in all that we can sum up in conclusion as the revelation of Krishna, then we may say that this is the world in which man is at home, the world which lies behind what our eyes can see, our ears hear, our hands grasp, and so on. Yes, the human soul belongs to the world revealed by Krishna.
How could the human soul itself feel in the course of subsequent centuries? It could perceive how these marvelous revelations of an older time spoke about the true, spiritual, celestial home of mankind. It could then look into all that surrounded it. It saw with eyes, heard with ears, grasped things with the sense of touch; it could think with the intellect about things, the intellect that never penetrates into the spiritual element proclaimed in the revelation of Krishna. And the soul could say to itself, “There is an ancient holy teaching from times past which tells of a world, our spiritual home which lies all around us, around that world which is all that we now recognize. We no longer live in that spiritual home, we have been expelled from that world of which Krishna spoke so magnificently.”
Then comes the Buddha. How does he speak of the marvels of the world spoken of by Krishna to human souls which could perceive only what eyes can see and ears hear? He says, “Certainly you live in the world of the senses. The yearning that drives you from incarnation to incarnation has led you into this world. But I am telling you of that path which can lead you out of this world and into that world of which Krishna spoke. I am telling you about the path through which you will be redeemed from the world that is not the world of Krishna.” Buddha's teaching in these later centuries resounds like a kind of nostalgia for the world of Krishna. In this respect the Buddha seems to us like the last successor of Krishna, as Krishna's successor who had to come. And if the Buddha himself had spoken of Krishna, how would he have been able to speak about him? He would have said something like this, “I have come to proclaim to you again the greater one who was my predecessor. Turn your mind backward to the Krishna who was greater than I, and you will see what you can attain if you leave this world which is not your true spiritual home. I will show you the path by which you can redeem yourselves from the world of sense. I lead you back to Krishna.”
The Buddha could have spoken in this way, but he did not use these exact words. Nevertheless he did say them in a somewhat different form when he said, “In the world in which you live there is suffering, there is suffering, there is suffering. Birth is suffering. Age is suffering. Illness is suffering. Death is suffering. To be apart from that which one loves is suffering. To be bound to that which one does not love is suffering. The longing for that which one loves but may not attain is suffering.” And so he gave his Eightfold Path. It was a teaching that did not go beyond that of Krishna because in fact it was the same teaching as the one given by Krishna. “I have come after him who is greater than I, and I will show you the way back to him who is greater than I.” These are the world-historical tones that ring forth to us from the land of the Ganges.
Now let us go a little further toward the West, and place once more before our souls the figure of the Baptist, and remember the words that the Buddha could have spoken, “I have come after Krishna who is greater than I; and I will show you the way back to him, away from the world bereft of the divine of which Krishna spoke. Turn your minds backward!”
Now consider the figure of the Baptist. How did he speak, how did he express his views? How did he express the facts he had received from the spiritual world? He too pointed to another, but he did not say, as the Buddha could have said, “I have come after him.” On the contrary he said, “After me there will come one greater than I.” (Mark 1:7.) This is what the Baptist said. Nor did he say, “Here in the world is suffering, and I wish to lead you to something that is not of this world.” No, he said, “Change your way of thinking. Do not continue to look backward, but look forward. When He comes who is greater than I the time will be fulfilled. Then the divine world will enter into the world of suffering. And what was lost of the revelations of past times will enter in a new way into human souls.” (Matt. 5:2.)
So the successor of Krishna is the Buddha, and John the Baptist is the forerunner of Christ Jesus. Thus everything is reversed. We are faced with the six hundred years that elapsed between these two events, and we have before us the two comets, with their nuclei: the one comet pointing backward with Krishna as nucleus together with the one who leads men backward, the Buddha. Then we have the other comet pointing forward, with Christ as its nucleus together with him who stands before us as the forerunner. If, in the best sense, you recognize the Buddha as the successor of Krishna, and John the Baptist as the forerunner of Christ Jesus, then this formula expresses in the simplest way what took place in human evolution around the time of the Mystery of Golgotha. It is in this way that we should look at things, and then we can understand them.
All this has no bearing on any religious confession, nor should it be linked with any particular religion. These are facts of world history. No one who understands them in their innermost depths can present them or will ever present them in a different way. Do such statements impair in any way any revelation ever given to mankind? It is curious that it is sometimes said that we assign in some way a higher place to Christianity than to other religions. Do such words as “higher” or “deeper” have any meaning in this context? Are not such words as “higher” or “lower,” “larger,” or “smaller” the most abstract words we can use? Are we praising Krishna any less than do those who put him higher than Christ? We refrain from using such words as “higher” or “less high,” and wish only to characterize these matters in accordance with the truth. It is not a matter of whether we place Christianity higher or lower, but whether we characterize in the right way what belongs to Krishna. Look up all that has been said about Krishna, and ask yourselves whether anyone else has ever said anything about Krishna “higher” than what has been presented here. Everything else is idle talk. But truth comes to light when there begins to be active that feeling for truth that goes to the essence of things.
Here when we are characterizing the simplest and grandest of the Gospels we have the opportunity of studying the whole position of the Christ as a cosmic and earthly being. It was therefore necessary to go into the greatness of what came to its conclusion centuries before the Mystery of Golgotha, in which the new morning-glow of the future of humanity dawned.
Fünfter Vortrag
Wir suchten gestern von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus die welthistorische Stellung des Zeitmomentes ins Auge zu fassen, in welchen hinein das Mysterium von Golgatha fällt. Wir versuchten das in der Weise zu tun, daß wir zwei bedeutsame Menschheitsführer, Buddha und Sokrates, ins Auge faßten, welche beide um einige Jahrhunderte der Tatsache des Mysteriums von Golgatha vorangegangen sind. Uns ist dabei aufgefallen, wie derBuddhadarstellt etwas wie den bedeutungsvollen Abschluß einer Evolutionsströmung. Da steht er, dieser Buddha, im sechsten bis fünften Jahrhundert vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha, verkündend, was seither bekannt ist als die tief bedeutsame Lehre, die Offenbarung von Benares, gleichsam zusammenfassend und in einer bestimmten Weise erneuernd, was in die Menschenseelen hat fließen können seit Jahrtausenden der uralten Vorzeit, und es in einer Art verkündend, wie es eben verkündet werden mußte ein halbes Jahrtausend vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha und wie es verkündet werden mußte denjenigen Völkern, denjenigen Rassen, für welche die Lehre gerade in dieserForm am geeignetsten war. Inwiefern Buddha der große Abschluß einer Weltenströmung ist, das fällt noch mehr in die Augen, wenn man seinen großen Vorgänger ins Auge faßt, der in einer gewissen Weise schon zurückfällt in ein Dämmerdunkel der Menschheitsentwicklung: Krishna, den großen indischen Lehrer, der uns in einem ganz anderen Sinne noch wie der Endpunkt jahrtausendealter Offenbarungen erscheint.
Krishna, man kann ihn etwa einige Jahrhunderte vor den Buddha setzen; aber darauf kommt es jetzt nicht an. Die Hauptsache ist: je mehr man auf sich wirken läßt, was Krishna ist und was Buddha ist, desto mehr sieht man ein, daß von einer gewissen Seite her dieBuddhaVerkündigung in Krishna in einem noch helleren Lichte erscheint und bei Buddha - wie wir gleich charakterisieren wollen - in einer gewissen Weise dann am Ende ist.
Krishna, in diesem Namen faßt sich in der Tat etwas zusammen, was in der geistigen Entwickelung über viele, viele Jahrtausende der Menschheitsentwickelung hinleuchtet. Und wenn man sich hineinvertieft in all das, was man bezeichnen könnte als die Offenbarung, als die Verkündigung des Krishna, dann sieht man hinauf in erhabene Höhen menschlicher Geistesoffenbarung, denen gegenüber man das Gefühl hat: In bezug auf das, was aus der Offenbarung des Krishna ertönt, in bezug auf alles, was in ihr enthalten ist, kann es überhaupt kaum einen Fortschritt, eine Erhöhung noch geben. Es ist ein Höchstes in seiner Art, was da heraustönt aus der Offenbarung des Krishna. Natürlich fassen wir da vieles in der Person des Krishna zusammen, was auf viele Offenbarer verteilt ist. Aber es ist eben auch da so, daß alles das, was nach und nach im Laufe der Jahrtausende und Jahrhunderte vor ihm sich denen mitgeteilt hat, die die Träger werden mußten in seiner Vorzeit, in ihm, in Krishna, wieder erneuert, zusammengefaßt, zu einem Abschluß gebracht, für sein Volk geoffenbart wurde. Und wenn man die Art nimmt, wie über die göttlichen, über die geistigen Welten, über das Verhältnis der göttlichen und geistigen Welten zur Menschheit, über den Verlauf der Weltenereignisse gesprochen wird aus den Worten des Krishna heraus, wenn man die Geistigkeit nimmt, zu der man sich selbst erheben muß, wenn man eindringen will in den tieferen Sinn der Krishna-Lehre, dann gibt es vielleicht in einer gewissen Art nur eines noch im Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung der späteren Zeit, das sich ein wenig damit vergleichen läßt.
Von der Offenbarung des Krishna darf man sagen: Es ist diese in einer gewissen Weise eine Geheimlehre. Warum eine Geheimlehre? Eine Geheimlehre einfach aus dem Grunde, weil wenige Menschen sich die innere Eignung verschaffen können, um zu der geistigen Höhe emporzuklimmen, um die Dinge zu verstehen. Man braucht solche Dinge, die Krishna geoffenbart hat, nicht durch äußere Mittel abzuschließen, nicht einzusperren, damit sie geheim bleiben; denn sie bleiben aus keinem anderen Grunde geheim, als weil die wenigsten Menschen zu der Höhe sich hinauferheben, zu der es notwendig ist sich zu erheben, um sie zu verstehen. Man kann solche Offenbarungen wie die des Krishna noch so sehr unter die Leute verteilen, man kann sie jedem in die Hand geben, sie bleiben doch geheim. Denn das Mittel, sie aus der Geheimlehre herauszubringen, ist nicht, daß man sie unter die Leute verteilt, sondern daß die Seelen hinaufschreiten, damit sich die Menschen damit vereinigen. Das ist es, daß solche Dinge in einer gewissen geistigen Höhe schweben und dann noch in einer Weise reden, die eine Art geistigen Höhepunktes darstellt. Wer die Worte aufnimmt, die aus solchen Offenbarungen kommen, darf noch lange nicht glauben, daß er solche Offenbarungen kennt, selbst wenn er ein Gelehrter des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts ist. Man versteht es vollständig, wenn von vielen Seiten heute gesagt wird, es gebe keine Geheimlehre; man begreift es, weil oft die, welche solche Dinge behaupten, die Worte haben und damit glauben alles zu haben. Aber das Geheimlehrenartige liegt darin, daß sie das, was sie haben, nicht verstehen.
Eines, sagte ich, gibt es noch, was sich damit vergleichen lassen kann. Und zwar läßt sich gerade das, was an den Namen des Krishna angeknüpft werden kann, vergleichen mit dem, was an drei spätere, uns in einer gewissen Weise nahestehende Namen anklingt; nur tritt es da in einer ganz anderen Art, in einer begrifflichen Art, in einer philosophischen Art vor uns hin. Es ist alles das, was sich in der neueren Zeit anknüpft an die drei Namen Fichte, Schelling und Hegel. In bezug auf das Geheimlehrenartige lassen sich schon die Lehren dieser drei Menschen ein wenig vergleichen mit anderen «Geheimlehren» der Menschheit. Denn obwohl man schließlich die Lehren von Fichte, Schelling und Hegel haben kann, so wird doch niemand leugnen, daß sie im weitesten Umfang des Wortes richtige Geheimlehren geblieben sind. Sie sind wahrhaftig Geheimlehren geblieben. Es gibt wenige Menschen, die sich zu diesen Dingen, welche diese drei Leute geschrieben haben, auch nur irgendwie verhalten wollen. Aus einer gewissen, man möchte sagen, philosophischen Courtoisie heraus redet man heute in gewissen philosophischen Kreisen wieder von Hegel, und es wird einem entgegengehalten, wenn so etwas wie das eben Gesagte ausgesprochen wird, daß es doch Leute gibt, die sich mit Hegel beschäftigen. Wenn man dann allerdings nimmt, was diese Leute hervorbringen und was sie beitragen für das Verständnis Hegels, dann kommt man erst recht zu der Anschauung, daß für diese Leute Hegel eine richtige Geheimlehre geblieben ist. Aber es tritt bei Fichte, Schelling und Hegel das, was uns aus dem Orient von Krishna her entgegenleuchtet, in einer abstrakten, begrifflichen Weise wieder auf, und es gehört schon etwas dazu, um die Ähnlichkeit zu bemerken; eine ganz bestimmte Konstitution der Menschenseele gehört dazu. Man möchte sich einmal unumwunden darüber aussprechen, was dazu gehört.
Wenn ein Mensch, der sich heute so, ich will nicht sagen, der Durchschnittsbildung, sondern der höheren Bildung zu erfreuen glaubt, irgendein philosophisches Werk von Fichte oder Hegel in die Hand nimmt, so beginnt er zu lesen und glaubt darin etwas zu lesen, was nur ein Fortgang in der Begriffsentwickelung ist. Und es werden wohl die meisten Menschen darüber einig sein, daß man so recht warm dabei nicht werden kann, wenn man zum Beispiel Hegels «Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften» aufschlägt, wo zuerst über das «Sein», dann über das «Nichtsein », «Werden », «Dasein » und so weiter geredet wird. Man wir des dann erleben können, daß gesagt wird: Da hat jemand eben in der höchsten Begriffsabstraktion etwas zusammengebraut; das mag ganz schön sein, aber für mein Herz, für meine Seele, für meine Wärme gibt es mir nichts. Ich habe viele Leute kennengelernt, die gerade dieses Werk von Hegel, das ich jetzt im Auge habe, nach drei, vier Seiten rasch wieder zugeschlagen haben. Eines will man sich dabei nur nicht gern gestehen: daß vielleicht die Schuld, warum man dabei nicht warm werden kann, warum man dabei nicht Lebenskämpfe durchmachen kann, welche einen von Höllen in Himmel führen, an einem selber liegt. Das gesteht man sich nicht gern. Denn es gibt eine Möglichkeit, bei dem, was die Leute «abstrakte Begriffe» bei diesen Dreien nennen, ganze Lebenskämpfe durchzumachen und nicht nur Lebenswärme zu empfinden, sondern den ganzen Aufstieg von der äußersten Lebenskälte bis zur äußersten Lebenswärme zu fühlen. Man kann empfinden, wie diese Dinge unmittelbar mit Menschenblut, nicht bloß mit abstrakten Begriffen geschrieben sind.
Man darf das, was von Krishna herüberleuchtet, mit dieser sogenannten neuesten Evolutionsphase des menschlichen Aufstieges in die geistigen Höhen vergleichen; nur ist eben ein bedeutender Unterschied vorhanden. Was uns da entgegenttritt in Fichte, Schelling und Hegel, diesen reifsten Denkern des Christentums, das tritt uns in der vorchristlichen Zeit, so wie es damals sein mußte, bei Krishna entgegen. Denn was ist diese Krishna-Offenbarung? Sie ist etwas, was nachher niemals wiederkommen konnte, was in seiner Höhe hingenommen werden muß, weil es in seiner Art nicht überboten werden kann. Und wer ein Verständnis hat für diese Dinge, der erhält erst einen Begriff, eine Idee von der Stärke des Geisteslichtes, das da zu uns herüberscheint, wenn wir solche Dinge auf uns wirken lassen, die mit jener Kultur zusammenhängen, aus der Krishna hervorgegangen ist. Man muß nur im richtigen Sinne die Dinge auf sich wirken lassen. Wenn man — nur ein paar Proben seien herausgenommen - in einer richtigen Weise auf sich wirken läßt Worte wie diese, sie gehören derBhagavadGita an, wo Krishna spricht, um sein eigenes Wesen anzudeuten, so kommt man zu gewissen Erkenntnissen, Gefühlen und Empfindungen, die wir nachher charakterisieren werden. So sagt Krishna (im zehnten Gesang):
«Ich bin des Werdens Geist, sein Anfang, seine Mitte und sein Ende. Unter den Wesen bin ich das edelste stets von allem, was geworden ist. Unter den geistigen Wesen bin ich Vishnu, bin die Sonne unter den Sternen, bin unter den Lichtern der Mond, bin unter den Elementen das Feuer, bin unter den Bergen der hohe Meru, bin unter den Wassern das große Weltenmeer, bin unter den Flüssen Ganga, bin unter der Bäume Menge Asvattha, bin der Herrscher im wahren Sinne des Wortes der Menschen und aller Wesen, die da leben, bin unter den Schlangen die, die da ewig ist, die des Daseins Grund selber ist.»
Und nehmen wir eine andere Manifestation aus derselben Kultur heraus, die wir in den Veden finden:
«Die Devas versammeln sich um den Thron des Allmächtigen und fragen in Hingebung, wer er selbst sei. Da antwortet er» der Allmächtige, das ist also der Weltengott in diesem altindischen Sinne -: «Wäre ein anderer als ich, so würde ich mich durch ihn beschreiben. Ich bin von Ewigkeit gewesen und werde in alle Ewigkeit sein. Ich bin die erste Ursache von allem, die Ursache von alledem, das sich befindet im Westen, Osten, Norden, Süden, bin die Ursache von allem in den Höhen oben, in den Tiefen unten. Ich bin alles, bin älter, als was da ist. Ich bin der Herrscher der Herrscher. Ich bin die Wahrheit selber, bin die Offenbarung selbst, bin die Ursache der Offenbarung. Ich bin die Kenntnis, bin die Frömmigkeit und bin das Recht. Ich bin allmächtig.»
Und als gefragt wird innerhalb dieser Kultur - so wird es in dieser alten Urkunde dargestellt - nach der Ursache von allem, da wird gesagt:
«Diese Ursache der Welt - Feuer ist es, die Sonne ist es, und der Mond ist es auch; so auch ist es dieses reine Brahman und dieses Wasser und dieses oberste der Geschöpfe. Alle Augenblicke und alle Wochen und alle Monate und alle Jahre und alle Jahrhunderte und alle Jahrtausende und alle Jahrmillionen sind aus ihm hervorgegangen, sind hervorgegangen aus seiner strahlenden Persönlichkeit, die niemand begreifen kann, nicht oben, nicht unten, nicht tings im Umkreise und nicht in der Mitte, da wo wir stehen.»
Solche Worte tönen aus diesen uralten Zeiten zu uns herüber. Wir geben uns diesen Worten hin. Was müssen wir bei unbefangener Betrachtungsweise diesen Worten gegenüber empfinden? Gewisse Dinge sind darin gesagt. Wir haben gesehen, daß Krishna über sich selber etwas sagt; wir haben gesehen, daß über den Weltengott und über die Weltenursache Dinge gesagt werden. Aus dem Ton der Erkenntnisse, wie sie hier ausgesprochen werden, sind Dinge gesagt worden, die niemals größer, niemals bedeutsamer gesagt worden sind; und man weiß, daß sie niemals größer und bedeutsamer gesagt werden könnten. Das heißt, es ist da etwas in die Menschheitsentwickelung hereingestellt, was so, wie es ist, stehenbleiben muß, was so aufgenommen werden muß, was zu einem Abschluß gelangt ist. Und wo immer man über diese Dinge später gedacht hat, man hat vielleicht nach den Methoden der späteren Zeiten in bezug auf dieses oder jenes geglaubt, es in klarere Begriffe zu fassen, es in der einen oder anderen Weise zu modifizieren, aber besser hat man es deshalb nicht gesagt, niemals. Und wollte gerade über diese Dinge irgend jemand etwas Besseres sagen, so würde es vermessen sein.
Nehmen wir zuerst die Bhagavad Gita-Stelle, wo Krishna sozusagen seine eigene Wesenheit charakterisiert. Was charakterisiert er eigentlich? Es ist ganz merkwürdig, wie er spricht. Er spricht davon, daß er des Gewordenen Geist sei, daß er unter den Himmelsgeistern Vishnu sei, unter den Sternen die Sonne, unter den Lichtern der Mond, unter den Elementen das Feuer und so weiter. Wollen wir es umschreiben, so daß wir es in einer Formel zusammenhaben, so können wir sagen: Krishna bezeichnet sich als die Essenz, als die Wesenheit in allem, so daß die Wesenheit er ist, daß sie überall die reinste, göttlichste Art repräsentiert. Wo man also hinter die Dinge dringt und das sucht, was ihre Wesenheit ist, kommt man auf die Wesenheit des Krishna im Sinne dieser Stelle. Man nehme eine Anzahl von Pflanzen gleicher Art. Man suche die Wesenheit dieser Art, die nicht sichtbar ist, sondern sich in den einzelnen sichtbaren Pflanzenformen zum Ausdruck bringt. Was ist dahinter als ihre Essenz? Krishna! Aber wir müssen dieses Wesen nicht nur mit einer Pflanze identisch denken, sondern wir müssen es als das Höchste, Reinste in der Form denken; so daß wir überall nicht nur das haben, was die Wesenheit ist, sondern diese Wesenheit überall in der reinsten, edelsten, höchsten Form.
Wovon spricht also Krishna eigentlich? Von nichts anderem als von dem, was auch der Mensch, wenn er in sich selber geht, als seine Wesenheit erkennen kann; aber nicht die Wesenheit, die er im gewöhnlichen Leben darstellt, sondern die hinter der gewöhnlichen Offenbarung des Menschen und dem menschlichen Seelischen ist. Er spricht von der Menschenwesenheit, die in uns ist, weil die wahre Menschenwesenheit eins ist mit dem All. Es ist nicht die Erkenntnis etwa, die sich egoistisch gebärdet in Krishna; es ist das in Krishna, was hinweisen will auf das Höchste im Menschen, das sich identisch, sich einheitlich sehen darf mit dem, was als das Wesen in allen Dingen lebt.
So, wie wir heute sprechen, wenn wir etwas anderes im Auge haben, so spricht Krishna von dem, was er im Auge hat für seine Kultur. Wenn wir heute in unser eigenes Wesen hineinschauen, so erblicken wir zunächst das Ich, wie Sie es dargestellt finden in dem Buche «Wie erlangt man Erkenntnisse der höheren Welten?». Von diesem gewöhnlichen Ich unterscheiden wir noch das höhere, übersinnliche Ich, das im Sinnensein nicht auftritt, das aber so auftritt, daß es nicht nur in uns ist, sondern zugleich über die Wesenheit aller Dinge ergossen ist. Wenn wir also von unserm höheren Ich sprechen, von der im Menschen wohnenden höheren Wesenheit, so sprechen wir nicht von dem, wovon der Mensch gewöhnlich «Ich bin » sagt, obwohl es in unserer Sprache denselben Klang hat. In dem Munde des Krishna würde es nicht denselben Klang gehabt haben. Er spricht von der Menschenseelenwesenheit in dem Sinne der Auffassung der damaligen Zeit, wie wir heute vom Ich sprechen.
Wodurch konnte es zustande kommen, daß, was Krishna ausspricht, dem so ähnlich ist, was wir selbst als höchste Erkenntnis aussprechen können? Das konnte dadurch kommen, daß voranging der Kultur, aus welcher Krishna hervorgegangen ist, in früheren Jahrtausenden die hellseherische Kultur der Menschheit, daß die Menschen gewohnt waren, wenn sie auf das Wesen der Dinge gesehen haben, sich immer hinaufzuwenden zum hellseherischen Anschauen. Und verstehen kann man eine solche Sprache, wie sie uns hier in der Bhagavad Gita entgegentönt, wenn man sie als Abschluß der alten hellseherischen Weltanschauung betrachtet, wenn man sich klar ist: In dem Augenblick, da sich der Mensch in den alten Zeiten in jenen Zwischenzustand hinauf versetzte, der damals menschlich allgemein war zwischen dem Schlafen und Wachen, da war er so in die Dinge hinein versetzt, daß dann nicht, wie es in der sinnlichen Anschauung der Fall ist, die Dinge hier sind und der Mensch außerhalb ihrer ist, sondern er war dann ausgegossen über alle Wesen, fühlte sich in allen Wesen, fühlte sich mit allen Wesen eins. Es war das Beste der Dinge, mit dem er sich eins fühlte, und sein Bestes war in allen Dingen. Und wenn Sie nicht von einem abstrakten Fühlen und Empfinden ausgehen, wie es der heutige Mensch hat, sondern von der eben charakterisierten Art, wie der alte Mensch empfand, dann verstehen Sie solche Worte, wie sie uns in der Bhagavad Gita von Krishna entgegentönen. Sie verstehen sie, wenn Sie sich fragen: Wie sah sich da der Mensch des alten Hellsehens? — und sich dann klar sind: Wie durch das, was heute errungen wird durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Schulung, wenn der Mensch seinen Ätherleib freibekommt, so daß er sich erweitert fühlt, sich ausgegossen fühlt über das, was in allem darinnen ist, so war, wenn auch nicht in der Weise, wie es heute durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Schulung der Fall sein kann, der naturgemäße Zustand der Menschen der alten Zeiten. Sie fühlten sich in solchen Zuständen, die wie von selbst kamen, in den Dingen darinnen. Und wenn dann die Offenbarungen in Formen gebracht wurden, wenn das, was man da sah, in schönen, herrlichen Worten zum Ausdruck gebracht wurde, dann trat es zum Beispiel so zutage wie diese Offenbarungen des Krishna.
Daher könnte man etwa auch sagen: Krishna hat zu seinen Mitmenschen gesagt: Wie die Besten von uns gesehen haben, wenn sie in den übersinnlichen Zuständen waren, wie die Besten geschaut haben ihr Verhältnis zur Welt, das will ich mit Worten verkünden. Denn die Zukunft wird nicht mehr die Menschen so finden, und ihr selber könnt nicht mehr so sein, wie die Urväter waren. Wie es die Urväter gesehen haben, ich will es in Worte bringen, damit es verbleibe, weil es die Menschheit nicht mehr haben kann als einen natürlichen Zustand. — Gleichsam in Worte, die möglich waren in der damaligen Zeit, dasjenige gebracht, was durch die Jahrtausende der Menschheit zuteil geworden war, das waren die Offenbarungen des Krishna, damit es auch die späteren Zeiten, die es nicht mehr schauen können, als Offenbarung des Krishna haben.
Und auch die anderen Worte können wir so auffassen. Nehmen wir einmal an, in der Zeit, in welcher Krishna seine Offenbarungen gegeben hat, wäre vor einen wissenden Lehrer ein Schüler hingetreten und hätte gefragt: Nun, du wissender Lehrer, was ist denn hinter den Dingen, die jetzt nur meine Augen schauen? Da hätte der wissende Lehrer wohl geantwortet: Hinter diesen Dingen, die jetzt nur deine äußeren, sinnlichen Augen schauen, ist das Geistige, das Übersinnliche. Aber in alten Zeiten haben die Menschen in naturgemäßen Zuständen dieses Übersinnliche noch geschaut. Und die nächste übersinnliche Welt, die an unsere sinnliche angrenzt, ist die ätherische Welt; in die haben sie hineingeschaut. Da ist die Ursache von allem Sinnlichen. Da haben es die Menschen gesehen, was die Ursache ist. Jetzt kann ich es nur mit Worten aussprechen, was früher geschaut worden ist: Feuer ist es, dieSonne ist es - aber nicht, wie sich jetzt die Sonne zeigt, denn damals war gerade das für das alte Hellsehen am allerunsichtbarsten, was jetzt das Auge sieht; der weiße, feurige Sonnenball war das Dunkle, und über alle Räume gehend waren ausgebreitet die Sonnenwirkungen, die Strahlungen der Sonnenaura, in vielfarbigen Bildern auseinandergehend und wieder ineinandergehend, in der Weise aber, daß das, was so in die Dinge untertauchte, zugleich schaffendes Licht war -, die Sonne ist es; und so ist es auch der Mond - der auch anders gesehen worden ist —, denn darin ist sämtlich das reine Brahman.
Was ist das reine Brahman? Wenn wir die Luft einatmen und ausatmen, so glaubt der materialistische Mensch, daß er mit der Luft nur Sauerstoff einatmet. Das ist aber eine Täuschung. Mit jedem Atemzuge atmen wir Geist ein, atmen wir Geist aus. Was in der Atemluft lebt als Geist, dringt in uns ein und dringt von uns aus. Und indem es das alte Hellsehen gesehen hat, kam es ihm nicht so vor wie dem Materialisten, der da glaubt, daß er Sauerstoff einatmet. Das ist ein materialistisches Vorurteil. Dem alten Hellsehen war es bewußt, daß eingeatmet wurde das ätherische Element des Geistes, Brahman, von dem das Leben kommt. Wie heute geglaubt wird, daß von dem Sauerstoff der Luft das Leben komme, so wußte der alte Mensch, daß das Leben von Brahman kommt; und indem er Brahman aufnimmt, lebt er. Das reinste Brahman ist die Ursache unseres eigenen Lebens.
Und wie sind die Begriffeshöhen, zu denen sich diese uralte, reine Weisheit, diese äthergleiche, lichtgleiche Weisheit aufschwingt? Die Menschen heute glauben recht fein denken zu können. Aber wenn man so sieht, wie die Menschen alles kunterbunt durcheinanderwerfen, wenn sie anfangen etwas zu erklären, dann hat man keinen großen Respekt vor dem heutigen Denken, namentlich nicht vor dem heutigen logischen Denken. Denn ich muß da schon einmal eingehen - ich will es so einfach wie möglich machen - in eine scheinbar recht abstrakt erscheinende, kurze Erörterung.
Nehmen wir an, es tritt vor uns ein Tier, das gelb ist, eine Mähne hat; dann nennen wir das Tier einen Löwen. Jetzt fangen wir an zu fragen: Was ist ein Löwe? Die Antwort ist: Ein Raubtier. Nun fragen wir weiter: Was ist ein Raubtier? Antwort: Ein Säugetier. Wir fragen weiter: Was ist ein Säugetier ? Antwort: Ein Lebewesen. Und so gehen wir weiter; wir beschreiben das eine durch das andere. Die meisten Menschen glauben recht klar zu sein, wenn sie in der Weise immer weiter fragen, wie es jetzt angedeutet ist für den Löwen, für das Säugetier, für das Tier usw. Wenn man über geistige Dinge spricht, auch über die höchsten geistigen Dinge, wird häufig in derselben Weise gefragt, wie man fragt: Was ist ein Löwe? Was ist ein Raubtier? usw. Und da, wo es eingeführt ist, daß Zettel abgegeben werden und am Ende der Vorträge Fragen beantwortet werden, wo dann oft die gleichen Fragen auf den Zetteln stehen, da geht ins Unzählbare zum Beispiel die Frage: Was ist Gott? oder: Was ist der Weltenanfang? oder: Was ist das Weltenende? Gar nichts anderes wollen eigentlich viele Menschen wissen als: Was ist Gott? Was ist der Weltenanfang? Was ist das Weltenende? Sie fragen darüber geradeso, wie man fragt: Was ist ein Löwe? und so weiter.
Die Menschen denken, was für den Alltag gültig ist, müsse auch für die höchsten Dinge so sein. Sie denken nicht daran, daß es gerade für die höchsten Dinge das Charakteristische sein muß, daß man nicht mehr so fragen kann. Denn man muß ja, wenn man von dem einen zum andern, von dem Löwen zum Raubtier usw. hinaufkommt, doch einmal zu etwas kommen, was man nicht mehr so beschreiben kann, wo es keinen Sinn mehr hat zu fragen: Was ist dies? Denn wenn man so fragt, will man zu dem Subjekt ein Prädikat haben. Aber es muß einmal ein höchstes Wesen geben, das sich durch sich selbst erfassen läßt. Die Frage: Was ist Gott? ist ganz sinnlos im logischen Sinne. Man kann alles heraufführen bis zum Höchsten; aber dem Höchsten darf kein Prädikat zugefügt werden, denn dann erfolgt als Antwort: Gott ist ...; dann müßte aber das, wodurch Gott beschrieben ist, das Höhere sein. Das wäre der kurioseste Widerspruch, den es gibt.
Daß diese Frage heute noch immer gestellt wird, bezeugt, wie hoch erhaben in uralten Zeiten Krishna sich dadurch zeigte, daß er sagte: «Die Devas sammeln sich um den Thron des Allmächtigen und fragen ihn in Hingebung, wer er selbst sei. Da antwortet er: Wäre ein anderer wie ich, so würde ich mich durch ihn beschreiben.» Das tut er aber nicht; er beschreibt sich nicht durch einen anderen. Und so werden wir, möchte man sagen, auch in Hingabe und in Demut wie die Devas, vor die uralt-heilige indische Kultur hingeführt und bewundern sie zugleich in ihrer grandiosen logischen Höhe, die ihr nicht durch Denken gekommen ist, sondern durch das alte Hellsehen, dadurch, daß die Leute unmittelbar wußten: wenn sie an die Ursachen kommen, dann hört das Fragen auf, weil die Ursachen angeschaut werden. Da stehen wir in Bewunderung vor dem, was so auf uns heruntergekommen ist aus diesen uralten Zeiten, wie wenn die Geister, die es uns überliefert haben, sagen wollten: Da sind die Weltenalter abgelaufen, in denen die Menschen unmittelbar in die geistigen Welten hineingeschaut haben. Es wird künftig nicht mehr so sein. Wir aber wollen das registrieren, zu dem wir uns aufschwingen können, was einstmals dem menschlichen Hellsehen gegeben war.
So finden wir verzeichnet in der Bhagavad Gita, in den Veden alle die Dinge, die wir zusammenfassen können wie in einem Abschluß bei Krishna, was nicht überboten werden kann, was zwar wieder gesehen werden kann durch erneutes Hellsehen, aber nie ergründet werden kann durch die Fähigkeiten, die von den Menschen nachher erworben worden sind. Daher ist immer Grund vorhanden, wenn man in dem ganzen Gebiete der menschlichen Kultur bleibt, das die Tageskultur, die äußere Kultur im Sinnensein ist, zu sagen: Innerhalb dieser Kultur, wenn man absieht von dem, was wieder errungen werden kann durch schulgemäß errungenes Hellsehen, innerhalb der Tageskultur ist nie meF ‘das zu erreichen, was uralt-heilige Offenbarung ist, die ihren Abschluß erlangt bei Krishna. Aber durch ihre Evolution, durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Schulung kann sich die Seele wieder hinauferheben und es wieder erlangen. Was auf normalem Wege - wenn wir das Wort anwenden dürfen -, wie es einst der Fall war, der Menschheit gegeben worden ist, das ist der Menschheit für den Alltag in naturgemäß zu erringenden Zuständen nicht gegeben. Daher gingen sie herunter, diese Wahrheiten. Wenn es einige Denker gibt, wie Fichte, Schelling und Hegel, die ihr Denken bis zur möglichsten Reinheit gebracht haben, dann können diese Dinge, zwar nicht so lebensvoll, nicht mit der unmittelbar persönlichen Note wie bei Krishna, aber in Ideenform, uns wieder entgegentreten, nie mehr aber so, wie es die Menschen erfaßt haben im alten Hellsehen. Und aus dem Geiste, wie ich es oft vorgetragen habe, ergibt sich, daß langsam und allmählich im Laufe der nachatlantischen Zeit das alte Hellsehen erstorben ist.
Wenn wir in die erste nachatlantische Kulturperiode, in die alte indische Zeit, zurückblicken, dann dürfen wir sagen: Von ihr sind keine Aufzeichnungen vorhanden, denn damals schauten die Menschen noch in die geistige Welt hinein. Was damals der Menschheit geoffenbart worden ist, kann nur durch die Akasha-Chronik wiedergefunden werden. Das war eine hohe Offenbarung. Aber allmählich stieg die Menschheit immer mehr und mehr herab, und in der zweiten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, in der urpersischen Zeit, waren zwar die Offenbarungen noch da, aber nicht mehr so rein. Noch weniger rein waren sie vorhanden im dritten Kulturzeitraum, in der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeit. Wir müssen dabei ins Auge fassen, wenn wir die Verhältnisse in Wirklichkeit anschauen wollen, daß aus diesen ersten Kulturperioden - und nicht nur bei den Völkern, nach denen sie getauft worden waren — Aufzeichnungen nicht vorhanden sind. Wenn wir von der alten indischen Kultur sprechen, dann meinen wir eine Kultur, von welcher nichts Schriftliches auf uns gekommen ist. Bei der urpersischen Kultur ist es wieder so, daß etwas Schriftliches nicht auf uns gekommen ist. Denn alles Schriftliche, das wir haben, ist nur Nachklang dessen, was überliefert worden ist. Erst von der babylonisch-chaldäischen Kultur ab, also von dem dritten Kulturzeitraum ab, sind Aufzeichnungen vorhanden. Aber während nun die urpersische Kultur ablief, gab es in der indischen Kultur eine zweite Periode, welche parallel lief mit der urpersischen. Und als die babylonisch-chaldäisch-ägyptische Kultur sich abspielte, war in Indien eine dritte Periode angebrochen, und während dieser Zeit begann man erst Aufzeichnungen zu machen. Aus der Spätzeit dieser dritten Kulturperiode stammen erst die Aufzeichnungen, die zum Beispiel in den Veden enthalten sind, die dann in das äußere Leben eingedrungen sind. Das sind die Aufzeichnungen, die auch von Krishna sprechen.
Also niemand darf denken, wenn er von Aufzeichnungen spricht, daß er die erste indische Kulturperiode im Auge hat. Denn alles, was in den Dokumenten enthalten ist, sind Aufzeichnungen, die erst in der dritten Periode von den alten Indern gemacht wurden, weil eben in der dritten Periode immer mehr und mehr die Reste des alten Hellsehens verglommen. Das ist das, was wir um die Person des Krishna herum sammeln können. Daher erzählt uns das alte Indertum dasjenige, was äußerlich erforscht werden kann. Wenn wir die Dinge in ihren Fundamenten betrachten, so stimmt alles auch immer mit dem, was aus äußeren Urkunden gewonnen werden kann. Als das dritte Weltenalter zu Ende ging und die Menschen das, was sie ursprünglich besaßen, verloren hatten, da erschien Krishna, um das zu bewahren, was zu verlieren war.
Von welchem Weltenalter spricht also die Überlieferung, wenn sie sagt, Krishna erschien im «dritten Weltenalter»? Von dem, das wir nennen das ägyptisch-chaldäische Kulturzeitalter. Und genau mit dem, was wir charakterisieren, stimmt diese indisch-morgenländische Lehre von Krishna überein. Als das alte Hellsehen und alle die Schätze des alten Hellsehens der Menschheit begannen abhanden zu kommen, da erschien Krishna und offenbarte sie so, wie sie bewahrt bleiben können für die spätere Zeit. In dieser Weise ist Krishna ein Abschluß von etwas Großem, Gewaltigem. Und alles, was die Jahre her bei uns gesagt worden ist, stimmt vollständig mit dem überein, was auch die Urkunden des Orients geben, wenn man sie richtig liest. In diesem Sinne zu sprechen von einem «Okzidentalischen » und «Orientalischen », ist der reine Unsinn; denn nicht darauf kommt es an, ob wir im Morgenlande oder Abendlande lehren mit diesen oder jenen Worten, sondern daß wir mit Verständnis von dem sprechen, was verkündet worden ist. Und je mehr Sie auf das eingehen, was diese Jahre verkündet worden ist, desto mehr werden Sie sehen, daß es mit allen Urkunden des Orients übereinstimmt.
So also steht Krishna da als ein Abschluß. Dann kommt wenige Jahrhunderte danach Buddha. In welcher Weise ist dann Buddha, man möchte sagen, der andere Pol des Abschlusses? Wie steht Buddha zu Krishna?
Lassen wir einmal vor unsere Seele gestellt sein, was wir eben als die Charakteristik des Krishna gegeben haben. Große, gewaltige hellseherische Offenbarungen der Urzeit, in solche Worte gefaßt, daß die Zukunft diese Worte verstehen und in ihnen fühlen und empfinden kann den Nachklang des alten Hellsehens der Menschheit, so steht Krishna vor uns. Seine Offenbarung ist den Menschen etwas, was sie hinnehmen können, dem gegenüber sie sich sagen können: Darin ist enthalten die Weisheit über die hinter der sinnlichen liegende geistige Welt, die Welt der Ursachen, der geistigen Tatsachen. In großen, gewaltigen Worten ist es in der Offenbarung des Krishna enthalten. Und wenn man sich vertieft in die Veden, in all das, was man eben abschließend zusammenfassen kann als die Offenbarung des Krishna, dann kann man sagen: Das ist die Welt, in welcher der Mensch heimisch ist, die Welt, die hinter derjenigen ist, welche Augen sehen, Ohren hören, Hände greifen und so weiter. Du, Menschenseele, gehörst der Welt an, von der dir Krishna verkündet.
Diese Menschenseele selber, wie konnte sie in den folgenden Jahrhunderten fühlen? Sie konnte sehen, wie diese wunderbaren alten Offenbarungen von der eigentlichen geistigen, himmlischen Heimat der Menschheit sprechen. Sie konnte dann hinausschauen in das, was um sie herum ist. Sie sah mit Augen, hörte mit Ohren, griff die Dinge mit dem Tastsinn, dachte über die Dinge mit dem Verstand, der nimmermehr hineindringt in das Geistige, das verkündet wurde durch die Krishna-Offenbarung. Und die Seele konnte sich sagen: Da gibt es die heilige Lehre der alten Zeit, welche die Erkenntnis überliefert von der geistigen Heimat, die um uns herum ist, um jene Welt, welche wir jetzt allein erkennen. Wir leben nicht mehr in der geistigen Heimat. Wir sind herausgeworfen aus dem, wovon am herrlichsten der Krishna spricht.
Da kommt Buddha. Wie spricht er von dem, wovon Krishna gesprochen hat als von den Herrlichkeiten der Welt, zudenMenschenseelen, die nur um sich sehen, was Augen sehen, Ohren hören können ? Er spricht: Jawohl, ihr lebt in dieser Welt der Sinne. Da hinein hat euch der Drang geführt, der euch von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation treibt. Aber ich spreche euch von dem Wege, der euch aus dieser Welt herausführen kann und hineinführen kann in die Welt, von der Krishna gesprochen hat. Ich spreche euch von dem Wege, durch den ihr erlöst werdet von der Welt, die nicht die Welt des Krishna ist. - Wie das Heimweh nach der Welt des Krishna ertönte in den folgenden Jahrhunderten die Lehre des Buddha. Insofern erscheint uns Buddha als der letzte Nachfolger des Krishna, als der Nachfolger des Krishna, der da kommen mußte. Und wenn Buddha über den Krishna selber gesprochen hätte, wie hätte er über ihn sprechen können? So etwa, daß er gesagt hätte: Ich bin gekommen, um den Größeren, der vor mir war, euch wieder zu verkünden. Richtet den Sinn nach rückwärts zu dem größeren Krishna, und ihr werdet dasjenige sehen, was ihr erlangen könnt, wenn ihr die Welt verlaßt, in der ihr euch nicht mehr als in der wahren geistigen Heimat findet. Ich zeige euch die Wege der Erlösung aus der Sinneswelt. Ich führe euch zurück zu dem Krishna. - So hätte der Buddha sprechen können. Er hat nur nicht gerade diese Worte gebraucht. Aber er hat sie gesagt in einer etwas anderen Form, indem er sagte: «In der Welt, in der ihr lebt, ist Leiden, ist Leiden, ist Leiden. Geburt ist Leiden, Alter ist Leiden, Krankheit ist Leiden, Tod ist Leiden, nicht vereinigt sein mit dem, was man liebt, ist Leiden; vereinigt sein mit dem, was man nicht liebt, ist Leiden; verlangen, was man liebt, und es nicht erhalten können, ist Leiden.» Und als er den «achtgliedrigen Pfad» gab, war es eine Lehre, die nicht über das hinauskam, wovon Krishna gesprochen hat, weil es eine Lehre dessen war, was Krishna gegeben hatte. Ich bin nach ihm gekommen, der größer ist als ich; aber ich will euch zeigen die Wege zu dem zurück, der größer ist als ich, - das sind die welthistorischen Töne, die uns aus dem Gangeslande herübertönen. Jetzt gehen wir ein Stückchen weiter nach dem Westen. Stellen wir noch einmal vor unsere Seele die Gestalt des Täufers und erinnern wir uns der Worte, die Buddha hätte sprechen können: Ich bin nach ihm gekommen, nach dem Krishna, denn er ist größer als ich; und ich will euch die Wege zeigen zu ihm zurück aus der Welt, in welcher die göttliche Welt nicht enthalten ist, von der Krishna gesprochen hat. Wendet den Sinn zurück! - Und jetzt die Gestalt des Täufers. Wie sprach er? Wie drückte er seine Anschauungen aus, wie drückte er die Tatsachen aus, die ihm in der geistigen Welt gegeben waren? Er wies auch auf einen anderen hin; aber er sagte nicht, wie Buddha hätte sagen können: Ich bin nach ihm gekommen. Sondern er sagte: «Nach mir kommt ein Größerer, denn ich bin» (1, 7). So sagt der Täufer. Und er sagt nicht: Hier in der Welt ist Leiden, und ich will euch führen zu etwas aus dieser Welt heraus. Sondern er sagt: Ändert den Sinn! Blicket nicht mehr nach rückwärts, sondern blicket nach vorwärts! Wenn der Größere kommt, wird die Zeit erfüllt sein, wenn in der Welt, wo Leiden ist, Einzug halten wird die himmlische Welt, wenn Einzug halten wird in die Menschenseelen in einer neuen Art das, was sie verloren haben als Offenbarungen der alten Zeiten (Matth. 5, 2).
So ist der Nachfolger des Krishna der Buddha. So ist der Vorläufer des Christus Jesus Johannes der Täufer. So ist alles umgekehrt. So stehen die sechs Jahrhunderte, die zwischen diesen beiden Ereignissen verfließen, vor uns. Wieder haben wir die beiden Kometen mit ihren Kernen: den einen, Krishna, mit seinem Kern als alles, was nach rückwärts weist, und den, der die Menschen nach rückwärts führt, den Buddha; und den anderen Kometen, nach vorwärts weisend mit seinem Kern, Christus, und den, der sich als der Vorläufer hinstellt. Erfassen Sie im besten Sinne Buddha als den Nachfolger des Krishna und Johannes den Täufer als den Vorläufer des Christus Jesus, dann haben Sie in dieser Formel am einfachsten ausgesprochen, was für diese Zeit der Menschheitsentwickelung um das Mysterium von Golgatha herum vor sich ging. So müssen wir die Dinge ansehen, dann verstehen wir sie.
Das ist nichts, was irgendeine Konfession berührt. Das sind keine Dinge, die man zusammenbringen darf mit dieser oder jener Religion in der Welt, sondern das sind welthistorische Tatsachen, ganz einfach welthistorische Tatsachen. Und keiner, der sie einsieht in ihrem tiefsten Grunde, kann sie anders darstellen und wird sie jemals anders darstellen. Denn ist damit in irgendeiner Weise irgendeiner Manifestation in der Menschheit irgend etwas genommen? Es ist sonderbar, wenn da oder dort gesagt wird, bei uns würde dem Christentum in irgendeiner Weise eine höhere Stellung angewiesen als den anderen Religionen. Ja, kommt es auf dieses «höher» oder «tiefer» an? Sind das nicht die abstraktesten Worte, die man anwenden kann, «höher » oder «tiefer», «größer» oder «kleiner»? Sagen wir hier etwas, was weniger zum Lobe des Krishna ist, als diejenigen sagen, die den Krishna höher stellen als den Christus? Wir verzichten darauf, solche Worte wie hoch oder weniger hoch anzuwenden, und wollen die Dinge in ihrer Wahrheit charakterisieren. Nicht darauf kommt es an, ob wir das Christentum höher oder tiefer stellen, sondern ob uns jemand nachweisen kann, daß wir die Dinge des Krishna nicht in der richtigen Weise charakterisieren. Suchen Sie sich die Dinge, die über Krishna handeln, und fragen Sie sich, ob von anderen Seiten wirklich etwas Höheres gegeben wird als bei uns, wenn wir versuchen, über den Krishna etwas zu geben. Das andere sind leere Wortstreitigkeiten. Die Wahrheit kommt aber zutage, wenn jener Wahrheitssinn wirkt, der auf die Essenz der Dinge geht.
Hier, wo wir das einfachste und das grandioseste Evangelium charakterisieren, haben wir Gelegenheit, einzugehen auf die ganze kosmisch-terrestrische Stellung des Christus. Daher mußte eingegangen werden auf die Größe dessen, was seinen Abschluß gefunden hat Jahrhunderte vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha, in dem die neue Morgenröte der Zukunft der Menschheit aufgegangen ist.
Fifth Lecture
Yesterday, we sought to consider, from a certain point of view, the world-historical position of the moment in time in which the mystery of Golgotha occurred. We attempted to do this by considering two significant leaders of humanity, Buddha and Socrates, both of whom preceded the mystery of Golgotha by several centuries. In doing so, we noticed how Buddha represents something like the meaningful conclusion of an evolutionary stream. There he stands, this Buddha, in the sixth to fifth century before the mystery of Golgotha, proclaiming what has since become known as the deeply meaningful teaching, the revelation of Benares, summarizing and, in a certain way, renewing what has been able to flow into human souls for thousands of years since ancient times, and proclaiming it in a way that had to be proclaimed half a millennium before the mystery of Golgotha and in a way that had to be proclaimed to those peoples, those races, for whom the teaching was most suitable in this form. The extent to which Buddha is the great conclusion of a world current becomes even more apparent when we consider his great predecessor, who in a certain sense already recedes into the twilight of human development: Krishna, the great Indian teacher, who in a completely different sense still appears to us as the end point of millennia of revelation.
Krishna can be placed a few centuries before Buddha, but that is not important now. The main thing is that the more one allows oneself to be influenced by what Krishna is and what Buddha is, the more one realizes that, from a certain point of view, the Buddha's teaching appears in an even brighter light in Krishna and, as we shall characterize in a moment, has in a certain sense come to an end with Buddha.
Krishna, this name indeed sums up something that shines forth in the spiritual development of many, many millennia of human evolution. And when one delves deeply into all that one might call the revelation, the proclamation of Krishna, one looks up to sublime heights of human spiritual revelation, in comparison to which one has the feeling: In relation to what resounds from Krishna's revelation, in relation to everything it contains, there can hardly be any further progress or elevation. What resounds from Krishna's revelation is the highest of its kind. Of course, we summarize in the person of Krishna much that is distributed among many revelators. But it is also true that everything that was gradually communicated over the millennia and centuries before him to those who were to become his bearers in his time was renewed, summarized, brought to a conclusion, and revealed to his people in him, in Krishna. And if one takes the way in which Krishna speaks about the divine worlds, the spiritual worlds, the relationship of the divine and spiritual worlds to humanity, and the course of world events, if one takes the spirituality to which one must elevate oneself if one wants to penetrate the deeper meaning of Krishna's teaching, then perhaps there is only one thing in the course of human development in later times that can be compared to it in a certain way.
It can be said of Krishna's revelation that it is, in a certain sense, a secret teaching. Why a secret teaching? A secret teaching simply because few people can acquire the inner aptitude to climb to the spiritual heights necessary to understand these things. There is no need to use external means to keep the things Krishna revealed secret, to lock them away so that they remain secret; for they remain secret for no other reason than that very few people rise to the height necessary to understand them. No matter how widely one distributes revelations such as those of Krishna, no matter how much one puts them into everyone's hands, they remain secret. For the means of bringing them out of the secret teaching is not to distribute them among people, but to raise the souls so that people may unite with them. Such things float at a certain spiritual height and then speak in a way that represents a kind of spiritual climax. Those who take in the words that come from such revelations cannot believe that they know such revelations, even if they are scholars of the twentieth century. It is completely understandable when many people today say that there is no secret doctrine; one understands this because often those who claim such things have the words and believe that this is all they need. But the secret doctrine lies in the fact that they do not understand what they have.
There is one thing, I said, that can be compared to this. Namely, what can be linked to the name of Krishna can be compared to what is evoked by three later names that are in a certain way close to us; only it appears to us in a completely different way, in a conceptual way, in a philosophical way. It is everything that in more recent times has been linked to the three names Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. In terms of their secret teachings, the teachings of these three men can be compared to some extent with other “secret teachings” of humanity. For although one can ultimately have the teachings of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, no one will deny that they have remained secret teachings in the broadest sense of the word. They have truly remained secret teachings. There are few people who want to relate in any way to the things these three people wrote. Out of a certain, one might say, philosophical courtesy, people in certain philosophical circles are once again talking about Hegel, and when something like what has just been said is said, it is countered that there are people who study Hegel. However, when one considers what these people produce and what they contribute to the understanding of Hegel, one comes to the conclusion that for these people Hegel has remained a true secret teaching. But in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, what shines out at us from the Orient in the form of Krishna reappears in an abstract, conceptual way, and it takes something special to notice the similarity; it requires a very specific constitution of the human soul. One would like to speak frankly about what this requires.
When a person who today believes himself to be, I will not say of average education, but of higher education, picks up any philosophical work by Fichte or Hegel, he begins to read and believes he is reading something that is merely a continuation of the development of concepts. And most people would probably agree that it is difficult to feel very enthusiastic when, for example, one opens Hegel's Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, which first discusses “being,” then “non-being,” “becoming,” “existence,” and so on. One may then hear someone say: Someone has concocted something in the highest abstraction of concepts; that may be all well and good, but it does nothing for my heart, my soul, my warmth. I have met many people who quickly closed this work by Hegel, which I now have in mind, after reading three or four pages. There is one thing we do not like to admit: that perhaps the reason why we cannot warm to it, why we cannot experience the struggles of life that lead us from hell to heaven, lies within ourselves. We do not like to admit that. For there is a possibility, in what people call “abstract concepts” in these three, to go through entire life struggles and not only to feel the warmth of life, but to feel the entire ascent from the utmost coldness of life to the utmost warmth of life. One can feel how these things are written directly with human blood, not merely with abstract concepts.
One can compare what shines through from Krishna with this so-called latest phase of evolution in the human ascent to spiritual heights; but there is one significant difference. What we encounter in Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, the most mature thinkers of Christianity, we encounter in Krishna in the pre-Christian era, as it had to be at that time. For what is this Krishna revelation? It is something that could never come again, something that must be accepted at its height because it cannot be surpassed in its kind. And those who have an understanding of these things will only then gain a concept, an idea of the strength of the spirit light that shines upon us when we allow such things to affect us, things that are connected with the culture from which Krishna emerged. One must only allow things to affect oneself in the right sense. If one allows words such as these to work on oneself in the right way — to take just a few examples — they belong to the Bhagavad Gita, where Krishna speaks to indicate his own nature, then one arrives at certain insights, feelings, and sensations which we will characterize later. Thus Krishna says (in the tenth canto):
"I am the spirit of becoming, its beginning, its middle, and its end. Among beings, I am the noblest of all that has come into being. Among spiritual beings, I am Vishnu, I am the sun among the stars, I am the moon among the lights, I am fire among the elements, I am the high Meru among the mountains, I am the great world ocean among the waters, I am among the rivers Ganga, I am among the trees Asvattha, I am the ruler in the true sense of the word of men and all beings that live, I am among the snakes the one that is eternal, the very foundation of existence."
And let us take another manifestation from the same culture that we find in the Vedas:
“The devas gather around the throne of the Almighty and ask in devotion who he is. He replies,” the Almighty, that is, the god of the world in this ancient Indian sense, “If there were another besides me, I would describe myself through him. I have been from eternity and will be for all eternity. I am the first cause of everything, the cause of all that is in the west, east, north, and south, the cause of everything in the heights above and in the depths below. I am everything, I am older than what is there. I am the ruler of rulers. I am truth itself, I am revelation itself, I am the cause of revelation. I am knowledge, I am piety, and I am justice. I am almighty."
And when asked within this culture—as it is presented in this ancient document—about the cause of everything, it is said:
"This cause of the world is fire, it is the sun, and it is also the moon; so too is this pure Brahman and this water and this supreme being among creatures. All moments and all weeks and all months and all years and all centuries and all millennia and all millions of years have come forth from him, have come forth from his radiant personality, which no one can comprehend, neither above nor below, neither in the surroundings nor in the middle, where we stand."
Such words echo down to us from ancient times. We surrender ourselves to these words. What must we feel when we consider these words with an open mind? Certain things are said in them. We have seen that Krishna says something about himself; we have seen that things are said about the world god and about the cause of the world. From the tone of the insights expressed here, things have been said that have never been said in a greater or more meaningful way; and we know that they could never be said in a greater or more meaningful way. This means that something has been placed in the development of humanity that must remain as it is, that must be accepted as it is, that has reached its conclusion. And wherever these things were later thought about, people may have believed, according to the methods of later times, that they could be expressed in clearer terms, modified in one way or another, but they were never expressed better. And if anyone wanted to say something better about these things, it would be presumptuous.
Let us first take the passage from the Bhagavad Gita where Krishna characterizes his own essence, so to speak. What does he actually characterize? It is very strange how he speaks. He speaks of himself as the spirit of all that has come into being, as Vishnu among the heavenly spirits, as the sun among the stars, as the moon among the lights, as fire among the elements, and so on. If we want to paraphrase this so that we have it in a formula, we can say: Krishna describes himself as the essence, as the essence in everything, so that the essence is him, that it represents the purest, most divine nature everywhere. So when one penetrates behind things and seeks what their essence is, one arrives at the essence of Krishna in the sense of this passage. Take a number of plants of the same species. Seek the essence of this species, which is not visible but expresses itself in the individual visible plant forms. What is behind them as their essence? Krishna! But we must not think of this essence as identical with a plant, but as the highest, purest form; so that everywhere we have not only what is the essence, but this essence everywhere in its purest, noblest, highest form.
So what is Krishna actually talking about? Nothing other than what human beings can also recognize as their essence when they look within themselves; but not the essence that they represent in ordinary life, but that which lies behind the ordinary manifestation of human beings and the human soul. He speaks of the human essence that is within us, because the true human essence is one with the whole. It is not knowledge that behaves selfishly in Krishna; it is that which in Krishna wants to point to the highest in man, which may be seen as identical and unified with that which lives as the essence in all things.
Just as we speak today when we have something else in mind, Krishna speaks of what he has in mind for his culture. When we look into our own being today, we first see the ego as you find it described in the book How to Know Higher Worlds. We distinguish this ordinary ego from the higher, supersensible ego, which does not appear in our senses but appears in such a way that it is not only within us but is also poured out over the essence of all things. So when we speak of our higher self, of the higher being dwelling in man, we are not speaking of what man usually means when he says “I am,” even though it has the same sound in our language. It would not have had the same sound in Krishna's mouth. He speaks of the human soul being in the sense of the understanding of that time, as we speak of the self today.
How could it come about that what Krishna expresses is so similar to what we ourselves can express as the highest knowledge? This could have come about because the culture from which Krishna emerged was preceded in earlier millennia by the clairvoyant culture of humanity, in which people were accustomed to always turning upward to clairvoyant perception when they looked at the essence of things. And one can understand such language as we encounter here in the Bhagavad Gita if one regards it as the conclusion of the ancient clairvoyant worldview, if one is clear that at the moment when human beings in ancient times raised themselves up into that intermediate state, which was then common to all human beings between sleeping and waking, he was so immersed in things that it was not, as in sensory perception, that things were here and man was outside them, but rather he was poured out over all beings, felt himself in all beings, felt himself one with all beings. It was the best of things with which he felt himself one, and his best was in all things. And if you do not start from an abstract feeling and perception, as modern man does, but from the kind of feeling that ancient man had, as just described, then you will understand words such as those that come to us in the Bhagavad Gita from Krishna. You will understand them if you ask yourself: How did the man of ancient clairvoyance see himself? — and then realize: Just as today, through spiritual scientific training, when a person frees their etheric body, they feel expanded, poured out over everything that is within them, so too was the natural state of human beings in ancient times, although not in the same way as it can be today through spiritual scientific training. They felt themselves in such states, which came about as if by themselves, in the things within them. And when the revelations were then given form, when what was seen there was expressed in beautiful, magnificent words, then it came to light, for example, as these revelations of Krishna.
Therefore, one could also say: Krishna said to his fellow human beings: As the best among us have seen when they were in super-sensory states, as the best have seen their relationship to the world, so I will proclaim in words. For the future will no longer find human beings like this, and you yourselves can no longer be as the forefathers were. As the forefathers saw it, I want to put it into words so that it remains, because humanity can no longer have it as a natural state. — Expressing in words that were possible at that time what had been bestowed upon humanity over the millennia, these were the revelations of Krishna, so that later times, which can no longer see them, may also have them as revelations of Krishna.
And we can understand the other words in the same way. Let us assume that at the time when Krishna gave his revelations, a disciple approached a knowledgeable teacher and asked: Now, you knowledgeable teacher, what is behind the things that only my eyes can see? The knowledgeable teacher would probably have replied: Behind these things that your external, sensory eyes can now see is the spiritual, the supersensible. But in ancient times, people in natural states still saw this supersensible. And the next supersensible world, which borders on our sensory world, is the ethereal world; they looked into it. There is the cause of everything sensual. There people saw what the cause is. Now I can only express in words what was seen in the past: it is fire, it is the sun—but not as the sun appears now, for at that time what the eye now sees was most invisible to the ancient clairvoyance; the white, fiery ball of the sun was darkness, and spreading throughout all spaces were the effects of the sun, the rays of the sun's aura, diverging into multicolored images and merging again, but in such a way that what thus immersed itself in things was at the same time creative light — it is the sun; and so it is also the moon — which has also been seen differently — for in it is all the pure Brahman.
What is pure Brahman? When we breathe in and out, the materialistic person believes that he is breathing in only oxygen with the air. But this is an illusion. With every breath we breathe in spirit, we breathe out spirit. What lives in the air we breathe as spirit enters us and leaves us. And because ancient clairvoyance saw this, it did not appear to them as it does to materialists, who believe that they breathe in oxygen. That is a materialistic prejudice. Ancient clairvoyance was aware that what was breathed in was the ethereal element of spirit, Brahman, from which life comes. Just as today it is believed that life comes from the oxygen in the air, so the ancient man knew that life comes from Brahman; and by taking in Brahman, he lives. The purest Brahman is the cause of our own life.
And how high are the conceptual heights to which this ancient, pure wisdom, this ethereal, light-like wisdom soars? People today believe that they are capable of very refined thinking. But when you see how people throw everything into a colorful jumble when they begin to explain something, you cannot have much respect for today's thinking, especially for today's logical thinking. For I must go into what I consider to be a seemingly quite abstract, brief discussion, and I will try to make it as simple as possible.
Let's assume that an animal appears before us that is yellow and has a mane; we call this animal a lion. Now we begin to ask: What is a lion? The answer is: a predator. Now we ask further: What is a predator? Answer: a mammal. We ask further: What is a mammal? Answer: a living being. And so we continue; we describe one thing through another. Most people believe they are being quite clear when they continue to ask questions in the manner just indicated for the lion, for the mammal, for the animal, etc. When speaking about spiritual things, even the highest spiritual things, questions are often asked in the same way as one asks: What is a lion? What is a predator? etc. And where it is customary to hand in slips of paper and answer questions at the end of lectures, where the same questions often appear on the slips, there are countless questions such as: What is God? Or: What is the beginning of the world? Or: What is the end of the world? Many people really want to know nothing else than: What is God? What is the beginning of the world? What is the end of the world? They ask about these things just as one asks: What is a lion? and so on.
People think that what is valid for everyday life must also be valid for the highest things. They do not consider that it must be characteristic of the highest things that one can no longer ask such questions. For when one ascends from one thing to another, from the lion to the predator, etc., one must eventually arrive at something that can no longer be described in this way, where it no longer makes sense to ask: What is this? For when one asks this question, one wants to have a predicate for the subject. But there must be a highest being that can be grasped through itself. The question: What is God? is completely meaningless in the logical sense. One can trace everything back to the highest; but no predicate can be added to the highest, for then the answer would be: God is ...; but then that which describes God would have to be the higher. That would be the most curious contradiction there is.
The fact that this question is still being asked today testifies to how exalted Krishna appeared in ancient times when he said: “The devas gather around the throne of the Almighty and ask him in devotion who he is. He replies: If there were another like me, I would describe myself through him.” But he does not do that; he does not describe himself through another. And so, one might say, in devotion and humility like the devas, we are led to the ancient sacred Indian culture and at the same time admire it in its grandiose logical height, which did not come about through thinking, but through ancient clairvoyance, through the fact that people knew immediately: when they come to the causes, the questions cease, because the causes are seen. We stand in admiration before what has come down to us from these ancient times, as if the spirits who handed it down to us wanted to say: The ages of the world in which people looked directly into the spiritual worlds have passed. It will no longer be so in the future. But we want to record what we can rise to, what was once given to human clairvoyance.
Thus, in the Bhagavad Gita and in the Vedas, we find recorded all the things that we can summarize, as in Krishna's conclusion, as things that cannot be surpassed, things that can be seen again through renewed clairvoyance, but can never be fathomed by the abilities that humans have acquired since then. Therefore, when remaining within the entire realm of human culture, which is the everyday culture, the outer culture in the sense life, there is always reason to say: Within this culture, apart from what can be regained through clairvoyance acquired through schooling, within the everyday culture, it is never possible to attain what is ancient and sacred revelation, which reaches its conclusion with Krishna. But through its evolution, through spiritual scientific training, the soul can rise again and regain it. What was given to humanity in the normal way—if we may use the word—as was once the case, is not given to humanity for everyday life in naturally attainable states. That is why these truths were lost. If there are some thinkers, such as Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, who have brought their thinking to the highest possible purity, then these things can come back to us, not as vividly, not with the immediate personal touch as with Krishna, but in the form of ideas, but never again as people perceived them in ancient clairvoyance. And from the spirit, as I have often said, it follows that slowly and gradually, in the course of the post-Atlantean period, the old clairvoyance died out.
When we look back to the first post-Atlantean cultural period, to ancient India, we can say that no records of it exist, because at that time people still looked into the spiritual world. What was revealed to humanity at that time can only be found again in the Akashic Records. That was a high revelation. But gradually humanity descended more and more, and in the second post-Atlantean cultural period, in the ancient Persian period, the revelations were still there, but no longer so pure. They were even less pure in the third cultural period, the Egyptian-Chaldean period. If we want to look at the situation realistically, we must bear in mind that there are no records from these first cultural periods – and not only among the peoples after whom they were named. When we speak of ancient Indian culture, we mean a culture of which nothing written has come down to us. In the case of the ancient Persian culture, again, nothing written has come down to us. For everything written that we have is only an echo of what has been handed down. It is only from the Babylonian-Chaldean culture, that is, from the third cultural period, that records are available. But while the ancient Persian culture was unfolding, there was a second period in Indian culture that ran parallel to it. And when the Babylonian-Chaldean-Egyptian culture was unfolding, a third period had begun in India, and it was during this time that people first began to make records. It is from the late period of this third cultural period that the records contained, for example, in the Vedas originate, which then penetrated into outer life. These are the records that also speak of Krishna.
So no one should think, when speaking of records, that they have the first Indian cultural period in mind. For all that is contained in the documents are records that were only made in the third period by the ancient Indians, because in the third period the remnants of ancient clairvoyance gradually faded away. This is what we can gather about the person of Krishna. Therefore, ancient India tells us what can be researched externally. When we look at things in their foundations, everything always agrees with what can be gleaned from external documents. When the third world age came to an end and people had lost what they originally possessed, Krishna appeared to preserve what was to be lost.
So, which age of the world is the tradition referring to when it says that Krishna appeared in the “third age of the world”? It is the age we call the Egyptian-Chaldean cultural epoch. And this Indian-Oriental teaching about Krishna corresponds exactly to what we have characterized. When ancient clairvoyance and all the treasures of ancient clairvoyance began to be lost to humanity, Krishna appeared and revealed them in such a way that they could be preserved for later times. In this way, Krishna is the conclusion of something great and powerful. And everything that has been said to us over the years is completely consistent with what the documents of the Orient also say, if one reads them correctly. In this sense, to speak of an “Occidental” and an “Oriental” is pure nonsense; for it does not matter whether we teach in the East or in the West with these or those words, but that we speak with understanding of what has been proclaimed. And the more you delve into what has been proclaimed over the years, the more you will see that it corresponds to all the documents of the Orient.
So Krishna stands there as a conclusion. Then, a few centuries later, Buddha comes along. In what way is Buddha, one might say, the other pole of the conclusion? How does Buddha relate to Krishna?
Let us consider what we have just given as the characteristics of Krishna. Great, powerful clairvoyant revelations of primeval times, expressed in words such as that the future can understand and feel in them the echo of the ancient clairvoyance of humanity—this is how Krishna stands before us. His revelation is something that people can accept, something about which they can say: This contains the wisdom about the spiritual world that lies behind the sensory world, the world of causes, of spiritual facts. It is contained in the revelation of Krishna in great, powerful words. And if one delves deeply into the Vedas, into all that can be summarized as the revelation of Krishna, then one can say: This is the world in which human beings are at home, the world that lies behind the one that eyes see, ears hear, hands grasp, and so on. You, human soul, belong to the world of which Krishna tells you.How could this human soul itself feel in the centuries that followed? It could see how these wonderful ancient revelations spoke of the true spiritual, heavenly home of humanity. It could then look out into what was around it. It saw with eyes, heard with ears, grasped things with the sense of touch, thought about things with the mind, which never penetrates into the spiritual realm proclaimed by the Krishna revelation. And the soul could say to itself: There is the sacred teaching of ancient times, which passes on the knowledge of the spiritual home that surrounds us, of that world which we now know only in isolation. We no longer live in the spiritual home. We have been cast out of that which Krishna speaks of in the most glorious terms.
Then Buddha comes. How does he speak of what Krishna spoke of as the glories of the world to human souls who see only what their eyes can see and their ears can hear? He says: Yes, you live in this world of the senses. The urge that drives you from incarnation to incarnation has led you into it. But I speak to you of the path that can lead you out of this world and into the world of which Krishna spoke. I speak to you of the path through which you will be redeemed from the world that is not the world of Krishna. - Like homesickness for the world of Krishna, the teachings of Buddha resounded in the centuries that followed. In this respect, Buddha appears to us as the last successor of Krishna, as the successor of Krishna who had to come. And if Buddha had spoken about Krishna himself, how could he have spoken about him? Perhaps he would have said: I have come to proclaim to you again the greater one who was before me. Turn your minds back to the greater Krishna, and you will see what you can attain when you leave the world in which you no longer find yourselves in your true spiritual home. I show you the ways of salvation from the world of the senses. I lead you back to Krishna. That is how Buddha could have spoken. He just did not use those exact words. But he said them in a slightly different form, saying: “In the world in which you live, there is suffering, suffering, suffering. Birth is suffering, old age is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering, not being united with what one loves is suffering; being united with what one does not love is suffering; desiring what one loves and not being able to obtain it is suffering.” And when he gave the “eightfold path,” it was a teaching that did not go beyond what Krishna had spoken, because it was a teaching of what Krishna had given. I have come after him who is greater than me; but I will show you the ways back to him who is greater than me—these are the world-historical tones that echo to us from the land of the Ganges. Now let us go a little further west. Let us once again place before our souls the figure of the Baptist and remember the words that Buddha could have spoken: I have come after him, after Krishna, for he is greater than I; and I will show you the ways back to him from the world in which the divine world is not contained, of which Krishna spoke. Turn your minds back! - And now the figure of the Baptist. How did he speak? How did he express his views, how did he express the facts that were given to him in the spiritual world? He also pointed to another; but he did not say, as Buddha might have said: I have come after him. Instead, he said: “After me comes one greater than I” (1:7). So says the Baptist. And he does not say: Here in the world there is suffering, and I will lead you out of this world. Instead, he says: Change your minds! Look no longer backward, but look forward! When the greater one comes, the time will be fulfilled, when the heavenly world will enter the world where there is suffering, when what they have lost as revelations of ancient times will enter the souls of men in a new way (Matthew 5:2).
Thus, the successor of Krishna is Buddha. Thus, the precursor of Christ Jesus is John the Baptist. Thus, everything is reversed. Thus, the six centuries that elapse between these two events stand before us. Once again we have the two comets with their cores: one, Krishna, with his core as everything that points backward, and the one who leads people backward, the Buddha; and the other comet, pointing forward with its core, Christ, and the one who presents himself as the forerunner. If you understand Buddha in the best sense as the successor to Krishna and John the Baptist as the forerunner of Christ Jesus, then you have expressed in this formula in the simplest way what was happening at this time in the development of humanity around the mystery of Golgotha. This is how we must look at things, then we will understand them.
This is not something that concerns any particular denomination. These are not things that can be brought together with this or that religion in the world, but are simply world-historical facts, world-historical facts. And no one who understands them in their deepest essence can present them differently or ever will. For does this in any way take anything away from any manifestation of humanity? It is strange when people say here and there that Christianity is in some way assigned a higher position than other religions. Yes, does it matter whether it is “higher” or “deeper”? Are these not the most abstract words that can be used, “higher” or “deeper,” “greater” or “lesser”? Are we saying something here that is less praiseworthy of Krishna than those who place Krishna higher than Christ? We refrain from using words such as “higher” or “lesser” and want to characterize things in their truth. It is not important whether we place Christianity higher or lower, but whether someone can prove to us that we are not characterizing the things of Krishna in the right way. Look for things that deal with Krishna and ask yourself whether other sources really offer anything higher than we do when we try to say something about Krishna. Anything else is just empty wordiness. But the truth comes to light when that sense of truth that goes to the essence of things is at work.
Here, where we characterize the simplest and most magnificent gospel, we have the opportunity to go into the entire cosmic-terrestrial position of Christ. Therefore, it was necessary to go into the greatness of what came to completion centuries before the mystery of Golgotha, in which the new dawn of the future of humanity arose.