Conscience and Wonder as Indications of Spiritual Vision in the Past and in the Future
GA 143
3 February 1912, Breslau
Translator Unknown
Since we can meet so seldom, it will perhaps be good to touch upon some things today which are less suited to the written word, and may therefore be communicated better by word of mouth. They deal with Anthroposophy in its direct contact with life. Anthroposophists will indeed often be confronted by the question—What is the position of Anthroposophy in regard to those who are not yet able to see in to the spiritual worlds through clairvoyant consciousness? For essentially the spiritual-scientific content of these communications has been received, taken in and imparted out of clairvoyant investigation.
It must be emphasised again and again however in regard to this point that everyone who hears of the facts and relationships which can be investigated and imparted out of clairvoyant knowledge will be able to comprehend them with his healthy human understanding. For when the facts which have been found by clairvoyant consciousness are once there, and can be put before us, they can be grasped and understood by the logic inherent in every ordinary human being, if only his judgement is sufficiently unprejudiced.
Yet we may ask—"Is there really nothing, are there not certain facts in normal human existence, certain experiences in our ordinary life, which in themselves point to the statements of spiritual investigation concerning a spiritual world which lies at the foundation of our physical one and all its phenomena?" Yes, there are many facts in ordinary life of which it may be said that man would never be able to grasp them, if he knew nothing of the existence of a spiritual world, although naturally he must at first accept them.
Today we shall begin by pointing out two experiences of human life, occurring in ordinary normal consciousness, which must simply remain inexplicable, if we do not acknowledge the existence of a spiritual world.
They are well known to us in daily life, but are as a rule not put in the right light; for were they rightly considered, there would be no necessity for a materialistic world-conception. Let us therefore place before our souls the first of these two facts, and let us do so in such a way that we start from the simplest occurrences in daily life.
If someone is confronted by a fact which he cannot explain with the concepts which he has hitherto acquired, he is thrown into a state of wonder. To give a quite concrete example of this—someone who sees an automobile or a train in motion for the first time in his life will quite certainly be greatly astonished, because within his soul the following thoughts will arise (although soon such things will no longer be anything unusual, even in the interior of Africa).—"Judging by all that I have experienced heretofore, it appears quite impossible that something can rush along through the air without anything in front of it by which it is drawn. Nevertheless I see that it rushes along without being drawn! This is truly amazing".
Thus all that man does not yet know calls forth wonder within him, whereas what he has already seen does so no longer. Only those things which he cannot connect with earlier experiences in life astonish him. Let us keep this truth of everyday life clearly before our minds and compare it with another fact which is also very remarkable. Man is indeed brought in contact with a great many things in daily life which he has never seen before, but which nevertheless he accepts without being amazed. There are innumerable events of this kind. And what sort of events are they?
Now it would indeed be very amazing if, under ordinary conditions, someone who had heretofore been sitting quietly in his chair were to feel himself suddenly beginning to fly up into the air through the chimney! This would certainly be very amazing, and yet if such a thing occurs in a dream, we take part in it without feeling any wonder at all. And we experience even more extraordinary things in dreams at which we are not at all astonished, although they cannot in any way be connected with the occurrences of daily life. In waking-life we are already astonished if someone is able to leap very high into the air, yet in dreams we fly and are not in the least surprised. Thus we are confronted by the fact that, while we are awake, we wonder at things which we have not experienced before, whereas in dreams we do not wonder at all.
The second fact to which we shall turn our attention, as an introduction to what is to follow, is the question of conscience. When man acts—and in the case of someone who has a finer feeling for things, even when he thinks,—something stirs within him which we call conscience. And this conscience is quite independent of what these events may mean in the outer world. We may have done something, for instance, which is very profitable for us, and nevertheless our conscience may condemn it. When conscience is aroused, everyone feels that something streams into the judgement of the deed which has nothing to do with its usefulness. It is like a voice which speaks within us—"You should really have done that" or "You ought not to have done it!" Here we stand before the reality of conscience, and we know how strong the warning power of conscience can be, and how it can pursue us throughout life; and we know furthermore that the existence of conscience cannot be denied.
Now let us turn again to the phenomena of dreams, and we shall see that we do the most extraordinary things, which, were we to do them in waking life, would cause us the most terrible stings of conscience. Everyone can confirm for himself out of his own experience that he does things in dreams without the least prick of conscience, which would unquestionably evoke its warning voice, were he to do them in waking-life.
These two realities—amazement, or wonder, and conscience—are strangely enough eliminated in dreams. Man is accustomed to let such things pass by unnoticed; nevertheless they throw light deep into the foundation of our existence.
In order to clarify these things a little more I should like to point out still another fact which is concerned less with conscience and more with wonder. In ancient Greece the saying arose that all philosophy springs from amazement, from wonder. The experience which lies concealed in this sentence—and it is the experience of the ancient Greeks which is meant—cannot be traced in the most ancient times of Greek development. It is to be found in the history of philosophy only from a certain point of time onward. The reason for this is that in more ancient times men did not yet feel in this way. But how does it happen that from a certain time onward, just in ancient Greece, men begin to realise that they are amazed? We have just seen that we are amazed at what does not fit into our life as we have known it hitherto; but if we have only this amazement, the amazement of ordinary life, there is nothing particular in it other than astonishment at the unusual. He who is astonished at the sight of an automobile or a train is not accustomed to see such things, and his astonishment is nothing more than the astonishment at the uncustomary. Far more worthy of wonder, however, than astonishment at motor-cars and railways, at all that is unusual, is the fact that man can also begin to wonder at the usual. Consider for instance how the sun rises every morning. Those who are accustomed to this in their ordinary consciousness are not amazed at it. But when amazement begins to arise over everyday things which we are quite used to see, philosophy and knowledge result. Those who are richest in knowledge are men who can feel wonder over things which the ordinary human being simply accepts, for only then do we become true seekers after knowledge; and it is out of this realisation that the ancient Greeks originated the saying—All philosophy springs from wonder.
But now, what of conscience? Here again it is interesting that the word “conscience”—in other words the concept, for quite clearly only when the mental image arises, does the word also appear—is likewise only to be found from a certain time onward in ancient Greece. In the more ancient Greek literature, around the time of Aeschylus, it is impossible to find any word which could be translated as “conscience.” Yet we find such a word used among the younger Greek authors, by Euripides for instance. Here we can see, as distinctly as if a finger pointed to it, that conscience—just as the amazement at what is customary—is something which was only known after a certain point of time in Greek history. What appeared after this point of time as the stirring of conscience, was something quite different among the more ancient Greeks. For in these earlier times man did not feel pangs of conscience when he had done wrong. He still had a primitive elementary clairvoyance; and were we to go back to a time only shortly before the beginning of the Christian era, we should find that everybody still possessed this primitive clairvoyance. If at that time someone had done wrong, he had no pangs of conscience, but a daemonic form appeared to his ancient clairvoyance and tormented him, and these beings were called Erinnys and Furies. Only when man had lost the capacity whereby he could see these daemonic forms, did he develop the power to feel conscience as an inner experience, when he had done wrong.
We must now ask ourselves what such facts can show us, and what actually happens in the ordinary feeling of amazement, as experienced, for instance, by a savage from the uncivilized regions of Africa, were he to be brought to Europe and to see trains and motor-cars being driven about. The appearance of his amazement presupposes that something now enters his life which was formerly not there, something which he has seen before in quite another form.
If now a more developed human being feels the need to explain certain things, to explain occurrences of everyday life, because he is able to wonder even at such simple events, this likewise presupposes that at some earlier time he has seen them quite differently. No one would ever have reached another explanation of the sunrise than that of mere appearances—that it is the sun which rises—if in his soul he did not feel that he had seen it differently in former times. But the sunrise, someone might well object, we have seen occurring in a similar way from our earliest youth; would it not seem to be downright foolishness to fall into amazement because of it? The only explanation for this is that, if we are nevertheless seized with amazement, we must have experienced it before under entirely other conditions, quite differently from to-day. For if Anthroposophy says that man existed in a different state between the time of his birth and a previous life, then his amazement at such an everyday occurrence as the accustomed sunrise is nothing other than an indication of this former condition, in which he also perceived the sunrise, but in a different way—without bodily organs. There he perceived it with spiritual eyes and with spiritual ears. And in the moment when, guided by a dim feeling, he says to himself—“You stand before the rising sun, before the foaming sea, before the sprouting plant, and you are filled with wonder!“ ... then in this amazement there lies the knowledge that he once perceived all this in another way than with his physical eyes. It was with his spiritual organs that he saw it before he entered the physical world. He feels dimly that everything appeared differently when he saw it before. And this was and can be due only to himself, to his own experience, before his birth.
Such facts force us to realize that knowledge would be altogether impossible if man did not enter this earthly life out of a previous super-sensible existence. Otherwise there would be no explanation of wonder and the knowledge resulting from it. Of course man does not remember in distinct mental images what he experienced differently before birth, but although it does not show itself clearly in thought it lives nevertheless in his feelings. Only through initiation can it be brought down as a clear memory.
But now let us investigate why we do not wonder in dreams. Here we must first answer the question—What then is dream in reality.—Dream is an ancient heritage from former incarnations. Within these earlier incarnations man passed through other states of consciousness of a clairvoyant nature. Later on, during the further course of evolution he lost the capacity to see clairvoyantly into the soul-spiritual world. He had first a shadowy kind of clairvoyance, and his development gradually took its course out of this former shadowy clairvoyance into the clear waking consciousness of our present day, which could evolve in the physical world in order, when fully developed, to ascend once more into the psychic spiritual world with the capacities thus won by his Ego in waking consciousness. But what did man win in olden days through ancient clairvoyance? Something is still left of it—namely, our dreams. But dreams differ from ancient clairvoyance inasmuch as they are an experience of the man of modern times; who has developed a consciousness which bears within it the impulse for knowledge. Dreams, as the remnant of a former state of consciousness, do not contain the desire for knowledge, and this is why man experiences the difference between waking consciousness and dream-consciousness.
Wonder, which was not to be found in the shadowy clairvoyance of ancient times, can also not enter the dream-consciousness of today. Amazement, wonder, cannot reach into our dreams, but we experience them in waking consciousness when we turn our attention towards the outer world. In his dreams man is not in this outer world, for they transport him into the spiritual realm, and there he no longer experiences the things of the physical plane. Yet it is just with regard to this physical world that he has learned to wonder. In dreams he accepts everything as he accepted it in ancient clairvoyance, when he could simply take things as they were, because spiritual forms came to him and showed him the good or evil which he had done. For this reason he did not then need wonder. Thus dreams show us through their own nature that they are a heritage from ancient times, when there was neither wonder at the things of everyday life, nor conscience.
Here we reach the point where we must ask—"If man was once already clairvoyant, why then could he not remain so? Why did he descend? Did the gods drive him out without reason?" Now it is a fact that man would never have attained what lies in wonder and in conscience, had he not descended. In order that he might win for himself knowledge and conscience man descended; for he can only win them if he is separated for a time from the spiritual world. And here below he has attained them, attained knowledge and conscience, in order that he may ascend with them once more.
Spiritual Science reveals to us that each time he passes through the life between death and a new birth man lives during a certain period in a purely spiritual world. First of all, after death, he experiences the period of Kamaloka, where he is only half within the spiritual world, as it were, because he still looks back upon his instincts and sympathies and thereby is still drawn towards all that unites him with the physical world. Only when this period of Kamaloka is extinguished, so to speak, does he experience in full a purely spiritual life—or Devachan.
When we enter this purely spiritual world, what do we experience within it? How does every human being experience himself here? Even a quite simple logical consideration can show us that our surroundings between death and a new birth must be entirely different from those during physical life. On earth we see colours because we have eyes; we hear sounds because we have ears. But after death, in spiritual existence, when we have neither eyes nor ears, we can no longer perceive these colours and these sounds. Indeed, even on earth, if our ears or eyes are not good, we consequently see or hear badly, or perhaps not at all. Anyone who ponders over this, even slightly, should find it self-understood. For it is quite clear that we must imagine the spiritual world as completely different from the world in which we live here between birth and death. With the help of the following comparison you may be able to form for yourselves a picture of the transformation which the world must undergo when we pass through the gates of death.
Let us imagine that someone sees a lamb and a wolf. As a human being he can perceive this lamb and this wolf with all the organs of perception which are at his disposal in physical life. He sees the lamb as a material lamb, the wolf as a material wolf. He also recognises other lambs and other wolves and calls them "lamb" and "wolf". He has then a picture-concept of both the one and the other. It might now be said, and it is indeed said—"The picture-concept of the animal is not visible, it lives within the animal; the real being of the lamb and the wolf cannot be seen materially. Thus we form mental images of the animal's being, but this being itself is invisible."
There are however theorists who hold the opinion that the concepts which we form of wolf and lamb live only within us and have nothing to do with the wolf and the lamb themselves. One who maintains this point of view should be induced to feed a wolf upon nothing but lambs until, according to scientific investigation, every particle of the wolf's bodily substance has been renewed; the wolf would then be formed entirely of lamb-substance. And he could then see for himself whether it had changed into a lamb! If however it should turn out that the wolf did not become a Lamb, this would prove that the object wolf is something quite different from the material wolf, that what is objective in the wolf is more than what is material.
This invisible being which we only grasp as a concept in ordinary life, this it is which we see after death. We do not see the white colour of the lamb or hear the sounds it makes, but we see that which works as an invisible power within the lamb, which is just as real, and actually exists for one who lives in the spiritual world. For on the same spot where a lamb stands, there stands also a real spiritual entity, and this we behold after death. And so it is with all the phenomena of our physical surroundings. There we see the sun differently, the moon differently—everything appears different; and we bring something of all this with us, when we enter a new existence through birth. When therefore we are seized with the feeling that we have seen all this before in a different way, then, with the amazement, with the wonder which we feel, knowledge descends to us.
It is quite different, however, when we observe the actions of a human being, for in this case we have to do with conscience. If we wish to know what conscience is; we must turn our attention to an occurrence in life which we can observe without clairvoyance. We must become aware of the moment of falling asleep. This we can learn to do without clairvoyance, and what may thus be experienced can be attained by everyone. When we are on the point of falling asleep, everything begins to lose its sharp outlines, colours grow pale, sounds not only become fainter, but even seem to recede, to be far away; they come to us as if from a great distance, and we can describe their increasing faintness as a "receding". This entire process—this "becoming less distinct" of the world of the senses—is like a transformation, as when mists are gathering. Our limbs also grow weaker. We feel in them something which we did not feel before in a waking condition; it is as if they were endowed with weight, with heaviness. During our waking life—were we aware of these things—we should in reality feel that our legs with which we walk, or our hands which we raise, have no weight whatever for us. Our hand lifts and carries a hundredweight ... why is this hundredweight heavy? Or our hand lifts and carries itself ... why do we feel no weight at all? My hand belongs to me; for this reason I do not feel its heaviness. The hundredweight, however, is outside of me and has weight because it is not a part of myself.
Let us imagine that a being from Mars were to descend to the earth without knowing anything about the conditions here, and that, the first thing which it beheld was a human being, carrying a weight in each hand. To begin with, the Mars-being would necessarily believe that these two weights belonged to the human being as a part of his hands, a part of his entire being. If however it were later forced to realise that the man feels a difference between the hundredweight and his hand, it would naturally be astonished. It is really true that we only feel what is outside of us as weight. Thus when man is about to fall asleep and begins to feel his limbs as something heavy, this is a sign that he is leaving his body, passing out of his physical body.
It is now a question of observing a subtile nuance which occurs in the moment when the limbs begin to grow heavy. A very strange feeling then arises. It manifests itself by saying to us, as it were—"You have done this!" or "You have failed to do that!" The deeds of the past day thus immerge like a living conscience. And if there is something among them which we cannot approve of, we toss about on our couch and cannot go to sleep. If however we are able to feel contented about our deeds, then a blissful moment comes over us as we fall asleep and we say to ourselves—"Ah, could it but always remain thus!" Then follows a sudden jerk; as it were. This is the moment when man passes out of his physical and etheric bodies, and he is then in the spiritual world.
Let us examine more exactly the moment in which this living conscience, as we may call it, arises within us. Without having the strength to really do anything sensible, we toss about on our couch. This is an unhealthy state and prevents us from falling asleep. It occurs when, on approaching sleep, we are about to leave the physical plane in order to ascend into another world, which however will not receive what we call "a bad conscience." We cannot fall asleep because we are thrown back again by the world which we must now enter. The saying that an action should be considered from the point of view of conscience means, therefore, nothing else than a foreboding of what we must be like in the future, as human beings, in order that we may enter the spiritual world.
Thus in amazement we find an expression of what we have seen at an earlier time, while conscience is the expression of a future perception of the spiritual world. Conscience forewarns us as to whether we shall shrink back, or find blessedness, when we are able to behold our actions in Devachan. It is thus a kind of prophetic presentiment of the way in which we shall experience our deeds after death.
Amazement and desire for knowledge on the one hand, and conscience on the other, are living witnesses of the spiritual world. They cannot be explained without taking the spiritual worlds into account. One who can experience awe at the phenomena of the world, who can feel reverence and wonder for these phenomena, will be more easily inclined to become an Anthroposophist than many others. It is the more developed souls who are able to wonder ever more and more. For the less wonder a soul is able to experience, the less developed it is.
Now it is true that man approaches all his daily experiences—the everyday occurrences of life—with much less wonder than he feels, for instance, when admiring the starry heavens in all their splendour. But the higher development of the soul, in the true sense, begins only when we can wonder at the smallest flower, the tiniest petal, the most insignificant beetle or worm, just as much as at the greatest events in the cosmos. If we go to the root of these things, they are indeed very strange. As a rule man is easily inclined to demand an explanation for things which effect him in a sensational way. Those who live in the vicinity of a volcano, for instance, will seek an explanation for the causes of volcanic eruptions, because they must pay particular heed to these things, and therefore devote more attention to them than to everyday proceedings. Indeed people who live far away from volcanoes also attempt to find an explanation concerning them, because they find such occurrences startling and sensational. But when a man enters life with a soul so constituted that he is amazed at all things, because he divines something spiritual in everything about him, he will then be no more amazed at a volcano than perhaps at the little bubbles and tiny craters which he observes in his cup of milk or coffee at the breakfast-table. He is just as much interested in small things as in the greatness of a volcanic eruption.
To be able to approach everything with wonder is a reminiscence of our perception before birth.
To be able to approach all our deeds with conscience means to have a living premonition that every deed which we enact will appear to us in the future in a different form.
Those who feel thus are more than others predestined to find their way to spiritual science.
We live to-day in a time when many things come to meet us in life which can be explained only through spiritual science. Certain things defy every other explanation. And human beings react in very different ways in regard to these. Without doubt we can observe the most varied characters in human beings to-day, and yet among these widely differing nuances of character we meet with two main types.
Those who belong to the first type may be described as thoughtful natures, as those inclining more to observation, who can constantly feel wonder and the stirring of conscience. Many a sorrow, many a dark melancholy mood may take possession of these souls as the result of an unsatisfied longing for explanation. A sensitive conscience can make life much more difficult.
But we find still another type of person in the present time. This type consists of those who do not wish to hear anything whatever about such explanations of the world. For them, all the facts brought forward by spiritual investigation are dreadfully tedious; they prefer to go ahead and lead a robust active life, without asking for explanations, and if you only start to mention them they begin to yawn. It is indeed true that in such natures conscience stirs less easily than in others.
But how is it that such polaric characters exist? Spiritual science is prepared to enter into this question and to show why the one type of character reveals, through its thoughtfulness, a thirst for knowledge, whereas the other is bent only upon enjoying life without asking for any explanation.
If we test the whole scope of the human soul, by means of spiritual investigation—and here only a few indications can be given, as it would require many hours to go into things more thoroughly—we find that many of those who have a more contemplative nature cannot live unless they are able to throw light upon the fact that in previous incarnations they actually knew in their souls something about the truth of reincarnation. There are still countless people upon the earth even to-day who know about reincarnation and for whom it is an absolute reality. We need only think of the Asiatics.
In other words, those who have to-day a thoughtful nature link their present life—even if indirectly—with another life in a previous embodiment when they still knew of reincarnation.
The other more robust natures, however, have come over from a former life in which they knew nothing of repeated lives on earth. They feel no impulse either to burden themselves very greatly with conscience concerning their deeds in life, or to trouble much about explanations. A great many people here in the West are so constituted, and it is even the characteristic of western culture that people have, so to speak, forgotten their previous lives on earth. Yes—they have forgotten them; but our whole culture stands to-day at a turning-point when the memory of past lives on earth will awaken again. Those who live at the present time go foreward therefore into a future which will be characterised by the re-establishment of a connection with the spiritual world.
This ability can be found in only a few people today, but in the course of the twentieth century it will quite definitely become a universal faculty of mankind. And it will be thus ... Let us imagine that someone has done this or that, and is afterwards tormented by his conscience. So it is to-day. In the future, however, when the spiritual connection has been re-established, he who has committed the one or the other deed will feel the desire to shrink back from it as if blindfold[ed]. And there will arise then before him as a picture—as a dream-picture, but a living dream-picture—something which will have to occur in the future because of this deed. And people will say to themselves when they experience such a picture—"Yes, it is I who am experiencing this, but I have not yet experienced what I see there."
For all those who have heard nothing of spiritual science, this will appear as something terrible. Those, however who have prepared themselves for these events, which will be experienced in time by all human beings, will say to themselves—"It is true, I have not experienced this yet, but I shall experience it in the future as the karmic compensation of the deed which I have just done."
We stand to-day as if in the anti-chamber of that time when the karmic compensation of deeds will appear to human beings in the form of prophetic dream-pictures. And now imagine this experience as becoming ever stronger and stronger in the course of time, and you will have before you the man of the future who will behold how his deeds are karmicly judged.
But how is it possible that human beings will be capable of perceiving this karmic compensation? This is connected with the fact that men of former times had no conscience, but were tormented by the Furies after committing an unworthy deed. So it was with ancient clairvoyance; but all this is past. Then came the time when men no longer saw the Furies, the time of transition, when all that the Furies had formerly performed appeared from within as conscience. And now we are gradually approaching a time when we shall be able to see once more—to see the karmic compensation of our deeds. The fact that man has once won for himself the power of conscience makes it possible for him to see consciously in the spiritual world henceforeward.
Just as certain people living at the present time have become thoughtful natures because they won certain powers in former incarnations which now reveal themselves as wonder, as a kind of memory of these earlier lives, just so they will take certain powers with them into their next incarnation if they now acquire a knowledge of the spiritual worlds. Those, however, who refuse to accept an explanation of the law of reincarnation at the present time, will fare very badly in the future world. For such souls these facts will be a terrible reality.
To-day we are living in a period of history when people can still cope with life, even if they have no explanation of it from the point of view of the super-sensible worlds. But this period which has once been permitted, so to speak, by the cosmic powers will draw to an end, and those who now have no connection with the spiritual world will, in their next life, awaken in such a way that the world into which they are reborn will be incomprehensible to them. And when, at death, they leave this uncomprehended physical existence once more, they will have no understanding for the spiritual world either, into which they grow after death. They will, of course, enter the spiritual world, but they will not be able to grasp it. They will find themselves then in surroundings which they cannot understand, which do not seem to belong to them, and torment them as only a bad conscience can torment.
And when again they descend into another incarnation, it will be equally as bad, for they will have all manner of instincts and passions, and as they can develop no feeling of wonder, they will live in the midst of these as in illusions and hallucinations. The materialists of to-day are approaching a future in which they will be tormented in a terrible way by illusions and hallucinations; for what they think in this Life, they will then experience in the form of illusions and hallucinations.
We may picture this to ourselves quite concretely. Let us imagine, for instance, that to-day two people walk along the street together. One is a materialist, the other a non-materialist. The latter mentions some facts about the spiritual world. The materialist however says, or thinks—"Oh, that is all nonsense! Such things are only illusions!" Indeed, for him they are illusions, but for the one who has just spoken of the spiritual world they are by no means illusions. After death however the materialist will experience the consequences, and with still greater force later during his next life on earth. Then he will feel the spiritual worlds as something which torments him, like a living reproach. During his life in Kama-Loka between death and a new birth he will, so to speak, feel no difference between Kama-Loka and Devachan. And when he is reborn and the spiritual world arises before him, as has been described, it will appear to him as something unreal, as an illusion, an hallucination.
Spiritual science is not something which is there to satisfy mere curiosity. Not because we are simply more curious than others concerning the super-sensible world are we gathered together here, but because we inwardly sense, to a greater or less degree, that the human beings of the future will not be able to live without spiritual science. All other endeavors which do not take this fact into account follow a course which leads to decadence.
Yet things are so arranged that those who now refuse to accept spiritual science will nevertheless be given the opportunity of coming in contact with it in future incarnations. Forerunners are necessary however. And those who, through their Karma, already have a longing for spiritual science to-day have thereby the possibility of becoming such forerunners. This opportunity comes to them simply because forerunners must be there, and they must become such. The others who, because of their Karma, do not now come to spiritual science, even though they would not reject it, will see the longing for spiritual science arise out of the universal Karma of humanity later on.
Anthroposophie Als Empfindungs-, Erkenntnis- und Lebensgehalt
Es wird vielleicht gut sein, wenn wir heute, da wir so selten zusammenkommen können, Fragen berühren, bei denen sich Anthroposophie unmittelbar berührt mit dem Leben. Es wird recht oft an den Anthroposophen die Frage herantreten: Wie verhält sich Anthroposophie zu dem, der noch nicht in der Lage ist, durch ein hellsichtiges Bewußtsein hineinzublicken in die geistigen Welten? - Denn im wesentlichen ist ja dieser geisteswissenschaftliche Inhalt der Mitteilungen empfangen, entnommen und mitgeteilt worden aus den Forschungen des hellsichtigen Bewußtseins.
Es muß hierbei immer und immer wieder betont werden, daß alles, was da an Tatsachen und Zusammenhängen aus hellsichtiger Erkenntnis erforscht und mitgeteilt werden kann, mit dem gesunden Menschenverstand eingesehen werden muß. Denn wenn die durch hellseherisches Bewußtsein gefundenen Dinge einmal da sind, so können sie begriffen und verstanden werden mit der jedem natürlichen Menschen eingeprägten Logik, wenn nur die Beurteilung vorurteilsfrei genug dabei vorgeht.
Darüber hinaus kann aber noch gefragt werden: Gibt es denn nichts, gibt es denn nicht gewisse Tatsachen im normalen Menschenleben, gewisse Erlebnisse dieses normalen Menschenlebens, die von vornherein hinweisen auf die Behauptung der geistigen Forschung, daß unserer physischen Welt und allen ihren Erscheinungen eine geistige Welt zugrunde liegt? - Nun, es gibt schon im gewöhnlichen Leben viele solche Tatsachen, von denen wir sagen können, der Mensch wird sie niemals begreifen können - obgleich er sie hinnehmen muß -, wenn er nichts weiß von dem Bestande einer geistigen Welt.
Heute wollen wir im Beginne unserer Betrachtungen hinweisen auf zwei Tatsachen des gewöhnlichen normalen Bewußtseins im Menschenleben, die einfach etwas Unerklärliches sein müssen, wenn der Mensch nicht die Tatsache des Vorhandenseins einer geistigen Welt annimmt. Wovon gesprochen werden soll, sind zwei Tatsachen, die der Mensch ja allerdings als etwas Alltägliches kennt, aber die er in der Regel gar nicht in das richtige Licht rückt; denn wenn er das täte, dann würde irgendeine Notwendigkeit für eine materialistische Weltanschauung nicht vorliegen. Wenn wir somit zunächst die eine der beiden Tatsachen uns vor die Seele führen wollen, so sei es die folgende, und es geschehe in der Weise, daß wir an sehr gewöhnliche Ereignisse des gewöhnlichen Lebens anknüpfen.
Wenn ein Mensch vor eine Tatsache hingestellt wird, die er sich nicht erklären kann mit denjenigen Begriffen, die er sich bis dahin angeeignet hat, so geschieht es, daß er sich in Verwunderung setzt. In der Tat, um ein ganz konkretes Beispiel zu gebrauchen, müßte doch derjenige, der zum erstenmal ein Automobil oder eine Eisenbahn fahren sieht - wenn auch das bald sogar im Inneren Afrikas nichts Ungewöhnliches mehr sein wird -, im höchsten Grade erstaunt sein, weil in seiner Seele etwa folgender Denkinhalt vor sich geht: Nach allem, was mir bisher entgegengetreten ist, erscheint es mir doch unmöglich, daß etwas über die Erde brausen kann, ohne daß da etwas vorgespannt ist, was dieses zieht. Dennoch aber sehe ich, daß es daherbraust, ohne gezogen zu werden! Das ist erstaunlich. — Also das, was der Mensch noch nicht kennt, ruft Verwunderung hervor, und was er schon gesehen hat, ruft keine Verwunderung mehr hervor. Nur solche Dinge, die der Mensch nicht anknüpfen kann an das, was er schon erlebt hat, verwundern. Diese Tatsache des gewöhnlichen Lebens wollen wir einmal fest im Auge behalten.
Und nun können wir sie zusammenhalten mit einer anderen Tatsache, die auch sehr merkwürdig ist. Der Mensch wird nämlich im täglichen Leben vor sehr viele Dinge gestellt, die er noch nie gesehen hat und die er dennoch hinnimmt, ohne daß er erstaunt. Zahlreiche derartige Ereignisse gibt es. Was sind das für Ereignisse? Nun, es würde doch zum Beispiel gewiß etwas sehr Erstaunliches sein, wenn es der Mensch im gewöhnlichen Zusammenhange der Dinge erlebte, daß er plötzlich, während er bisher ruhig auf dem Stuhle gesessen hätte, anfinge, durch den Schornstein in die Luft zu fliegen. Das wäre in der Tat sehr erstaunlich, aber wenn das im Traume auftritt, dann macht er das mit, ohne daß er sich wundert. Und noch viel tollere Sachen erleben wir im Traume, denen gegenüber wir gar nicht erstaunt sind, obgleich sie sich gar nicht anknüpfen lassen an die täglichen Ereignisse. Im Wachen sind wir schon erstaunt, wenn jemand einmal einen hohen Luftsprung tut, und im Traume fliegen wir und sind gar nicht erstaunt. Da stehen wir vor der Tatsache, daß wir im Wachen verwundert sind über Dinge, die wir noch nicht erlebten, während wir im Traum gar nicht in Erstaunen geraten.
Die zweite Tatsache, auf welche wir heute zur Einleitung unserer Betrachtungen die Aufmerksamkeit richten wollen, ist die Frage nach dem Gewissen. Bei dem, was der Mensch tut - und bei einem fein empfindenden Menschen schon, wenn der Mensch denkt -, regt sich in uns etwas, was wir Gewissen nennen. Von dem, was die Ereignisse draußen bedeuten, ist das Gewissen eigentlich ganz unabhängig. Denn wir könnten beispielsweise etwas getan haben, das uns vielleicht recht nützlich wäre, und dennoch könnte diese Tat von unserem Gewissen verurteilt werden. Bei der Regung des Gewissens aber fühlt jeder Mensch, daß da in die Beurteilung einer Tat etwas hineinfließt, das nichts zu tun hat mit deren Nützlichkeit. Es ist wie eine Stimme, die in uns spricht: Du hättest das eigentlich tun - oder: Du hättest es nicht tun sollen! - Da stehen wir vor der Tatsache des Gewissens, und wir wissen, wie stark die warnende Macht des Gewissens sein kann und wie es uns verfolgen kann im Leben, und wir wissen auch, daß man das Vorhandensein des Gewissens nicht ableugnen kann.
Nun verfolgen wir wiederum die Tatsache des Traumes, daß wir da die sonderbarsten Sachen machen, die, wenn wir sie im Wachen täten, uns die fürchterlichsten Gewissensbisse machen würden. Jeder kann aus eigener Erfahrung bestätigen, daß er im Traume Dinge tut ohne die geringste Regung des Gewissens. Dinge, die, wenn er sie im Wachen täte, seine Gewissensstimme erklingen lassen würden. Also die beiden Tatsachen, die Tatsache des Staunens und der Verwunderung und die Tatsache des Gewissens, sind merkwürdigerweise im Traume ausgeschaltet. Solche Dinge läßt der Mensch im gewöhnlichen Leben zwar unbeachtet vorübergehen, dennoch aber leuchten sie tief hinein in die Untergründe unseres Daseins.
Um diese Dinge ein wenig zu beleuchten, möchte ich noch auf eine andere Tatsache hinweisen, welche weniger das Gewissen als die Verwunderung betrifft. Im alten Griechenland ist der Satz aufgekommen, daß alles Philosophieren von dem Staunen, von der Verwunderung ausgeht. Die Empfindung, die in diesem Satze liegt - und gemeint ist die Empfindung, die die alten Griechen dabei hatten -, sie kann man in den älteren Zeiten der griechischen Entwickelung nicht nachweisen; sie findet sich erst von einem gewissen Zeitpunkt ab in der Geschichte der Philosophie. Das liegt daran, daß die älteren Zeiten noch nicht so empfunden haben. Woher kommt es denn, daß just im alten Griechenland von einer bestimmten Zeit an es aufkommt, festzustellen, daß wir erstaunt sind? Nun, wir hatten ja soeben gesehen, daß wir erstaunen über das, was nicht hineinpaßt in unser bisheriges Leben. Aber wenn wir nur dieses Erstaunen haben, das Erstaunen des gewöhnlichen Lebens, so liegt darin noch nichts Besonderes, nicht mehr als eben gerade das Staunen über das Nichtgewohnte. Wer über Automobil und Eisenbahn erstaunt, ist noch nicht gewöhnt, das zu sehen, und sein Staunen ist nichts anderes als das Staunen über das Nichtgewohnte. Viel verwunderlicher als das Staunen über Automobil und Eisenbahn, als das Staunen über das Nichtgewohnte, ist die Tatsache, daß der Mensch auch anfangen kann sich zu verwundern über das Gewohnte. Da ist zum Beispiel die Tatsache, daß die Sonne jeden Morgen aufgeht. Diejenigen Menschen, die mit dem gewöhnlichen Bewußtsein an diese Tatsache gewöhnt sind, erstaunen nicht darüber. Aber wenn es ein Erstaunen gibt über die alltäglichen Dinge, die man zu sehen gewöhnt ist, dann entsteht Philosophie und Erkenntnis. Die erkenntnisreicheren Menschen sind diejenigen, welche Verwunderung haben können über Dinge, die der gewöhnliche Mensch hinnimmt. Erst in diesem Falle wird man ein erkenntnisstrebender Mensch, und aus diesem Grunde haben die alten Griechen den Satz geprägt: Alles Philosophieren kommt vom Staunen.
Wie ist es nun mit dem Gewissen? Wiederum ist es interessant, daß das Wort «Gewissen» — also offenbar der Begriff, denn erst wenn eine Vorstellung von etwas auftaucht, taucht auch das Wort auf - im alten Griechenland auch nur von einer gewissen Zeit an zu finden ist. Es gibt keine Möglichkeit, in der älteren griechischen Literatur, ungefähr zu Äschylos’ Zeiten, ein Wort zu finden, welches mit dem Wort «Gewissen» zu übersetzen wäre. Dagegen finden wir ein solches bei den jüngeren Schriftstellern Griechenlands, zum Beispiel bei Euripides. Somit kann man wie mit Fingern darauf hinweisen, daß ebenso wie das Staunen über das Gewohnte auch das Gewissen etwas ist, wovon der Mensch erst von einem gewissen Zeitpunkt des alten Griechenlands an etwas wußte. Was später von einem gewissen Zeitpunkt an als Gewissensregungen eintrat, das war bei den Griechen der alten Zeit etwas ganz anderes. In den älteren Zeiten geschah es nicht, daß Gewissenspein eintrat, wenn der Mensch etwas Unrechtes getan hatte. Damals hatten die Menschen ein ursprüngliches, elementares Hellsehen, und wenn wir nur kurze Zeit zurückgehen würden vor die christliche Zeitrechnung, dann würden wir finden, daß alle Menschen dieses ursprüngliche Hellsehen noch hatten. Wenn da der Mensch etwas Unrechtes getan hatte, gab es keine Gewissensregung, sondern es erschien für das alte Hellsehen eine dämonische Gestalt, die ihn peinigte, und diese Gestalten bezeichnete man mit den Namen Erinnyen und Furien. Erst dann, als die Menschen die Fähigkeit, diese dämonischen Gestalten zu sehen, verloren hatten, da bekamen sie, wenn sie etwas Unrechtes getan hatten, die Fähigkeit, das Gewissen als ein inneres Erlebnis zu fühlen.
Wir müssen uns nun fragen, was uns solche Tatsachen zeigen und was da eigentlich vor sich geht bei der alltäglichen Tatsache des Erstaunens, wie sie zum Beispiel ein Wilder aus unkultivierter Gegend Afrikas erleben würde, den man nach Europa versetzt und der nun hier Eisenbahnen und Automobile fahren sehen würde. Sein eintretendes Erstaunen setzt voraus, daß da in sein menschliches Leben etwas hineintritt, was früher nicht da war, etwas, was er früher anders gesehen hat.
Wenn nun gerade der vorgerückte Mensch den Drang hat, sich vieles zu erklären, sich Alltägliches zu erklären, weil er auch über Alltägliches zu staunen vermag, so setzt das in gleicher Weise voraus, daß er früher die Sache anders gesehen hat. Niemand würde zu einer anderen Erklärung des Sonnenaufganges gekommen sein als eben zu derjenigen des bloßen Augenscheines, daß die Sonne aufgeht, wenn nicht in seiner Seele die Empfindung liegt, daß er es früher anders gesehen habe. Aber, so könnte man einwenden, den Sonnenaufgang sehen wir doch von frühester Jugend an in der gleichen Weise sich abspielen, und wäre es da nicht geradezu tölpelhaft, darüber in Erstaunen zu geraten? — Dafür gibt es keine andere Erklärung als diese, daß, wenn wir dennoch darüber in Erstaunen geraten, wir es früher in einem anderen Zustande einmal anders erlebt haben müssen als heute, als jetzt in diesem Leben. Denn wenn eben die Geisteswissenschaft sagt, daß der Mensch zwischen der Geburt und einem vorhergehenden Leben in einem anderen Zustand vorhanden war, so haben wir in der Tatsache des Erstaunens über einen so alltäglichen Vorgang wie denjenigen des gewohnten Sonnenaufgangs nichts anderes als einen Hinweis auf diesen früheren Zustand, in welchem der Mensch auch diesen Sonnenaufgang wahrgenommen hat, aber in einer anderen Weise, ohne körperliche Organe. Da hat er alles dieses mit Geistesaugen und mit Geistesohren wahrgenommen. Und in dem Augenblicke, wo er dunkel fühlend sich sagt: Du stehst gegenüber der aufgehenden Sonne, gegenüber dem brausenden Meer, gegenüber der sprossenden Pflanze, und du bist erstaunt! - liegt in dem Erstaunen die Erkenntnis, es einmal anders wahrgenommen zu haben als mit dem leiblichen Auge. Es sind eben seine geistigen Organe, mit denen er das geschaut hatte, bevor er hereingetreten ist in die physische Welt. Er fühlt nun dunkel, daß es doch anders ausschaut, als er es früher gesehen hat. Das war und kann nur gewesen sein vor der Geburt. Diese Tatsachen nötigen uns anzuerkennen, daß eine Erkenntnis überhaupt nicht möglich wäre, wenn der Mensch in dieses Leben nicht aus einem vorhergehenden übersinnlichen Dasein einträte. Sonst gäbe es keine Erklärung für das Staunen und für die dadurch bedingte Erkenntnis. Natürlich erinnert sich der Mensch nicht in klaren Vorstellungen an das, was er vorgeburtlich anders erlebte, aber wenn es auch gedanklich nicht klar ist, so tritt es eben im Gefühl auf. Nur durch die Einweihung kann es als klare Erinnerung mitgebracht werden.
Wir wollen nun auf die Tatsache eingehen, warum wir im Traum nicht erstaunen. Da müssen wir zunächst die Frage beantworten, was der Traum denn eigentlich ist. Der Traum ist ein altes Erbstück aus früheren Inkarnationen. Die Menschen haben in früheren Inkarnationen andere Bewußtseinszustände hellseherischer Art durchgemacht. Im weiteren Verlauf der Entwickelung hat jedoch der Mensch die Fähigkeit, hellseherisch in die geistig-seelische Welt hineinzuschauen, verloren. Es war ein dämmerhaftes Hellsehen, und die Entwickelung ging aus dem früheren dämmerhaften Hellsehen allmählich zu unserem jetzigen klaren Wachbewußtsein hin, das sich in der physischen Welt entfalten konnte, um dann, wenn es voll entwickelt ist, wieder hinaufzusteigen in die geistig-seelischen Welten mit den Fähigkeiten, die der Mensch mit dem Ich sich in dem Wachbewußtsein erworben hat. Was aber hat sich denn der Mensch damals im alten Hellsehen erworben? Davon ist etwas zurückgeblieben, und das ist eben der Traum. Der Traum unterscheidet sich aber von dem alten Hellsehen dadurch, daß er ein Erlebnis des jetzigen Menschen ist, und dieser jetzige Mensch hat ein Bewußtsein ausgebildet, das den Drang nach Erkenntnis enthält. Der Traum als Rest eines früheren Bewußtseins enthält nicht den Drang nach Erkenntnis, und deshalb empfindet der Mensch den Unterschied zwischen Wachbewußtsein und Traumbewußtsein. Aber, was früher im alten dämmerhaften Hellsehen nicht darinnen war, das Staunen, das kann auch heute nicht hinein in das Traumbewußtsein. Das Erstaunen, die Verwunderung kann nicht hinein in den Traum, aber wir haben es im Wachbewußtsein, wenn wir zu der äußeren Welt hingewendet sind. Im Traum ist der Mensch nicht in der äußeren Welt; der Traum ist ein Hineingestelltsein in die geistige Welt, da erlebt der Mensch nicht die:Dinge der physischen Welt. Aber gerade gegenüber der physischen: Welt hat sich der Mensch das Erstaunen angelernt. Im Traum:nimmt er alles so hin, wie er es im alten Hellsehen hingenommen hat. Damals konnte er auch das so hinnehmen, weil die geistigen Gestaltem kamen und ihm zeigten, was er Gutes oder Böses getan hatte; deswegen brauchte der Mensch damals die Verwunderung nicht. So zeigt uns gerade der Traum durch das, wie er ist, daß er ein Erbstück aus alten Zeiten ist, wo es noch kein Erstaunen gegenüber den alltäglichen Dingen gab und noch kein Gewissen.
Da stehen wir nun an dem Punkte, wo wir uns fragen, weshalb es denn notwendig gewesen sei, daß der Mensch, wenn er schon einmal hellsichtig war, es nicht bleiben konnte. Weshalb ist er heruntergestiegen? Haben ihn die Götter etwa in nutzloser Weise heruntergejagt? — Nun, es ist tatsächlich so, daß der Mensch das, was im Erstaunen liegt, und das, was im Gewissen liegt, nie hätte erlangen können, wenn er nicht heruntergestiegen wäre. Damit er sich Erkenntnis und Gewissen aneignen konnte, ist der Mensch heruntergestiegen; denn er kann sie sich nur erwerben, wenn er von diesen Geisteswelten eine Weile getrennt ist. Und er hat sich Erkenntnis und Gewissen hier unten erworben, um mit ihnen wieder hinaufsteigen zu können.
Geisteswissenschaft zeigt uns, daß der Mensch jedesmal zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt eine gewisse Zeitspanne in einer rein geistigen Welt durchlebt. Zuerst nach dem Tode erleben wir die Kamalokazeit, den Zustand im läuternden Ort der Begierden in der Seelenwelt, wo der Mensch sozusagen erst halb in der geistigen Welt steht, weil er da noch auf seine Triebe und Sympathien herunterblickt und dadurch noch angezogen wird von dem, was ihn mit der physischen Welt verband. Dann erst, wenn diese Kamalokazeit ausgelöscht ist, erlebt er ganz das rein geistige Leben oder Devachan.
Wenn der Mensch in diese rein geistige Welt eintritt, was erlebt er denn da? Wie erlebt sie ein jeder Mensch? Nun, schon eine ganz gewöhnliche Verstandesüberlegung zeigt, daß es zwischen dem Tode und der neuen Geburt in unserer Umgebung ganz anders aussehen muß als hier bei uns im physischen Leben. Hier sehen wir Farben, weil wir Augen haben; hier hören wir Töne, weil wir Ohren haben. Aber wenn wir nach dem Tode im geistigen Dasein keine Augen, keine Ohren haben, dann können wir diese Farben, diese Töne nicht wahrnehmen. Wir sehen und hören ja hier schon schlecht oder gar nicht, wenn wir keine guten Augen und Ohren haben. Für den, der nur ein wenig darüber nachdenkt, sollte das selbstverständlich sein. Es ist ganz klar, daß wir uns die geistige Welt ganz anders vorzustellen haben als die Welt, in der wir zwischen Geburt und Tod hier leben. Wie diese Welt sich verändern muß, wenn wir die Pforte des Todes überschreiten, davon können Sie sich eine Vorstellung machen an einem kleinen Vergleich, den wir anstellen wollen. Nehmen wir einmal an, der Mensch sieht ein Lamm und einen Wolf. Der Mensch kann dieses Lamm und diesen Wolf wahrnehmen mit all den Wahrnehmungsorganen, die ihm im physischen Leben zur Verfügung stehen. Da sieht er eben dieses Lamm als materielles Lamm und den Wolf als materiellen Wolf. Auch andere Lämmer und Wölfe erkennt er wieder und nennt sie Lamm und Wolf. Er hat dann ein Begriffsbild vom Lamm und auch ein solches vom Wolf. Man könnte nun sagen und man sagt es auch: Das Begriffsbild des Tieres ist nicht sichtbar, das lebt im Tiere darinnen; man sieht materiell eigentlich nicht, was das Wesen von Lamm und Wolf ist. Man bildet sich Vorstellungen vom Wesen des Tieres; aber das Wesen des Tieres ist ja unsichtbar.
Es gibt Theoretiker, die der Ansicht sind, daß das, was wir uns an Begriffen von Wolf und Lamm bilden, nur in uns lebe, und daß das mit dem Wolf und dem Lamm selbst nichts zu tun habe. Einen Mann, der solches behauptet, sollte man veranlassen, einen Wolf so lange Zeit mit Lämmern zu füttern, bis nach wissenschaftlichen Forschungen alle materiellen Teilchen des Wolfskörpers sich erneuert haben, der Wolf also ganz aus Lamm-Materie aufgebaut sei. Und nun sollte dieser Mann einmal sehen, ob aus dem Wolf ein Lamm geworden ist! Wenn es sich herausstellt, daß der Wolf kein Lamm geworden ist, so ist erwiesen, daß das, was Objekt «Wolf» ist, sich unterscheidet von dem materiellen Wolf, und daß das Objektive am Wolfe über das Materielle hinausgeht.
Dieses Unsichtbare, was man sich im gewöhnlichen Leben nur als einen Begriff bildet, das sieht man nach dem Tode. Nicht die weiße Farbe des Lammes sieht man da und nicht die Töne, die das Lamm von sich gibt, hört man da, sondern das schaut man, was als das unsichtbar Waltende im Lamme wirkt, das ebenso wirklich ist und das da ist für den, der in der geistigen Welt lebt. An derselben Stelle, an der das Lamm steht, steht auch ein real Geistiges, das man dann nach dem Tode sieht. Und so ist es mit allen Erscheinungen der physischen Umwelt. Man sieht die Sonne anders, den Mond anders, alles anders; und davon bringt man etwas mit, wenn man durch die Geburt ins neue Dasein tritt. Und wenn einen hierdurch dann die Empfindung ergreift, man habe das einmal ganz anders gesehen, dann kommt mit dem Staunen, mit der Verwunderung die Erkenntnis herunter.
Ein anderes ist es, wenn man die Handlung eines Menschen betrachtet. Da kommt das Gewissen hinzu. Wollen wir wissen, was das ist, so müssen wir auf eine Tatsache des Lebens achten, die feststellbar ist, ohne daß man Hellsehen entwickelt hat. Man muß da auf den Moment des Einschlafens achtgeben. Das kann man lernen ohne alles Hellsehen, und was dabei erlebt werden kann, könnte jeder Mensch erleben. Wenn man im Begriff ist einzuschlafen, da verlieren zuerst die Dinge ihre scharfen Konturen, die Farben erblassen, die Töne werden nicht nur schwächer, sondern es ist, als ob sie fortgehen, weit weggehen; wie aus der Ferne kommen sie, wie ein Sich-Entfernen kann man sich dieses Schwächerwerden erklären. Das ganze Weniger-deutlichWerden der sinnlichen Welt ist eine Verwandlung, wie wenn Nebel eintreten. Es werden dann auch die Glieder schwerer. Man fühlt in ihnen etwas, was man vorher im Wachen nicht an den Gliedern gefühlt hatte, es ist, als ob sie ein Gewicht, eine Schwere erhielten. Im Tageswachen, wenn man sich darüber Rechenschaft gäbe, sollte man eigentlich die Empfindung haben, daß das Bein, wenn man so dahingeht, oder die Hand, die man so erhebt, für uns selbst kein Gewicht hat. Man sollte sich eigentlich sagen: Wenn ich so gehe und meine Hand hebe, so hat meine Hand kein Gewicht. Warum hat die Hand kein Gewicht? Weil das Glied zu meinem Körper gehört. Denken wir uns nun, daß wir in jeder Hand einen Zentner tragen, weshalb fühlen wir den Zentner als Gewicht? Die Hand gehört zu mir, deswegen verspüren wir nicht ihre Schwere; aber der Zentner ist außer mir, und weil er nicht zu mir gehört, hat er Gewicht. Denken wir uns den Fall, ein Marswesen würde herunterkommen auf die Erde, ohne daß ihm von den Dingen der Erde etwas bekannt wäre, und das erste, was dieses Marswesen erblicken würde, wäre ein Mensch, der in jeder Hand ein Gewicht hielte. Das Marswesen würde zunächst der Meinung sein müssen, daß die beiden Gewichte zu dem Menschen gehören so, als ob sie ein Teil seiner Hände, ein Teil des ganzen Menschen wären. Wenn es dann später die Vorstellung aufnehmen müßte, daß der Mensch einen Unterschied empfindet zwischen Zentner und Hand, so müßte es erstaunt sein. Es ist wirklich so, daß wir nur das als Gewicht erst empfinden, was außer uns ist. Wenn der Mensch also beim Einschlafen seine Glieder als schwer zu empfinden beginnt, so ist das ein Anzeichen, daß der Mensch aus seinem Körper herauskommt, aus seinem physischen Leib hinausgeht.
Es kommt nun auf eine feine Beobachtung an, die in dem Augenblick des Schwerwerdens der Glieder angestellt werden kann. Eine ganz merkwürdige Empfindung tritt hierbei auf. Sie besteht darin, daß sie zu uns spricht: Das hast du getan, das hast du unterlassen. - Wie ein lebendiges Gewissen treten so die Taten des verflossenen Tages heraus. Und wenn darinnen etwas ist, was wir nicht billigen können, dann wälzen wir uns auf unserem Lager und können nicht einschlafen. Wenn wir aber zufrieden sein können mit unseren Taten, da kommt beim Einschlafen ein seliger Augenblick, in dem der Mensch sich sagt: O könnte es doch immer so bleiben! - Und dann kommt ein Ruck das ist, wenn der Mensch heraustritt aus seinem physischen und ätherischen Leib, und dann ist der Mensch in der geistigen Welt.
Wir wollen den Augenblick, in welchem wir die Erscheinung haben, die wie ein lebendiges Gewissen auftritt, genauer ins Auge fassen. Ohne daß der Mensch eigentlich die Kraft hat, irgend etwas Vernünftiges zu tun, wälzt er sich auf seinem Lager herum. Das ist ein ungesunder Zustand, er verhindert ihn am Einschlafen. Das fällt in den Augenblick, wo wir beim Einschlafen den physischen Plan zu verlassen im Begriff sind, um hinaufzugehen in eine andere Welt, die aber nicht aufnehmen will das, was wir «schlechtes Gewissen» nennen. Der Mensch kann nicht einschlafen, weil er zurückgestoßen wird von der Welt, in die er beim Einschlafen eintreten soll. Daher bedeutet der Ausspruch: eine Handlung in bezug auf sein Gewissen zu betrachten - nichts anderes, als eine Vorahnung zu haben davon, wie man als Mensch in Zukunft sein soll, um in die geistige Welt eintreten zu können.
So haben wir im Staunen einen Ausdruck für das, was wir früher gesehen haben, und so ist das Gewissen der Ausdruck für ein späteres Schauen in der geistigen Welt. Das Gewissen gibt an, ob wir zurückschrecken werden, oder ob wir beseligt sein werden, wenn wir im Devachan unsere Handlungen werden schauen können. So ist das Gewissen ein Vorgefühl prophetischer Art, wie wir unsere Taten nach dem Tode erleben werden.
Erstaunen und Erkenntnistrieb einerseits und Gewissen andererseits, sie sind lebendige Zeichen der geistigen Welt. Man kann diese Erscheinungen nicht erklären, wenn man nicht die geistigen Welten zur Erklärung heranzieht. Es wird derjenige Mensch leichter geneigt sein, Anthroposoph zu werden, der gegenüber den Tatsachen der Welt so empfinden kann, daß ihn Ehrfurcht ankommt; Ehrfurcht und Verwunderung vor den Tatsachen der Welt. Gerade die entwickelteren Seelen sind es, die sich immer mehr und mehr verwundern können. Je weniger man sich verwundern kann, desto weniger vorgerückt ist die betreffende Seele. Nun ist es ja so, daß der Mensch demjenigen, was er am Tage erlebt - den alltäglichen Erscheinungen des Lebens -, weit weniger Verwunderung entgegenstellt, als es zum Beispiel der Fall ist, wenn er den Sternenhimmel in seiner Pracht bewundert. Aber die eigentlich höhere Entwickelung der Seele beginnt dann erst, wenn man sich über die kleinste Blume, über das kleinste Blumenblatt, über das unscheinbarste Käferchen oder Würmchen so wundern kann wie über die größten kosmischen Vorgänge. Es ist im Grunde genommen ganz merkwürdig mit diesen Dingen. Im allgemeinen wird der Mensch leicht bewogen werden, eine Erklärung solcher Dinge zu verlangen, die ihn sensationell berühren. Die Umwohner eines Vulkans zum Beispiel werden nach Erklärung der Ursachen vulkanischer Ausbrüche verlangen, weil die Menschen dort auf solche Sachen besonders aufmerksam sein müssen und daher auch mehr Aufmerksamkeit aufwenden als bei alltäglichen Vorgängen. Und auch die Menschen, die fern von Vulkanen wohnen, verlangen darüber eine Erklärung, weil diese Ereignisse auch für sie überraschend und sensationell sind. Aber wenn ein Mensch mit einer so gearteten Seele ins Leben tritt, daß er über alles staunt, weil er von allem, was ihn umgibt, etwas Geistiges ahnt, so ist er über den Vulkan nicht besonders mehr erstaunt als etwa über die kleinen Bläschen und Kraterchen, die er in der Tasse Milch oder Kaffee seines Frühstückstisches bemerkt. Genauso interessiert ist er über das Kleine wie über das Große. |
Überall mit der Verwunderung hinkommen zu können, das ist eine Erinnerung an das Schauen vor der Geburt. Überall mit dem Gewissen hinkommen zu können zu unseren Taten, das heißt, die lebendige Ahnung haben, daß jede Tat, die wir vollbringen, uns in der Zukunft in einer anderen Gestalt erscheinen wird. Menschen, die so fühlen, sind mehr als andere dazu prädestiniert, an die Geisteswissenschaft heranzukommen.
Nun leben wir ja in einer Zeit, in der gewisse Dinge sich enthüllen, die nur durch die Geisteswissenschaft sich erklären lassen. Gewisse Dinge trotzen jeder anderen Erklärung. Und solchen Dingen gegenüber verhalten sich die Menschen recht verschieden. In unserer Zeit haben wir ja zweifellos viele Menschencharaktere zu beobachten, doch werden uns innerhalb der verschiedensten Charakternuancen hauptsächlich zwei Naturen entgegentreten.
Wir können die einen als sinnige Naturen, als zur Betrachtung neigende Naturen bezeichnen, die überall Erstaunen fühlen können und überall das Gewissen sich regen fühlen. So manches Leid, so manche düstere, melancholische Stimmung kann unter unbefriedigter Erklärungssehnsucht sich in der Seele ablagern. Ein zartes Gewissen kann das Leben sehr erschweren. Aber auch eine andere Art von Menschen ist in der Gegenwart vorhanden. Sie will nichts wissen von einer solchen Erklärung der Welt. Für sie ist es schrecklich langweilig, was da alles vorgebracht wird an Erklärungen der Dinge aus geistiger Forschung, und sie leben lieber robust darauf los, als daß sie nach Erklärungen verlangen, und wenn man nur anfängt von Erklärungen zu sprechen, da fangen sie auch schon an zu gähnen. Und das ist gewiß wahr, daß bei so gearteten Naturen das Gewissen sich weniger regt als bei den anderen. Wie aber kommt es, daß solche Charaktergegensätze sich zeigen? Geisteswissenschaft ist geneigt, darauf einzugehen, woher es kommt, daß der eine Charakterzug durch seine Sinnigkeit mit dem Durst nach Erkenntnis sich auszeichnet, während der andere darauf ausgeht, das Leben nur zu genießen, ohne nach Erklärung zu verlangen.
Wenn man mit den Mitteln der geistigen Forschung den Umfang der menschlichen Seele prüft- und man kann nur einzelne Andeutungen machen, da man viele Stunden brauchte, um ausführlicher darauf einzugehen -, so findet man, daß viele Menschen von denen, die mit sinnigem Leben begabt sind, die gar nicht leben können ohne sich aufzuklären, in früheren Verkörperungen so gelebt haben, daß sie unmittelbar in der Seele etwas gewußt haben von der Tatsache der Wiederverkörperung. Es gibt ja auch heute noch zahlreiche Menschen auf der Erde, die davon wissen und denen die Wiederverkörperung eine absolute Tatsache ist. Man denke nur an die Asiaten. Also solche Menschen, die in der Gegenwart ein sinniges Leben haben, schließen ihr jetziges Leben an - wenn auch nicht unmittelbar -, aber sie schließen es dennoch an ein anderes Leben einer vorhergehenden Verkörperung an, wo sie von der Wiederverkörperung etwas wußten.
Aber die anderen, robusteren Menschennaturen, sie kommen aus solchen Leben herüber, in denen man nichts gewußt hat von früheren Erdenleben. Bei ihnen ist kein Drang vorhanden, sich viel mit Gewissen zu belasten über die Taten ihres Lebens, noch auch sich viel um Erklärungen zu kümmern. So geartet sind bei uns im Abendlande sehr viele Menschen, und es ist eben der Charakter der abendländischen Kultur, daß die Menschen sozusagen vergessen haben ihre früheren Erdenleben. Ja, sie haben sie vergessen; aber wir stehen mit der Kultur an einem Wendepunkt, wo die Erinnerung wieder aufleben wird an die vergangenen Erdenleben. Daher gehen diejenigen Menschen, welche heute leben, einer solchen Zukunft entgegen, die man als ein Wiederherstellen des Zusammenhanges mit der geistigen Welt charakterisieren kann.
Heute ist es noch bei wenigen Menschen der Fall, aber es wird ganz gewiß noch im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts eine allgemeine Eigenschaft der Menschen werden. Und das wird so sein: Nehmen wir einmal an, ein Mensch habe dieses oder jenes getan, und es plagte ihn hinterher das böse Gewissen. So ist es jetzt. Später aber, wenn der geistige Zusammenhang sich wieder herstellen wird, dann wird der Mensch, wenn er dieses oder jenes getan hat, den Drang empfinden, sich wie mit zugebundenen Augen etwas zurückzubewegen von seiner Tat. Und da wird dem Menschen auftauchen wie ein Bild, wie eine Art Traumbild, aber doch wie ein ganz lebendiges Traumbild etwas, das wegen seiner Tat in Zukunft zu geschehen hat. Und die Menschen werden sich, wenn sie dieses Bild erleben, sagen, etwa so: Ja, ich bin es, der das erlebt, aber das habe ich doch noch nicht erlebt, was ich da sehe!
Für alle Menschen, die nichts von Geisteswissenschaft gehört haben, wird das etwas Furchtbares sein. Diejenigen Menschen aber, die sich vorbereitet haben auf das, was an alle herantreten wird, werden sich sagen: Ja, das habe ich zwar noch nicht erlebt, aber ich werde es noch in der Zukunft erleben als karmischen Ausgleich für das, was ich soeben getan habe.
Wir stehen jetzt wie in einem Vorhof der Zeit, wo der karmische Ausgleich im prophetischen Traumbild dem Menschen erscheinen wird. Und nun denken Sie sich dieses Erleben im Laufe der Zeit immer gesteigerter und gesteigerter werdend, dann haben Sie den Zukunftsmenschen, der schauen wird, wie seine Taten karmisch gerichtet werden.
Wodurch tritt denn so etwas ein, daß die Menschen fähig werden, diesen karmischen Ausgleich zu sehen? Das hängt zusammen mit der Tatsache, daß die Menschen früher kein Gewissen gehabt haben, sondern daß sie nach schlechten Taten von den Furien gequält wurden. Das war altes Hellsehen, das ist vergangen. Dann kam die Zeit, wo sie die Furien nicht mehr sahen, die mittlere Zeit, wo aber das, was die Furien früher verrichteten, innerlich als Gewissen auftrat. Und nun kommen wir allmählich an eine Zeit heran, in der wir wieder etwas sehen werden, und zwar den karmischen Ausgleich. Daß der Mensch einmal das Gewissen erworben hat, das befähigt ihn, nunmehr bewußt in die geistige Welt zu schauen.
Wenn gewisse Menschen in der Gegenwart sinnige Naturen wurden dadurch, daß sie in früheren Verkörperungen Kräfte erworben haben, die im Staunen als Erinnerung an frühere Leben sich offenbaren, so werden auch die heutigen Menschen in die nächsten Inkarnationen Kräfte mitnehmen, wenn sie heute ein Wissen von den geistigen Welten erwerben. Aber denen, die sich jetzt gesträubt haben, eine Erklärung von dem Gesetz der Inkarnationen aufzunehmen, wird es im Gegenteil recht übel ergehen in der zukünftigen Welt. Für diese Seelen wird das eine furchtbare Tatsache sein. Heute stehen wir gerade in einem Zeitalter, wo die Menschen noch auskommen im Leben, auch wenn sie keine Erklärungen des Lebens haben mit Beziehung auf die geistigen Welten. Aber dieses Zeitalter, welches die kosmischen Mächte sozusagen einmal erlaubt haben, das hört wieder auf, und zwar so, daß die Menschen, die keinen Zusammenhang mit der geistigen Welt haben, im nächsten Leben so aufwachsen werden, daß ihnen die Welt, in die sie bei der nächsten Verkörperung wieder hineingeboren werden, unverständlich ist. Und wenn sie dann weiter das ihnen unverständlich gewesene physische Dasein im Tode wieder verlassen, dann werden sie nach ihrem Tode auch kein Verständnis mehr haben für die geistige Welt, in die sie hineinwachsen. Es ist ja selbstverständlich, daß sie hineinkommen in die geistige Welt, aber begreifen werden sie sie nicht. Sie befinden sich dann eben in einer Umgebung, die sie nicht begreifen und die ihnen so vorkommt, als ob sie nicht zu ihnen gehörte, und die sie so quält, wie ein böses Gewissen nur quälen kann. Und wenn sie dann wieder in eine neue Verkörperung hineinkommen, ist es ebenso schlimm; denn da werden sie allerlei Triebe und Leidenschaften haben und in diesen werden sie, weil sie kein Erstaunen entwickeln können, wie in Illusionen und Halluzinationen leben. Die Materialisten der heutigen Zeit sind es, die einer Zukunft entgegengehen, wo sie von Halluzinationen und Illusionen in furchtbarer Weise werden gequält werden; denn, was der Mensch heute in diesem Leben denkt, das erlebt er dann als Illusion und Halluzination.
Man kann sich das schon recht real vorstellen. Nehmen wir beispielsweise an, es gehen heute zwei Menschen auf der Straße zusammen. Es sei ein Materialist und ein Nichtmaterialist. Dieser sagt zum Beispiel zu jenem etwas über die geistige Welt. Der andere aber sagt oder denkt: Ach, das ist ja Unsinn! Das sind ja nur Illusionen! - Ja, für diesen sind es Illusionen, aber für jenen, der die Äußerung über die geistige Welt machte, sind es keine Illusionen. Schon nach dem Tode werden für den Materialisten die Folgen eintreten und erst recht dann noch später bei dem nächsten Erdenleben. Da wird es dann für ihn so sein, daß er die geistigen Welten als quälend empfindet, so daß sie ihm ein lebendiger Vorwurf sind. In seiner Kamalokazeit zwischen dem Tode und der neuen Geburt wird er sozusagen keinen Unterschied empfinden zwischen Kamaloka und Devachan. Und wenn er wieder geboren ist, und die geistige Welt tritt vor ihn hin in der geschilderten Weise, dann erscheint sie ihm als etwas Unwirkliches, als Illusion, als Halluzination.
Geisteswissenschaft ist nichts, was unsere bloße Neugier befriedigen soll. Nicht, weil wir in bezug auf die übersinnliche Welt bloß neugieriger sind als andere Leute, sitzen wir hier zusammen, sondern weil wir mehr oder weniger ahnen, daß die Menschen der Zukunft gar nicht werden leben können ohne Geisteswissenschaft. Alle anderen Bestrebungen, die diese Tatsache nicht berücksichtigen, gehen der Dekadenz entgegen. Nun, es ist ja so eingerichtet, daß diejenigen, die sich heute sträuben, Geisteswissenschaft anzunehmen, in späteren Verkörperungen noch Gelegenheit haben werden, an sie heranzukommen. Vorposten aber müssen sein. Menschen, die durch ihr Karma schon heute Sehnsucht haben nach Geisteswissenschaft, haben dadurch Gelegenheit, Vorposten zu werden. Diese Gelegenheit tritt an sie heran, eben weil sie Vorposten sein müssen und werden müssen.
Die anderen Menschen werden mehr aus dem allgemeinen Menschheitskarma heraus die Sehnsucht nach Geisteswissenschaft entstehen sehen.
Anthroposophy as a Source of Feeling, Knowledge, and Life Content
Since we are able to meet so rarely, it might be good today to touch on questions where anthroposophy directly touches life. Anthroposophists are often asked: How does anthroposophy relate to those who are not yet able to look into the spiritual worlds through clairvoyant consciousness? For essentially, the spiritual scientific content of the messages has been received, taken from, and communicated through the research of clairvoyant consciousness.
It must be emphasized again and again that everything that can be researched and communicated from clairvoyant knowledge as facts and connections must be understood with common sense. For once the things found through clairvoyant consciousness are there, they can be grasped and understood with the logic inherent in every natural human being, provided that the assessment is made without prejudice.
Beyond that, however, one may still ask: Is there nothing, are there not certain facts in normal human life, certain experiences of this normal human life, which point from the outset to the assertion of spiritual research that our physical world and all its phenomena are based on a spiritual world? Well, there are many such facts in ordinary life of which we can say that human beings will never be able to understand them—even though they must accept them—if they know nothing about the existence of a spiritual world.
Today, at the beginning of our considerations, we want to point to two facts of ordinary normal consciousness in human life that must simply be inexplicable if human beings do not accept the fact of the existence of a spiritual world. What we are going to talk about are two facts that human beings certainly know as something everyday, but which they do not usually see in the right light; for if they did, there would be no necessity for a materialistic worldview. If we want to start by bringing one of these two facts to mind, let it be the following, and let us do so by referring to very ordinary events in ordinary life.
When a person is confronted with a fact that he cannot explain with the concepts he has acquired up to that point, he is astonished. Indeed, to use a very concrete example, anyone who sees an automobile or a railroad train for the first time—even if this will soon be nothing unusual even in the interior of Africa—must be extremely astonished, because the following thought process is going on in his mind: Based on everything I have encountered so far, it seems impossible to me that something can rush across the earth without something pulling it. Yet I see that it rushes by without being pulled! That is astonishing. — So what man does not yet know causes amazement, and what he has already seen no longer causes amazement. Only things that man cannot connect with what he has already experienced cause amazement. Let us keep this fact of everyday life firmly in mind.
And now we can connect this with another fact that is also very remarkable. In everyday life, people are confronted with many things they have never seen before and yet they accept them without being surprised. There are numerous such events. What are these events? Well, it would certainly be very astonishing if, in the ordinary course of things, a person suddenly began to fly through the air out of the chimney while sitting quietly in a chair. That would indeed be very astonishing, but when it happens in a dream, he goes along with it without being surprised. And we experience even more incredible things in dreams, which do not surprise us at all, even though they cannot be linked to everyday events. When we are awake, we are amazed when someone jumps high into the air, but in dreams we fly and are not surprised at all. We are faced with the fact that when we are awake we are amazed by things we have not yet experienced, while in dreams we are not surprised at all.
The second fact to which we wish to draw attention today as an introduction to our considerations is the question of conscience. In everything that human beings do – and in sensitive individuals, even in everything they think – something stirs within us that we call conscience. Conscience is actually completely independent of the meaning of external events. For example, we might have done something that would be quite useful to us, and yet this action could be condemned by our conscience. When our conscience stirs, however, every human being feels that something is flowing into the judgment of an action that has nothing to do with its usefulness. It is like a voice speaking within us: You should have done that—or: You should not have done that! We are faced with the fact of conscience, and we know how strong the warning power of conscience can be and how it can haunt us in life, and we also know that the existence of conscience cannot be denied.
Now let us consider the fact of dreams, in which we do the strangest things that, if we did them while awake, would cause us the most terrible pangs of conscience. Everyone can confirm from their own experience that they do things in dreams without the slightest stirring of conscience. Things that, if they did them while awake, would make the voice of their conscience cry out. So the two facts, the fact of astonishment and wonder and the fact of conscience, are strangely eliminated in dreams. In ordinary life, people let such things pass unnoticed, but nevertheless they shine deep into the foundations of our existence.
To shed some light on these things, I would like to point out another fact that concerns wonder more than conscience. In ancient Greece, the saying arose that all philosophy arises from wonder, from amazement. The feeling that lies in this statement—and I mean the feeling that the ancient Greeks had—cannot be found in the earlier stages of Greek development; it only appears at a certain point in the history of philosophy. This is because people in earlier times did not feel this way. So why did it happen that, starting at a certain point in ancient Greece, people started realizing that we're amazed? Well, we just saw that we're amazed by things that don't fit into our previous life. But if we only have this amazement, the amazement of everyday life, then there's nothing special about it, just amazement at the unfamiliar. Those who are amazed by automobiles and railroads are not yet accustomed to seeing them, and their amazement is nothing more than amazement at the unfamiliar. Much more surprising than amazement at automobiles and railroads, than amazement at the unfamiliar, is the fact that human beings can also begin to be amazed by the familiar. Take, for example, the fact that the sun rises every morning. People who are accustomed to this fact with their ordinary consciousness are not amazed by it. But when there is amazement at everyday things that one is accustomed to seeing, then philosophy and knowledge arise. The more insightful people are those who can be amazed by things that ordinary people take for granted. Only then does one become a person who strives for knowledge, and for this reason the ancient Greeks coined the phrase: All philosophy comes from wonder.
What about conscience? Again, it is interesting that the word “conscience” — that is, apparently the concept, because only when an idea of something arises does the word appear — can only be found in ancient Greece from a certain period onwards. There is no way to find a word in older Greek literature, around the time of Aeschylus, that could be translated as “conscience.” On the other hand, we find such a word in the works of later Greek writers, for example in Euripides. Thus, we can point out that, just like amazement at the familiar, conscience is something that humans only became aware of at a certain point in ancient Greece. What later, from a certain point in time, came to be known as pangs of conscience was something completely different for the ancient Greeks. In earlier times, people did not experience pangs of conscience when they had done something wrong. At that time, people had a primitive, elementary clairvoyance, and if we were to go back just a short time before the Christian era, we would find that all people still had this primitive clairvoyance. When a person did something wrong, there was no pangs of conscience, but rather a demonic figure appeared to the ancient clairvoyance, tormenting them, and these figures were called Erinyes and Furies. Only when people lost the ability to see these demonic figures did they acquire the ability to feel conscience as an inner experience when they had done something wrong.
We must now ask ourselves what such facts show us and what is actually going on in the everyday experience of astonishment, as experienced, for example, by a savage from an uncultivated region of Africa who is brought to Europe and now sees trains and automobiles driving around. His initial astonishment presupposes that something enters his human life that was not there before, something that he saw differently before.
If advanced human beings have the urge to explain many things, to explain everyday occurrences, because they are capable of marveling at everyday things, this presupposes in the same way that they saw things differently in the past. No one would have come up with any other explanation for the sunrise than the simple observation that the sun rises, if they did not have the feeling in their soul that they had seen it differently before. But, one might object, we have seen the sunrise in the same way since our earliest youth, so wouldn't it be downright silly to be amazed by it? There is no other explanation for this than that, if we are nevertheless amazed by it, we must have experienced it differently in another state in the past, other than today, other than now in this life. For when spiritual science says that between birth and a previous life, human beings existed in a different state, we have in the fact of our astonishment at such an everyday occurrence as the familiar sunrise nothing other than an indication of this earlier state, in which human beings also perceived this sunrise, but in a different way, without physical organs. There he perceived all this with spiritual eyes and spiritual ears. And at the moment when he says to himself, feeling in darkness: You are standing opposite the rising sun, opposite the roaring sea, opposite the sprouting plant, and you are astonished! —therein lies the realization that he once perceived it differently than with his physical eyes. It is precisely his spiritual organs with which he saw this before he entered the physical world. He now feels vaguely that it looks different than he saw it before. That was and could only have been before birth. These facts compel us to acknowledge that knowledge would not be possible at all if human beings did not enter this life from a previous supersensible existence. Otherwise, there would be no explanation for amazement and the knowledge it brings. Of course, humans do not remember in clear images what they experienced differently before birth, but even if it is not clear in their thoughts, it appears in their feelings. Only through initiation can it be brought back as a clear memory.
Let us now consider why we are not amazed in dreams. To do this, we must first answer the question of what dreams actually are. Dreams are an ancient legacy from previous incarnations. In previous incarnations, human beings experienced other states of consciousness of a clairvoyant nature. In the further course of evolution, however, human beings lost the ability to see clairvoyantly into the spiritual world. It was a dim clairvoyance, and evolution gradually progressed from the earlier dim clairvoyance to our present clear waking consciousness, which was able to unfold in the physical world, so that when it is fully developed, it can ascend again to the spiritual-soul worlds with the abilities that human beings have acquired with the I in waking consciousness. But what did human beings acquire in ancient clairvoyance? Something of this has remained, and that is the dream. The dream differs from ancient clairvoyance in that it is an experience of the present human being, and the present human being has developed a consciousness that contains the urge for knowledge. The dream, as a remnant of an earlier consciousness, does not contain the urge for knowledge, and that is why human beings feel the difference between waking consciousness and dream consciousness. But what was not present in the old, dim clairvoyance, namely wonder, cannot enter dream consciousness today either. Amazement, wonder, cannot enter into dreams, but we have it in waking consciousness when we are turned toward the outer world. In dreams, human beings are not in the outer world; dreams are a state of being placed into the spiritual world, where human beings do not experience the things of the physical world. But it is precisely in relation to the physical world that human beings have learned astonishment. In dreams, they accept everything as they did in ancient clairvoyance. At that time, they were able to accept this because spiritual beings came and showed them what they had done that was good or evil; therefore, human beings did not need wonder at that time. Thus, dreams show us, by their very nature, that they are a legacy from ancient times, when there was no amazement at everyday things and no conscience.
We now find ourselves at the point where we ask ourselves why it was necessary for humans, once they had clairvoyance, not to remain clairvoyant. Why did they descend? Did the gods chase him down in a useless manner? — Well, it is indeed the case that man could never have attained what lies in astonishment and what lies in conscience if he had not descended. In order to acquire knowledge and conscience, man descended, for he can only acquire them when he is separated from these spiritual worlds for a while. And he acquired knowledge and conscience here below in order to be able to ascend again with them.
Spiritual science shows us that between death and a new birth, humans always spend a certain amount of time in a purely spiritual world. First, after death, we experience the Kamaloka period, the state in the purifying place of desires in the soul world, where human beings are, so to speak, only half in the spiritual world, because they still look down on their instincts and sympathies and are thus still attracted to what connected them to the physical world. Only when this Kamaloka period is over do they experience pure spiritual life, or Devachan.When a person enters this purely spiritual world, what does he experience there? How does each person experience it? Well, even ordinary reasoning shows that between death and rebirth, our surroundings must be completely different from what we experience here in physical life. Here we see colors because we have eyes; here we hear sounds because we have ears. But if, after death, we have no eyes or ears in spiritual existence, then we cannot perceive these colors or sounds. Even here, we see and hear poorly or not at all if we do not have good eyes and ears. For anyone who thinks about it even a little, this should be obvious. It is quite clear that we must imagine the spiritual world to be completely different from the world in which we live between birth and death here. You can get an idea of how this world must change when we pass through the gate of death by making a small comparison. Let us assume that a person sees a lamb and a wolf. The person can perceive this lamb and this wolf with all the organs of perception available to them in physical life. They see this lamb as a material lamb and the wolf as a material wolf. They also recognize other lambs and wolves and call them lambs and wolves. He then has a conceptual image of the lamb and also one of the wolf. One could now say, and indeed people do say, that the conceptual image of the animal is not visible, that it lives within the animal; one cannot actually see what the essence of a lamb or a wolf is in material terms. We form ideas about the essence of the animal, but the essence of the animal is invisible.
There are theorists who believe that what we form in our minds about wolves and lambs lives only within us and has nothing to do with wolves and lambs themselves. A man who asserts such a thing should be made to feed a wolf with lambs for such a long time until, according to scientific research, all the material particles of the wolf's body have been renewed, so that the wolf is made up entirely of lamb matter. And now this man should see whether the wolf has become a lamb! If it turns out that the wolf has not become a lamb, then it is proven that what is the object “wolf” is different from the material wolf, and that the objective in the wolf transcends the material.
This invisible thing, which in ordinary life is only conceived as a concept, can be seen after death. It is not the white color of the lamb that is seen there, nor the sounds that the lamb makes that are heard there, but rather one sees what is invisibly at work in the lamb, which is just as real and which is there for those who live in the spiritual world. In the same place where the lamb stands, there also stands a real spiritual being, which one then sees after death. And so it is with all phenomena of the physical environment. One sees the sun differently, the moon differently, everything differently; and one brings something of this with oneself when one enters into the new existence through birth. And when one is then seized by the feeling that one once saw things quite differently, then with amazement and wonder comes the realization.
It is different when one observes a person's actions. Here conscience comes into play. If we want to know what this is, we must pay attention to a fact of life that can be observed without having developed clairvoyance. One must pay attention to the moment of falling asleep. This can be learned without any clairvoyance, and what can be experienced in this way could be experienced by every human being. When you are about to fall asleep, things first lose their sharp contours, colors fade, sounds not only become weaker, but it is as if they are going away, going far away; they come from a distance, and this weakening can be explained as a kind of distancing. The whole becoming less distinct of the sensory world is a transformation, as if fog were setting in. The limbs also become heavier. One feels something in them that one had not felt in the limbs before while awake; it is as if they had acquired a weight, a heaviness. In waking life, if one were to think about it, one should actually have the sensation that the leg, when one walks, or the hand, when one raises it, has no weight for us. One should actually say to oneself: when I walk and raise my hand, my hand has no weight. Why does the hand have no weight? Because the limb belongs to my body. Now let us imagine that we are carrying a hundredweight in each hand. Why do we feel the hundredweight as weight? The hand belongs to me, which is why we do not feel its heaviness; but the hundredweight is outside of me, and because it does not belong to me, it has weight. Let us imagine that a Martian came down to Earth without knowing anything about earthly things, and the first thing this Martian saw was a human being holding a weight in each hand. The Martian would initially have to conclude that the two weights belong to the human being, as if they were part of his hands, part of the whole human being. If it later had to accept the idea that humans feel a difference between a hundredweight and a hand, it would be astonished. It is really the case that we only perceive as weight that which is outside ourselves. So when a person begins to feel their limbs becoming heavy as they fall asleep, this is a sign that they are leaving their body, leaving their physical body.
It now depends on a subtle observation that can be made at the moment when the limbs become heavy. A very strange sensation arises here. It consists in the fact that it speaks to us: You have done this, you have failed to do that. Like a living conscience, the deeds of the past day emerge. And if there is something in them that we cannot approve of, then we toss and turn in our bed and cannot fall asleep. But if we can be satisfied with our deeds, then as we fall asleep there comes a blissful moment when we say to ourselves: Oh, if only it could always be like this! - And then there is a jolt, which is when the person steps out of their physical and etheric body, and then the person is in the spiritual world.
Let us take a closer look at the moment when we experience this phenomenon, which appears like a living conscience. Without actually having the strength to do anything sensible, a person tosses and turns in bed. This is an unhealthy state, which prevents them from falling asleep. This happens at the moment when we are about to leave the physical plane in order to ascend to another world, which, however, does not want to accept what we call a “bad conscience.” Human beings cannot fall asleep because they are repelled by the world they are supposed to enter when they fall asleep. Therefore, the saying “to consider an action in relation to one's conscience” means nothing other than to have a premonition of how one should be as a human being in the future in order to be able to enter the spiritual world.
Thus, in amazement we have an expression for what we have seen in the past, and thus conscience is the expression of a later vision in the spiritual world. Conscience indicates whether we will recoil or be blissful when we are able to see our actions in Devachan. Thus conscience is a prophetic premonition of how we will experience our deeds after death.
Amazement and the drive for knowledge on the one hand, and conscience on the other, are living signs of the spiritual world. These phenomena cannot be explained unless one draws on the spiritual worlds for an explanation. Those who are able to feel such reverence for the facts of the world will be more inclined to become anthroposophists; reverence and wonder at the facts of the world. It is precisely the more developed souls who are capable of ever greater wonder. The less one is capable of wonder, the less advanced the soul in question is. Now it is the case that human beings regard what they experience during the day—the everyday phenomena of life—with far less wonder than they do, for example, when they admire the starry sky in all its splendor. But the real higher development of the soul only begins when one can marvel at the smallest flower, the smallest petal, the most insignificant beetle or worm as much as at the greatest cosmic events. It is really quite remarkable with these things. In general, people are easily moved to demand an explanation for things that strike them as sensational. The inhabitants of a volcanic region, for example, will demand an explanation of the causes of volcanic eruptions, because people there must be particularly attentive to such things and therefore pay more attention to them than to everyday occurrences. And even people who live far away from volcanoes demand an explanation, because these events are surprising and sensational for them too. But if a person enters life with a soul of such a nature that he marvels at everything because he senses something spiritual in everything that surrounds him, then he is no more particularly amazed by the volcano than by the little bubbles and craters he notices in his cup of milk or coffee at the breakfast table. He is just as interested in the small as in the large.
To be able to approach everything with wonder is a reminder of seeing before birth. To be able to approach our actions with conscience means to have the living intuition that every action we perform will appear to us in a different form in the future. People who feel this way are more predestined than others to approach spiritual science.
Now we live in a time when certain things are being revealed that can only be explained by spiritual science. Certain things defy any other explanation. And people react very differently to such things. In our time, we undoubtedly observe many different human characters, but within the most diverse nuances of character, we encounter mainly two natures.
We can describe one as sensible natures, natures inclined to contemplation, which can feel astonishment everywhere and feel their conscience stirring everywhere. Much suffering, many gloomy, melancholic moods can accumulate in the soul under an unsatisfied longing for explanation. A tender conscience can make life very difficult. But there is also another type of person in the present day. They want nothing to do with such explanations of the world. They find all the explanations of things offered by spiritual research terribly boring, and they prefer to live robustly rather than demand explanations, and as soon as anyone starts talking about explanations, they start yawning. And it is certainly true that in such natures the conscience is less active than in others. But how is it that such character contrasts appear? Spiritual science is inclined to go into the origin of this, why one character trait is distinguished by its sensuality and thirst for knowledge, while the other is aimed at simply enjoying life without demanding explanations.
If one examines the scope of the human soul by means of spiritual research—and one can only make a few hints here, since it would take many hours to go into it in more detail—one finds that many people who are gifted with a sensual life and cannot live without enlightenment have lived in previous incarnations in such a way in which they knew something directly in their souls about the fact of reincarnation. Even today there are still numerous people on earth who know about this and for whom reincarnation is an absolute fact. Just think of the Asians. So people who have a meaningful life in the present connect their present life—albeit not directly—to another life in a previous incarnation, where they knew something about reincarnation.
But the other, more robust human natures come from lives in which they knew nothing of previous earthly lives. They have no urge to burden themselves with conscience about the deeds of their lives, nor do they care much about explanations. Many people in the West are like this, and it is precisely the character of Western culture that people have, so to speak, forgotten their previous earthly lives. Yes, they have forgotten them; but we are at a turning point in our culture where the memory of past earthly lives will be revived. Therefore, those people who live today are heading toward a future that can be characterized as a restoration of the connection with the spiritual world.
Today, this is still the case with only a few people, but it will certainly become a general characteristic of human beings in the course of the 20th century. And it will be like this: Let us suppose that a person has done this or that, and afterwards he is plagued by a guilty conscience. That is how it is now. But later, when the spiritual connection is reestablished, when a person has done this or that, he will feel the urge to move away from his deed, as if with blindfolded eyes. And then something will appear to them like an image, like a kind of dream image, but nevertheless like a very vivid dream image, something that must happen in the future because of their deed. And when people experience this image, they will say something like this: Yes, it is I who am experiencing this, but I have not yet experienced what I see there!
For all people who have never heard of spiritual science, this will be something terrible. But those people who have prepared themselves for what is coming to everyone will say to themselves: Yes, I have not yet experienced this, but I will experience it in the future as karmic compensation for what I have just done.
We now stand as if in a forecourt of time, where karmic compensation will appear to people in prophetic dream images. And now imagine this experience becoming more and more intense over time, and you will have the people of the future who will see how their deeds are judged karmically.
How does something like this come about, that people become able to see this karmic compensation? This is connected with the fact that people in the past did not have a conscience, but were tormented by the Furies after doing bad deeds. That was ancient clairvoyance, which has passed away. Then came the time when they no longer saw the Furies, the middle age, when what the Furies had done in the past appeared inwardly as conscience. And now we are gradually approaching a time when we will see something again, namely karmic compensation. Once human beings have acquired conscience, they are enabled to look consciously into the spiritual world.
If certain people in the present have become sensible natures by acquiring powers in earlier incarnations that reveal themselves in wonder as memories of earlier lives, then today's people will also take powers with them into their next incarnations if they acquire knowledge of the spiritual worlds today. But those who have now refused to accept an explanation of the law of incarnation will, on the contrary, fare very badly in the future world. For these souls, this will be a terrible fact. Today we are living in an age where people can still get by in life even if they have no explanation of life in relation to the spiritual worlds. But this age, which the cosmic powers have allowed to exist for a time, will come to an end, and those who have no connection with the spiritual world will grow up in the next life in such a way that the world into which they are reborn will be incomprehensible to them. And when they then leave the physical existence that was incomprehensible to them in death, they will no longer have any understanding of the spiritual world into which they grow after their death. It is self-evident that they will enter the spiritual world, but they will not comprehend it. They will then find themselves in an environment that they do not understand and that seems to them as if it does not belong to them, and that torments them as only a guilty conscience can torment. And when they then enter a new embodiment, it is just as bad; for there they will have all kinds of instincts and passions, and because they cannot develop any sense of wonder, they will live in illusions and hallucinations. The materialists of today are the ones who are heading toward a future where they will be tormented in a terrible way by hallucinations and illusions; for what man thinks today in this life, he will then experience as illusion and hallucination.
One can imagine this quite realistically. Let us suppose, for example, that two people are walking together on the street today. One is a materialist and the other is a non-materialist. The latter says something to the former about the spiritual world. The other, however, says or thinks: Oh, that is nonsense! Those are just illusions! Yes, for this person they are illusions, but for the one who made the statement about the spiritual world, they are not illusions. Already after death, the consequences will come for the materialist, and even more so later in the next earthly life. Then it will be so for him that he will find the spiritual worlds tormenting, so that they will be a living reproach to him. In his Kamaloka period between death and rebirth, he will feel no difference, so to speak, between Kamaloka and Devachan. And when he is reborn and the spiritual world appears before him in the manner described, it will seem to him to be something unreal, an illusion, a hallucination.
Spiritual science is not something that is meant to satisfy our mere curiosity. We are not sitting here because we are more curious about the supersensible world than other people, but because we more or less sense that the people of the future will not be able to live without spiritual science. All other endeavors that do not take this fact into account are heading toward decadence. Now, it is arranged that those who are reluctant to accept spiritual science today will still have the opportunity to approach it in later incarnations. But there must be outposts. People who already have a longing for spiritual science through their karma have the opportunity to become outposts. This opportunity comes to them precisely because they must and will be outposts.
Other people will see the longing for spiritual science arise more out of the general karma of humanity.