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Secrets of the Threshold
GA 147

28 August 1913, Munich

Lecture V

I should like to help everyone understand, if I can, the characteristics of the spiritual realms we are studying in these lectures. For this reason, I am going to add a little story to shed light on the questions we have already considered and on those ahead of us.13See also Rudolf Steiner, Three lectures on the Mystery Dramas, (Spring Valley, Anthroposophic Press, 1983).

Some time ago Professor Capesius was inwardly quite disturbed and puzzled. It came about in the following way. You will have noticed in The Portal of Initiation that Capesius is a historian, a professor of history. Occult research has shown me that a number of well-known modern scholars have become historians through a particular connection with an Egyptian initiation in the third post-Atlantean epoch, either directly within an initiation cult or else by being attracted in some way or other to the Temple Mysteries. You will notice that Capesius is a historian who depends not only on external documents; he tries also to penetrate to the historical ideas that have played a part in human evolution and in the development of civilization.

I must admit that in characterizing Capesius in The Portal of Initiation, The Probation of the Soul, and The Guardian of the Threshold, I was continuously aware of his link to the Egyptian cult of initiation shown in detail in Scenes Seven and Eight of The Souls' Awakening. We must keep in mind that what Capesius's soul experienced during his Egyptian incarnation forms the foundation for his later destiny and for his present-day soul. Capesius has therefore become a historian, concerned in his professional life chiefly with what has been brought about in successive epochs by the varying character of peoples, civilizations and individuals.

One day, however, Capesius came across some literature about the philosophy of Haeckel. Up to then he had not paid much attention to these ideas, but now he studied various articles on Haeckel's atomistic view of the world. This was the reason for his tortured state of mind; a peculiar mood descended on him when he met this atomistic philosophy at a relatively late period in his life. His reason told him: We really cannot get behind natural phenomena properly unless our explanations involve atoms by way of a mechanistic conception of the universe. In other words, Capesius came more and more to recognize what is, in a sense, the one-sided correctness of atomism and a mechanistic view of nature. He was not one to fight fanatically against a new idea, for he had confidence in his own intelligence, which seemed to find these ideas necessary to explain the natural phenomena around him. Yet it troubled him. He said to himself, “How desolate, how unsatisfying for the human soul this conception of nature is. How poorly it supports any ideas one would like to acquire about spirit and spiritual beings or about the human soul!”

Capesius was thus driven back and forth by doubt; therefore he set out—almost instinctively, I might say—on the walk he so often took when his heart was heavy, to the Baldes' little cottage. Talking over things with those warmhearted people had many times provided him with a real emotional lift, and what Felicia Balde gave him in her wonderful fairy tales had refreshed him. And so he went there. As Dame Felicia was busy in the house when he arrived, he met first his good friend Felix, whom he had gradually grown fond of. Capesius confided his troubles to Felix, describing the doubts that the knowledge of Haeckelism and the atomistic theory had brought. He explained how logical it seemed to apply it to the phenomena of nature, but on the other hand how barren and disheartening such a conception of the universe is. In his distress, Capesius more or less sought help for his state of soul from his fatherly friend.

Now Felix is quite a different character from Capesius. He goes his own unique way. Turning aside at once all Haeckel's ideas and theories, he explained how the matter really stands. He said: “Certainly there must be atoms; it is quite correct to talk about them. But we have to understand that atoms, in order somehow to form the universe, must stratify and arrange themselves in such a way that their relationships correspond in measure and number; the atoms of one substance form a unit of four, another of three, another of one or two; in this way the substances of earth came about.”

It seemed to Capesius, who had a good grasp of history, that this was somewhat Pythagorean. He felt that a Pythagorean principle had the upper hand in Felix, who was arguing that there is nothing we can do about the atoms themselves but that within them we find the wisdom of measure and number. More and more complicated became the argument, with ever more complicated numerical relationships, where—according to Felix—cosmic wisdom in combining the atoms revealed itself as a spiritual principle among them. More and more complicated became the structures that Father Felix built up for Capesius, who gradually was overcome by a peculiar mood. You could describe it by saying that he had to strain every nerve so much in deciphering this complicated stuff that, even though the subject interested him immensely, he had to suppress a desire to yawn and to sink into a kind of dream state.

Before our good professor dropped completely into a dream, however, Dame Balde joined them and listened for a while to the expounding of numbers and structures. She sat there patiently, but she had a peculiar habit. When something not altogether pleasant or congenial bothered her, and she had to control her boredom, she would clasp her hands together and twirl her thumbs around each other; whenever she did this, she was able to swallow her yawns. And now after she had twirled her thumbs for a short time, there came a pause. She could finally try to stir up Capesius with a refreshing story, and so Felicia told her good friend the following tale.

Once upon a time there stood in a very lonely region a great fortress. Within it lived many people, of all ages; they were more or less related to one another and belonged to the same family. They formed a self-contained community but were shut off from the rest of the world. Round about, far and wide, there were no other people nor human settlements to be found, and in time this state of things made many of the people uneasy. As a result, a few of them became somewhat visionary, and the visions that came to them might well, from the manner in which they appeared, have been founded on reality.

Felicia told how a great number of these people had the same vision. First, they saw a powerful figure of light, which seemed to come down out of the clouds. It was a figure of light bringing warmth with it as it came down and sank into the hearts and souls of the people in the fortress. It was really felt—so ran Felicias' story—that something of glory had come down from the heights of heaven in this figure Of light from above.

But soon, Felicia continued, those who had the vision of light saw something more. They saw how from all sides, from all around the mountain, as though crawling out of the earth, there came all kinds of blackish, brownish, steel-grey figures. Whereas it was a single figure of light coming from above, there were many, many of these other forms around the fortress. Whereas the figure of light entered into their hearts and their souls, these other beings—one could call them elemental beings—were like besiegers of the fortress.

For a long time the people, of whom there was a fairly great number, dwelled between the figure from above and those besieging the fortress from outside. One day, however, it happened that the form from above sank down still further than before, and that the besiegers come closer in towards them. An uncomfortable feeling spread among the visionaries in the fortress—we must remember that Felicia is telling a fairy tale—and these visionaries, as well as all the others, fell into a kind of dream state. The figure from above divided into separate clouds of light, but these were seized upon by the besiegers and darkened by them, so that gradually the people of the fortress were held in a dream. The earth life of the people was thereby prolonged for centuries, and when they came to themselves, they found that now they were divided into small communities scattered over many different parts of the earth. They lived in small fortresses that were copies of the great, original one they had inhabited centuries before. And it was apparent that what they had experienced in the ancient fortress was now within them as strength of soul, soul richness and soul health. In these smaller fortresses they could now bravely carry on all sorts of activities, such as farming, cattle raising and the like.

They became capable, hard working people, good farmers, healthy in soul and body.

When Dame Felicia had finished her story, Professor Capesius felt as he usually did, pleasantly cheered. Father Felix, however, found it necessary to provide some explanation for the images of the story, for this was the first time Felicia had told this particular tale. “You see,” Felix began, “the figure that came from above out of the clouds is the luciferic force, and the figures that came from outside like besiegers are the ahrimanic beings....” and so on; Felix's explanations became more and more complicated. At first Dame Felicia listened, clasping her hands together and twirling her thumbs, but finally she said, “Well, I must get back to the kitchen. We're having potato pancakes for supper and I don't want them to get too soft.” So she slipped away.

Capesius sank into such a heavy mood through Felix's explanations that he no longer could listen properly and though he was really very fond of Father Felix, he could not altogether hear what was being explained.

I must add that what I have just been relating happened to Capesius at a time when he had already met Benedictus and had become what one could call his pupil. He had often heard Benedictus speak about the luciferic and ahrimanic elements, but though Capesius is an extremely intelligent man, he never could quite fathom these remarks of Benedictus. Something seemed to be missing; he could not begin to understand them. So this time when he left the Balde cottage, he turned over in his mind the story of the fortress that multiplied itself. Almost every day he pondered the tale.

When he later came to Benedictus, Benedictus noticed that something had taken place in Capesius. Capesius himself was aware that every time he recalled the story of the fortress, his soul was peculiarly stirred within him. It seemed as if the story had worked upon his inner being and strengthened it. Consequently he was continually repeating the tale to himself—as if in meditation. Now he came to Benedictus, who perceived that the forces of Capesius' soul had been newly strengthened.

Benedictus began therefore to speak about these things in a special way. Whereas earlier Capesius—perhaps because of his great learning—would have had more trouble grasping it all, he now understood everything extremely well. Something like a seed had fallen into his soul with Felicia's story and this had fructified his soul forces.

Benedictus said the following. Let us look at three different things: First, consider human thinking, human concepts, the thoughts that a person carries around within himself and ponders when he is alone to help him understand the world. Everyone is able to think and to try to explain things to himself in complete solitude. For this he doesn't need another person. In fact, he can think best when he shuts himself up in his own room and tries as best he can, in quiet, self-contained pondering, to understand the world and its phenomena.

Now then, said Benedictus, it will always happen to a person that a feeling element of soul rises up into his solitary thoughts, and thus there will come to every individual thinker the tempting attraction of the luciferic element. It is impossible for someone to ruminate and cogitate and philosophize and explain everything in the world to himself without having this impulse coming out of soul sensitivity as a luciferic thrust into his thinking. A thought grasped by an individual human being is always permeated to a great extent by the luciferic element.

Capesius had earlier understood very little when Benedictus spoke about luciferic and ahrimanic elements, but now it was clear to him that there must lurk in the solitary thoughts a person forms in himself the allurements of luciferic temptation. Now, too, he understood that in the human activity of individual thought Lucifer will always find a hook with which he can snatch a human being out of the forward-moving path of world evolution; then, because a person separates himself with this kind of thinking from the world, he can be brought to the lonely island that Lucifer—himself separated from the rest of the cosmic order—wants to establish, setting up on that island everything that separates itself into a solitary existence.

Benedictus, after directing Capesius's attention to the nature of lonely, personal, inner thinking, said, Now let us look at something else. Consider what writing is: a remarkable factor of human civilization. When we look at the character of thought, we have to describe it as something that lives in the individual human being. It is accessible to Lucifer who wants to lead our soul qualities out of the physical world and isolate them. This solitary thinking, however, is not accessible to Ahriman, for it is subject to the normal laws of the physical world—that is, it comes to life and then passes away. Writing is different. A thought can be put into writing and snatched from destruction; it can be made permanent. I have sometimes pointed out that Ahriman's effort is to reclaim what is alive in human thinking as it goes toward destruction and to anchor it in the physical sense world. That is what typically happens when you write something down. The thoughts that otherwise would gradually disperse are fixed and preserved for all time—and thus Ahriman can invade human culture.

Professor Capesius is not the sort of reactionary who wants to forbid the teaching of writing in the early grades, but he understood that with all the books and other reading matter people are piling up around themselves, the ahrimanic impulses have entered the evolution of human culture. Now he could recognize in solitary thought the luciferic temptation, in what is written or printed, the ahrimanic element. It was clear to him that in the external physical world, human evolution cannot exist without the interplay of ahrimanic and luciferic elements everywhere in everything. He realized that even in our forward-moving evolution, writing has gained greater and greater importance (and to recognize this, one does not have to be clairvoyant but need only look at the developments of the last couple of hundred years). Ahriman is therefore continually gaining in importance; Ahriman is seizing more and more influence. Today when the printed word has acquired such immense significance—this was quite clear to Capesius—we have built great ahrimanic strongholds. It is not yet the custom (spiritual science has not brought things completely to the point where the truth can be openly spoken in public) that when a student is on his way to the library, he would say, “I've got to hole up and cram for an exam in such and such a subject down at Ahriman's place!” Yet that would be the truth. Libraries, great and small, are Ahriman's strongholds, the fortresses from which he can control human development in the most powerful way. One must face these facts courageously.

Benedictus then had something more to explain to Capesius. On the one hand, he said, we have the thoughts of the individuals, on the other, the written works that belong to Ahriman—but between them there is something in the center. In whatever is luciferic we have a single whole; men strive after unity when they want to explain the world to themselves in thought. In what is written, however, we have something that is atomistic. Benedictus now disclosed what Capesius could understand very well, for his mind and heart had been so enlivened by Dame Felicia's tale.

Between these two, solitary thought and writing, we have the Word. Here we cannot be alone as with our thinking, for through the spoken word we live in a community of people. Solitary thinking has its purpose and a person needs no words when he wants to be alone. But speech has its purpose and significance in the community of other human beings. A word emerges from the solitude of the single individual and unfolds itself in the fellowship of others. The spoken word is the embodied thought but at the same time, for the physical plane, it is quite different from thought. We need not look at the clairvoyant aspects I have mentioned in various lectures; external history shows us—and being a historian, Capesius understood this very well—that words or speech must originally have had quite a different relationship to mankind from what they possess today.

The further you go back into the past, you actually come—as occult research shows—to one original language spoken over the whole world. Even now when you look back at ancient Hebrew—in this regard the Hebrew language is absolutely remarkable—you will discover how different the words are from those in our own languages of western Europe. Hebrew words are much less ordinary and conventional; they possess a soul, so that you can perceive in them their meaning. They themselves speak out their inner, essential meaning. The further you go back in history, the more you find languages like this, which resemble the one original language. The legendary Tower of Babel is a symbol of the fact that there was really once a single primeval human language; this has become differentiated into the various folk and tribal languages. That the single common language disintegrated into many language groups means that the spoken word moved halfway towards the loneliness of thought. An individual does not speak a language of his own, for then speech would lose its significance, but a common language is now found only among groups of people. Thus the spoken word, has become a middle thing between solitary thought and the primeval language. In the original common language one could understand a word through its sound quality; there was no need to try to discover anything further of meaning, for every word revealed its own soul. Later, the one language became many. As we know, everything to do with separation plays into Lucifer's hands; therefore as human beings created their different languages, they opened the door to a divisive principle. They found their way into the current that makes it easy for Lucifer to lift human beings out of the normal progress of the world, foreseen before his own advent; Lucifer can then remove them to his isolated island and separate them from the otherwise progressive course of human evolution.

The element of speech, the Word, finds itself therefore in a middle state. If it had been able to remain as originally foreseen, without Lucifer's intervention, it would belong to a central divine position free from the influence of Lucifer and Ahriman; then, in accordance with the progress of the divine world order, mankind could have set sail on a different current. But language has been influenced on the one side by Lucifer. While a thought grasped in solitude is the complete victim of the luciferic forces, the Word itself is laid hold of only to a certain extent.

On the other hand, writing, too influences language; the further mankind progresses, the more significant is the effect of the printed word on spoken language. This comes about when folk dialects, which have nothing to do with writing, gradually disappear. A more elegant kind of speech takes their place, and this is even called “literary speech.” The name indicates how speech is influenced by writing, and you can still notice how this happens in many localities. I am often reminded how it happened to me and my schoolmates. In Austria where there are so many dialects all mixed up together, the schools insisted on the pupils' learning the “literary speech,” which the children to a great extent had never spoken. This had a peculiar result; I can describe it quite frankly, for I myself was exposed to this literary language over a long period of my life, and only with the greatest effort could I get rid of it. It sometimes even now slips through. Literary speech is peculiar in this: that one speaks all the short vowels long and all the long vowels short, whereas dialect, the language born out of the spoken word, pronounces them correctly. When you mean the Sonne, “sun” that is up there in the sky, dialect says d'Sunn. Someone, however, who has gone through an Austrian school is tempted to say, Die Soone. Dialect says, der Sun for Sohn (“son”); the school language says der Sonn.

English

German

Dialect

Literary Speech

sun

Sonne (short vowel)

Sunn (short)

Soone (long)

son

Sohn (long vowel)

Sun (long)

Sonn (short)

This is an extreme example from an earlier time, of course, but it illustrates my point.

You see how writing works back on the spoken language: it generally does work back on it. If you look at how things have developed, you will find that language has already lost what grows out of the earth and soil and is most vital, most elemental, most organic; people speak more and more a book language. This is the ahrimanic element in writing, which continually influences the spoken word from the other side. However, someone who wants to go through a normal development will easily notice from the three things Benedictus gave Capesius as examples, how senseless it is to wish to eliminate Ahriman and Lucifer from human evolution.

Consider these three activities: solitary thought, the spoken word, and writing. No sensible person, even when he fully recognizes the fact of Lucifer's influence on thinking and Ahriman's influence on writing, will wish to root out Lucifer where he is so obviously at work, for this would mean forbidding solitary thought. Admittedly, for some people this would be a most comfortable arrangement, but chances are that none would be willing to advise it openly. On the other hand, we would not want to do away with writing. Just as the positive and negative electric charge indicates a polarity in external physical nature, we will also have to agree that the contrasting ahrimanic and luciferic elements have also to exist. They are two polarities, neither of which we can do without, but they must be brought into the right relationship to measure and number. Then the human being can move between them in the middle ground by way of the spoken word—for indeed the Word was meant to be the vessel for wisdom and insight, the vehicle of thoughts and mental images. A person could say, “I must so train myself in using words that through them I allow everything self-willed and merely personal to be corrected. I must take into my soul the wisdom that past ages have unlocked out of the word. I must pay attention not only to my own opinion, not only to what I myself believe or can recognize correctly through my own ability, but I must respect what has come down through the various cultures, through the efforts and wisdom of the various races in human evolution.” This would mean bringing Lucifer into the right relationship to the Word. We would not do away with isolated thinking but, realizing that the spoken word belongs to the community, we would try to trace it back through long periods of time. The more we do this, the more we give Lucifer his rightful influence. Then instead of merely submitting to the authority of the Word, we protect its task of carrying earth wisdom from one epoch of civilization to the next.

On the other hand, if someone fully understands the matter, he must take it on himself not to submit to the rigid authoritarian principle that belongs to writing—whether it be most holy in content or completely profane—for otherwise he will fall victim to Ahriman. It is clear that for the external materialistic world we have to have writing, and writing is what Ahriman uses to detach thinking from its course toward destruction; this is his task. He wants to hold thinking back from flowing into the stream of death: writing is the best means of keeping thoughts on the physical plane. In full consciousness, therefore, we must face the fact that writing, which carries the ahrimanic element in itself, must never gain the upper hand over mankind. Through our vigilance we must keep the Word in the middle position, so that on the left and on the right—both in our thinking and in our writing—the two polar opposites, Lucifer and Ahriman, are working together at the same time. This is where we should stand and it will be the right place if we are clear in mind and heart that there must always be polarities.

Capesius took hold of all this that he heard, with his soul forces strengthened by Felicia. His attitude to what Benedictus was explaining was quite different now from earlier explanations that Benedictus had given him of the luciferic and ahrimanic elements. Fairy tales flowing out of the spiritual world were more and more fructifying the forces of his soul, so that Capesius himself perceived how inwardly strengthened and fortified his soul capacities had become. In Scene Thirteen of The Souls' Awakening this is represented; a soul force within Capesius designated as Philia appears to him as a spiritually tangible being, not as a merely abstract element of his soul. The more Philia becomes alive in his soul as a real being the more Capesius understands what Benedictus expected from him. At the time when he had first heard the enlivening story of the fortress that multiplied itself into a great number of such buildings, it did not at first affect him. In fact, he almost began to slumber; then when Father Felix was talking about the atoms, he really was practically asleep. Now, however, with his soul so matured, Capesius recognized the threefoldness inherent in the whole stream of world evolution: on one side the luciferic solitary thought, on the other, the ahrimanic writing, the third, the middle state, the purely divine. He now understood the number three as the most significant factor in cultural development on the physical plane; he surmised that this number three can be found everywhere. Capesius viewed the law of number in a different way than before; now, through the awakening of Philia within him, he perceived the nature of number in world evolution. Now too, the nature of measure became clear: in every threefoldness there are two polarities, which must be brought into an harmonious balance with each other. In this, Capesius recognized a mighty cosmic law and knew that it must exist, in some way or other, not only on the physical plane but also in higher worlds. We shall have to enlarge upon this later in more precise descriptions of the divine spiritual world. Capesius surmised that he had penetrated to a law acting in the physical world as though hidden behind a veil and in possessing it, he had something with which he could cross the threshold. If he were to cross the threshold and enter the spiritual world, he must then leave behind him everything stimulated merely by physical experience.

Number and measure—he had learned to feel what they are, to feel them deeply, to fathom them, and now he understood Benedictus, who brought up other things, at first fairly simple ones, to make the principle fully clear. “The same predominance of the triad, of polarity or opposition in the triad, of harmonious balance,” Benedictus told Capesius, “is found in other areas of our life. Let us look from another point of view at thinking, mental images, or ideas. First of all you have mental images; you work out for yourself the answers to the secrets of the universe. The second would be pure perception; let us say, simply listening. Some people are more likely to ponder about everything introspectively. Others don't like to think but will go around listening, will receive everything through listening, then take everything on authority, even if it's the authority of natural phenomena, for there is, of course, a dogma of external experience, when one is pushed around willingly by the superficial happenings of nature.”

Benedictus could soon show Professor Capesius also that in lonely thinking there lies the luciferic attraction, whereas in mere listening, or in any other kind of perceiving, there is the ahrimanic element. But one can keep to the middle path and move between the two, so to speak. It is neither necessary to stop short at abstract, introspective thinking wherein we shut ourselves away within our own souls like hermits, nor is it necessary to devote ourselves entirely to seeing or hearing the things our eyes and ears perceive. We can do something more. We can make whatever we think so inwardly forceful that our own thought appears before us like a living thing; we can immerse ourselves in it just as actively as we do in something heard or seen outside. Our thought then becomes as real and concrete as the things we hear or see. That is the middle way.

In mere thought, close to brooding, Lucifer assails man. In mere listening, either as perception or accepting the authority of others, the ahrimanic element is present. When we strengthen and arouse our soul inwardly so that we can hear or see our thoughts while thinking we have then arrived at meditation. Meditation is the middle way. It is neither thinking nor perceiving. It is a thinking that is as alive in the soul as perception is, and it is a perception of what is not outside man but a perception of thoughts. Between the luciferic element of thought and the ahrimanic element of perception, the life of the meditating soul flows within a divine-spiritual element that alone bears in itself the rightful progress of world events. The meditating human being, living in his thoughts in such a way that they become as alive in him as perceptions of the outside world, is living in this divine, on-flowing stream. On his right are mere thoughts, on his left the ahrimanic element, mere listening; he shuts out neither the one nor the other but understands that he lives in a threefoldness, for indeed life is ruled and kept in order by number. He understands, too, that between this polarity, this antithesis of the two elements, meditation moves like a river. He understands that in lawful measure the luciferic and ahrimanic elements must be balanced in meditation.

In every sphere of life the human being can learn this cosmic principle of number and measure that Capesius learned after his soul had been prepared through Benedictus's guidance. A soul that wants to prepare itself for knowledge of the spiritual world gradually begins to search everywhere in the world, at every point that can be reached, for the understanding of number, above all the number three; it begins then to see polar opposites revealed in all things and the necessity for these opposites to balance each other. A middle condition cannot be a mere flowing onward, but we must find ourselves within the stream directing our inner vision to the left and to the right, while steering our vessel, the third, middle thing, safely between the left and right polarities.

In recognition of this, Capesius had learned through Benedictus how to steer in the right way upwards into the spiritual world and how to cross its threshold. And this every person will have to learn who wants to find his way into spiritual science; then he will really come to an understanding of the true knowledge of higher worlds.

Fünfter Vortrag

Ich möchte alles tun, daß wir uns über die Verhältnisse der geistigen Gebiete, über die wir uns während dieses Vortragszyklus verständigen wollen, gut verstehen können. Und aus diesem Grunde möchte ich wie eine Episode zunächst in unsere Zyklusbetrachtungen heute eine kleine Geschichte einschalten, welche geeignet sein wird, mancherlei aufzuklären in den Fragen, die wir zu betrachten haben werden und die wir auch schon betrachtet haben.

Professor Capesius war in einer bestimmten Zeit seelisch recht zerquält und zergrübelt. Das kam durch die folgenden Gründe. Sie werden namentlich aus der «Pforte der Einweihung» entnommen haben, daß Capesius eine Art Geschichtsgelehrter ist, ein Historiker. Nun hat mir die okkulte Forschung ergeben, daß eine Anzahl namhafter Historiker der Gegenwart dieses gerade dadurch geworden sind, daß sie in irgendeinem Verhältnis gestanden haben zur ägyptischen Einweihung im dritten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum. Entweder daß solche Geschichtsgelehrten direkt mit dem Einweihungsprinzip zu tun hatten oder den Tempelgeheimnissen in der einen oder anderen Art nähertraten. Sie werden bemerkt haben, daß Capesius ein Historiker ist, der sich nicht allein auf äußere Schriftwerke verläßt, sondern der auch versucht, die Ideen der Geschichte zu durchdringen, die in der Menschheitsentwickelung, in der Kulturentfaltung spielen.

Während ich versuchte, in der «Pforte der Einweihung», in der «Prüfung der Seele» und in dem «Hüter der Schwelle» Capesius zu charakterisieren, muß ich gestehen, stand mir immer seine Beziehung zu dem ägyptischen Einweihungsprinzip vor Augen, die im siebenten und achten Bilde in «Der Seelen Erwachen» näher zum Ausdruck gekommen ist. Und das sollte man eigentlich festhalten, daß die Erlebnisse, welche die Capesius-Seele während ihrer ägyptischen Inkarnation hatte, all den späteren Schicksalen zugrunde liegen, die für diese Seele auch für die Gegenwart in Betracht kommen. So ist Capesius Historiker, Geschichtsgelehrter. Er hat sich hauptsächlich in seinem Gelehrtenleben mit Geschichte befaßt, mit all dem, was das Werden und Wesen der Völker, der Kulturen, der einzelnen Menschen in den aufeinanderfolgenden Epochen zur Entwickelung gebracht hat.

Eines Tages aber war an Capesius etwas von der Literatur des Haeckelismus herangetreten. Er hatte sich mit dieser ganzen Weltanschauung, mit der er sich früher wenig befaßt hatte, bekanntgemacht und im Anschluß daran allerlei Schriften über atomistische Weltanschauung gelesen. Das war der Grund zu seiner Zerquältheit, und es war eine merkwürdige Stimmung, die über ihn kam, als er in verhältnismäßig spätem Alter diesen atomistischen Haeckelismus kennenlernte. Sein Verstand sagte ihm: Man kann eigentlich mit den Erscheinungen der Natur um sich herum nicht ordentlich zurechtkommen, wenn man sich nicht in dieser Weise aus Atomen heraus durch eine mechanische Weltanschauung die Erscheinungen der Natur erklären will. - Mit anderen Worten, es kam Capesius immer mehr und mehr dazu, in einer gewissen Weise das einseitige Recht des Atomismus, die mechanische Naturanschauung einzusehen. Er gehörte nicht zu denen, die fanatisch eine solche Sache von vornherein ablehnen, denn er mußte sich auf seinen Verstand verlassen, und da erschien ihm manches notwendig von dieser Anschauung, um die Erscheinungen der Natur um sich herum zu erklären. Aber dennoch quälte ihn das. Denn er sagte sich: Wie öde, wie unbefriedigend für die menschliche Seele ist wiederum diese Naturanschauung! Wie schlecht kommt jede Idee dabei weg, die man über Geist und Geistwesen, über das Seelische gewinnen will!

So fand sich Capesius von Zweifeln hin- und hergetragen, und da trat er denn, ich möchte sagen fast instinktiv denjenigen Gang an, den er oft angetreten hat, wenn es ihm schwer um die Seele geworden ist. Er ging ins Balde-Häuschen, um sich dort mit den guten Leuten zu besprechen, die ihm oftmals so schöne, gute Seelendienste geleistet hatten. Oftmals hatte ihn erfrischt, was in ihren wunderbaren Märchenbildern Frau Balde Capesius zu geben hatte. Und da ging er hin. Er traf zunächst, weil Frau Balde im Haus beschäftigt war, als er ankam, nur Felix Balde, den Vater Felix, den er im Laufe der Zeit so sehr lieben gelernt hatte. Dem trug er seine Qualen vor, seine Zweifel, in die er durch das Bekanntwerden mit dem Haeckelismus und Atomismus versetzt worden war. Er setzte ihm erstens auseinander, wie notwendig es dem Verstande erscheine, so etwas auf die Naturerscheinungen anzuwenden; und auf der anderen Seite trug er dem guten Vater Felix vor, wie öde und unbefriedigend eine solche Weltanschauung sei. Recht beunruhigt war Capesius, als er da sozusagen seelisch hilfesuchend zu dem Vater Felix kam. Vater Felix ist eben eine andere Natur als Capesius. Er geht seinen bestimmten Gang. Er lehnte so etwas wie den Haeckelismus und die atomistische Weltanschauung direkt ab, indem er unserem guten Professor Capesius auseinandersetzte, was es damit auf sich habe. Er sagte ihm: Gewiß, Atome muß es geben. Es ist ganz berechtigt, von Atomen zu sprechen. Aber man muß sich klar sein darüber, daß diese Atome, wenn sie die Welt irgendwie bilden sollen, sich so aneinander schichten und lagern müssen, daß die Aneinanderlagerung den Zahlen und Maßen entspricht; daß das Atom der einen Substanz zu vier, der anderen zu drei, der anderen zu eins, zwei eine Ganzheit bildet; daß auf diese Weise die Stoffe zustande kommen, die in der Welt sind. — Capesius, der historisch gut unterrichtet war, kam das etwas pythagoreisch vor; er fühlte, daß da das pythagoreische Prinzip in Felix Balde waltete. Felix Balde wollte ihm klarmachen, daß man mit den Atomen nichts anfangen könne, sondern daß da drinnen Maß und Zahl weise herrschen. Und immer komplizierter wurde das, was Vater Felix auseinandersetzte in immer komplizierteren Zahlenverhältnissen, nach denen die Weltenweisheit die Atome aneinander gruppiert und sie als geistiges Prinzip zwischen den Atomen geltend macht. Immer komplizierter wurden die Figuren, die Vater Felix dem Capesius vorkonstruierte. Da überkam den guten Professor Capesius eine merkwürdige Stimmung, eine Stimmung, die man so charakterisieren könnte: er mußte sich so anstrengen, dieses Komplizierte zusammenzuhalten, daß er, trotzdem ihn die Sache außerordentlich interessierte, eine Art Gähnen unterdrücken mußte, daß er in eine Art traumhaften Zustandes fast verfiel.

Da kam, bevor sozusagen der gute Professor Capesius völlig in einen traumhaften Zustand verfiel, Frau Balde dazu, die erst noch eine Weile die ganze Auseinandersetzung über die Zahlen und Figuren mitanhören mußte. Sie setzte sich geduldig hin. Sie hatte eine Eigentümlichkeit an sich. Wenn sie von etwas nicht ganz sympathisch, im guten Sinne sympathisch, berührt war, und es nötig hatte, sich hinwegzuhelfen über eine gutgemeinte Langeweile, da machte sie mit beiden Händen eine Faust und bewegte die Daumen im Kreise, und immer, wenn sie das tat, da konnte sie das Gähnen dadurch ganz zurückhalten. Nachdem sie so das ein bißchen gemacht hatte, entstand eine Pause, und sie konnte jetzt anfangen, mit einer erfrischenden Erzählung Capesius wiederum aufzurütteln. Und da erzählte denn Frau Felicia dem guten Professor Capesius das Folgende.

Es war einmal in einer sehr einsamen Gegend eine große Burg. In dieser Burg wohnten viele Menschen, alte und junge, von den jüngsten bis zu den ältesten; aber alle waren mehr oder weniger verwandt, so daß alle in irgendeiner Weise zusammengehörten.

Diese Menschen, die für sich eine abgeschlossene Gemeinde bildeten, waren aber auch von der übrigen Welt in einer gewissen Weise abgeschlossen, denn ringsherum waren weit und breit nicht Menschen und menschliche Ansiedlungen zu finden. So daß eine Zeit kam, in der es einer größeren Anzahl dieser Menschen etwas unbehaglich wurde. Und das hatte zur Folge, daß einzelne dieser Menschen wie Visionäre wurden, Visionen bekamen, die wohl durch die Art, wie sie auftraten, auf etwas Reales sich beziehen konnten. Da erzählte dann Frau Felicia, daß eine größere Anzahl von Personen die gleiche Vision hatten. Zunächst hatten sie die Vision, wie aus den Wolken herunterstieg eine mächtige Lichtgestalt; eine Lichtgestalt, welche sich dann, indem sie herunterkam, wie erwärmend in die Herzen und Seelen der Burgbewohner hineinsenkte. Und man fühlte wirklich auch - so erzählte Frau Felicia - etwas von Erleuchtendem, was hereinkam wie aus Himmelshöhen durch diese Lichtgestalt, die von oben kam.

Bald aber, so erzählte sie, stellte sich für all die Menschen, welche diese Vision der Lichtgestalt hatten, auch noch etwas anderes ein. Sie sahen um die Burg herum überall wie aus der Erde herauskrabbelnd alle möglichen schwärzlich-bräunlichen, stahlgrauen Gestalten. Während die Lichtgestalt von oben eine einzige war, kamen viele, viele solche Gestalten um die Burg herum. Während die Lichtgestalt mehr in die Herzen, mehr in die Seelen ging, waren diese Wesen — man könnte sie Elementarwesen nennen — wie Belagerer der Burg.

Und so lebten denn lange Zeit diese Persönlichkeiten in der Burg und es war eine ziemlich große Anzahl - zwischen dem, was von oben kam, und dem, was die Burg von außen belagerte. Eines Tages aber zeigte es sich, daß die Gestalt von oben sich tiefer senkte als sonst, und auch die Belagerer mehr hereinkamen. Bei den Visionären im Schloß verbreitete sich eine unbehagliche Stimmung. Wir müssen berücksichtigen, daß Frau Balde ein Märchen erzählte. Die Visionäre kamen mit den übrigen Schloßbewohnern in eine Art von traumhafter Stimmung. Die Gestalt von oben teilte sich in einzelne Lichtwolken; aber diese wurden von den Belagerern der Burg erfaßt und verdunkelt. Das hatte zur Folge, daß allmählich die Schloßbevölkerung in Traum versetzt wurde, und dadurch wurde die irdische Lebensdauer der Schloßbewohner auf Jahrhunderte verlängert. Und sie fanden sich nach Jahrhunderten wieder; aber jetzt fanden sie sich verteilt in kleinere Gemeinden und an die verschiedensten Orte der Erde hin versetzt. Sie bewohnten wiederum kleinere Burgen, die wie eine Kopie der großen Burg waren, die sie vor Jahrhunderten bewohnt hatten. Und es zeigte sich, daß dasjenige, was sie erlebt hatten in der alten Burg, jetzt in ihrer Seele war als Seelenstärke, als Seelengut, als Seelengesundheit. Und sie konnten wacker in den Burgen alles mögliche treiben: Ackerbau, Viehzucht und so weiter; sie wurden tüchtige Leute, tüchtige Bebauer des Feldes, hatten gesunde Seelen und auch gesunde Leiber.

Nachdem Frau Felicia das erzählt hatte, war durch die Erzählung, wie ihm das immer passiert war, der gute Professor Capesius sehr angenehm berührt. Vater Felix aber fühlte die Notwendigkeit, etwas zur Erklärung dieses Bildes, das dazumal Frau Felicia zum erstenmal erzählt hatte, beizutragen. Und Vater Felix fing an: Ja, die Gestalt, die da von oben aus den Wolken kam, das ist das luziferische Prinzip, und die Gestalten, die von außen wie Belagerer kamen, die sind das ahrimanische Prinzip und so weiter. Und immer komplizierter wurde Vater Felix. Frau Felicia hörte anfangs zu, machte dann ihre Faust mit beiden Händen, rollte die Daumen, dann aber sagte sie, als Vater Felix immer komplizierter wurde: Ja, ich muß jetzt selbst nach der Küche sehen; wir haben heute Kartoffelklöße, die würden zu weich werden. — Und schlich hinaus in die Küche. Capesius wurde durch die Erklärungen des guten Vater Felix so gestimmt, daß er nicht recht mehr zuhören konnte, trotzdem er den Vater Felix gern hatte, und daß er eigentlich das, was dieser noch zur Erklärung brachte, wirklich nicht mehr recht hörte.

Nun muß ich hinzufügen, daß Capesius dieses, was ich jetzt erzählt habe, in einer Zeit passiert ist, in welcher er schon mit Benedictus bekannt war, sozusagen ein guter Schüler desselben war. Und er hatte oftmals von Benedictus erzählen hören, wie es sich mit dem luziferischen und dem ahrimanischen Element verhält. Trotzdem der Professor Capesius ein sehr kluger Mensch ist, konnte er aber nie so ganz zurechtkommen mit den Auseinandersetzungen des Benedictus über das luziferische und das ahrimanische Element. Es blieb immer ein Rest; er wußte mit den Erklärungen des Benedictus doch nichts Rechtes anzufangen. So ging er denn diesmal weg, behielt in der Seele die Erzählung von der Burg, die sich vervielfältigte, und mußte oftmals, fast täglich an diese Erzählung denken. Da kam er wiederum einmal zu Benedictus, und siehe da, Benedictus konnte jetzt bemerken, daß etwas vorgegangen war in der Seele des Capesius. Capesius selber hatte bemerkt: Jedesmal, wenn er sich an die Erzählung von der Burg, die sich vervielfältigte, erinnerte, wurde seine Seele eigentümlich innerlich angeregt. Es war, wie wenn diese Erzählung kräftebildend in seiner Seele gewirkt hätte, wie wenn seine Seele durch sie erkraftet worden wäre. Daher wiederholte er die Erzählung immer wieder und wiederum wie meditierend. Und nun kam er wieder zu Benedictus, der bemerkte, daß diese Seelenkräfte in sich erkraftet waren. Und Benedictus setzte ihm in eigenartiger Weise jetzt das Folgende auseinander.

Während vorher der Professor Capesius, vielleicht gerade wegen seiner Gelehrsamkeit, die Auseinandersetzungen des Benedictus weniger verstanden haben würde, hatte er jetzt ein ganz außerordentliches Verständnis. Es war wie ein Samenkorn, das seine Seelenkräfte befruchtet hatte, was da hineingefallen war durch die Erzählung der Frau Felicia.

Benedictus sagte: Betrachten wir einmal drei Dinge! Erstens betrachten wir das menschliche Denken, das menschliche Vorstellen, den Gedanken, den der Mensch in sich tragen kann, durch den er sich die Welt begreiflich macht in aller seiner Einsamkeit. Gedanken zu haben, innerlich sich auseinanderzusetzen in voller Einsamkeit, das kann der Mensch ganz für sich. Dazu braucht er sich nicht anzuschlieBen an irgendeinen Menschen. Er macht es sogar am besten dadurch, daß er sich abschließt in seinem Kämmerchen und im stillen, in sich geschlossenen Denken mit der Kraft, die in irgendeinem Zeitpunkt sein Denken hat, versucht, die Welt und ihre Vorgänge zu verstehen. Nun sagte Benedictus: Ja, wenn man so verfährt mit dem Gedanken, dann ist es aber beim einzelnen Menschen immer so, daß das fühlsame Element der Seele heraufwirkt in den Gedanken, in die Vorstellungen hinein. Dadurch tritt immer die Versuchung, die Verlockung des luziferischen Elementes an den Menschen heran. Es ist gar nicht denkbar, daß der Mensch in Einsamkeit grübelt und spintisiert und philosophiert und sich über die Dinge der Welt aufklärt, ohne daß aus seiner fühlsamen Seele dieser Einschlag in das Denken kommt, und dadurch ein luziferischer Impuls in das einsame Denken hineinkommt. Der von dem einzelnen Menschen erfaßte Gedanke ist immer durchdrungen, zum großen Teil erfaßt und durchdrungen vom luziferischen Element.

Während früher Capesius wenig verstanden hatte, wenn Benedictus vom luziferischen und ahrimanischen Elemente sprach, war es ihm jetzt selbstverständlich, zu begreifen, daß in dem einsamen Gedanken, den der Mensch in sich faßt, immer die Verlockungen des luziferischen Elementes stecken müssen. Und er verstand jetzt, daß Luzifer an der Betätigung des Menschen im einsamen Denken immer einen Anhaltspunkt hat, um den Menschen aus dem fortschreitenden Gang der Weltentwickelung herauszureißen und hinzuführen — weil sich der Mensch von der Welt absondert im einsamen Denken - zu der isolierten Insel, die sich Luzifer, abgesondert von der übrigen Weltenordnung, errichten will, um alles, was sich absondert, da gewissermaßen anzusiedeln. Es lenkte also Benedictus zunächst auf das einsame, persönliche, innerliche Denken den Capesius hin.

Und jetzt, sagte er, wollen wir etwas anderes ins Auge fassen. Wollen wir einmal ins Auge fassen dasjenige, was in der Schrift auftritt. In der Schrift haben wir ein merkwürdiges Element der menschlichen Kulturentwickelung. Wenn man das Bedeutsame des Gedankens ins Auge faßt, so muß man sagen: Der Gedanke, so wie er zunächst ist, lebt im einzelnen Menschen. Er ist Luzifer zugänglich, weil Luzifer das Seelische aus der physischen Welt herausführen und in die Isolierung hineinbringen will. Aber dieser einzelne Gedanke ist Ahriman nicht zugänglich, denn dieser einzelne Gedanke ist den ganz normalen Gesetzen des Entstehens und Vergehens des physischen Planes unterworfen. Bei der Schrift ist es etwas anderes, da wird das, was Gedanke ist, der Vernichtung entzogen, wird dauernd gemacht.

Nun habe ich Sie darauf hingewiesen, wie Ahriman überall darauf bedacht ist, dem Strom der Vernichtung zu entziehen, was im menschlichen Denken lebt, es da zu behalten in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt. Das ist der charakteristische Vorgang, wie das entsteht, was man aufschreibt. Da wird der menschliche Gedanke, der sonst in der Zeit vergehen würde, fixiert, wird für die Zeit aufbewahrt. Da dringt gerade Ahriman in die menschliche Kultur ein. Obwohl der Professor Capesius kein Rückschrittler ist und es nicht mit denen halten will, die etwa die Schrift abschaffen oder in den Volksschulen verbieten wollen, so sah er doch ein, daß, indem die Menschheit Schriftwerke um Schriftwerke überall ansammelt, die ahrimanischen Impulse in die Kulturentwickelung hereinkommen. So wußte er jetzt: im einsamen Gedanken ist luziferische Verlockung; in den Schriftwerken, in all dem, was fixiert wird durch Schreiben oder Drucken, ist ahrimanisches Element. Er wußte, daß die menschliche Entwickelung schon in der äußeren physischen Welt gar nicht sein kann, ohne daß das Ahrimanische und Luziferische allüberall hereinspielen. Und er verstand es jetzt, daß gerade mit der fortschreitenden Kultur, indem die Schrift immer größere Bedeutung gewinnt - um das zu erkennen, braucht man nicht hellsichtig zu sein, sondern nur die Entwickelung zu verfolgen um ein paar Jahrhunderte -, auch das Ahrimanische immer mehr Bedeutung gewinnen muß. Ahriman gewinnt immer mehr und mehr dadurch, daß die Schrift immer größere Bedeutung in der Menschheitsentwickelung bekommt. Und heute, wo sie eine so große Bedeutung hat — Capesius war sich darüber klar -, haben wir geradezu große ahrimanische Zwingburgen. Es ist zwar noch nicht üblich geworden - soweit hat es die Geisteswissenschaft noch nicht gebracht, daß man sich im öffentlichen Leben in der Wahrheit ausdrückt -, daß, wenn ein Student auf die Bibliothek geht, er sagt: Ich gehe jetzt in die Ahrimanburg ochsen! -— Aber die Wahrheit ist das doch. Die großen und kleinen Bibliotheken sind die Ahrimanburgen, sind diejenigen Zwingburgen, von denen aus Ahriman in die menschliche Kulturentwickelung in intensivster Weise eingreift. Man muß nur in einer solchen Beziehung den Tatsachen kühn ins Auge schauen.

Nun aber erklärte Benedictus dem Capesius noch etwas anderes. Er sagte ihm: Nun gut, jetzt haben wir den Gedanken in der einsamen Persönlichkeit auf der einen Seite; wir haben das Schriftwerk, das Ahriman angehört, auf der anderen Seite; aber dazwischen haben wir einen mittleren Zustand. Im Luziferischen haben wir etwas Einheitliches. Der Mensch strebt nach der Einheit, wenn er im Gedanken die Welt sich erklären will. In der Schrift haben wir etwas Atomistisches. Dann zeigte Benedictus dem Capesius, was dieser wiederum gut verstand infolge der Auffrischung seines Gemütes durch die Erzählung der Frau Felicia: Zwischen beiden, zwischen dem einsamen Gedanken und der Schrift, haben wir das Wort; das Wort, in dem man nicht einsam nur sein kann, wie mit seinen Gedanken. Durch das Wort lebt man in einer Gemeinschaft. Denken kann man abgesondert, allein. Es hat eine Bedeutung, wenn man allein denkt; aber man brauchte kein Wort, wenn man einsam für sich gehen will. Die Sprache hat Bedeutung in der Gemeinsamkeit. So ist das Wort herausgeholt aus der Einsamkeit der menschlichen Persönlichkeit; es entfaltet sich in der Gemeinsamkeit. Es ist der verkörperte Gedanke, das Wort, aber es ist zugleich für den physischen Plan etwas ganz anderes als der Gedanke. Man braucht nicht auf die hellseherischen Resultate einzugehen - in verschiedenen Vorträgen habe ich darauf aufmerksam gemacht -, sondern man kann schon äußerlich historisch, und weil er ein Historiker war, verstand das Capesius sehr gut, man kann schon durch die äußere Historie einsehen, daß das Wort oder die Sprache ursprünglich ein ganz anderes Verhältnis haben sollte zur Menschheit, als sie es gewonnen hat in der heutigen Zeit. Wenn man nämlich immer weiter und weiter zurückgeht in den Sprachen, so merkt man, daß man wirklich einmal kommen muß - wie es die okkulte Beobachtung zeigt — zu einer menschlichen Ursprache, die den ganzen Erdkreis umfaßte und die sich nur differenziert hat. Schon wenn man zum Hebräischen - in dieser Beziehung ist die hebräische Sprache ganz besonders merkwürdig — zurückgeht, merkt man in den Worten etwas anderes als in den Worten Westeuropas. Die Worte des Hebräertums sind viel weniger konventionell, sie haben sozusagen eine Seele, so daß man ihren Sinn ihnen anfühlt; sie sprechen einem ihren notwendigen Sinn aus, mehr als die westeuropäischen Sprachen. Je weiter man zurückgeht in der Entwickelung, desto mehr findet man solche Sprachen, die der gemeinsamen Ursprache ähnlich waren. Das, was erzählt wird als Turmbau zu Babel, ist Symbolum für die Tatsache, daß es wirklich eine Ursprache gegeben hat, und daß diese differenziert worden ist in die einzelnen Volks- und Stammessprachen. Dadurch, daß die gemeinsame Ursprache in die Volks- und Stammessprachen sich differenziert hat, kommt sozusagen das Wort auf halbem Wege entgegen der Einsamkeit des Gedankens. Es spricht nicht ein jeder Mensch seine eigene Sprache — da würde die Sprache nicht ihren Sinn haben -, sondern es sprechen nur Menschengruppen die gemeinsame Sprache. Es ist also das Wort ein Mittelding geworden zwischen dem einsamen Gedanken und der Ursprache. In der Ursprache gab es ein bestimmtes Wort, das verstand man durch den Laut, den es hatte, durch das, was es durch seinen Lautwert war. Man brauchte sich nicht weiter konventionell über den Lautwert zu unterrichten, sondern man fand in der Ursprache die Seele des Wortes. Das ist, wie gesagt, differenziert. Und alles, was Absonderung bewirkt, wirkt auch dem Luzifer in die Hände, so daß die Menschen, indem sie differenzierte Sprachen sich bildeten, dadurch ein absonderndes Prinzip aufnahmen, das heißt, sich in die Strömung hineinbegaben, die es Luzifer leicht macht, den Menschen aus der allgemeinen Weltenordnung herauszuheben, die schon vorbestimmt war, bevor Luzifer da war; also auf die Isolierinsel den Menschen zu setzen, ihn abzusondern von dem übrigen fortschreitenden Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung. So liegt im Element der Sprache, des Wortes, ein mittlerer Zustand. Wenn das Wort das geblieben wäre, was es hat werden sollen, wenn das Luziferische sich nicht hergemacht hätte über das Wort, so würde das Wort dem von Luzifer und Ahriman freien mittleren göttlichen Zustand entsprechen, in dem der Mensch hinsegeln kann rein entsprechend der fortschreitenden göttlich-geistigen Weltenordnung. So ist das Wort auf der einen Seite luziferisch beeinflußt worden. Während der Gedanke fast ganz, wenn er einsam gefaßt ist, dem luziferischen Element unterliegt, ist das Wort ein wenig ergriffen in der Weise, wie ich es auseinandergesetzt habe, von dem luziferischen Element auf der einen Seite.

Auf der anderen Seite wirkt aber auch die Schrift auf das Wort zurück, und gerade je weiter die Menschheit fortschreitet, desto größere Bedeutung bekommt die Schrift für die Sprache. Das liegt dem Umstand zugrunde, daß die Dialekte, die noch nichts mit der Schrift zu tun haben, allmählich untertauchen, und als das vornehmere Element vielfach das auftritt, was man sogar die Schriftsprache nennt. Das bezeugt, daß rückbeeinflußt wird die Sprache von der Schrift. Man kann das in einzelnen Gegenden sehr klar sehen. Ich muß mich immer wieder erinnern an etwas, was mir aufgefallen ist an mir selber und an meinen Schulgenossen. In Österreich, wo man so vieles Dialektisches durcheinander hatte, wurde großer Wert darauf gelegt in den Schulen, daß die Schüler eine Schriftsprache lernten, die sie früher, wenigstens zum großen Teil, nicht gesprochen hatten. Und das hat sogar eine ganz besondere Wirkung, diese Aneignung der Schriftsprache. Ich kann ganz unbefangen darüber reden, weil ich selbst der eigentümlichen Wirkung dieser Schriftsprache, dem österreichischen Schuldeutsch, eine lange Zeit meines Lebens ausgesetzt war und mir es nur mit Mühe abgewöhnt habe — manchmal schlägt es schon noch durch. Diese Eigentümlichkeit besteht darin, daß man alle kurzen Vokale lang und alle langen kurz spricht, während der Dialekt, die Sprache also, die aus dem Wort herausgeboren ist, richtig sagt. Wenn man zum Beispiel meint die Sonne, die am Himmel steht, dann sagt der Dialekt: D’ Sunn. — Derjenige aber, der durch die österreichischen Schulen gegangen ist, ist versucht zu sagen: Die Soone. — Der Dialekt sagt: Der Sun für Sohn; die österreichische Schulsprache sagt dafür: Der Sonn. — So sagt man denn: die Soone und der Sonn. Das ist natürlich ein extremes Beispiel, aber es hängt einem durchaus an oder wenigstens hing es einem an.

Da sieht man, wie sozusagen die Schrift zurückwirkt auf die Sprache. Aber sie wirkt überhaupt zurück. Man wolle sich nur einmal den Fortschritt der Kultur vor Augen stellen; man wird finden, wie gerade mit fortschreitender Kultur die Sprache das Lebensvolle, das Elementarische, das Organische, das auf dem Grund und Boden gewachsen ist, verliert, wie die Menschen immer mehr und mehr eine Art Büchersprache sprechen. Da wirkt von der anderen Seite das Ahrimanische, das im Schrifttum immer ist, wiederum auf das Wort zurück. Derjenige, der sich naturgemäß entwickeln will, der wird natürlich gerade an diesem Beispiel der drei Dinge, die jetzt Benedictus für Capesius herausgewählt hat, merken, wie unsinnig es wäre, Ahriman und Luzifer aus der Entwickelung ausschalten zu wollen.

Drei Dinge, so zeigt Benedictus, kommen in Betracht: der einsame Gedanke, das Wort, die Schrift. Nun wird niemand wollen - der gesund denkt, auch wenn er die Wahrheit ganz eingesehen hat, daß dem einsamen Gedanken Luzifers Einfluß zugrunde liegen muß, und der Schrift Ahrimans Einfluß -, es wird niemand jetzt Luzifer ausrotten wollen, da, wo er so handgreiflich wirkt, denn das würde heißen, das einsame Denken verbieten. Manchem — man muß das sagen — wäre das das Bequemste, aber offen wird man es ganz gewiß nicht vertreten wollen. Auf der anderen Seite wird man auch nicht die Schrift ausrotten wollen, sondern sich sagen müssen: Wie positive und negative Elektrizität einen Gegensatz bedeuten in der äußeren physischen Natur, so bedeuten das Ahrimanische und das Luziferische einen Gegensatz, der da sein muß. Zwei Pole sind es, von denen keiner nicht da sein darf, sondern die nach Maß und Zahl in Verhältnis gebracht werden müssen. Dann kann der Mensch in jener mittleren Linie sich bewegen im Zustand des Wortes. — Es ist ja die Bestimmung des Wortes, Weisheit zu enthalten, Erkenntnis zu enthalten, Gedanken, Vorstellungen zu enthalten. Es kann sich nun der Mensch zum Beispiel sagen: Ich muß mich innerhalb des Wortes so entwickeln, daß ich alles Eigensinnige, bloß Persönliche mir gerade durch das Wort korrigieren lasse, dadurch, daß ich aufnehme in meine Seele, was in dem Wort, in dem weisheitsvollen Wort aller Zeiten hervorgebracht worden ist. - Achtung nicht nur vor der eigenen Meinung, nicht nur vor dem, was man selber glaubt und als richtig anerkennen kann durch eigene Kraft, sondern Respekt vor dem, was sich durch die Kulturen und durch das Mühen um Weisheit der verschiedenen Völker in der geschichtlichen Entwickelung ergeben hat. Das bedeutet auf der einen Seite, Luzifer sozusagen zum Worte in das rechte Verhältnis zu bringen. Nicht das einsame Denken ausschalten, aber auch beachten, daß das Wort der Gemeinsamkeit angehört und man das Wort verfolgen muß durch Zeitalter. Je mehr man dieses tut, um so mehr gibt man dem Luzifer den richtigen Einfluß auf das Wort. Man verfällt dann nicht bloß der Autorität des Wortes, sondern man schützt das Wort, das die Weisheit der Erde von Kulturepoche zu Kulturepoche trägt. Auf der anderen Seite obliegt es dem Menschen, der den Tatbestand richtig einsieht, daß er auch nicht dem starren autoritativen Prinzip verfällt, das in der Schrift liegt, denn damit verfällt er, ob die Schrift das Heiligste oder Profanste enthält, dem Ahriman. Man muß sich klar sein, daß für die äußere materielle Kultur der Mensch schon einmal die Schrift haben muß, und daß die Schrift etwas ist, wodurch Ahriman, was ja nicht seine Aufgabe ist, das Denken herauslösen will aus dem Strom der Vernichtung. Er will es nicht einströmen lassen in die Todesströmung. Da haben wir in der Schrift die beste Gelegenheit, zurückzuhalten das Denken auf dem physischen Plan. Mit vollem Bewußtsein dem gegenüberstehen, daß man das ahrimanische Element im Schriftwerk hat, niemals dem Schriftwerk zugeben, daß es Gewalt bekommt über den Menschen, kurz, sich das Wort im mittleren Zustand so bewahren, daß gleichsam von links und rechts - vom Denken und von der Schrift - die zwei polarischen Gegensätze Luzifer und Ahriman wirken: so muß man sich verhalten, wenn man auf dem rechten Boden stehen will. Wenn man dieses richtig ins Seelenauge faßt, wenn man sich klar ist, daß überall Gegensätze wirken müssen, dann steht man auf rechtem Boden.

Als Capesius von Benedictus dieses gehört hatte und es umfangen hatte mit seinen durch Frau Felicia gestärkten Seelenkräften, da stand er zu dem, was ihm jetzt Benedictus auseinandersetzte, in ganz anderem Verhältnis als früher, wo auch schon Benedictus ihm das luziferische und ahrimanische Element auseinandergesetzt hatte. Dadurch, daß immer mehr und mehr wirkten diese die Seelenkräfte befruchtenden Märchen, die aus der geistigen Welt heraus inspiriert sind, kam Capesius selber dahin, zu erleben, daß seine Seelenkräfte innerlich erstarkten, daß seine Seelenfähigkeiten innerlich erkrafteten. Das ist dargestellt im dreizehnten Bilde von «Der Seelen Erwachen», wo die eine Seelenkraft in Capesius, die mit der Philia gemeint ist, ihm wirklich geistig greifbar entgegentritt, nicht bloß als abstrakte Seelenkraft. In demselben Maße, in dem Philia zu einer Wesenheit sich auswuchs in der Seele des Capesius, in demselben Maße verstand er in der richtigen Weise immer mehr und mehr das, was eigentlich Benedictus von ihm wollte. Dazumal, als er die besonders befruchtende Erzählung von der Burg, die sich vervielfältigte, die in die Zahl schoß, hörte, hatte sie anfangs nicht gleich gewirkt, da schlief er fast sanft ein, und namentlich war er vorher fast eingeschlafen, als Vater Felix von den Atomen geredet hatte. Jetzt aber erkannte diese Seele des Capesius, nachdem sie so gereift war, daß eine Dreiheit vorliegt in der ganzen Strömung der Weltenentwickelung: das Luziferische auf der einen Seite — einsame Gedanken; das Ahrimanische auf der anderen Seite - die Schrift; das dritte, der mittlere Zustand, das rein Göttliche. Die Dreizahl erkannte er jetzt in diesem bedeutungsvollen Faktum der Kulturentwickelung des physischen Planes, und er konnte ahnen, wie diese Dreizahl überall zu suchen ist. Jetzt stellte sich Capesius anders zum Gesetz der Zahl als früher; jetzt fühlte er durch die in ihm erwachende Philia das Wesen der Zahl im Werdegang der Welt, und jetzt wurde ihm auch das Wesen des Maßes klar, daß in jeglicher Dreiheit zwei wie Gegensätze sich verhalten und gegenseitig maßvoll in Harmonie gesetzt sein müssen. Und ein großes, gewaltiges Weltgesetz erkannte Capesius, von dem er jetzt wußte, daß es sich in irgendeiner Weise finden müsse, nicht nur auf dem physischen Plan, sondern auch in den höheren Welten.

Wir werden über das alles noch zu sprechen haben bei den subtilen Auseinandersetzungen über die göttlich-geistige Welt. Capesius ahnte, daß er in ein Gesetz eingedrungen war, das sich sonst in der physischen Welt verhält, wie wenn ein Schleier es zudeckte, und daß er mit ihm etwas hatte, womit er die Schwelle überschreiten kann. Und wenn er die Schwelle überschreitet, dann kommt er in die geistige Welt, wo er hinter sich lassen muß alles das, was bloß durch die physische Erfahrung angeregt ist. Zahl und Maß, er hatte sie fühlen, erfühlen, erleben gelernt. Und jetzt verstand er auch, wenn Benedictus andere Dinge heranzog, zunächst auch noch einfache, um ihm das Prinzip völlig beizubringen. Es sagte zum Beispiel Benedictus zu Capesius: Man kann nun auch dasselbe Walten der Dreiheit, der Polarität oder des Gegensatzes in der Dreiheit, des maßvollen Ausgleiches, an anderen Punkten des Daseins finden. Man kann wiederum ein Ding von einem anderen Gesichtspunkt aus ins Auge fassen: das Denken, das innere Vorstellen. Das innere Vorstellen, das Sich-Erarbeiten der Weltengeheimnisse, das ist das eine; das zweite ist das reine Wahrnehmen, sagen wir das bloße Hinhören. Es gibt Menschen, welche mehr daraufhin angelegt sind, alles in sich ergrübelnd zu überlegen. Andere Menschen, die denken nicht gerne, die hören überall hin, nehmen alles auf das Hinhorchen, auf die Autorität hin an, und wenn es auch die Autorität der Naturerscheinungen ist, denn es gibt auch eine Dogmatik der äußeren Erfahrung, wenn man sich nämlich die äußeren Naturerscheinungen aufdrängen läßt.

Nun konnte leicht Benedictus dem Professor Capesius zeigen: In dem einsamen Denken liegt wiederum die luziferische Verlockung; in dem bloßen Hinhorchen, in dem bloßen Wahrnehmen liegt das ahrimanische Element. Man kann aber einen mittleren Zustand einhalten, sozusagen zwischendurchgehen. Man braucht weder bloß zu verweilen in dem abstrakten, grüblerischen Denken, wobei man sich einsiedlerisch in der Seele abschließt, noch sich hinzugeben dem bloßen Hinhören und Hinsehen auf das, was die Ohren und Augen wahrnehmen können. Man kann noch ein anderes tun, indem man das, was man denkt, innerlich so lebendig macht, so kraftvoll macht, daß man den eigenen Gedanken wie etwas Lebendiges vor sich hat und in ihn lebendig sich vertieft wie in etwas, was man draußen hört und sieht, so daß der eigene Gedanke so konkret wird wie das, was man hört oder sieht. Das ist ein mittlerer Zustand. In dem bloßen Gedanken, der dem Grübeln zugrunde liegt, da liegt das Herantreten des Luzifer an den Menschen; in dem bloßen Hinhören, sei es durch das Wahrnehmen oder sei es durch die Autorität der Menschen, liegt das ahrimanische Element. Wenn man innerlich erkraftet und erweckt die Seele, daß man seinen Gedanken gleichsam hört oder sieht, dann hat man das Meditieren. Das Meditieren ist ein mittlerer Zustand. Es ist weder Denken noch Wahrnehmen. Es ist ein Denken, das so lebendig in der Seele lebt, wie das Wahrnehmen lebendig lebt, und es ist ein Wahrnehmen, das nicht Äußeres, sondern Gedanken in der Wahrnehmung hat. Zwischen dem luziferischen Element des Gedankens und dem ahrimanischen Element der Wahrnehmung fließt hin das Seelenleben im Meditieren als in dem göttlich-geistigen Element, das nur den Fortschritt der Welterscheinungen in sich trägt. Der meditierende Mensch, der in seinen Gedanken so lebt, daß sie lebendig in ihm werden, wie Wahrnehmungen in ihm sind, lebt in dem göttlichen Dahinströmen. Rechts hat er den bloßen Gedanken; links das ahrimanische Element, das bloße Hinhorchen; und er schließt nicht das eine und das andere aus, sondern weiß, daß er in einer Dreiheit lebt, daß die Zahl das Leben regelt. Und er weiß, daß eine Polarität, ein Gegensatz da ist, ein Gegensatz zweier Dinge, zwischen denen sich das Meditieren hinströmend bewegt. Und er weiß auch, daß maßvoll das luziferische und das ahrimanische Element hier in dem Meditieren sich das Gleichgewicht halten müssen.

Auf allen Gebieten lernt der Mensch kennen dieses Weltprinzip von Zahl und Maß, das Capesius, nachdem seine Seele vorbereitet war, durch die Anleitung des Benedictus erkennen lernte. So lebt sich die Seele, die sich vorbereiten will für die Erkenntnisse der geistigen Welten, allmählich in diese hinein, daß sie überall in der Welt, an jedem Punkt, den man erreichen kann, die Zahl sucht, vor allen Dingen die Dreizahl; daß sie die polarischen Gegensätze sieht, durch die sich alles offenbaren muß, und die Notwendigkeit, daß die Gegensätze sich als Polaritäten das Gleichgewicht halten. Ein mittlerer Zustand kann nicht nur ein bloßes Hinströmen sein, sondern überall erleben wir den Strom so, daß wir nach links und rechts das Seelenauge lenken müssen und unser Schiff hindurchsteuern müssen als das Dritte zwischen dem linken und rechten polarischen Gegensatz. Dies fühlend, hatte Capesius kennengelernt durch Benedictus, in der richtigen Weise hinaufzusteuern in die geistigen Welten, die Schwelle der geistigen Welt zu überschreiten. Und so wird es jeder lernen müssen, der eindringen will in die Geisteswissenschaft so, daß ihm zu wirklichem Verständnis kommt die wahrhaftige Erkenntnis über die höheren Welten.

Fifth Lecture

I would like to do everything I can to ensure that we have a good understanding of the spiritual realms we intend to discuss during this series of lectures. For this reason, I would like to begin today's lecture with a little story, which will serve to clarify many of the questions we will be considering and have already considered.

Professor Capesius was, at a certain time, quite tormented and brooding. This was due to the following reasons. You will have gathered from the “Gateway to Initiation” that Capesius is a kind of historian. Occult research has revealed to me that a number of renowned contemporary historians have become such precisely because they had some connection with Egyptian initiation in the third post-Atlantean cultural epoch. Either such historians had direct contact with the principle of initiation or they came into close contact with the temple secrets in one way or another. You will have noticed that Capesius is a historian who does not rely solely on external writings, but who also tries to penetrate the ideas of history that play a role in human development and cultural evolution.

While I was trying to characterize Capesius in the “Gate of Initiation,” in the “Test of the Soul,” and in the “Guardian of the Threshold,” I must confess that I always had in mind his relationship to the Egyptian principle of initiation, which is expressed more clearly in the seventh and eighth pictures in “The Awakening of Souls.” And it should actually be noted that the experiences which the Capesius soul had during its Egyptian incarnation form the basis of all the later destinies which are also possible for this soul in the present. Thus Capesius is a historian, a scholar of history. He has mainly occupied himself in his scholarly life with history, with everything that has brought about the development of peoples, cultures, and individual human beings in successive epochs.

One day, however, Capesius came across some literature on Haeckelism. He had familiarized himself with this whole worldview, with which he had previously had little to do, and subsequently read all kinds of writings on the atomistic worldview. This was the reason for his torment, and it was a strange mood that came over him when he became acquainted with this atomistic Haeckelism at a relatively late age. His intellect told him: One cannot really come to terms with the phenomena of nature around us unless one tries to explain them in this way, from atoms, through a mechanical worldview. In other words, Capesius came more and more to see, in a certain way, the one-sided right of atomism, the mechanical view of nature. He was not one of those who fanatically rejected such a thing from the outset, for he had to rely on his intellect, and there were many things in this view that seemed necessary to him in order to explain the phenomena of nature around him. But nevertheless, it tormented him. For he said to himself: How dreary, how unsatisfactory for the human soul is this view of nature! How poorly it treats every idea one wishes to gain about the spirit and spiritual beings, about the soul!

Thus Capesius found himself tossed back and forth by doubts, and then he took, I would say almost instinctively, the course he had often taken when his soul was heavy. He went to the Balde cottage to talk to the good people there, who had often done him such good and beautiful services for his soul. He had often been refreshed by the wonderful fairy-tale images that Mrs. Balde had given him. And so he went there. When he arrived, Mrs. Balde was busy in the house, so he first met only Felix Balde, Felix's father, whom he had grown to love so much over time. He told him about his torments, his doubts, which had been caused by his acquaintance with Haeckelism and atomism. First, he explained to him how necessary it seemed to the mind to apply such things to natural phenomena; and on the other hand, he told the good father Felix how bleak and unsatisfying such a worldview was. Capesius was quite troubled when he came to Father Felix, seeking spiritual help, so to speak. Father Felix is simply of a different nature than Capesius. He follows his own path. He rejected Haeckelism and the atomistic worldview outright, explaining to our good Professor Capesius what they were all about. He told him: Certainly, atoms must exist. It is entirely justified to speak of atoms. But one must be clear that if these atoms are to form the world in any way, they must be layered and arranged in such a way that their arrangement corresponds to numbers and measurements; that the atom of one substance forms a whole with four, another with three, another with one, two with one; that in this way the substances that exist in the world come into being. Capesius, who was well versed in history, found this somewhat Pythagorean; he sensed that the Pythagorean principle was at work in Felix Balde. Felix Balde wanted to make it clear to him that atoms were useless, but that measure and number wisely ruled within them. And what Father Felix explained became increasingly complicated, with increasingly complicated numerical ratios according to which the wisdom of the world groups atoms together and asserts them as a spiritual principle between atoms. The figures that Father Felix constructed for Capesius became increasingly complicated. A strange mood came over the good Professor Capesius, a mood that could be characterized as follows: he had to strain so hard to keep this complicated matter together that, despite his extraordinary interest in it, he had to suppress a kind of yawn and almost fell into a dreamlike state.

Then, before the good Professor Capesius completely fell into a dreamlike state, Mrs. Balde arrived, who first had to listen to the whole discussion about the numbers and figures for a while. She sat down patiently. She had a peculiarity about her. When she was touched by something not entirely pleasant, in the good sense of the word, and needed to help herself out of a well-meaning boredom, she would make a fist with both hands and move her thumbs in circles, and whenever she did that, she was able to suppress the yawning completely. After she had done this a few times, there was a pause, and she could now begin to rouse Capesius again with a refreshing story. And so Mrs. Felicia told the good Professor Capesius the following.

Once upon a time, in a very lonely area, there was a large castle. Many people lived in this castle, old and young, from the youngest to the oldest; but they were all more or less related, so that they all belonged together in some way.

These people, who formed a closed community, were also isolated from the rest of the world in a certain way, for there were no other people or human settlements to be found far and wide. So it came to pass that a time arose when a large number of these people began to feel somewhat uneasy. As a result, some of these people became like visionaries, receiving visions which, judging by the way they appeared, could well have been based on something real. Mrs. Felicia then recounted that a large number of people had had the same vision. At first, they had a vision of a powerful figure of light descending from the clouds; a figure of light which, as it came down, sank into the hearts and souls of the castle dwellers like a warm ray. And, according to Mrs. Felicia, one could really feel something enlightening coming in from the heavens through this figure of light that was coming down from above.

But soon, she said, something else happened to all the people who had this vision of the figure of light. They saw all kinds of blackish-brown, steel-gray figures crawling out of the ground all around the castle. While the figure of light from above was a single entity, many, many such figures came around the castle. While the figure of light went more into the hearts, more into the souls, these beings—one could call them elemental beings—were like besiegers of the castle.

And so these personalities lived in the castle for a long time, and there were quite a large number of them—between those who came from above and those who besieged the castle from outside. One day, however, it became apparent that the figure from above was descending lower than usual, and more of the besiegers were entering. An uneasy mood spread among the visionaries in the castle. We must bear in mind that Mrs. Balde was telling a fairy tale. The visionaries and the other inhabitants of the castle fell into a kind of dreamlike mood. The figure from above divided into individual clouds of light, but these were seized and darkened by the castle's besiegers. As a result, the castle's inhabitants were gradually put into a dream state, and the earthly lifespan of the castle's inhabitants was extended by centuries. And they found themselves again after centuries; but now they found themselves scattered in smaller communities and transported to various places on earth. They again inhabited smaller castles, which were copies of the large castle they had inhabited centuries ago. And it became apparent that what they had experienced in the old castle was now in their souls as strength of soul, as spiritual wealth, as spiritual health. And they were able to do all kinds of things in the castles: farming, raising livestock, and so on; they became capable people, capable cultivators of the land, with healthy souls and healthy bodies.

After Mrs. Felicia had told this story, the good Professor Capesius was very touched by the account of how this had always happened to him. But Father Felix felt the need to contribute something to explain this image that Mrs. Felicia had first described. And Father Felix began: Yes, the figure that came down from above from the clouds is the Luciferic principle, and the figures that came from outside like besiegers are the Ahrimanic principle, and so on. And Father Felix became more and more complicated. Mrs. Felicia listened at first, then made a fist with both hands, rolled her thumbs, but then, as Father Felix became more and more complicated, she said: Yes, I must go and check on the kitchen; we are having potato dumplings today, and they will become too soft. — And she slipped out into the kitchen. Capesius was so moved by the explanations of the good Father Felix that he could no longer listen properly, even though he liked Father Felix and did not really hear what he was saying anymore.

Now I must add that what I have just told you happened at a time when Capesius was already acquainted with Benedictus and was, so to speak, a good student of his. And he had often heard Benedictus talk about the relationship between the Luciferic and Ahrimanic elements. Although Professor Capesius was a very intelligent man, he could never quite come to terms with Benedictus's explanations of the Luciferic and Ahrimanic elements. There was always something left over; he did not really know what to make of Benedictus' explanations. So he left, keeping the story of the castle that multiplied in his soul, and often, almost daily, he had to think about this story. Then he came to Benedictus again, and lo and behold, Benedictus could now see that something had happened in Capesius' soul. Capesius himself had noticed that every time he remembered the story of the castle that multiplied, his soul was strangely stirred within. It was as if this story had had a powerful effect on his soul, as if his soul had been strengthened by it. Therefore, he repeated the story over and over again, as if meditating on it. And now he came back to Benedictus, who noticed that these soul powers had been strengthened within him. And Benedictus now explained the following to him in a peculiar way.

Whereas previously Professor Capesius, perhaps precisely because of his erudition, would have understood Benedictus' arguments less well, he now had an extraordinary understanding. It was as if a seed had fallen into his soul and fertilized it through the story told by Mrs. Felicia.

Benedictus said: Let us consider three things! First, let us consider human thinking, human imagination, the thoughts that man can carry within himself, through which he makes the world comprehensible to himself in all his loneliness. To have thoughts, to grapple with them inwardly in complete solitude, is something man can do entirely on his own. He does not need to join any other human being to do this. He does this best by shutting himself up in his little room and, in quiet, self-contained thought, with the power that his thinking has at any given moment, trying to understand the world and its processes. Now Benedict said: Yes, if one proceeds in this way with thought, then it is always the case with the individual human being that the sensitive element of the soul works its way up into thought, into the ideas. This always brings the temptation, the lure of the Luciferic element, to the individual. It is inconceivable that a person can ponder, speculate, and philosophize in solitude and enlighten themselves about the things of the world without this influence coming from their sensitive soul into their thinking, thereby introducing a Luciferic impulse into their solitary thinking. The thought grasped by the individual human being is always permeated, largely grasped and permeated by the Luciferic element.

Whereas Capesius had previously understood little when Benedictus spoke of the Luciferic and Ahrimanic elements, it was now self-evident to him that the temptations of the Luciferic element must always be present in the solitary thoughts that human beings form within themselves. And he now understood that Lucifer always has a foothold in the activity of the human being in solitary thinking in order to tear the human being out of the progressive course of world evolution and lead him — because the human being separates himself from the world in solitary thinking — to the isolated island that Lucifer, separated from the rest of the world order, wants to build in order to gather everything that separates itself there, so to speak. Benedictus therefore first directed Capesius' attention to solitary, personal, inner thinking.

And now, he said, let us consider something else. Let us consider what appears in Scripture. In Scripture we have a remarkable element of human cultural development. If we consider the significance of thought, we must say that thought, as it initially is, lives in the individual human being. It is accessible to Lucifer because Lucius wants to lead the soul out of the physical world and into isolation. But this individual thought is not accessible to Ahriman, because this individual thought is subject to the normal laws of arising and passing away on the physical plane. In Scripture, it is something else: there, what is thought is withdrawn from destruction and made permanent.

Now I have pointed out to you how Ahriman is everywhere intent on withdrawing from the stream of destruction that which lives in human thinking, on keeping it there in the physical-sensory world. This is the characteristic process by which that which is written down comes into being. The human thought, which would otherwise pass away in time, is fixed and preserved for time. This is precisely where Ahriman penetrates human culture. Although Professor Capesius is not a reactionary and does not want to side with those who want to abolish writing or ban it in elementary schools, he nevertheless realized that by accumulating written works everywhere, humanity allows Ahrimanic impulses to enter into cultural development. So he now knew that there is Luciferic temptation in solitary thought, and that there is an Ahrimanic element in written works, in everything that is fixed by writing or printing. He knew that human development cannot take place in the outer physical world without the Ahrimanic and Luciferic forces playing a part everywhere. And he now understood that, precisely with the advancement of culture, as writing gained ever greater significance—to recognize this, one need not be clairvoyant, but only follow the development over a few centuries—the Ahrimanic must also gain ever greater significance. Ahriman gains more and more as writing takes on greater significance in human development. And today, when it has such great significance — Capesius was clear about this — we have veritable Ahriman strongholds. It has not yet become customary — spiritual science has not yet progressed to the point where people express themselves truthfully in public life — for a student to say when he goes to the library: “I'm off to the Ahriman castle!” But that is the truth. The large and small libraries are the Ahriman castles, the strongholds from which Ahriman intervenes most intensively in human cultural development. One must only look boldly at the facts in this context.

But now Benedictus explained something else to Capesius. He said to him: “Well, now we have the thought in the lonely personality on the one hand; we have the writings that belong to Ahriman on the other; but in between we have a middle state. In the Luciferic we have something unified. Man strives for unity when he wants to explain the world to himself in his thoughts. In the Scriptures, we have something atomistic. Then Benedictus showed Capesius what he understood well as a result of the refreshment of his mind through Mrs. Felicia's story: Between the two, between the lonely thought and the Scriptures, we have the word; the word in which one cannot be lonely, as with one's thoughts. Through the word, one lives in a community. One can think in isolation, alone. It has meaning when one thinks alone; but one does not need words if one wants to go it alone. Language has meaning in community. Thus, the word is drawn out of the loneliness of the human personality; it unfolds in community. It is the embodied thought, the word, but at the same time it is something completely different from thought on the physical plane. There is no need to go into the clairvoyant results — I have pointed this out in various lectures — but one can already see from external history, and because he was a historian, Capesius understood this very well, one can already see from external history that the word or language originally had a completely different relationship to humanity than it has acquired in the present day. For if one goes further and further back in languages, one realizes that one must indeed arrive — as occult observation shows — at a human proto-language that encompassed the entire globe and only differentiated itself. Even when you go back to Hebrew—in this respect the Hebrew language is particularly remarkable—you notice something different in the words than in the words of Western Europe. The words of Hebrew are much less conventional; they have a soul, so to speak, so that you can feel their meaning; they express their necessary meaning to you more than Western European languages. The further back one goes in development, the more one finds languages that were similar to the common original language. What is told as the Tower of Babel is a symbol of the fact that there really was an original language and that this was differentiated into the individual languages of peoples and tribes. Through the differentiation of the common original language into the languages of peoples and tribes, the word, so to speak, meets the loneliness of thought halfway. Not every person speaks their own language—for then language would have no meaning—but only groups of people speak the common language. The word has thus become a middle ground between the lonely thought and the original language. In the original language, there was a specific word that was understood by the sound it made, by what it was through its sound value. There was no need to learn the sound value conventionally; instead, the soul of the word was found in the original language. As I said, this is differentiated. And everything that causes separation also plays into the hands of Lucifer, so that when people formed differentiated languages, they thereby took on a principle of separation, that is, they entered into the current that makes it easy for Lucifer to lift people out of the general world order that was predetermined before Lucifer was there; that is, to put people on an island of isolation, to separate them from the rest of the progressive course of human development. Thus, there is a middle state in the element of language, of the word. If the word had remained what it was meant to be, if the Luciferic had not taken hold of the word, then the word would correspond to the middle divine state, free from Lucifer and Ahriman, in which human beings can sail purely in accordance with the progressive divine-spiritual world order. Thus, on the one hand, the word has been influenced by Lucifer. While the thought, when conceived in isolation, is almost entirely subject to the Luciferic element, the word is, in the way I have explained, slightly affected by the Luciferic element on the one hand.

On the other hand, however, writing also has an effect on the word, and the further humanity progresses, the greater significance writing acquires for language. This is due to the fact that dialects, which have nothing to do with writing, gradually disappear, and what is often referred to as the written language emerges as the more refined element. This proves that language is influenced by writing. You can see this very clearly in certain regions. I am constantly reminded of something I noticed about myself and my schoolmates. In Austria, where there was so much dialectal confusion, great importance was attached in schools to teaching pupils a written language that they had not previously spoken, at least for the most part. And this acquisition of the written language has a very special effect. I can talk about this quite impartially because I myself was exposed to the peculiar effect of this written language, Austrian school German, for a long time in my life and only with difficulty managed to break the habit — sometimes it still comes through. This peculiarity consists in pronouncing all short vowels long and all long vowels short, whereas the dialect, the language that has grown out of the word, pronounces them correctly. For example, if you mean the sun in the sky, the dialect says: D' Sunn. But someone who has gone through the Austrian school system is tempted to say: Die Soone. The dialect says Der Sun for Sohn (son); the Austrian school language says Der Sonn. So one says Die Soone and Der Sonn. This is, of course, an extreme example, but it does stick with you, or at least it used to stick with me.

This shows how writing has an effect on language, so to speak. But it has an effect in general. Just consider the progress of culture; you will find that as culture advances, language loses its vitality, its elemental nature, its organic nature, which has grown from the ground up, and that people increasingly speak a kind of book language. From the other side, the Ahrimanic, which is always present in writing, has an effect on the spoken word. Those who want to develop naturally will, of the three things Benedictus has now chosen for Capesius, realize how absurd it would be to want to eliminate Ahriman and Lucifer from development.

Benedictus shows that three things come into consideration: the solitary thought, the word, and writing. Now no one who thinks clearly, even if they have fully understood the truth, will want to believe that the lonely thought must be based on the influence of Lucifer and the written word on the influence of Ahriman. No one will now want to eradicate Lucifer where he is so tangibly at work, for that would mean prohibiting lonely thinking. For some—it must be said—that would be the most convenient solution, but no one would openly advocate it. On the other hand, no one would want to eradicate Scripture, but would have to say: Just as positive and negative electricity are opposites in the external physical world, so the Ahrimanic and the Luciferic are opposites that must exist. These are two poles, neither of which can be absent, but which must be brought into relation with each other in measure and number. Then human beings can move in that middle line in the state of the Word. For it is the destiny of the Word to contain wisdom, to contain knowledge, to contain thoughts and ideas. Now, for example, a person can say to themselves: I must develop within the Word in such a way that I allow everything that is stubborn and merely personal to be corrected by the Word itself, by taking into my soul what has been brought forth in the Word, in the wise Word of all ages. Respect not only for one's own opinion, not only for what one believes oneself and can recognize as right through one's own power, but respect for what has emerged through the cultures and through the striving for wisdom of the various peoples in historical development. On the one hand, this means bringing Lucifer, so to speak, into the right relationship with the word. Do not shut out solitary thinking, but also bear in mind that the word belongs to the community and must be followed through the ages. The more one does this, the more one gives Lucifer the right influence over the word. One then does not merely fall prey to the authority of the word, but protects the word that carries the wisdom of the earth from one cultural epoch to another. On the other hand, it is incumbent upon the person who correctly understands the facts not to fall prey to the rigid authoritarian principle that lies in the Scriptures, for then, whether the Scriptures contain the most sacred or the most profane, he falls prey to Ahriman. We must be clear that for the outer material culture, human beings must first have the written word, and that the written word is something through which Ahriman, which is not his task, wants to remove thinking from the stream of destruction. He does not want it to flow into the stream of death. In writing, we have the best opportunity to hold back thinking on the physical plane. We must face up to the fact that the Ahrimanic element is present in writing, never allow writing to gain power over human beings, in short, preserve the word in its middle state in such a way that the two polar opposites, Lucifer and Ahriman, work from the left and right, from thinking and from writing: this is how we must behave if we want to stand on the right ground. If you grasp this correctly in your soul's eye, if you are clear that opposites must work everywhere, then you stand on the right ground.

When Capesius heard this from Benedictus and took it in with his soul forces strengthened by Mrs. Felicia, he stood in a completely different relationship to what Benedictus was now explaining to him than he had before, when Benedictus had already explained the Luciferic and Ahrimanic elements to him. As the fairy tales inspired by the spiritual world continued to fertilize his soul forces, Capesius himself came to experience that his soul forces were growing stronger within him and that his soul abilities were becoming more powerful. This is depicted in the thirteenth picture of “The Awakening of Souls,” where one soul force in Capesius, which is meant by Philia, really confronts him in a spiritually tangible way, not merely as an abstract soul force. To the same extent that Philia grew into a being in Capesius' soul, he understood more and more in the right way what Benedictus actually wanted from him. At the time when he heard the particularly inspiring story of the castle that multiplied and grew in number, it did not have an immediate effect on him; he almost fell asleep, and in fact he had almost fallen asleep before when Father Felix had spoken of atoms. But now, having matured to such an extent, Capesius' soul recognized that there is a trinity in the entire flow of world evolution: the Luciferic on the one hand—lonely thoughts; the Ahrimanic on the other—the Scriptures; and the third, the middle state, the purely Divine. He now recognized the number three in this significant fact of the cultural development of the physical plane, and he could sense how this number three is to be sought everywhere. Capesius now viewed the law of numbers differently than before; through the Philia awakening within him, he now felt the essence of numbers in the development of the world, and now the essence of measure also became clear to him, that in every trinity, two elements behave as opposites and must be set in moderation and harmony with each other. And Capesius recognized a great, powerful law of the world, which he now knew must be found in some way, not only on the physical plane, but also in the higher worlds.

We will have more to say about all this in the subtle discussions about the divine-spiritual world. Capesius sensed that he had penetrated a law that otherwise behaves in the physical world as if covered by a veil, and that he had something with which he could cross the threshold. And when he crosses the threshold, he enters the spiritual world, where he must leave behind everything that is merely stimulated by physical experience. He had learned to feel, sense, and experience numbers and measurements. And now he also understood when Benedictus brought up other things, simple ones at first, in order to teach him the principle completely. For example, Benedictus said to Capesius: “One can now find the same working of the trinity, of polarity or of opposites in the trinity, of measured balance, at other points of existence. One can again look at a thing from a different point of view: thinking, inner imagination. Inner imagination, working out the secrets of the world, is one thing; the second is pure perception, let us say mere listening. There are people who are more inclined to ponder everything within themselves. Other people do not like to think; they listen everywhere, accept everything they hear, accept authority, even if it is the authority of natural phenomena, for there is also a dogmatism of external experience, namely when one allows oneself to be imposed upon by external natural phenomena.

Now Benedictus could easily show Professor Capesius that in solitary thinking lies the Luciferic temptation, and in mere listening, in mere perception, lies the Ahrimanic element. But one can maintain a middle state, so to speak, go between the two. One need not dwell in abstract, brooding thought, closing oneself off in the soul like a hermit, nor give oneself over to mere listening and looking at what the ears and eyes can perceive. One can do something else by making what one thinks so alive within oneself, so powerful, that one has one's own thoughts before oneself as something living and immerses oneself in them as in something one hears and sees outside, so that one's own thoughts become as concrete as what one hears or sees. This is a middle state. In the mere thought that underlies brooding lies Lucifer's approach to human beings; in mere listening, whether through perception or through the authority of human beings, lies the Ahrimanic element. When you strengthen and awaken your soul inwardly so that you hear or see your thoughts, as it were, then you have meditation. Meditation is a middle state. It is neither thinking nor perception. It is a thinking that lives as vividly in the soul as perception lives vividly, and it is a perception that has not external objects but thoughts in perception. Between the Luciferic element of thought and the Ahrimanic element of perception, the soul life flows in meditation as in the divine-spiritual element, which carries within itself only the progress of world phenomena. The meditating person who lives in his thoughts in such a way that they become alive in him, as perceptions are in him, lives in the divine flow. On the right he has the bare thought; on the left the Ahrimanic element, mere listening; and he does not exclude one or the other, but knows that he lives in a trinity, that the number regulates life. And he knows that there is a polarity, an opposition, an opposition between two things, between which meditation flows. And he also knows that the Luciferic and Ahrimanic elements must maintain a balance here in meditation.

In all areas, human beings learn to recognize this world principle of number and measure, which Capesius, after his soul had been prepared, learned to recognize through the guidance of Benedictus. Thus, the soul that wants to prepare itself for the knowledge of the spiritual worlds gradually lives itself into this, so that everywhere in the world, at every point that can be reached, it seeks numbers, above all the number three; it sees the polar opposites through which everything must reveal itself, and the necessity that opposites maintain their balance as polarities. A middle state cannot be merely a flow, but everywhere we experience the flow in such a way that we must direct the soul's eye to the left and right and steer our ship through as the third between the left and right polar opposites. Feeling this, Capesius had learned from Benedictus how to steer correctly upward into the spiritual worlds, how to cross the threshold of the spiritual world. And so will everyone have to learn who wants to penetrate spiritual science in such a way that he comes to a true understanding of the higher worlds.