The Spiritual Foundation of Morality
GA 155
30 May 1912, Norrköping
Lecture III
In the last lecture we found that moral impulses are fundamental in human nature. From the facts adduced, we tried to prove that a foundation of morality and goodness lies at the bottom of the human soul, and that really it has only been in the course of evolution, in man's passage from incarnation to incarnation, that he has diverged from the original instinctive good foundation and that thereby what is evil, wrong and unmoral has come into humanity. But if this is so, we must really wonder that evil is possible, or that it ever originated, and the question as to how evil became possible in the course of evolution requires an answer. We can only obtain a satisfactory reply by examining the elementary moral instruction given to man in ancient times.
The pupils of the Mysteries whose highest ideal was gradually to penetrate to full spiritual knowledge and truths were always obliged to work from a moral foundation. In those places where they worked in the right way according to the Mysteries, the peculiarity of man's moral-nature was shown in a special way to the pupils. Briefly, we may say: The pupils of the Mysteries were shown that freewill can only be developed if a person is in a position to go wrong in one of two directions; further, that life can only run its course truly and favourably when these two lines of opposition are considered as being like the two sides of a balance, of which first one side and then the other goes up and down. True balance only exists when the crossbeam is horizontal. They were shown that it is impossible to express man's right procedure by saying: this is right and that is wrong. It is only possible to gain the true idea when the human being, standing in the centre of the balance, can be swayed each moment of his life, now to one side, now to the other, but he himself holds the correct mean between the two.
Let us take the virtues of which we have spoken: first—valour, bravery. In this respect human nature may diverge on one side to foolhardiness—that is, unbridled activity in the world and the straining of the forces at one's disposal to the utmost limit. Foolhardiness is one side; the opposite is cowardice. A person may turn the scale in either of these directions. In the Mysteries the pupils were shown that when a man degenerates into foolhardiness he loses himself and lays aside his own individuality and is crushed by the wheels of life. Life tears him in pieces if he errs in this direction, but if, on the other hand, he errs on the side of cowardice, he hardens himself and tears himself away from his connection with beings and objects. He then becomes a being shut up within himself, who, as he cannot bring his deeds into harmony with the whole, loses his connection with things. This was shown to the pupils in respect to all that a man may do. He may degenerate in such a way that he is torn in pieces, and losing his own individuality is crushed by the objective world; on the other hand, he may degenerate not merely in courage, but also in every other respect in such a way that he hardens within himself. Thus at the head of the moral code in all the Mysteries there were written the significant words: “Thou must find the mean,” so that through thy deeds thou must not lose thyself in the world, and that the world also does not lose thee.
Those are the two possible extremes into which man may fall. Either he may be lost to the world, the world lays hold on him, and crushes him, as is the case in foolhardiness; or the world may be lost to him, because he hardens himself in his egoism, as is the case in cowardice. In the Mysteries, the pupils were told that goodness cannot merely be striven for as goodness obtained once for all; rather does goodness come only through man being continually able to strike out in two directions like a pendulum and by his own inner power able to find the balance, the mean between the two.
You have in this all that will enable you to understand the freedom of the will and the significance of reason and wisdom in human action. If it were fitting for man to observe eternal moral principles he need only acquire these moral principles and then he could go through life on a definite line of march, as it were, but life is never like this. Freedom in life consists rather in man's being always able to err in one direction or another. But in this way the possibility of evil arises. For what is evil? It is that which originates when the human being is either lost to the world, or the world is lost to him. Goodness consists in avoiding both these extremes.. In the course of evolution evil became not only a possibility but an actuality; for as man journeyed from incarnation to incarnation, by his turning now to one side and now to the other, he could not always find the balance at once, and it was necessary for the compensation to be karmically made at a future time. What man cannot attain in one life, because he does not always find the mean at once, he will attain gradually in the course of evolution in as much as man diverts his course to one side, and is then obliged, perhaps in the next life, to strike out again in the opposite direction, and thus bring about the balance.
What I have just told you was a golden rule in the ancient Mysteries. We often find among the ancient philosophers echoes of the principles taught in these Mysteries. Aristotle makes a statement, when, speaking of virtue, which we cannot understand unless we know that what has just been said was an old principle in the Mysteries which had been received by Aristotle as tradition and embodied in his philosophy. He says: Virtue is a human capacity or skill guided by reason and insight, which, as regards man, holds the balance between the too much and the too-little. Aristotle here gives a definition of virtue, such as no subsequent philosophy has attained. But as Aristotle had little tradition from the Mysteries, it was possible for him to give the precise truth.
That is, then, the mean, which must be found and followed if a man is really to be virtuous, if moral power is to pulsate through the world. We can now answer the question as to why morals should exist at all. For what happens when there is no morality, when evil is done, and when the too-much or the too-little takes place, when man is lost to the world by being crushed, or when the world loses him? In each of these cases something is always destroyed. Every evil or unmoral act is a process of destruction, and the moment man sees that when he has done wrong he cannot do otherwise than destroy something, take something from the world, in that moment a mighty influence for good has awakened within him. It is especially the task of Spiritual Science—which is really only just beginning its work in the world—to show that all evil brings about a destructive process, that it takes away from the world something which is necessary. When in accordance with our anthroposophical standpoint, we hold this principle, then what we know about the nature of man leads us to a particular interpretation of good and evil.
We know that the sentient-soul was chiefly developed in the old Chaldean or Egyptian epoch the third post-Atlantean age. The people of the present day have but little notion what this epoch of development was like at that time, for in external history one can reach little further back than to the Egyptian age. We know that the intellectual, or mind-soul, developed in the fourth or Graeco-Latin age, and that now in our age we are developing the consciousness-or spiritual-soul. The spirit-self will only come into prominence in the sixth age of post-Atlantean development.
Let us now ask: How can the sentient-soul turn to one side or the other, away from what is right? The sentient-soul is that quality in man which enables him to perceive the objective world, to take it into himself, to take part in it, not to pass through the world ignorant of all the diversified objects it contains, but to go through the world in such a way that he forms a relationship with them. All this is brought about by the sentient-soul. We find one side to which man can deviate with the sentient-soul when we enquire: What makes it possible for man to enter into relationship with the objective world? It is what may be called interest in the different things, and by this word “interest” something is expressed which in a moral sense is extremely important. It is much more important that one should bear in mind the moral significance of interest, than that one should devote oneself to thousands of beautiful moral axioms which may be only paltry and hypocritical. Let it be clearly understood, that our moral impulses are in fact never better guided than when we take a proper interest in objects and beings. In our last lecture we spoke in a deeper sense of love as an impulse and in such a way that we cannot now be misunderstood if we say that the usual, oft-repeated declamation, “love, love, and again love” cannot replace the moral impulse contained in what may be described by the word interest.
Let us suppose that we have a child before us. What is the condition primary to our devotion to this child? What is the first condition to our educating the child? It is that we take an interest in it. There is something unhealthy or abnormal in the human soul if a person withdraws himself from something in which he takes an interest. It will more and more be recognised that the impulse of interest is a quite specially golden impulse in the moral sense the further we advance to the actual foundations of morality and do not stop at the mere preaching of morals. Our inner powers are also called forth as regards mankind when we extend our interests, when we are able to transpose ourselves with understanding into beings and objects.
Even sympathy is awakened in the right manner if we take an interest in a being; and if, as anthroposophists, we set ourselves the task of extending our interests more and more and of widening our mental horizon, this will promote the universal brotherhood of mankind. Progress is not gained by the mere preaching of universal love, but by the extension of our interests further and further, so that we come to interest ourselves increasingly in souls with widely different characters, racial and national peculiarities, with widely different temperaments, and holding widely differing religious and philosophical views, and approach them with understanding. Right interest, right understanding, calls forth from the soul the right moral action.
Here also we must hold the balance between two extremes. One extreme is apathy which passes everything by and occasions immense moral mischief in the world. An apathetic person only lives in himself; obstinately, insisting on his own principles, and saying: This is my standpoint. In a moral sense this insistence upon a standpoint is always bad. The essential thing is for us to have an open mind for all that surrounds us. Apathy separates us from the world, while interest unites us with it. The world loses us through our apathy: in this direction we become unmoral. Thus we see that apathy and lack of interest in the world are morally evil in the highest degree.
Anthroposophy is something which makes the mind ever more active, helps us to think with greater readiness of what is spiritual and to take it into ourselves. Just as it is true that warmth comes from the fire when we light a stove so it is true that interest in humanity and the world comes when we study spiritual science. Wisdom is the fuel for interest and we may say, although this may perhaps not be evident without further explanation, that Anthroposophy arouses this interest in us when we study those more remote subjects, the teachings concerning the evolutionary stages through Saturn, Sun and Moon, and the meaning of Karma and so on. It really comes about that interest is produced as the result of anthroposophical knowledge while from materialistic knowledge comes something which in a radical manner must be described as apathy and which, if it alone were to hold sway in the world, would, of necessity, do untold harm.
See how many people go through the world and meet this or that person, but really do not get to know him, for they are quite shut up in themselves. How often do we find that two people have been friends for a long time and then suddenly there comes a rupture. This is because the friendship had a materialistic foundation and only after the lapse of time did they discover that they were mutually unsympathetic. At the present time very few people have the “hearing” ear for that which speaks from man to man; but Anthroposophy should bring about an expansion of our perceptions, so that we shall gain a “seeing” eye and an open mind for all that is human around us and so we shall not go through the world. apathetically, but with true interest.
We also avoid the other extreme by distinguishing between true and false interests, and thus observe the happy mean. Immediately to throw oneself, as it were, into the arms of each person we meet is to lose oneself passionately in the person; that is not true interest. If we do this, we lose ourselves to the world. Through apathy the world loses us; through uncontrolled passion we lose ourselves to the world. But through healthy, devoted interest we stand morally firm in the centre, in the state of balance.
In the third post-Atlantean age of civilisation, that is, in the Chaldaic-Egyptian age, there still existed in a large part of humanity on earth a certain power to hold the balance between apathy and the passionate intoxicating devotion to the world; and it is this, which in ancient times, and also by Plato and Aristotle, was called wisdom. But people looked upon this wisdom as the gift of superhuman beings, for up to that time the ancient impulses of wisdom were active. Therefore, from this point of view, especially relating to moral impulses, we may call the third post-Atlantean age, the age of instinctive wisdom. You will perceive the truth of what was said last year, though with a different intention, in the Copenhagen lectures on The Spiritual Guidance of Man and Mankind. In those lectures we showed how, in the third post-Atlantean age, mankind still stood nearer to the divine spiritual powers. And that which drew mankind closer to the divine spiritual powers, was instinctive wisdom.
Thus, it was a gift of the gods to find at that time the happy mean in action, between apathy and sensuous passionate devotion. This balance, this equilibrium was at that time still maintained through external institutions. The complete intermingling of humanity which came about in the fourth age of post-Atlantean development through the migrations of various peoples, did not yet exist. Mankind was still divided into smaller peoples and tribes. Their interests were wisely regulated by nature, and were so far active that the right moral impulses could penetrate; and on the other hand, through the existence of blood kinsmanship in the tribe, an obstacle was placed in the way of passion. Even to-day one cannot fail to observe that it is easiest to show interest within blood-relationship and common descent, but in this there is not what is called sensuous passion. As people were gathered together in relatively small tracts of country in the Egypto-Chaldaic age, the wise and happy mean was easily found.
But the idea of the progressive development of humanity is that that, which originally was instinctive, which was only spiritual, shall gradually disappear and that man shall become independent of the divine spiritual powers. Hence we see that even in the fourth post-Atlantean age, the Graeco-Latin age, not only the philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, but also public opinion in Greece, considered wisdom as something which must be gained as something which is no longer the gift of the gods, but after which man must strive. According to Plato, the first virtue is wisdom, and according to him, he who does not strive after wisdom is unmoral.
We are now in the fifth post-Atlantean age. We are still far from the time when the wisdom instinctively implanted in humanity as a divine impulse, will be raised into consciousness. Hence in our age people are specially liable to err in both the directions we have mentioned, and it is therefore particularly necessary that the great dangers to be found at this point should be counteracted by a spiritual conception of the World, so that what man once possessed as instinctive wisdom may now become conscious wisdom. The Anthroposophical Movement is to contribute to this end.
The gods once gave wisdom to the unconscious human soul, so that it possessed this wisdom instinctively, whereas now we have first to learn the truths about the cosmos and about human evolution. The ancient customs were also fashioned after the thoughts of the gods.
We have the right view of Anthroposophy when we look upon it as the investigations of the thoughts of the gods. In former times these flowed instinctively into man, but now we have to investigate them, to make the knowledge of them our own. In this sense Anthroposophy must be sacred to us; we must be able to consider reverently that the ideas imparted to us are really something divine, and something which we human beings are allowed to think and reflect upon as the divine thoughts according to which the world has been ordered. When Anthroposophy stands in this aspect to us, we can then consider the knowledge it imparts in such a way that we understand that it has been given us so as to enable us to fulfil our mission. Mighty truths are made known to us, when we study what has been imparted concerning the evolutions of Saturn, Sun and Moon, concerning reincarnation, and the development of the various races, etc. But we only assume the right attitude towards it when we say: The thoughts we seek are the thoughts wherewith the gods have guided evolution. We think the evolution of the gods. If we understand this correctly we are overwhelmed by something that is deeply moral. This is inevitable. Then we say: In ancient times man had instinctive wisdom from the gods, who gave him the wisdom according to which they fashioned the world, and morality thus became possible. But through Anthroposophy we now acquire this wisdom consciously. Therefore we may also trust that in us it shall be transformed into moral impulses, so that we do not merely receive anthroposophical wisdom, but a moral stimulus as well.
Now into what sort of moral impulses will the wisdom acquired through Anthroposophy be transformed? We must here touch upon a point whose development the anthroposophist can foresee, the profound moral significance and moral weight of which he even ought to foresee, a point of development which is far removed from what is customary at the present time, which is what Plato called the “ideal of wisdom.” He named it with a word which was in common use when man still possessed the ancient wisdom, and it would be well to replace this by the word veracity, for as we have now become more individual, we have withdrawn ourselves from the divine, and must therefore strive back to it. We must learn to feel the full weight and meaning of the word ‘veracity’, and this in a moral sense will be a result of an anthroposophical world conception and conviction. Anthroposophists must understand how important it is to be filled with the moral element of truth in an age when materialism has advanced so far that one may indeed still speak of truth, but when the general life and understanding is far removed from perceiving what is right in this direction. Nor can this be otherwise at the present time; as owing to a certain quality acquired by modern life, truth is something which must, to a great extent, be lacking in the understanding of the day, I ask what does a man feel to-day when in the newspapers or some other printed matter he finds certain information, and afterwards it transpires that it is simply untrue? I seriously ask you to ponder over this. One cannot say that it happens in every case, but one must assert that it probably happens in every fourth case. Untruthfulness has everywhere become a quality of the age; it is impossible to describe truth as a characteristic of our times.
For instance, take a man whom you know to have written or said something false, and place the facts before him. As a rule, you will find that he does not fear such a thing to be wrong. He will immediately make the excuse: “But I said it in good faith.” Anthroposophists must not consider it moral when a person says it is merely incorrect what he has said in good faith. People will learn to understand more and more, that they must first ascertain that what they assert really happened. No man should make a statement, or impart anything to another until he has exhausted every means to ascertain the truth of his assertions; and it is only when he recognises this obligation that he can perceive veracity as moral impulse. And then when someone has either written or said something that is incorrect, he will no longer say: “I thought it was so, said it in good faith,” for he will learn that it is his duty to express not merely what he thinks is right, but it is also his duty to say only what is true, and correct. To this end, a radical change must gradually come about in our cultural life. The speed of travel, the lust of sensation on the part of man, everything that comes with a materialistic age, is opposed to truth. In the sphere of morality, Anthroposophy will be an educator of humanity to the duty of truth.
My business today is not to say how far truth has been already realised in the Anthroposophical Society, but to show that what I have said must be a principle, a lofty anthroposophical ideal. The moral evolution within the movement will have enough to do if the moral ideal of truth is thought, felt and perceived in all directions, for this ideal must be what produces the virtue of the sentient-soul of man in the right way.
The second part of the soul of which we have to speak in Anthroposophy is what we usually call the mind-soul, or intellectual-soul (German—Gemütsseele). You know that it developed especially in the fourth post-Atlantean, or Graeco-Latin age. The virtue which is the particular emblem for this part of the soul is bravery, valour and courage; we have already dwelt on this many times, and also on the fact that foolhardiness and cowardice are its extremes. Courage, bravery, valour is the mean between foolhardiness and cowardice. The German word “gemüt” expresses in the sound of the word that it is related to this. The word “gemüt” indicates the mid-part of the human soul, the part that is “mutvoll,” full of “mut,” courage, strength and force.
This was the second, the middle virtue of Plato and Aristotle. It is that virtue which in the fourth post-Atlantean age still existed in man as a divine gift, while wisdom was really only instinctive in the third. Instinctive valour and bravery existed as a gift of the gods (you may gather this from the first lecture) among the people who, in the fourth age, met the expansion of Christianity to the north. They showed that among them valour was still a gift of the gods. Among the Chaldeans wisdom, the wise penetration into the secrets of the starry world, existed as a divine gift, as something inspired. Among the people of the fourth post-Atlantean age, there existed valour and bravery, especially among the Greeks and Romans, but it existed also among the peoples whose work it became to spread Christianity. This instinctive valour was lost later than instinctive wisdom.
If we look round us now in the fifth post-Atlantean age, we see that, as regards valour and bravery, we are in the same position in respect of the Greeks as the Greeks were to the Chaldeans and Egyptians in regard to wisdom. We look back to what was a divine gift in the age immediately preceding ours, and in a certain way we can strive for it again. However, the two previous lectures have shown us, that in connection with this effort a certain transformation must take place. We have seen the transformation in Francis of Assisi of that divine gift which manifested itself as bravery and valour. We saw that the transformation came about as the result of an inner moral force which in our last lecture we found to be the force of the Christ-impulse; the transformation of valour and bravery into true love. But this true love must be guided by another virtue, by the interest in the being to whom we turn our love. In his Timon of Athens Shakespeare shows how love, or warmth of heart, causes harm, when it is passionately manifested; when it appears merely as a quality of human nature without being guided by wisdom and truth. A man is described who gave freely of his possessions, who squandered his living in all directions. Liberality is a virtue, but Shakespeare also shows us that nothing but parasites are produced by what is squandered.
Just as ancient valour and bravery were guided from the Mysteries by the European Brahmins—those wise leaders who kept themselves hidden in the background—so also in human nature this virtue must accord with and be guided by interest. Interest, which connects us with the external world in the right way, must lead and guide us when, with our love, we turn to the world. Fundamentally this may be seen from the characteristic and striking example of Francis of Assisi. The sympathy he expressed was not obtrusive or offensive. Those who overwhelm others with their sympathy are by no means always actuated by the right moral impulses. And how many there are who will not receive anything that is given out of pity. But to approach another with, understanding is not offensive. Under some circumstances a person must needs refuse to be sympathised with; but the attempt to understand his nature is something to which no reasonable person can object. Hence also the attitude of another person cannot be blamed or condemned if his actions are determined by this principle.
It is understanding which can guide us with respect to this second virtue: Love. It is that which, through the Christ-impulse, has become the special virtue of the mind-soul or intellectual-soul; it is the virtue which may be described as human love accompanied by human understanding. Sympathy in grief and joy is the virtue which in the future must produce the most beautiful and glorious fruits in human social life, and, in one who rightly understands the Christ-impulse, this sympathy and this love will originate quite naturally, it will develop into feeling. It is precisely through the anthroposophical understanding of the Christ-impulse that it will become feeling.
Through the Mystery of Golgotha Christ descended into earthly evolution; His impulses, His activities are here now, they are everywhere. Why did He descend to this earth? In order that through what He has to give to the world, evolution may go forward in the right way. Now that the Christ-impulse is in the world, if through what is unmoral, if through lack of interest in our fellow-men, we destroy something, then we take away a portion of the world into which the Christ-impulse has flowed. Thus because the Christ-impulse is now here, we directly destroy something of it. But if we give to the world what can be given to it through virtue, which is creative, we build. We build through self-surrender. It is not without reason that it has often been said, that Christ was first crucified on Golgotha, but that He is crucified again and again through the deeds, of man. Since Christ has entered into the Earth development through the deed upon Golgotha, we, by our unmoral deeds, by our unkindness and lack of interest, add to the sorrow and pain inflicted upon Him. Therefore it has been said, again and again: Christ is crucified anew as long as unmorality, unkindness and lack of interest exist. Since the Christ-impulse has permeated the world, it is this which is made to suffer.
Just as it is true that through evil, which is destructive, we withdraw something from the Christ-impulse and continue the crucifixion upon Golgotha, it is also true that when we act out of love, in all cases where we use love, we add to the Christ-impulse, we help to bring it to life. “Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me” (Matthew 25, 40), this is the most significant statement of love and this statement must become the most profound moral impulse if it is once anthroposophically understood. We do this when with understanding we confront our fellow-men and offer them something in our actions, our virtue, our conduct towards them which is conditioned by our understanding of their nature. Our attitude towards our fellow-men is our attitude towards the Christ-impulse itself.
It is a powerful moral impulse, something which is a real foundation for morals, when we feel: “The Mystery of Golgotha was accomplished for all men, and an impulse has thence spread abroad throughout the whole world. When you are dealing with your fellow-men, try to understand them in their special, characteristics of race, colour, nationality, religious faith, philosophy, etc. If you meet them and do this or that to them, you do it to Christ. Whatever you do to men, in the present condition of the earth's evolution, you do to Christ.” This statement: “What ye have done to one of My brothers, ye have done unto Me,” will at the same time become a mighty moral impulse to the man who understands the fundamental significance of the Mystery of Golgotha. So that we may say: Whereas the gods of pre-Christian times gave instinctive wisdom to man, instinctive valour and bravery, so love streams down from the symbol of the cross, the love which is based upon the mutual interest of man in man.
Thereby the Christ-impulse will work powerfully in the world. On the day when it comes about that the Brahmin not only loves and understands the Brahmin, the Pariah the Pariah, the Jew the Jew, and the Christian the Christian; but when the Jew is able to understand the Christian, the Pariah the Brahmin, the American the Asiatic, as man, and put himself in his place, then one will know how deeply it is felt in a Christian way when we say: “All men must feel themselves to be brothers, no matter what their religious creed may be.” We ought to consider what otherwise binds us as being of little value. Father, mother, brother, sister, even one's own life one ought to esteem less than that which speaks from one human soul to the other. He who, in this sense does not regard as base all that impairs the connection with the Christ-impulse cannot be Christ's disciple. The Christ-impulse balances and compensates human differences. Christ's disciple is one who regards mere human distinctions as being of little account, and clings to the impulse of love streaming forth from the Mystery of Golgotha, which in this respect we perceive as a renewal of what was given to mankind as original virtue.
We have now but to consider what may be spoken of as the virtue of the Consciousness- or Spiritual- Soul. When we consider the fourth post-Atlantean age, we find that Temperance or Moderation was still instinctive. Plato and Aristotle called it the chief virtue of the Spiritual-Soul. Again they comprehended it as a state of balance, as the mean of what exists in the Spiritual-soul. The Spiritual-Soul consists in man's becoming conscious of the external world through his bodily nature. The sense body is primarily the instrument of the Spiritual-Soul, and it is also the sense body through which man arrives at self-consciousness.
Therefore the sense-body of man must be preserved. If it were not preserved for the mission of the earth, then that mission could not be fulfilled. But here also there is a limit. If a man only used all the forces he possessed in order to enjoy himself, he would shut himself up in himself, and the world would lose him. The man who merely enjoys himself, who uses all his forces merely to give himself pleasure, cuts himself off from the world—so thought Plato and Aristotle—the world loses him. And he, who denies himself everything renders himself weaker and weaker, and is finally laid hold of by the external world-process, and is crushed by the outer world. For he who goes beyond the forces appropriate to him as man, he who goes to excess is laid hold of by the world-process and is lost in it.
Thus what man has developed for the building up of the Spiritual-soul can be dissolved, so that he comes into the position of losing the world. Temperance or Moderation is the virtue which enables man to avoid these extremes. Temperance implies neither asceticism nor gluttony, but the happy mean between these two; and this is the virtue of the Spiritual-Soul. Regarding this virtue we have not yet progressed beyond the instinctive standpoint. A little reflection will teach you that, on the whole, people are very much given to sampling the two extremes. They swing to and fro between them. Leaving out of account the few who at the present day endeavour to gain clear views on this subject, you will find that the majority of people live very much after a particular pattern. In Central Europe this is often described by saying: There are people in Berlin who eat and drink to excess the entire winter, and then in summer they go to Carlsbad in order to remove the ill-effects produced by months of intemperance, thus going from one extreme to the other. Here you have the weighing of the scale, first to one side and then to the other. This is only a radical case. It is very evident that though the foregoing is extreme, and not universal to any great extent, still the oscillation between enjoyment and deprivation exists everywhere. People themselves ensure that there is excess on one side, and then they get the physicians to prescribe a so-called lowering system of cure, that is, the other extreme, in order that the ill effects may be repaired.
From this, it will be seen that in this respect people are still in an instinctive condition, that there is still an instinctive feeling, which is a kind of divine gift, not to go too far in one direction or another. But just as the other instinctive qualities of man were lost, these, too, will be lost with the transition from the fifth to the sixth post-Atlantean age. This quality which is still possessed as a natural tendency will be lost; and now you will be able to judge how much the anthroposophical world conception and conviction will have to contribute in order gradually to develop consciousness in this field.
At the present time there are very few, even developed anthroposophists, who see clearly that Anthroposophy provides the means to gain the right consciousness in this field also. When Anthroposophy is able to bring more weight to bear in this direction, then will appear what I can only describe in the following way; people will gradually long more and more for great spiritual truths. Although Anthroposophy is still scorned to-day, it will not always be so. It will spread, and overcome all its external opponents, and everything else still opposing it, and anthroposophists will not be satisfied by merely preaching universal love. It will be understood that one cannot acquire Anthroposophy in one day, any more than a person can take sufficient nourishment in one day to last the whole of his life. Anthroposophy has to be acquired to an ever increasing extent. It will come to pass that in the Anthroposophical Movement it will not be so often stated that these are our principles, and if we have these principles then we are anthroposophists; for the feeling and experience of standing in a community of the living element in anthroposophy will extend more and more.
Moreover, let us consider what happens by people mentally working upon the particular thoughts, the particular feelings and impulses which come from anthroposophical wisdom. We all know that anthroposophists can never have a materialistic view of the world, they have exactly the opposite, But he who says the following is a materialistic thinker: “When one thinks, a movement of the molecules or atoms of the brain takes place, and it is because of this movement that one has thought. Thought proceeds from the brain somewhat like a thin smoke, or it is something like the flame from a candle.” Such, is the materialistic view. The anthroposophical view is the opposite. In the latter it is the thought, the experience in the soul which sets the brain and nervous system in motion. The way in which our brain moves depends upon what thoughts we think. This is exactly the opposite of what is said by the materialist. If you wish to know how the brain of a person is constituted, you must inquire into what thoughts he has, for just as the printed characters of a book are nothing else than the consequence of thoughts, so the movements of the brain are nothing else than the consequence of thoughts.
Must we not then say that the brain will be differently affected when it is filled with anthroposophical thoughts than it will be in a society which plays cards? Different processes are at work in your minds when you follow anthroposophical thoughts from when you are in a company of card players, or see the pictures in a movie theatre. In the human organism nothing is isolated or stands alone. Everything is connected; one part acts and reacts on another. Thoughts act upon the brain and nervous system, and the latter is connected with the whole organism, and although many people may not yet be aware of it, when the hereditary characteristics still hidden in the body are conquered, the following will come about. The thoughts will be communicated from the brain to the stomach, and the result will be that things that are pleasant to people's taste to-day will no longer taste good to those who have received anthroposophical thoughts. The thoughts which anthroposophists have received are divine thoughts. They act upon the whole organism in such a manner that it will prefer to taste what is good for it. Man will smell and perceive as unsympathetic what does not suit him—a peculiar perspective, one which may perhaps be called materialistic, but is exactly the reverse.
This kind of appetite will come as a consequence of anthroposophical work; you will like one thing and prefer it at meals, dislike another and not wish to eat it. You may judge for yourselves when you notice that perhaps you now have an aversion to things, which before your anthroposophical days you did not possess. This will become more and more general when man works selflessly at his higher development, so that the world may receive what is right from him. One must not, however, play fast-and-lose with the words “selflessness” and “egoism.” These words may very easily be misused. It is not altogether selfless when someone says: “I shall only be active in the world and for the world; what does it matter about my own spiritual development? I shall only work, not strive egoistically!” It is not egoism when a person undergoes a higher development, because he thus fits himself more fully to bear an active part in the furtherance of the world development. If a person neglects his own further development, he renders himself useless to the world, he withdraws his force from it. We must do the right thing in this respect as well, in order to develop in ourselves what the Deity had in view for us.
Thus, through Anthroposophy a human race, or rather, a nucleus of humanity will be developed, which perceives temperance as a guiding ideal not merely instinctively, but which has a conscious sympathy for what makes man in a worthy way into a useful part of the divine world-order, and a conscious disinclination for all that mars man as a part in the universal order.
Thus we see that also in that which is produced in man himself, there are moral impulses, and we find what we may call life-wisdom or practical wisdom as transformed temperance. The ideal of practical wisdom which is to be taken into consideration for the next, the sixth post-Atlantean age, will be the ideal virtue which Plato calls “justice.” That is: the harmonious accord of these virtues. As in humanity the virtues have altered to some extent, so what was looked upon as justice in pre-Christian times has also changed. A single virtue such as this, which harmonises the others did not exist at that time. The harmony of the virtues stood before the mental vision of humanity as an ideal of the most distant future. We have seen that the moral impulse of bravery has been changed to love. We have also seen that wisdom has become truth. To begin with, truth is a virtue which places man in a just and worthy manner in external life. But if we wish to arrive at truthfulness regarding spiritual things, how then can we arrange it in relation to those things? We acquire truthfulness, we gain the virtue of the Sentient-Soul through a right and appropriate interest, through right understanding. Now what is this interest with regard to the spiritual world? If we wish to bring the physical world and especially man before us, we must open ourselves towards him, we must have a seeing eye for his nature. How do we obtain this seeing-eye with reference to the spiritual world? We gain it by developing a particular kind of feeling, that which appeared at a time when the old instinctive wisdom had sunk into the depths of the soul's life. This type of feeling was often described by the Greeks in the words: “All philosophical thought begins with wonder.” Something essentially moral is said when we say that our relationship to the super-sensible world begins with wonder. The savage, uncultivated human being, is but little affected by the great phenomena of the world. It is through mental development that man comes to find riddles in the phenomena of everyday life, and to perceive that there is something spiritual at the back of them. It is wonder that directs our souls up to the spiritual sphere in order that we may penetrate to the knowledge of that world; and we can only arrive at this knowledge when our soul is attracted by the phenomena which it is possible to investigate. It is this attraction which give rise to wonder, astonishment and faith. It is always wonder and amazement which direct us to what is super-sensible, and at the same time, it is what one usually describes as faith. Faith, wonder and amazement are the three forces of the soul which lead us beyond the ordinary world.
When we contemplate man with wonder and amazement, we try to understand him; by understanding his nature we attain to the virtue of brotherhood, and we shall best realise this by approaching the human being with reverence. We shall then see that reverence becomes something with which we must approach every human being and if we have this attitude, we shall become more and more truthful. Truth will become something by which we shall be bound by duty. Once we have an inkling of it, the super-sensible world becomes something towards which we incline, and through knowledge we shall attain to the super-sensible wisdom which has already sunk into the subconscious depths of the soul. Only after super-sensible wisdom had disappeared do we find the statement that “philosophy begins with wonder and amazement.” This statement will make it clear that wonder only appeared in evolution in the age when the Christ-impulse had come into the world.
It has already been stated that the second virtue is love. Let us now consider what we have described as instinctive temperance for the present time, and as practical wisdom of life for the future. Man confronts himself in these virtues. Through the deeds he performs in the world, he acts in such a way that he guards himself, as it were; it is therefore necessary for him to gain an objective standard of value.
We now see something appear which develops more and more, and which I have often spoken of in other connections, something which first appeared in the fourth post-Atlantean age, namely the Greek. It can be shown that in the old Greek dramas, for instance in Aeschylus, the Furies play a role which in Euripides is transformed into conscience. From this we see that in earlier times what we call conscience did not exist at all. Conscience is something that exists as a standard for our own actions when we go too far in our demands, when we seek our own advantage too-much. It acts as a standard placed between our sympathies and antipathies.
With this we attain to something which is more objective, which, compared with the virtues of truth, love and practical wisdom, acts in a much more objective, or outward manner. Love here stands in the middle, and acts as something which has to fill and regulate all life, also all social life. In the same way it acts as the regulator of all that man has developed as inner impulse. But that which he has developed as truth will manifest itself as the belief in super-sensible knowledge. Life-wisdom, that which originates in ourselves, we must feel as a divine spiritual regulator which, like conscience, leads securely along the true middle course. If we had time it would be very easy to answer the various objections which might be raised at this point. But we shall only consider one, for example, the objection to the assertion that conscience and wonder are qualities which have only gradually developed in humanity, whereas they are really eternal. But this they are not. He who says that they are eternal qualities in human nature only shows that he does not know the conditions attached to them.
As time goes on it will be found more and more that in ancient times man had not as yet descended so far to the physical plane, but was still more closely connected with divine impulses, and that he was in a condition which he will again consciously strive to reach when he is ruled more by truth, love and the art of life in regard to the physical plane, and when in regard to spiritual knowledge he is actuated by faith in the super-sensible world. It is not necessarily the case that faith will directly lead into that world, but it will at length be transformed into super-sensible knowledge. Conscience is that which will enter as a regulator in the Consciousness- or Spiritual-Soul. Faith, love, conscience; these three forces will become the three stars of the moral forces which shall enter into human souls particularly through Anthroposophy. The moral perspective of the future can only be disclosed to those who think of these three virtues being ever more increased Anthroposophy will place moral life in the light of these virtues, and they will be the constructive forces of the future.
Before closing our observations, there is one point which must be considered. I shall only touch upon the subject, for it would be impossible to analyse without giving many lectures. The Christ-impulse entered human evolution through the Mystery of Golgotha. We know that at that time a human organism consisting of physical, etheric, and astral bodies received the Ego-impulse or “I” from above, as the Christ-impulse. It was this Christ-impulse which was received by the earth and which flowed into earthly evolution. It was now in it as the ego of Christ. We know further that the physical body, etheric body and astral body remained with Jesus of Nazareth; the Christ-impulse was within as the ego. At Golgotha, Jesus of Nazareth separated from the Christ-impulse, which then flowed into the earth development. The evolution of this impulse signifies the evolution of the earth itself.
Earnestly consider certain things which are very often repeated in order that they may be more easily understood. As we have often heard, the world is maya or illusion, but man must gradually penetrate to the truth, the reality of this external world. The earth evolution fundamentally consists in the fact that all the external things which have been formed in the first half of the earth's development are dissolved in the second half, in which we now are, so that all that we see externally, physically, shall separate from human development just as the physical body of a human being falls away. One might ask: What will then be left? And the answer is: The forces which are embodied in man as real forces through the process of the development of humanity on the earth. And the most real impulse in this development is that which has come into earth evolution through the Christ-impulse. But this Christ-impulse at first finds nothing with which it can clothe itself. Therefore it has to obtain a covering through the further development of the earth; and when this is concluded, the fully developed Christ shall be the final man—as Adam was the first—around whom humanity in its multiplicity has grouped itself.
In the words: “Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me,” is contained a significant hint for us. What has been done for Christ? The actions performed in accordance with the Christ-impulse under the influence of conscience, under the influence of faith and according to knowledge, are developed out on the earth-life up to the present time, and as, through his actions and his moral attitude a person gives something to his brethren, he gives at the same time to Christ. This should be taken as a precept: All the forces we develop, all acts of faith and trust, all acts performed as the result of wonder, are—because we give it at the same time to the Christ-Ego—something which closes like a covering round the Christ and may be compared with the astral body of man.
We form the astral body for the Christ-Ego-impulse by all the moral activities of wonder, trust, reverence and faith, in short, all that paves the way to super-sensible knowledge. Through all these activities we foster love. This is quite in accordance with the statement we quoted: “What ye have done to one, of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me.”
We form the etheric body for Christ through our deeds of love, and through our actions in the world which we do through the impulses of conscience we form for the Christ-impulse that which corresponds to the physical body of man. When the earth has one day reached its goal, when man understands the right moral impulses through which all that is good is done, then shall be present that which came as an Ego or “I” into human development through the Mystery of Golgotha as the Christ-impulse shall then be enveloped by an astral body which is formed through faith, through all the deeds of wonder and amazement on the part of man. It shall be enveloped by something which is like an etheric body which is formed through deeds of love; and by something which envelops it like a physical body, formed through the deeds of conscience.
Thus the future evolution of humanity shall be accomplished through the co-operation of the moral impulses of man with the Christ-impulse. We see humanity in perspective before us, like a great organic structure. When people understand how to member their actions into this great organism, and through their own deeds form their impulses around it like a covering, they shall then lay the foundations, in the course of earthly evolution, for a great community, which can be permeated and made Christian through and through by the Christ-impulse.
Thus we see that morals need not be preached, but they can indeed be founded by showing facts that have really happened and do still happen, confirming what is felt by persons with special mental endowments. It should make a noteworthy impression upon us if we bear in mind how, at the time when he lost his friend, Duke Charles Augustus, Goethe wrote many things in a long letter at Weimar, and then on the same day—it was in the year 1828, three-and-a-half years before his own death, and almost at the end of his life—he wrote a very remarkable sentence in his diary: “The whole reasonable world may be considered as a great immortal individual which uninterruptedly brings about what is necessary and thereby makes itself master even over chance.” How could such a thought become more concrete than by our imagining this Individual active among us, and by thinking of ourselves as, being united with him in his work? Through the Mystery of Golgotha the greatest Individual entered into human development, and, when people intentionally direct their lives in the way we have just described, they will range themselves round the Christ-impulse, so that around this Being there shall be formed something which is like a covering around a kernel.
Much more could be said about virtue from the standpoint of Anthroposophy. In particular long and important considerations could be entered into concerning truth and its connection with karma, for through Anthroposophy the idea of karma will have to enter into human evolution more and more. Man will also have to learn gradually so to consider and order his life that his virtues correspond with karma. Through the idea of karma man must also learn to recognise that he may not disown his former deeds by his later ones. A certain feeling of responsibility in life, a readiness to take upon ourselves the results of what we have done, has yet to show itself as a result of human evolution. How far removed man still is from this ideal we see when we consider him more closely. That man develops by the acts he has committed is a well-known fact. When the consequences of an action seem to have come to an end, then what could only be done if the first act had not taken place, can still be done. The fact that a person feels responsible for what he has done, the fact that he consciously accepts the idea of karma, is something which might also be a subject for study. But you will still find much for yourselves by following the lines suggested in these three lectures; you will find how fruitful these ideas can be if you work them out further. As man will live for the remainder of the earth development in repeated incarnations, it is his task to rectify all the mistakes made respecting the virtues described, by inclining to one side or the other, to change them by shaping them of his own free will, so that the balance, the mean, may come and thus the goal be gradually attained which has been described as the formation of the coverings for the Christ-impulse.
Thus we see before us not merely an abstract ideal of universal brotherhood, which indeed may also receive a strong impulse if we lay Anthroposophy at the foundation, but we see that there is something real in our earthly evolution, we see that there is in it an Impulse which came into the world through the Mystery of Golgotha. And we also feel ourselves under the necessity so to work upon the Sentient-Soul, the Intellectual-Soul and the Spiritual-Soul, that this ideal Being shall be actualised, and that we shall be united with Him as with a great immortal Individual. The thought that the only possibility of further evolution, the power to fulfil the earth mission, lies in man's forming one whole with this great Individual, is realised in the second moral principle: What you do as if it were born from you alone, pushes you away and separates you from the great Individual, you thereby destroy something; but what you do to build up this great immortal Individual in the way above described, that you do towards the further development, the progressive life of the whole organism of the world.
We only require to place these two thoughts before us in order to see that their effect is not only to preach morals, but to give them a basis. For the thought: “Through your actions you are destroying what you ought to build up,” is terrible and fearful, keeping down all opposing desires. But the thought: “You are building up this immortal Individual; you are making yourself into a member of this immortal Individual,” fires one to good deeds, to strong moral impulses. In this way morals are not only preached, but we are led to thoughts which themselves may be moral impulses, to thoughts which are able to found morals.
The more the truth is cultivated, the more rapidly will the anthroposophical world conception and feeling develop ethics such as these. And it has been my task to express this in these lectures. Naturally, many things have only been lightly touched upon, but you will develop further in your own minds many ideas which have been broached. In this way we shall be drawn more closely together all over the earth. When we meet together—as we have done on this occasion as anthroposophists of Northern and Central Europe—to consider these subjects, and when we allow the thoughts roused in us at gatherings such as this to echo and re-echo through us, we shall in this way best make it true that Anthroposophy is to provide the foundation—even at the present time—for real spiritual life. And when we have to part again we know that it is in our anthroposophical thoughts that we are most at one, and this knowledge is at the same time a moral stimulus. To know that we are united by the same ideals with people who, as a rule, are widely separated from one another in space, but with whom we may meet on special occasions, is a stronger moral stimulus than being always together.
That we should think in this way of our gathering, that we should thus understand our studies together, fills my soul, especially at the close of these lectures, as something by which I should like to express my farewell greeting to you, and concerning which I am convinced that, when it is understood in the true light, the anthroposophical life which is developing will also be spiritually well founded. With this thought and these feelings let us close our studies today.
Dritter Vortrag
In dem, was gestern gesagt worden ist, lag die Anerkennung der moralischen Impulse in der Menschennatur, so daß wir versuchten, die Behauptung zu erhärten, zu beweisen aus den vorher angeführten Tatsachen, daß eigentlich der Grund des Moralischen, der Grund des Guten auf dem Boden der menschlichen Seelennatur liegt, und daß eigentlich der Mensch nur im Laufe der Evolution, in seinem Gange von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation, abgeirrt ist von den ursprünglichen, man möchte sagen, instinktiv guten Anlagen und dadurch das Böse, das Unrichtige, das Unmoralische erst in die Menschheit hineingekommen ist.
Wenn das aber so ist, so müssen wir erst recht verwundert darüber sein, daß das Böse überhaupt möglich ist, daß es entstehen kann, und eine Antwort erheischt die Frage: Wie ist das Böse im Laufe der Evolution möglich geworden?
Eine gründliche Antwort erhält man eigentlich nur, wenn man hinblickt zu dem moralischen Elementarunterricht, der schon in alten Zeiten den Menschen gegeben worden ist. Die Schüler der Mysterien, die als ihr höchstes Ideal anstrebten, allmählich zu den vollen spirituellen Wahrheiten und Erkenntnissen vorzudringen, mußten überall da, wo zu Recht gearbeitet wurde im Mysteriensinne, aus einer moralischen Grundlage heraus arbeiten, so daß die Eigentümlichkeit der moralischen Natur des Menschen gerade den Mysterienschülern in einer ganz besonderen Weise gezeigt wurde.
Wenn wir kurz charakterisieren wollen, wie das geschah, so können wir sagen: Es wurde dem Mysterienschüler gezeigt, daß die menschliche Natur nach zwei Seiten hin Verheerungen, Übles anrichten kann, und daß nur dadurch der Mensch in der Lage ist, einen freien Willen zu entwickeln, daß er nach zwei Seiten hin imstande ist, Übles anzurichten; daß ferner das Leben in richtigem, in günstigem Sinne nur dann verlaufen kann, wenn man diese zwei Seiten der Abirrung betrachtet wie zwei Waagschalen, von denen bald die eine, bald die andere hinauf- und hinuntergeht. Das richtige Gleichgewicht ist nur dann vorhanden, wenn der Waagebalken horizontal liegt.
So wurde den Mysterienschülern gezeigt, daß das richtige Verhalten des Menschen gar nicht in der Weise aufgezeigt werden kann, daß man sagt: Dies ist richtig, und das ist unrichtig. Das richtige Verhalten kann nur dadurch gewonnen werden, daß der Mensch in jedem Augenblicke seines Lebens in die Lage kommt, sowohl nach der einen als auch nach der anderen Seite gezogen zu werden, und daß er selbst das Gleichgewicht, die Mitte herstellen muß zwischen diesen beiden.
Nehmen wir die Tugenden, von denen wir gesprochen haben: die Tapferkeit, den Starkmut. Die eine Seite, nach der die menschliche Natur dabei ausschlagen kann, ist die Seite der Tollkühnheit, das ist das zügellose Drauflosarbeiten in der Welt mit den Kräften, die einem zur Verfügung stehen, und das Anspannen derselben aufs äußerste. Das ist die eine Seite, die der Tollkühnheit. Die andere Seite, die andere Waagschale, ist die der Feigheit. Nach beiden Seiten kann der Mensch sozusagen ausschlagen, und es wurde den Schülern in den Mysterien gezeigt, daß der Mensch sich verliert, daß der Mensch sein Selbst ablegt und von den Rädern des Lebens zerrieben wird, wenn er in Tollkühnheit ausartet. Das Leben zerfetzt ihn, wenn er nach der Seite der Tollkühnheit ausschlägt. Wenn er dagegen nach der Seite der Feigheit abirrt, dann verhärtet er sich und reißt sich heraus aus dem Zusammenhange der Dinge und Wesenheiten. Dann wird er ein in sich abgeschlossenes Wesen, das herausfällt aus dem Zusammenhang, da er seine Taten und Handlungen nicht in Einklang bringen kann mit dem Ganzen. Das wurde den Mysterienschülern gezeigt mit Bezug auf alles, was der Mensch tun kann. Er kann so ausarten, daß er zerfetzt, verrädert wird von der objektiven Welt, weil er dadurch sein Selbst verliert, und er kann nach der anderen Seite, nicht bloß bei der Tapferkeit, sondern bei jeder Tat, so ausarten, daß er in sich selbst verhärtet. Daher stand über dem Moralkodex der Mysterien überall geschrieben das bedeutungsvolle Wort: Du mußt die Mitte finden, so daß du dich durch deine Taten nicht an die Welt verlierst und daß auch die Welt nicht dich verliert.
Das sind die zwei möglichen Dinge, in die der Mensch hineingeraten kann: Entweder kann er verloren gehen für die Welt, die Welt ergreift ihn, zermürbt ihn, wie bei der Tollkühnheit, oder die Welt kann verloren gehen für ihn, weil er sich verhärtet in seinem Egoismus, wie es bei der Feigheit der Fall ist. So sagte man den Schülern in den Mysterien: Es kann überhaupt kein Gutes geben, das als ein einmaliges, ruhiges Gutes bloß angestrebt zu werden braucht, vielmehr entsteht ein Gutes nur dadurch, daß der Mensch fortwährend, wie ein Pendel, nach zwei Seiten ausschlagen kann und durch seine innere Kraft die Möglichkeit des Gleichgewichts, des mittleren Maßes findet.
Sehen Sie, da haben Sie alles, was Sie in die Möglichkeit versetzt, die Freiheit des Willens und die Bedeutung der Vernunft und Weisheit im menschlichen Handeln zu verstehen. Wenn es dem Menschen angemessen wäre, ewige Moralprinzipien einzuhalten, dann brauchte er diese Moralprinzipien sich nur anzueignen und er könnte gleichsam mit gebundener Marschroute durch das Leben gehen. So ist das Leben aber niemals. Die Freiheit des Lebens besteht vielmehr darinnen, daß der Mensch immer die Möglichkeit hat, nach zwei Seiten abzuirren. Dadurch ist dann auch die Möglichkeit des Schlechten, die Möglichkeit des Bösen gegeben. Denn was ist denn das Böse? Das Böse ist dasjenige, was entsteht, wenn der Mensch sich entweder an die Welt verliert oder wenn die Welt den Menschen verliert. In der Vermeidung von beiden besteht dasjenige, was wir das Gute nennen können. Dadurch ist das Böse im Laufe der Evolution, indem der Mensch von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation ging, möglich geworden, daß die Menschen einmal nach der einen Seite, einmal nach der anderen Seite abirrten, und weil sie nicht immer das Gleichgewicht fanden, genötigt waren, in einer zukünftigen Zeit karmisch den Ausgleich zu schaffen. Was eben nicht erreicht werden kann in einem Leben, weil man nicht immer die Mitte trifft, das wird erreicht im Laufe der Evolution, indem der Mensch einmal nach der einen Seite abirrt, dann aber gezwungen wird, im nächsten Leben vielleicht nach der anderen Seite wiederum auszuschlagen und so den Ausgleich zu schaffen.
Das, was ich Ihnen erzählt habe, ist eine goldene Regel der alten Mysterien gewesen. Wie so vielfach, finden wir auch in diesem Falle bei den Philosophen des Altertums noch einen Nachklang von diesem Mysteriengrundsatz, und wir finden bei Aristoteles, da wo er von der Tugend spricht, einen Ausspruch, den wir nicht anders verstehen können, als wenn wir wissen, daß das, was jetzt gesagt worden ist, ein alter Mysteriengrundsatz war, den Aristoteles überliefert bekommen und seiner Philosophie einverleibt hat.
Daher die merkwürdige Definition des Aristoteles von der Tugend, die da heißt: Tugend ist eine von vernünftigen Einsichten geleitete menschliche Fertigkeit, die mit Bezug auf den Menschen die Mitte hält zwischen dem Zuviel und dem Zuwenig.
Damit ist in der Tat von Aristoteles gegeben die Definition der Tugend, wie sie von keiner Philosophie später wieder erreicht worden ist. Weil Aristoteles die Tradition aus den Mysterien hatte, daher vermochte er wirklich das Richtige zu treffen. Das ist also die berühmte Mitte, die eingehalten werden muß, wenn der Mensch wirklich tugendhaft sein soll, wenn moralische Kraft die Welt durchpulsen soll.
Aber jetzt können wir uns auch die Frage beantworten, warum überhaupt Moral da sein soll. Was ist denn dann der Fall, wenn keine Moral da ist, wenn das Schlechte geschieht, wenn das Zuviel oder das Zuwenig, das Sichverlieren des Menschen an die Welt durch das Zermalmen oder das Verlieren des Menschen von seiten der Welt geschieht? In jedem dieser Fälle wird immer etwas zerstört. Jedes Schlechte, jedes Unmoralische ist eine Zerstörung, ein Zerstörungsprozeß, und in dem Augenblicke, wo der Mensch einsieht, daß er gar nicht anders kann, als etwas zerstören, als der Welt etwas nehmen, wenn er das Schlechte tut, wirkt das Moment des Guten in überwältigendem Sinne auf den Menschen ein. Dies aber ist besonders die Aufgabe der theosophischen Weltanschauung, die jetzt eigentlich erst beginnt in die Welt ihren Einzug zu halten: klar zu machen, daß alles Böse einen Zerstörungsprozeß bewirkt, etwas hinwegnimmt aus der Welt, auf das gerechnet ist.
Wenn wir nun im Sinne unserer theosophischen Weltanschauung uns halten an dieses Prinzip, das wir eben geltend gemacht haben, so führt uns dasjenige, was wir wissen über die Natur des Menschen, zu einer besonderen Ausgestaltung des Guten und auch des Bösen. Wir wissen, daß die Empfindungsseele sich vorzugsweise entwickelt hat in der alten chaldäischen Entwickelungsepoche, im dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraume. Was diese Entwickelungsepoche damals war, davon hat das heutige Leben wenig Ahnung. Kaum gelangt man in der äußeren Geschichte weiter zurück als in die ägyptische Zeit. Wir wissen, daß die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele in dem vierten Zeitraume, in der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit sich entwickelt hat, und daß wir jetzt in unserer Zeit dabei sind, die Bewußtseinsseele zu entwickeln. Das Geistselbst wird erst im sechsten Zeitraum der nachatlantischen Entwickelung zur Geltung kommen.
Fragen wir uns zunächst einmal: Wie kann die Empfindungsseele nach der einen oder anderen Seite abirren von dem Richtigen? Die Empfindungsseele ist dasjenige, was den Menschen in die Lage versetzt, die Welt der Dinge zu empfinden, sie in sich aufzunehmen, Anteil zu nehmen an den Dingen, nicht durch die Welt zu gehen und unwissend zu bleiben bezüglich der Dinge, sondern so, daß wir ein Verhältnis zu denselben bekommen. Das alles bewirkt die Empfindungsseele. Die eine Seite, nach der der Mensch abirren kann, werden wir finden für die Empfindungsseele, wenn wir uns fragen: Was ist es denn überhaupt, was es dem Menschen möglich macht, zu den Dingen rings herum eine Beziehung zu haben? Was dem Menschen eine Beziehung zu den Dingen rings herum verschafft, ist dasjenige, was wir nennen können das Interesse an den Dingen. Mit diesem Wort Interesse ist etwas in moralischem Sinne ungeheuer Bedeutungsvolles ausgesprochen. Es ist viel wichtiger, daß man die moralische Bedeutung des Interesses ins Auge faßt, als daß man sich hingibt an tausend und abertausend schöne, wenn auch vielleicht nur scheinheilige, kleinliche Moralgrundsätze. Unsere moralischen Impulse werden in der Tat durch nichts besser geleitet, als wenn wir ein richtiges Interesse nehmen an den Dingen und Wesenheiten. Machen Sie sich das nur einmal klar. Wir haben im tieferen Sinne von der Liebe als Impuls im gestrigen Vortrage so gesprochen, daß wir nicht mißverstanden werden können, wenn wir jetzt das Folgende sagen: Selbst das gewöhnliche öftere Deklamieren von Liebe und Liebe und Liebe kann nicht ersetzen den moralischen Impuls, der in dem liegt, was man mit dem Worte Interesse bezeichnen kann.
Nehmen wir an, wir haben ein Kind vor uns. Was ist die Vorbedingung, daß wir uns dem Kinde widmen, was ist die Vorbedingung dazu, daß wir das Kind vorwärts bringen? Die Vorbedingung ist, daß wir Interesse an seinem Wesen nehmen. Es gehört schon eine Ungesundheit der menschlichen Seele dazu, wenn der Mensch sich zurückzieht vor etwas, woran er Interesse nehmen soll. Immer mehr und mehr wird man es erkennen, daß der Impuls des Interesses ein ganz besonders goldener Impuls in moralischem Sinne ist, je weiter man vorschreiten wird zu den wirklichen moralischen Grundlagen und nicht bloß moralische Predigten halten will. Daß wir unser Interesse erweitern, daß wir die Möglichkeit finden, uns verständnisvoll hineinzuversetzen in die Dinge und Wesen, das ruft unsere Kräfte im Innern auf, auch den Menschen gegenüber.
Selbst das Mitleid wird in entsprechend richtiger Weise wachgerufen, wenn wir Interesse an einem Wesen haben. Und wenn wir als Theosophen uns die Aufgabe stellen, unser Interesse immer mehr und mehr zu erweitern, unseren Horizont immer größer und größer zu machen, dann wird auch die allgemeine menschliche Brüderlichkeit dadurch gehoben werden. Nicht durch Predigen von allgemeiner Menschenliebe können wir vorwärts kommen, sondern dadurch, daß wir unsere Interessen immer weiter und weiter treiben, so daß wir es immer mehr dazu bringen, uns für Seelen mit den verschiedensten Temperamenten, mit den verschiedensten Charakteranlagen, Rasseneigentümlichkeiten, Nationaleigentümlichkeiten, mit den verschiedensten religiösen und philosophischen Bekenntnissen zu interessieren und ihnen Verständnis entgegenzubringen. Das richtige Verständnis, das richtige Interesse ruft aus der Seele heraus die richtige moralische Tat.
Hier ist es auch so, daß der Mensch sich in der Mitte zwischen zwei Extremen halten muß. Das eine Extrem ist der Stumpfsinn, der an allem vorbeigeht und das ungeheure moralische Unglück in der Welt anrichtet, der nur in sich selber lebt und eigensinnig auf seinen Prinzipien besteht, der nur immer sagt: Das ist mein Standpunkt. Das Standpunkthaben ist in moralischer Beziehung überhaupt etwas Schlimmes. Ein offenes Auge haben für alles, was uns umgibt, das ist das Wesentliche für uns. Stumpfsinn hebt uns heraus aus der Welt, während das Interesse uns in dieselbe hineinversetzt. Die Welt verliert uns durch unseren Stumpfsinn und wir werden unmoralisch. So sehen wir, daß Stumpfsinn und Interesselosigkeit an der Welt im höchsten Grade moralische Übel sind.
Nun ist die Theosophie aber gerade eine solche Sache, die den Geist immer reger und reger macht, die uns hilft, das Geistige besser zu denken, es in uns aufzunehmen. So wahr es ist, daß Wärme entsteht aus Feuer, wenn wir im Ofen einheizen, so wahr ist es, daß Interesse an allem Menschlichen und an allen Wesen entsteht, wenn wir uns theosophische Weisheit aneignen. Weisheit ist das Heizmaterial für das Interesse, und wir können einfach sagen, wenn es auch nicht gleich sichtbar ist, daß die 'Theosophie, wenn sie jene entfernteren Dinge, die Lehre von Saturn, Sonne und Mond, von Karma und so weiter studiert, in uns dann wiedererstehen läßt dieses Interesse. Es geschieht wirklich so, daß das Interesse es ist, was als Umwandlungsprodukt ersteht aus den theosophischen Erkenntnissen, während aus materialistischen Erkenntnissen dasjenige entsteht, was wir heute leider so blühen sehen und was in radikaler Art als der Stumpfsinn bezeichnet werden muß, der, wenn er allein gelten würde in der Welt, ungeheures Unheil anrichten müßte.
Sehen Sie einmal, wie viele Menschen durch die Welt gehen, wie sie diesen oder jenen Menschen begegnen, aber im Grunde genommen die Menschen nicht kennen lernen, denn sie sind ganz in sich beschlossen, diese Menschen. Wie oft erfahren wir es, daß zwei Menschen seit längerer Zeit Freundschaft geschlossen haben und es dann plötzlich zu einem Bruche kommt. Das rührt daher, daß die Impulse zu der Freundschaft materialistischer Art waren, und nach längerer Zeit stellt sich dann erst für die Beteiligten heraus, daß sie die gegenseitigen unsympathischen Charaktereigenschaften bis jetzt nicht bemerkt hatten. Die wenigsten Menschen haben ein offenes Auge heute für das, was von Mensch zu Mensch spricht. Gerade das ist es aber, was die Theosophie bewirken soll: unseren Sinn dahin zu erweitern, daß wir ein offenes Auge und eine offene Seele bekommen für alles, was Menschliches um uns herum ist, damit wir nicht stumpf, sondern mit richtigem Interesse durch die Welt gehen.
Das andere Extrem vermeiden wir auch hier, indem wir unterscheiden zwischen dem wirklichen, richtigen Interesse und dem falschen, und dabei die richtige Mitte halten. Sich jedem Wesen, das sich darbietet, sogleich in die Arme werfen, ist leidenschaftliches Sichselbstverlieren an die Wesen und kein wirkliches Interesse. Wenn wir das tun, dann verlieren wir uns an die Welt. Durch den Stumpfsinn verliert die Welt uns, durch sinnlose Leidenschaftlichkeit, die sich benebelt in der Hingabe, verlieren wir uns an die Welt. Durch das gesunde Interesse stehen wir moralisch fest auf dem Standpunkt der Mitte, des Gleichgewichts.
Sehen Sie, in der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, also in der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeit, da war eine gewisse Kraft noch in der Majorität der Erdenbevölkerung vorhanden, die man nennen kann den Impuls zur Erhaltung des Gleichgewichts zwischen Stumpfsinn und leidenschaftlich sich betäubender Hingabe an die Welt; und das ist es, was man in alten Zeiten und auch noch bei Plato und Aristoteles genannt findet: die Weisheit. Aber die Menschen sahen das als Gabe übermenschlicher Wesen an, denn es waren bis in jene Zeiten hinein regsam die alten Impulse der Weisheit. Daher können wir von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus, namentlich in bezug auf die moralischen Impulse, die dritte nachatlantische Kulturepoche diejenige Epoche nennen, wo die Weisheit instinktiv wirkt. Daher, wenn wir zurückgehen in diesen Zeitraum, sprechen wir auch so, daß wir empfinden: Es ist wahr, was in ganz anderer Absicht im vorigen Jahre dargestellt worden ist in den Kopenhagener Vorträgen, deren Inhalt vorliegt in dem Büchelchen: «Die geistige Führung des Menschen und der Menschheit»; es ist wahr, was wir dadurch ausdrückten, daß die Menschen damals noch näher standen den göttlich-geistigen Mächten. Und wodurch die Menschen noch näher standen den göttlich-geistigen Mächten, das war für die dritte nachatlantische Epoche die instinktive Weisheit.
Es war also eine Göttergabe dazumal, zu finden die richtige Mitte im Handeln, der damaligen Zeit angemessen, zwischen Stumpfsinn und sinnlos leidenschaftlicher Hingabe. Dieser Ausgleich, dieses Gleichgewicht wurde durch die äußeren Einrichtungen in jener Zeit noch aufrecht erhalten. Es war noch nicht jenes völlige Untereinandermischen der Menschheit vorhanden, das im vierten Zeitraum der nachatlantischen Entwickelung durch den Völkerwanderungsprozeß eingetreten ist. Es waren die Menschen noch abgeschlossen in Völker- und Stammessysteme. Da waren die Interessen von Natur aus weisheitsvoll geregelt und so weit rege, daß die richtigen moralischen Impulse durchdringen konnten; und auf der anderen Seite war durch das Gegebensein der Blutsbrüderschaft bei den Stämmen ein Riegel vorgeschoben der sinnlosen Leidenschaft. Sie werden es schon bei der Betrachtung des Lebens zugeben, daß man am leichtesten, auch in unserer Zeit noch, ein Interesse innerhalb dessen findet, was Blutsverwandtschaft oder Abstammung betrifft. Da ist aber auch nicht vorhanden, was man sinnlose Leidenschaft nennt. Weil aber die Menschen auf einem kleineren Gebiete vereinigt waren in der ägyptisch-chaldäischen Zeitperiode, war die weisheitsvolle Mitte leicht da. Das ist aber der Sinn der Vorwärtsentwickelung der Menschheit, daß das, was ursprünglich instinktiv, was nur göttlich-geistig war, allmählich verschwindet, und daß die Menschen selbständig werden gegenüber den göttlich-geistigen Mächten.
Daher sehen wir, daß schon in der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode, im griechisch-lateinischen Zeitraume, die Philosophen Plato und Aristoteles, aber auch die öffentliche Meinung in Griechenland, die Weisheit als etwas betrachteten, was errungen werden muß, als etwas, was nicht mehr Göttergabe ist, sondern erstrebt werden muß. Die erste Tugend bei Plato ist die Weisheit, und derjenige ist unmoralisch bei Plato, der nicht Weisheit anstrebt.
Wir sind jetzt im fünften nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum. Da sind wir noch weit entfernt von dem Punkte, wo die Weisheit, die wie ein göttlicher Impuls der Menschheit instinktiv eingepflanzt ist, derselben wieder bewußt sein wird. Daher ist in unserer Zeit ganz besonders die Möglichkeit vorhanden, daß von den Menschen abgeirrt wird nach den beiden angeführten Richtungen. Daher besteht auch besonders in unserer Zeit die Notwendigkeit, daß den großen Gefahren, die in diesem Punkte zu finden sind, entgegengearbeitet wird durch eine spirituelle, durch eine theosophische Weltanschauung, damit das, was die Menschen einstmals als instinktive Weisheit gehabt haben, jetzt zur bewußten Weisheit werden kann. Das ist das Wesen der theosophischen Bewegung, daß das, was die Menschen früher instinktiv hatten, jetzt errungen wird als bewußtes Weisheitsgut. Was ist es anderes, als daß die Götter der unbewußten Menschenseele die Weisheit einst als etwas wie Instinktives gegeben haben, während wir jetzt die Weisheiten über den Kosmos und über die Menschheitsentwickelung uns erst aneignen müssen ? Die alten Sitten waren ja auch nach den Gedanken der Götter gemacht. Wir sehen die Theosophie im richtigen Sinne an, wenn wir sie als die Erforschung der Göttergedanken ansehen. Dazumal waren sie instinktiv in die Menschen eingeflossen; heute müssen wir sie erforschen, zu unserem Wissen erheben. In dieser Beziehung muß uns also Theosophie etwas Göttliches sein. Wir müssen in einer ehrfürchtigen Stimmung sein können darüber, daß die Gedanken, die uns durch die Theosophie vermittelt werden, wirklich etwas Göttliches sind, etwas, was wir Menschen denken dürfen, was wir nachdenken dürfen, nachdem es die göttlichen Gedanken waren, nach denen die Welt eingerichtet worden ist. Wenn uns Theosophie das ist, dann stehen wir den Dingen so gegenüber, daß wir begreifen: sie sind uns gegeben zur Ausführung unserer Mission. Wenn wir studieren das, was uns mitgeteilt worden ist über die Saturn-, Sonnen- und Mondenentwickelung, über Reinkarnation, über die Entwickelung einzelner Rassen und so weiter, so werden uns gewaltige Aufschlüsse zuteil werden. Aber nur dann stellen wir uns in der richtigen Weise dem gegenüber, wenn wir uns sagen: Die Gedanken, die wir suchen, sind die Gedanken, nach denen die Götter die Evolution geleitet haben. Wir denken die Evolution der Götter. Verstehen wir das richtig, dann kommt aber auch über uns etwas tief Moralisches. Das kann nicht ausbleiben. Dann sagen wir uns: In alten Zeiten haben die Menschen von den Göttern instinktive Weisheit gehabt. Die Götter haben ihnen die Weisheit, nach denen sie die Welt gestaltet haben, mitgegeben. Dadurch war moralisches Handeln möglich. Nun aber verschaffen wir uns die Weisheit bewußt in der 'Theosophie. Also dürfen wir auch das Vertrauen haben, daß diese Weisheit sich umsetzen wird in uns in moralische Impulse, so daß wir aufnehmen nicht bloß theosophische Weisheit, sondern mit der Theosophie auch moralische Impulse.
In was für moralische Impulse wird sich nun umsetzen das theosophische Streben, gerade auf dem Gebiete des Weisheitsdaseins? Da müssen wir nun einen Punkt berühren, dessen Entwickelung allerdings der 'Theosoph voraussehen kann, dessen tiefe moralische Bedeutung, dessen moralisches Gewicht der 'Theosoph sogar voraussehen soll, einen Punkt der Entwickelung, der weit entfernt ist von dem, was heute üblich ist, nämlich das, was Plato noch nannte das Weisheitsideal. Weil er es nannte mit den Worten, die üblich sind da, wo Weisheit noch instinktiv in den Menschen drinnen lebte, so tun wir gut, diesen Ausdruck durch ein anderes Wort zu ersetzen. Wir tun gut, es zu ersetzen durch das Wort Wahrhaftigkeit, weil wir individueller geworden sind, weil wir uns entfernt haben von dem Göttlichen und daher wieder zu ihm zurückstreben müssen. Wir müssen lernen, das volle Gewicht des Wortes Wahrhaftigkeit zu empfinden, und es wird dies in moralischer Beziehung ein Ergebnis theosophischer Weltanschauung und theosophischer Gesinnung werden. Die Menschen werden die Wahrhaftigkeit durch die Theosophie empfinden lernen.
Die 'Theosophen von heute aber werden verstehen, wie notwendig es ist, dieses Moralische der Wahrhaftigkeit vollständig zu fühlen in einer Zeit, wo es der Materialismus dahin gebracht hat, daß man von der Wahrhaftigkeit zwar noch reden kann, daß aber das allgemeine Kulturleben weit davon entfernt ist, das Richtige dabei zu empfinden, das Richtige zu verspüren. Das kann heute nicht anders sein. Wahrheit ist etwas, was der gegenwärtigen Kultur im hohen Maße fehlen muß, wegen einer bestimmten Eigenschaft, die die gegenwärtige Kultur erhalten hat. Ich frage: Was findet ein Mensch heute noch dabei, wenn er in einer Zeitung oder in einer Druckschrift bestimmte Mitteilungen findet, und es stellt sich nachher heraus, daß es einfach nicht wahr ist, was da gesagt wird? Ich bitte sehr, denken Sie nach darüber. Man kann nicht sagen, daß es auf Schritt und Tritt geschieht, sondern man muß sagen, daß es sogar auf Viertelschritt und Vierteltritt passiert. Überall, wo es modernes Leben gibt, ist die Unwahrhaftigkeit eine Eigenschaft unserer gegenwärtigen Kulturepoche geworden, und es ist unmöglich, daß Sie die Wahrhaftigkeit als eine Eigenschaft unserer Epoche nennen können.
Nehmen Sie einen Menschen, von dem Sie wissen, daß er selber etwas Falsches geschrieben oder gesagt hat, und halten Sie ihm das vor. Sie werden finden, daß er heute in der Regel gar keine Empfindung dafür hat, daß das Unrecht ist. Er wird sofort die Ausrede gebrauchen: Ja, ich habe es im guten Glauben gesagt. Die Theosophen dürfen es nicht als moralisch ansehen, wenn jemand sagt, daß er etwas Unrichtiges im guten Glauben gesagt hat. Die Menschen werden immer mehr verstehen lernen, daß man dazu kommen muß, zu wissen, daß das auch wirklich geschehen ist, was man behauptet. Man darf also nur dann etwas sagen oder mitteilen, nachdem man die Verpflichtung gefühlt und ausgeführt hat, zu prüfen, ob es auch so ist, zu vergleichen mit den Mitteln, die zu benutzen möglich sind. Erst wenn man dieser Verpflichtung inne wird, kann man die Wahrhaftigkeit als moralischen Impuls empfinden. Dann wird aber niemand mehr sagen, wenn er etwas Unrichtiges in die Welt gesetzt hat: Ich habe es so gemeint, ich habe es im guten Glauben gesagt. Denn er wird lernen, daß man nicht bloß verpflichtet ist, zu sagen, was man als richtig zu erkennen glaubt, sondern daß man verpflichtet ist, nur das zu sagen, was wahr ist, was richtig ist. Das wird nicht anders gehen, als daß in gewisser Beziehung eine radikale Änderung nach und nach in unserem Kulturleben eintreten muß. Die Schnelligkeit des Verkehrs, die Sensationslust der Menschen, überhaupt alles, was ein materialistisches Zeitalter im Gefolge hat, sind Gegner der Wahrhaftigkeit. Auf moralischem Gebiete wird die Theosophie eine Erzieherin der Menschheit zur Pflicht der Wahrhaftigkeit sein.
Es ist heute nicht meine Aufgabe, davon zu sprechen, inwiefern die Wahrhaftigkeit heute schon in der Theosophischen Gesellschaft verwirklicht ist, aber es ist zu sagen, daß dasjenige, was heute ausgesprochen worden ist, im Prinzip ein hohes theosophisches Ideal sein muß. Genug wird die moralische Evolution innerhalb der theosophischen Bewegung zu tun haben, wenn nach allen Richtungen durchdacht, durchfühlt und empfunden werden wird das moralische Ideal der Wahrhaftigkeit.
Dieses moralische Ideal der Wahrhaftigkeit wird heute dasjenige sein, was die Tugend in der Empfindungsseele des Menschen in der richtigen Weise bewirkt.
Das zweite Seelenglied, das wir in der Theosophie aufzählen müssen, ist das, was wir gewöhnlich nennen die Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele. Sie wissen, daß es besonders in der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturepoche, in der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit seine Geltung gefunden hat. Die Tugend, die da besonders maßgebend ist für dieses Seelenglied, haben wir schon öfter angeführt, es ist der Starkmut, die Tapferkeit, das Mutvolle. Sie haben zu ihren Extremen die Tollkühnheit und die Feigheit. Das Mutvolle, der Starkmut, die Tapferkeit ist in der Mitte zwischen Tollkühnheit und Feigheit. Das Wort der germanischen Sprache, das im Deutschen heißt Gemüt, drückt schon im Wortanklang aus, daß es in Beziehung dazu steht. Mit dem Worte Gemüt wird gerade der mittlere Teil der menschlichen Seele gemeint, das, was darin das Mutvolle, das Starke, das Kräftige ist. Das war auch die mittlere "Tugend bei Plato und Aristoteles. Das war diejenige Tugend, die in der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode noch als ein göttliches Geschenk bei den Menschen vorhanden war, während die Weisheit eigentlich nur noch in der dritten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode wie instinktiv da war. Instinktive Tapferkeit und Starkmut, das können Sie aus den ersten Vorträgen entnehmen, war wie ein Göttergeschenk vorhanden bei den Menschen, die als Angehörige der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode entgegengekommen sind der Ausbreitung des Christentums nach Norden. Sie zeigten, daß die Tapferkeit noch ein Göttergeschenk bei ihnen war. Während bei den Chaldäern die Weisheit, das weisheitsvolle Eindringen in die Geheimnisse der Sternenwelt wie ein Göttergeschenk, als etwas Inspiriertes vorhanden war, so war bei den Menschen des vierten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraumes Tapferkeit und Starkmut vorhanden, namentlich bei den Griechen und Römern, und auch bei den Völkern, denen die Ausbreitung des Christentums übergeben war. Diese Tapferkeit ist später verloren gegangen als die Weisheit.
Wenn wir uns jetzt umsehen im fünften nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum, dann müssen wir sagen: Wir sind in bezug auf diese Tapferkeit und diesen Starkmut in einer Lage, wie die Griechen mit Bezug auf die Weisheit es waren den Chaldäern und Ägyptern gegenüber. Wir sehen zurück auf dasjenige, was ein Göttergeschenk im unmittelbar vorhergehenden Zeitraum war und was wir in gewisser Weise wieder anstreben können. Aber nun haben uns ja gerade die zwei vorangegangenen Vorträge gezeigt, daß bei diesem Anstreben in gewisser Beziehung eine Umwandlung vor sich gehen muß. Von dem, was als Starkmut und Tapferkeit als ein Göttergeschenk einen äußerlichen Charakter hat, haben wir die Umwandlung gesehen bei Franz von Assisi. Wir haben die Umwandlung gesehen als Folge einer inneren moralischen Kraft, die wir gestern als die Kraft des ChristusImpulses erkannt haben. Die Umwandlung von Starkmut und Tapferkeit ergibt dann dasjenige, was echte Liebe ist. Diese echte Liebe muß aber geleitet werden von der anderen Tugend, von dem Interesse, von der Teilnahme an demjenigen Wesen, auf das wir die Liebe anwenden. Shakespeare hat in seinem «Timon von Athen» gezeigt, wie auch Liebe oder Gutherzigkeit, wenn sie leidenschaftlich auftritt, wenn sie bloß als Eigenschaft der menschlichen Natur erscheint, ohne von Weisheit und Wahrhaftigkeit geleitet zu werden, Schaden anrichtet. Wir finden da eine Persönlichkeit geschildert, die nach allen Seiten Güter verschwendet. Freigebigkeit ist eine Tugend; aber Shakespeare zeigt uns auch, daß lauter Parasiten geschaffen werden durch das, was da verschwendet wird.
So müssen wir also sagen: Wie die alte Tapferkeit und der Starkmut geleitet wurden aus den Mysterien heraus von den europäischen Brahminen, von den sich zurückgezogen haltenden Weisen, so muß auch in der menschlichen Natur eine Leitung, ein Zusammenklingen der 'Tugend stattfinden mit dem Interesse. Das Interesse, das uns in der richtigen Weise mit der Außenwelt zusammenführt, das muß uns leiten und lenken, wenn wir uns mit unserer Liebe an die Außenwelt wenden. Im Grunde geht auch das aus dem charakteristischen, wenn auch radikalen Beispiele des Franz von Assisi hervor. Es war bei Franz von Assisi nicht ein Mitleid für die Menschen, das leicht auch etwas Aufdringliches und Beleidigendes haben kann, denn auch solche Menschen sind durchaus nicht immer von den richtigen moralischen Impulsen beseelt, die die anderen Menschen überschütten wollen mit ihrem Mitleide. Wieviele Menschen gibt es, die sich durchaus nichts aus Mitleid geben lassen wollen. Verständnisvolles Entgegenkommen ist aber etwas, das nichts Beleidigendes hat. Bemitleidet werden ist unter Umständen etwas, was der Mensch zurückweisen muß. Verständnis finden für sein Wesen ist etwas, das kein gesunder Mensch zurückweisen kann. Daher kann auch das Verhalten eines anderen Menschen nicht getadelt werden, der sich diesem Verständnis entsprechend in seinem Handeln verhält. Dieses Verständnis ist es, das uns leiten kann in bezug auf die zweite Tugend: die Liebe. Sie ist dasjenige, was durch den Christus-Impuls namentlich die "Tugend der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele geworden ist; sie ist diejenige Tugend, die wir als die von menschlichem Verständnis begleitete, menschliche Liebe bezeichnen können.
Das Mitleid, die Mitfreude ist diejenige Tugend, welche in Zukunft die schönsten und herrlichsten Blüten im menschlichen Zusammenleben treiben muß, und in gewisser Weise werden bei demjenigen, welcher den Christus-Impuls in der richtigen Weise versteht, dieses Mitgefühl und diese Liebe, dieses Mitleiden und diese Mitfreude in entsprechender Weise entstehen, denn es wird daraus ein Gefühl werden. Gerade durch das theosophische Begreifen des Christus-Impulses wird diese Tatsache eintreten, daß es ein Gefühl werden wird.
Der Christus ist durch das Mysterium von Golgatha herabgestiegen in die Erdenentwickelung. Seine Impulse, seine Wirkungen sind da. Überall sind sie da. Warum ist er nun herabgestiegen auf diese Erde? Damit durch das, was er der Welt zu geben hat, die Evolution im richtigen Sinne vorwärts gehe, damit die Evolution der Erde mit dem aufgenommenen Christus-Impuls sich in der richtigen Weise vollziehen kann. Zerstören wir jetzt, nachdem der Christus-Impuls in der Welt ist, etwas durch das Unmoralische, durch das interesselose Vorbeigehen an unseren Mitmenschen, dann nehmen wir aus der Welt, in die der Christus-Impuls hineingeflossen ist, einen Teil heraus. Wir zerstören also an dem Christus-Impulse direkt etwas, weil er nun einmal da ist. Indem wir aber dasjenige der Welt geben, was durch die Tugend, die schaffend ist, der Welt gegeben werden kann, bauen wir auf. Wir bauen auf eben dadurch, daß wir hingeben. Es ist nicht umsonst gesagt worden oft und oft, daß der Christus zunächst gekreuzigt worden ist auf Golgatha, daß er aber fort und fort immer wieder gekreuzigt wird durch die Taten der Menschen. Da der Christus-Impuls durch die Tat auf Golgatha eingeflossen ist in die Erdenentwickelung, so beteiligen wir uns jederzeit durch das Unmoralische, das wir durch Lieblosigkeit, Interesselosigkeit und so weiter verüben, an den Leiden und Schmerzen, die dem auf die Erde gekommenen Christus zugefügt werden. Daher ist es immer und immer wieder gesagt worden: Stets aufs neue wird der Christus gekreuzigt, solange Unmoralität, Lieblosigkeit und Interesselosigkeit bestehen; da der Christus-Impuls die Welt durchdrungen hat, so ist es dieser, dem das Leid zugefügt wird.
Ebenso wie es wahr ist, daß wir durch das zerstörende Böse dem Christus-Impuls etwas entziehen und gleichsam die Kreuzigung auf Golgatha weiter fortsetzen, so ist es auch wahr, wenn wir in Liebe handeln, daß wir überall da, wo wir diese Liebe gebrauchen, dem Christus-Impulse Geltung verschaffen, ihm zum Leben verhelfen. «Was ihr einem der Geringsten meiner Brüder getan habt, das habt ihr mir getan» (Matthäus 25, 40), das ist das bedeutungsvollste Wort der Liebe, und dieses Wort muß der tiefste moralische Impuls werden, wenn es einmal theosophisch verstanden wird. Das tun wir, wenn wir verständnisvoll unseren Mitmenschen gegenüberstehen und ihnen dieses oder jenes zufügen, was aus dem Verständnisse ihres Wesens heraus unsere Handlungen, unsere Tugenden, unser Verhalten zu ihnen bedingt. Wir verhalten uns, insofern wir gegenüber dem Mitmenschen uns verhalten, gegenüber dem Christus-Impulse selber.
Das ist ein starker, moralischer Impuls, das ist etwas, was wirklich Moral begründet, wenn wir fühlen: Das Mysterium von Golgatha hat sich für alle Menschen vollzogen, und es ist ausgestreut von da ein Impuls in die ganze Welt. Stehst du deinen Mitmenschen gegenüber, so versuche sie zu verstehen in allen ihren Unterschieden, sei es nach Rasse, Farbe, Nationalität, sei es nach Religionsbekenntnis, Weltanschauung und so weiter. Stehst du ihnen gegenüber und tust ihnen dieses oder jenes, so tust du es dem Christus. Was du auch dem Mitmenschen tust, du tust es in der gegenwärtigen Erdenentwickelung dem Christus. Dieses Wort «Was ihr einem meiner Brüder getan habt, das habt ihr mir getan» wird für den, der die fundamentale Bedeutung des Mysteriums von Golgatha versteht, zugleich zu einem kräftigen moralischen Impulse. So daß wir sagen können: Während die Götter der vorchristlichen Zeit dem Menschen gegeben haben instinktive Weisheit, instinktiven Starkmut und instinktive Tapferkeit, strömt herunter von dem Symbolum des Kreuzes die Liebe, jene Liebe, die aufgebaut ist auf dem gegenseitigen Interesse von Mensch zu Mensch. Dadurch wird dieser Christus-Impuls in mächtiger Weise in der Welt wirken. Wenn einmal nicht nur der Brahmine den Brahminen, der Paria den Paria, der Jude den Juden, der Christ den Christen lieben und verstehen wird, sondern wenn der Jude den Christen, der Paria den Brahminen, der Amerikaner den Asiaten als Mensch zu verstehen und sich in ihn zu versetzen vermag, dann wird man auch wissen, wie tief christlich empfunden es ist, wenn wir sagen: Ohne Unterschied eines jeglichen äußeren Bekenntnisses muß Brüderlichkeit unter den Menschen sein. Gering soll man achten dasjenige, was uns sonst verbindet. Vater, Mutter, Bruder, Schwester, selbst das eigene Leben sollen wir geringer achten als dasjenige, was von Menschenseele zu Menschenseele spricht. Wer nicht in diesem Sinne gering achtet, was die Zugehörigkeit zu dem die menschlichen Unterschiede ausgleichenden Christus-Impuls beeinträchtigt, wer nicht gering achtet die Differenzierungen, der kann nicht mein Jünger sein. Das ist der Impuls der Liebe, der ausströmt von dem Mysterium von Golgatha, den wir in dieser Beziehung wie eine Erneuerung dessen empfinden, was als ursprüngliche Tugend dem Menschen gegeben worden ist. Wir haben jetzt nur noch zu betrachten das, was wir als Tugend der Bewußtseinsseele ansprechen können: die Mäßigkeit, die Besonnenheit. Insofern wir im vierten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum uns befinden, sind diese Tugenden noch immer instinktiv. Plato und Aristoteles haben sie genannt die hauptsächlichsten Tugenden der Bewußtseinsseele, indem sie sie wiederum als Gleichgewichtszustände aufgefaßt haben, als die Mitte von dem, was so in der Bewußtseinsseele vorhanden ist. Die Bewußtseinsseele besteht dadurch, daß sich der Mensch durch seine Körperlichkeit der Außenwelt bewußt wird. Der sinnliche Leib ist zunächst das Werkzeug der Bewußtseinsseele, und der sinnliche Leib ist es auch, durch den der Mensch sogar zum Ich-Bewußtsein kommt. Der sinnliche Leib muß daher erhalten werden. Würde der sinnliche Leib des Menschen für die Erdenmission nicht erhalten werden, dann könnte die Erdenmission nicht erfüllt werden.
Aber eine Grenze besteht auch hier. Wenn der Mensch alle Kräfte, die er in sich hat, nur benützte, um zu genießen, dann schlösse er sich in sich ab, dann würde ihn die Welt verlieren. Der bloße Genußmensch, der alle Kraft, die er in sich hat, nur dazu gebraucht, so meinen Plato und Aristoteles, um sich Genüsse zu verschaffen, der schließt sich von der Welt ab, die Welt verliert ihn. Der Mensch, welcher sich alles versagt, macht sich immer schwächer und schwächer und wird endlich ergriffen von dem äußeren Weltprozeß, er wird zermürbt von dem äußeren Weltengang. Der, welcher hinausgeht über die Kräfte, die ihm als Mensch zugemessen sind, sie übertreibt, wird von dem Weltenprozeß ergriffen und verliert sich an die Welt. Das also, was der Mensch entwickelt hat zur Ausbildung der Bewußtseinsseele, kann zermürbt werden, so daß er in die Lage kommt, die Welt zu verlieren. Die Tugend, welche diese beiden Extreme vermeidet, ist die Mäßigkeit. Mäßigkeit ist also weder Askese noch Schwelgerei, sondern die richtige Mitte zwischen beiden. Und das ist die Tugend der Bewußtseinsseele.
In bezug auf diese Tugend sind wir auch noch nicht über den instinktiven Standpunkt hinausgekommen. Ein leichtes Nachdenken wird Sie lehren können, daß im Grunde die Menschen gar sehr auf das Probieren, auf das Hin-und-her-Pendeln zwischen den Extremen angewiesen sind. Wenn Sie absehen von den wenigen Menschen, die sich heute schon bemühen, eine Bewußtheit auf diesem Gebiete anzustreben, so werden Sie finden, daß die große Mehrzahl der Menschen gar sehr nach einem bestimmten Muster lebt, das man in Mitteleuropa oft damit bezeichnet, daß man sagt: Es gibt in Berlin gewisse Menschen, welche den ganzen Winter hindurch schwelgen und immer wieder schwelgen und sich vollpfropfen mit allerlei Delikatessen und Leckereien, und dann im Sommer nach Karlsbad gehen, um das dadurch hervorgerufene Übel nach der Methode des anderen Extrems zu beseitigen. Da haben Sie das Ausschlagen der Waagschale nach der einen und nach der anderen Seite hin. Das ist nur ein radikaler Fall. Wenn das Geschilderte auch nicht überall in diesem Maße stattfindet, dieses Pendeln zwischen Genuß und Entziehung ist überall vorhanden. Das ist hinlänglich klar. Daß das Übermaß nach der einen Seite eintritt, dafür sorgen die Menschen selber, und sie lassen sich dann von den Ärzten sogenannte Entziehungskuren vorschreiben, das heißt das andere Extrem, damit das Falsche wieder gutgemacht werde.
Sie sehen daraus, daß die Menschen auf diesem Gebiete noch recht sehr in einem instinktiven Zustande sind und daß wir sagen müssen: Es liegt eine Art Göttergeschenk bei dem Menschen vor, der ja ein instinktives Gefühl dafür hat, nicht zuviel nach der einen und nicht zuviel nach der anderen Seite zu tun. Aber ebenso, wie die anderen instinktiven Eigenschaften des Menschen verloren gegangen sind, wird auch diese verloren gehen beim Übergange von dem fünften in den sechsten nachatlantischen Kulturzeitraum. Als Naturanlage wird das verloren gehen, und jetzt werden Sie ermessen können, wie sehr theosophische Weltanschauung und Gesinnung dazu wird beitragen müssen, Bewußtsein auf diesem Gebiete nach und nach zu entwickeln.
Wir haben heute noch wenige, vielleicht selbst entwickelte Theosophen, denen es einleuchtet, daß die Theosophie das Rezept ist, um auch auf diesem Gebiete die richtige Bewußtheit zu erzielen. Wenn die Theosophie auf diesem Gebiete mehr zur Geltung kommt, dann wird sich nämlich einstellen, was ich nur in folgender Weise werde schildern können: Die Menschen werden allmählich immer mehr und mehr Sehnsucht haben nach den großen geistigen Wahrheiten. Wenn auch heute die Theosophie noch verspottet wird, sie wird es nicht immer werden. Sie wird sich ausbreiten, wird besiegen alle äußere Gegnerschaft und auch alles übrige, was ihr noch entgegensteht, und die Theosophen werden sich nicht damit begnügen, bloß allgemeine Menschenliebe zu predigen. Die Menschen werden begreifen, daß man ebensowenig an einem Tage sich 'Theosophie aneignen kann, wie sich der Mensch an einem "Tage für sein ganzes Leben zu nähren vermag, und daß es dazu gehört, immer Weiteres und Weiteres von der Theosophie sich anzueignen. Es wird immer seltener werden innerhalb der theosophischen Bewegung, daß die Menschen sagen: Das sind unsere Grundsätze, und wenn wir diese Grundsätze haben, dann sind wir eben 'Theosophen. Das Immer-darin-Stehen in der Gemeinschaft, das Lebendige der Theosophie fühlen und erleben, das Zusammenerleben wird immer weiter und weiter sich ausbreiten. Indem aber die Menschen die eigentümlichen Gedanken, die eigentümlichen Empfindungen und Impulse, wie sie von der theosophischen Weisheit kommen, in sich verarbeiten, was geschieht denn da? Nicht wahr, es ist uns allen bekannt, daß die Theosophen niemals eine materialistische Anschauung haben können. Sie haben gerade das Gegenteil der materialistischen Anschauung. Materialistisch denkt jemand, der sagt: Wenn der Mensch diesen oder jenen Gedanken hat, so geht eine Bewegung der Gehirnmoleküle oder Atome vor sich, und weil diese Bewegung vor sich geht, deshalb hat der Mensch den Gedanken. Der Gedanke geht gleichsam wie ein feiner Rauch aus dem Gehirn hervor, ähnlich wie die Flamme aus der Kerze. So ist die materialistische Anschauung. Die entgegengesetzte ist die theosophische. Da sind es die Gedanken, die seelischen Erlebnisse, welche das Gehirn, das Nervensystem in Bewegung bringen. Die Art und Weise, wie unser Gehirn sich bewegt, hängt davon ab, welche Gedanken wir denken. Das ist aber gerade das Umgekehrte von dem, was der Materialismus meint. Willst du wissen, wie das Gehirn eines Menschen beschaffen ist, so mußt du erforschen, welche Gedanken er gedacht hat; denn geradeso, wie die Schriftzüge nichts anderes sind als die Folge der Gedanken, so sind auch die Bewegungen des Gehirns nichts anderes als die Folge der Gedanken.
Müssen Sie so nicht dazu kommen, zu sagen, die Gehirne werden anders bearbeitet jetzt in diesem Momente, wo Sie theosophische Gedanken durchleben, als in einer Gesellschaft, die Karten spielt? Andere Vorgänge spielen sich ab in diesen Ihren Seelen, wenn Sie theosophischen Gedanken folgen, als wenn Sie sich in einer Gesellschaft befinden, welche Karten spielt oder der Vorstellung in einem Kinematographentheater folgt. Im menschlichen Organismus ist aber nichts, das isoliert, das einzeln dasteht. Alles ist im Zusammenhang; es wirkt eines auf das andere. Die Gedanken wirken auf das Gehirn und das Nervensystem; dieses steht mit unserem gesamten Organismus in Verbindung. Ist es auch noch jetzt für viele Menschen verdeckt — wenn einmal die vererbten Eigenschaften, die heute noch in den Leibern stecken, überwunden sein werden, so wird das Folgende eintreten. Die Gedanken werden vom Gehirne aus sich mitteilen, sie werden auf den Magen übergehen, und die Folge davon wird sein, daß die Dinge, welche heute noch den Menschen schmecken, denjenigen, die theosophische Gedanken aufgenommen haben, nicht mehr schmecken werden. Dafür sind die Gedanken, welche die 'Theosophen aufgenommen haben, Gottesgedanken. Diese bearbeiten den ganzen Organismus so, daß er das Richtige schmeckt. Was nicht für ihn passend ist, das riecht und empfindet der Mensch dann als unsympathisch. Eine eigentümliche Perspektive, eine Perspektive, die vielleicht materialistisch genannt werden kann. Sie ist aber gerade das Gegenteil davon. Diese Art von Appetit, daß Sie das eine lieben und beim Essen bevorzugen, das andere hassen und nicht werden essen wollen, das wird sich als eine Folge des theosophischen Arbeitens ergeben. Sie können das an sich selber beurteilen, wenn Sie beobachten, daß Sie heute vielleicht einen Ekel haben vor gewissen Dingen, welchen Sie nicht hatten in Ihrer vortheosophischen Zeit.
Das wird sich immer mehr und mehr verbreiten, wenn der Mensch in selbstloser Weise an seiner Höherentwickelung so arbeiten wird, daß die Welt das Richtige von ihm haben kann. Man darf mit den Worten Selbstlosigkeit und Egoismus nur nicht Verstecken spielen. Man kann tatsächlich sehr leicht diese Worte mißbrauchen. Es ist nicht bloß selbstlos, wenn der Mensch sagt: «Ich will nur tätig sein in der Welt und für die Welt; was liegt an meiner eigenen geistigen Entwickelung? Ich will nur arbeiten, nicht egoistisch streben ...» Es ist nicht Egoismus, wenn der Mensch sich höher entwickelt, weil der Mensch sich dadurch doch tauglicher macht, an der Weiterentwickelung der Welt tätig teilzunehmen. Wenn man die eigene Weiterentwickelung versäumt, macht man sich untauglich für die Welt; man entzieht der Welt seine Kraft. Es muß nämlich auch für diese das Richtige getan werden, um das, was die Gottheit mit uns beabsichtigt hat, an uns selber zur Entwickelung zu bringen.
So wird ein Menschengeschlecht durch die Theosophie, oder sagen wir besser, ein Kern der Menschheit durch die Theosophie entwickelt werden, der nicht bloß instinktiv die Mäßigkeit als leitendes Ideal empfindet, sondern auch bewußte Sympathie zu dem hat, was den Menschen in würdiger Weise zu einem Baustein der göttlichen Weltordnung macht, und bewußte Abneigung hat gegen das, was den Menschen zerstört als Baustein der Weltordnung.
So sehen wir, wie auch in dem, was an dem Menschen selber gearbeitet wird, die moralischen Impulse vorhanden sind, und so finden wir dasjenige, was wir nennen können die Lebensweisheit, als die umgestaltete Mäßigkeit. Das für die nächste, sechste nachatlantische Kulturperiode in Anspruch zu nehmende Ideal der «Lebensweisheit» wird diejenige ideale Tugend sein, die Plato nennt die «Gerechtigkeit». Das ist die harmonische Zusammenstimmung dieser Tugenden. Indem die Tugenden sich etwas verschoben haben in der Menschheit, ist auch anders geworden dasjenige, was in der vorchristlichen Zeit als Gerechtigkeit angesehen worden ist. Eine solche einzelne Tugend, welche das Zusammenstimmen bewirkt, ist in jener Zeit nicht da. Die Zusammenstimmung steht als Ideal fernster Zukunft vor den Augen der Menschen. Starkmut, von ihm haben wir gesehen, daß er sich umgewandelt hat in die Liebe als moralischer Impuls. Wir haben auch gesehen, daß Weisheit geworden ist zur Wahrhaftigkeit. Wahrhaftigkeit ist zunächst dasjenige, was als Tugend auftritt, die den Menschen hineinstellen kann in würdiger Weise und in richtiger Beziehung in das äußere Leben. Wenn wir aber zur Wahrhaftigkeit kommen wollen den geistigen Dingen gegenüber, wie können wir dann das den geistigen Dingen gegenüber einrichten? Wir kommen zur Wahrhaftigkeit, wir kommen zu demjenigen, was unsere Empfindungsseele als Tugend durchglühen kann, durch das richtige Verständnis, das richtige Interesse, die entsprechende Teilnahme. Was ist nun diese Teilnahme gegenüber der geistigen Welt? Wenn wir der physischen Welt, und zwar zunächst dem Menschen, uns gegenüberstellen wollen, dann müssen wir uns ihm gegenüber öffnen, wir müssen ein offenes Auge für sein Wesen haben. Wie gewinnen wir aber der geistigen Welt gegenüber ein offenes Auge? Wir gewinnen der geistigen Welt gegenüber ein offenes Auge dann, wenn wir eine ganz bestimmte Gefühlsart entwickeln, eine Gefühlsart, die auch aufgetaucht ist, als die alte Weisheit, die instinktive Weisheit, hinuntergesunken war in die Tiefen des Seelenlebens. Es ist diejenige Gefühlsart, die wir oftmals bei den Griechen bezeichnen hören durch das Wort: Alles philosophische Denken beginnt mit dem Verwundern, mit dem Erstaunen. Mit dem Verwundern und Erstaunen als Ausgangspunkt unseres Verhältnisses zur übersinnlichen Welt ist in der Tat auch etwas bedeutungsvoll Moralisches gesagt. Der wilde, unkultivierte Mensch ist zunächst durch die großen Erscheinungen der Welt wenig in Verwunderung zu setzen. Gerade durch die fortschreitende Vergeistigung kommt der Mensch dazu, Rätsel zu finden in den alltäglichen Erscheinungen und ein Geistiges hinter denselben zu ahnen. Die Verwunderung ist es, die unsere Seele hinauflenkt in die geistigen Gebiete, damit wir in die Erkenntnisse derselben eindringen, und nur dann können wir in diese Erkenntnisse eindringen, wenn unsere Seele angezogen wird durch die zu erkennenden Gegenstände. Diese Anziehung ist es, die die Verwunderung, das Erstaunen, den Glauben auslöst. Eigentlich ist es immer diese Verwunderung und dieses Erstaunen, welche uns hinlenken zu dem Übersinnlichen, und es ist zugleich auch dasjenige, was man gewöhnlich als Glaube bezeichnet. Glaube, Verwunderung und Erstaunen sind die drei Seelenkräfte, welche uns über die gewöhnliche Welt hinausführen.
Wenn wir dem Menschen gegenüber in Erstaunen stehen, so suchen wir sein Verständnis. Durch das Verständnis seines Wesens kommen wir zu der Tugend der Brüderlichkeit, und diese werden wir dann am besten verwirklichen, wenn wir dem Menschen mit Ehrfurcht gegenübertreten. Wir werden dann sehen, daß Ehrfurcht zu etwas wird, was wir jedem Menschen entgegenbringen müssen. Tun wir das, dann werden wir dazu kommen, immer wahrhafter und wahrhafter zu werden. Wahrheit wird uns etwas werden, wozu wir uns verpflichtet fühlen. Die übersinnliche Welt wird uns etwas werden, wozu wir, wenn wir sie ahnen, uns hinneigen, und durch das Wissen werden wir erlangen das, was als übersinnliche Weisheit schon hinuntergegangen ist in die unterbewußten Seelengebiete. Erst als die übersinnliche Weisheit hinuntergesunken war, trat das Wort auf, das besagt, daß die Philosophie beginne mit dem Erstaunen und dem Verwundern. Dieses Wort kann Ihnen klarmachen, daß Erstaunen und Verwunderung erst hereingetreten sind in die Weltenentwickelung in der Zeit, als der Christus-Impuls in die Welt gekommen war.
Nun blicken wir, da wir schon die zweite der Tugenden als die Liebe angeführt haben, einmal zu dem, was wir als Lebensweisheit für die kommenden Zeiten, und für die gegenwärtigen Zeiten noch als instinktive Mäßigkeit angeführt haben. In diesen Tugenden steht der Mensch sich selbst gegenüber. Da handelt er sozusagen so, daß er durch die Handlungen, die er in der Welt ausführt, für sich sorgt. Daher ist es nötig, daß für ihn ein objektiver Wertmaßstab gewonnen wird.
Nun sehen wir etwas heraufkommen, was sich entwickelt immer mehr und mehr, und wovon ich auch schon in anderem Zusammenhange öfter gesprochen habe, etwas, was auch in der griechischen Zeit, in der vierten nachatlantischen Kulturperiode zuerst aufgeht. Wir können geradezu nachweisen, wie in der alten griechischen Dramatik, wie zum Beispiel bei Aeschylos, die Erinnyen und Furien eine Rolle spielen, die sich dann umgewandelt zeigen bei Euripides in das Gewissen. Daraus ersehen wir, daß in den älteren Zeiten überhaupt noch nicht vorhanden war, was wir Gewissen nennen. Gewissen ist insbesondere das, was wie ein Normativ für unsere eigenen Handlungen da steht, wo wir in unseren Ansprüchen zu weit gehen, zu sehr unseren eigenen Vorteil suchen. Als Normativ wirkt da das Gewissen, das zwischen unsere Antipathien und Sympathien sich hineinstellt.
Damit gewinnen wir sozusagen dasjenige, was mehr objektiv ist, was mehr nach außen hin wirkt, gegenüber der Tugend der Wahrhaftigkeit, der Liebe und der Lebensweisheit. Liebe steht hier in der Mitte, und die wirkt wie etwas, was alles Leben, auch alles soziale Leben, regelnd durchdringen muß. Ebenso wirkt sie regelnd auf das, was der Mensch als innere Impulse entwickelt hat. Das aber, was der Mensch als Wahrhaftigkeit entwickelt hat, wird sich zeigen in dem Glauben an ein übersinnliches Wissen. Lebensweisheit, das, was auf uns selbst zurückgeht, müssen wir wie einen göttlich-geistigen Regulator fühlen, der sicher führt den Weg der richtigen Mitte, in ähnlicher Weise wie das Gewissen.
Es wäre natürlich außerordentlich leicht, den verschiedenen Einsprüchen, die an dieser Stelle gemacht werden können, zu begegnen, wenn wir Zeit dazu hätten. Nur auf einen wollen wir etwas näher eingehen. Es könnte zum Beispiel gesagt werden: Da behauptet jemand, daß Gewissen und Erstaunen etwas sind, was in die Menschheit erst eingetreten ist, während es doch ewige Eigenschaften der menschlichen Natur sind. Das sind sie eben nicht. Wer behaupten wollte, daß sie ewige Eigenschaften der menschlichen Natur sind, der zeigte damit nur, daß er die einschlägigen Verhältnisse nicht kennt. Es wird immer mehr sich herausstellen, daß in den alten Zeiten die Menschen noch nicht so weit heruntergestiegen waren auf den physischen Plan, daß sie noch mehr zusammenhingen mit den göttlichen Impulsen, daß der Mensch in einem Zustande war, den er bewußt wieder anstreben wird, wenn er mehr beherrscht sein wird von Wahrhaftigkeit, Liebe und Lebenskunst in bezug auf den physischen Plan, und in bezug auf das geistige Erkennen, wenn er beherrscht sein wird von dem Glauben an die übersinnliche Welt. Es braucht kein Glaube zu sein, der in die übersinnliche Welt unmittelbar hinaufführt. Er wird sich aber zuletzt in ein übersinnliches Wissen verwandeln.
Wie mit dem Glauben, so ist es auch mit der Liebe, die äußerlich wirkt. Das Gewissen ist dasjenige, was in die Bewußstseinsseele regelnd eingreifen wird. Glaube, Liebe, Gewissen, diese drei Kräfte werden die drei Sterne der moralischen Kräfte sein, die insbesondere durch die theosophische Weltanschauung in die Menschenseelen einziehen werden. Die moralische Perspektive der Zukunft kann sich nur denjenigen eröffnen, die die genannten Tugenden sich immer mehr und mehr gesteigert denken. Die theosophische Weltanschauung wird das sittliche Leben in das Licht dieser Tugenden stellen, und diese werden aufbauende Kräfte sein in die Zukunft hinein.
Etwas, was nur in längeren Auseinandersetzungen gewiß werden könnte, was ich daher nur mitteilen kann, soll unsere Betrachtung abschließen. Wir sehen den Christus-Impuls einziehen in die Menschheitsevolution durch das Mysterium von Golgatha. Wir wissen, daß dazumal mit dem Ereignisse des Mysteriums von Golgatha ein menschlicher Organismus, bestehend aus physischem Leib, aus dem Atherleibe und dem Astralleib, den Ich-Impuls von oben herunter, als Christus-Impuls, aufgenommen hat. Dieser Christus-Impuls war es, der von der Erde aufgenommen worden und in das Erdenkulturleben eingeflossen ist. Er war jetzt darinnen als das Ich des Christus. Wir wissen ferner, daß geblieben sind bei Jesus von Nazareth der physische Leib, der Ätherleib und der Astralleib. Der Christus-Impuls war ja wie das Ich darinnen. Jesus von Nazareth trennte sich von dem Christus-Impulse auf Golgatha, der dann einfloß in die Erdenentwickelung. Dieser Impuls bedeutet in seiner Entwickelung die Erdenentwickelung selber.
Nehmen Sie ernst diejenigen Dinge, die oft erwähnt werden, so daß der Mensch sie leichter einsehen kann. Die Welt ist Maja oder Illusion, wie wir oft gehört haben. Der Mensch muß aber nach und nach zu der Wahrheit, dem Realen dieser äußeren Welt kommen. Die Erdenentwickelung besteht nun im Grunde darin, daß in bezug auf alle äußeren Dinge in der zweiten Periode der Erdenentwickelung, in der wir jetzt sind, alles sich auflöst, was in der ersten sich gebildet hat, so daß alles, was wir äußerlich physisch sehen, von der Menschheitsentwickelung abfallen wird, wie von dem Menschen sein physischer Leib abfällt.
Was bleibt dann da noch übrig? — so könnte man fragen. Die Kräfte, die als reale Kräfte den Menschen einverleibt werden durch den Entwickelungsprozeß der Menschheit auf der Erde. Und der realste Impuls darin ist der, welcher durch den Christus eingeflossen ist in die Erdenentwickelung. Dieser Christus-Impuls findet nun aber auf der Erde nichts, womit er sich bekleiden könnte. Er muß daher erst durch die weitere Entwickelung der Erde eine Hülle bekommen, und wenn die Erde an ihrem Ende angekommen sein wird, dann wird der vollentwickelte Christus der Endmensch sein, wie Adam der Anfangsmensch war, um den sich die Menschheit in ihrer Vielheit gruppiert hat.
In dem Worte «Was ihr einem meiner Brüder getan habt, das habt ihr mir getan» liegt ein bedeutungsvoller Hinweis für uns. Was ist denn da getan worden für den Christus? Die Handlungen, die verrichtet werden im Sinne des Christus-Impulses unter dem Einflusse des Gewissens, unter dem Einflusse des Glaubens und im Sinne der Erkenntnis, sie gliedern sich heraus aus dem bisherigen Erdenleben, und indem der Mensch durch seine Handlungen und sein moralisches Verhalten seinen Brüdern etwas gibt, gibt er zugleich dem Christus. Wie eine Richtschnur soll es hier aufgestellt werden: Alles, was wir an Kräften, an Handlungen des Glaubens und Vertrauens, an Handlungen, die durch Verwunderung und Erstaunen getan werden, erschaffen, das ist, indem wir es damit zugleich hingeben an das Christus-Ich, etwas, was sich wie eine Hülle um den Christus schließt, die zu vergleichen ist mit dem astralischen Leibe des Menschen. Wir formen den astralischen Leib zu dem Christus-Ich-Impulse hinzu durch alle moralischen Handlungen der Verwunderung, des Vertrauens, der Ehrfurcht, des Glaubens, kurz durch alles, was zur übersinnlichen Erkenntnis den Weg gründet. Wir fördern durch alle diese Handlungen die Liebe. Das ist schon im Sinne des angeführten Ausspruches: «Was ihr einem meiner Brüder tut, das habt ihr mir getan.»
Wir formen den Ätherleib dem Christus durch die Handlungen der Liebe, und wir formen durch das, was durch die Impulse des Gewissens gewirkt wird in der Welt, dasjenige für den Christus-Impuls, was dem physischen Leibe des Menschen entspricht. Wenn die Erde einst an ihrem Ziele angelangt sein wird, wenn die Menschen verstehen werden die richtigen moralischen Impulse, durch die alles Gute bewirkt wird, dann wird gelöst sein, was durch das Mysterium von Golgatha als Christus-Impuls in die Menschheitsentwickelung eingeflossen ist wie ein Ich. Er wird dann umhüllt sein von einem Astral leibe, der gebildet ist durch den Glauben, durch alle Taten der Verwunderung und des Erstaunens der Menschen, von etwas, was wie ein Ätherleib ist, der gebildet ist durch die TT’aten der Liebe, von etwas, was um ihn ist wie ein physischer Leib, der gebildet ist durch die Taten des Gewissens.
So wird die zukünftige Menschheitsevolution sich vollziehen durch das Zusammenarbeiten der moralischen Impulse der Menschen mit dem Christus-Impulse. Wie eine ganz große organische Gliederung sehen wir perspektivisch vor uns die Menschheit. Indem die Menschen verstehen werden, ihre Handlungen diesem großen Organismus einzugliedern, ihre Impulse durch ihre eigenen Taten wie Hüllen darum zu formieren, so werden die Menschen durch die Erdenentwickelung die Grundlage bilden für eine große Gemeinschaft, die durch und durch von dem Christus-Impulse durchzogen, durchchristet sein kann.
So sehen wir, daß Moral nicht gepredigt zu werden braucht, daß sie wohl aber begründet werden kann, indem man zeigt, was wirklich geschieht, was wirklich geschehen ist und was wahr macht solche Dinge, wie sie besonders geistig veranlagte Naturen empfinden. Es wird einen immer eigentümlich berühren, wenn man ins Auge faßt, wie Goethe, nachdem er seinen Freund, den Herzog Karl August, verloren hatte, in Dornburg bei Jena in einem längeren Briefe allerlei Dinge schreibt, und dann an demselben Tage — es war im Jahre 1828, dreieinhalb Jahre vor seinem Tode, sozusagen am Ende seiner Lebensbahn - ein wunderbar merkwürdiges Wort niederschreibt: «Die vernünftige Welt ist als ein großes unsterbliches Individuum zu betrachten, welches unaufhaltsam das Notwendige bewirkt und dadurch sich sogar über das Zufälligezum Herrn erhebt.» Wie könnteein solcher Gedanke mehr an Konkretheit gewinnen als dadurch, daß wir uns dieses Individuum unter uns wirkend und schaffend vorstellen und uns mit demselben wirkend und schaffend verbunden denken? Durch das Mysterium von Golgatha ist das größte Individuum eingezogen in die menschliche Entwickelung, und die Menschen werden sich, indem sie vorsätzlich ihr Leben so einrichten, wie es vorhin geschildert worden ist, herumgliedern um den Christus-Impuls, so daß um ihn etwas gebildet wird, was wie eine Hülle um das Wesen, um den Kern sein wird.
Vieles hätte ich noch zu sagen über dasjenige, was von der Theosophie her als Tugend sich ergibt. Insbesondere könnten ja lange und wichtige Betrachtungen über jene Wahrhaftigkeit noch angeknüpft werden, die sich ergeben würde mit Beziehung auf das Karma. Durch die theosophische Weltanschauung wird die Karma-Idee immer mehr und mehr in die Menschheitsentwickelung einziehen müssen. Immer mehr und mehr wird der Mensch dadurch auch lernen müssen, sein Leben so anzusehen und so einzurichten, daß seine Tugenden dem Karma entsprechen. Auch das wird der Mensch erkennen lernen müssen durch die Karma-Idee, daß er durch seine folgenden Taten nicht verleugnen darf seine vorhergehenden Taten. Eine gewisse Konsequenz des Lebens, ein Auf-uns-Nehmen dessen, was wir getan haben, das wird sich noch aus der Menschheitsentwickelung ergeben müssen. Wie weit entfernt noch der Mensch davon ist, das sehen wir, wenn wir die Menschen näher betrachten. Daß ein Mensch sich entfaltet an den Dingen, die er vollbracht hat, ist eine bekannte Tatsache. Wenn es nun scheint, daß die Folge einer Tat nicht mehr da ist, dann wird doch getan, was man eigentlich nur tun dürfte, wenn man die erste Tat nicht getan hätte. Daß der Mensch sich verantwortlich fühlt für das, was er getan hat, daß er Karma auch in sein Bewußtsein aufnimmt, das ist etwas, was sich noch als Gegenstand der Betrachtung ergeben könnte.
Vieles werden Sie aber noch durch die angegebenen Richtlinien dieser drei Vorträge selber finden; Sie werden finden zum Beispiel, wie fruchtbar diese Ideen werden können, wenn Sie sie weiter ausführen. Daß der Mensch für den Rest der Erdenentwickelung in immer erneuten Inkarnationen leben wird, das liegt in der Aufgabe: alles dasjenige, was in bezug auf die geschilderten Tugenden nach der einen oder der anderen Seite versehen wurde, durch freie Gestaltung, durch Gestaltung nach seinem freien Willen zu ändern, so daß das Gleichgewicht, der mittlere Zustand, eintreten und damit allmählich das Ziel erreicht werden kann, das charakterisiert worden ist mit der Schilderung der Hüllenbildung gegenüber dem Christus-Impulse.
So sehen wir vor uns nicht bloß ein abstraktes Ideal allgemeiner menschlicher Brüderlichkeit, das zwar auch starke Impulse bekommt, wenn wir die theosophische Weltanschauung zugrunde legen, sondern wir sehen, daß in unserer Erdenentwickelung etwas Reales steckt, daß darin ein Impuls steckt, der durch das Mysterium von Golgatha in die Welt gekommen ist. Wir sehen uns dann aber auch in die Notwendigkeit versetzt, so auf die Empfindungsseele, auf die Verstandes- und Bewußtseinsseele einzuwirken, daß diese ideale Wesenheit wirklich wird und wir verbunden sind mit diesem Wesen wie mit einem großen unsterblichen Individuum. Der Gedanke, daß nur darin die Möglichkeit der weiteren Evolution, die Möglichkeit der Erreichung der Erdenmission liegt, mit diesem großen Individuum zusammen ein Ganzes zu bilden, der verwirklicht sich in dem zweiten moralischen Grundsatz: Was du tust so, wie wenn es herausgeboren wäre allein aus dir, das schiebt dich weg, entfernt dich von dem großen Individuum, dadurch zerstörst du etwas; dasjenige aber, was du tust, um aufzubauen dieses große unsterbliche Individuum in der vorhin angeführten Weise, das tust du zur Fortentwickelung, zum Fortleben des ganzen Weltenorganismus.
Das sind zwei Gedanken, die wir uns nur vorzulegen brauchen, um als Wirkung zu sehen, daß sie die Moral nicht nur predigen, sondern sie begründen. Denn schreckens- und schauervoll und alle entgegengesetzten Gelüste hinunterdrängend ist der Gedanke: Du zerstörst durch deine Taten dasjenige, was du aufbauen sollst. Befeuernd aber zu guten Taten, sogar zu intensiv moralischen Impulsen, ist der Gedanke: Du baust auf an diesem unsterblichen Individuum, du machst dich zum Gliede dieses unsterblichen Individuums. Damit ist nicht nur Moral gepredigt, sondern es ist damit auf Gedanken hingewiesen, die selber moralische Impulse sein können, auf Gedanken, die Moral zu begründen vermögen.
Eine solche Moral wird um so schneller theosophische Weltanschauung und theosophische Gesinnung werden, je mehr die Wahrhaftigkeit gepflegt werden wird. Dies auszusprechen in diesen drei Vorträgen, habe ich mir zur Aufgabe gesetzt. Manches hat zwar nur angedeutet werden können, aber Ihre eigenen Seelen werden manchen Gedanken, der in diesen drei Abenden angeschlagen worden ist, weiter ausbilden. So werden wir auch den allermeisten Zusammenhalt haben über die Erde hin. Wenn wir uns zusammenfinden, wie wir das jetzt als mitteleuropäische Theosophen und als Theosophen des Nordens getan haben, in gemeinsamer Betrachtung, und wenn wir weiter in uns dasjenige nachklingen lassen, was als Gedanken uns bei solchen Zusammenkünften aufgestiegen ist, so werden wir am allerbesten es wahrmachen, daß Theosophie begründen soll, auch schon in der Gegenwart, wirklich spirituelles Leben. Wenn wir auch wieder auseinandergehen müssen, wir wissen doch, daß wir am meisten beieinander sind in unseren theosophischen Gedanken, und dieses Wissen ist zugleich auch ein moralischer Impuls. Zu wissen, unter denselben Idealen vereint zu sein mit Menschen, die in der Regel räumlich weit voneinander entfernt sind, mit denen man aber ab und zu bei besonderen Gelegenheiten zusammenkommen kann, ist ein stärkerer moralischer Impuls als das stete Beisammensein.
Daß wir so denken über unser Zusammensein, daß wir unsere gemeinsamen Betrachtungen so auffassen, das erfüllt insbesondere am Schlusse dieser Vorträge auch meine Seele als etwas, womit ich sozusagen Ihnen den Abschiedsgruß sagen möchte, und von dem ich überzeugt bin, wenn es im richtigen Lichte verstanden wird, daß es das sich so entwickelnde theosophische Leben auch spirituell begründen wird. Mit diesem Gedanken, mit diesen Gefühlen wollen wir diese Betrachtungen heute abschließen.
Third Lecture
What was said yesterday acknowledged the moral impulses in human nature, so that we attempted to substantiate the assertion, to prove from the facts previously cited, that the basis of morality, the basis of goodness, actually lies in the nature of the human soul, and that it is only in the course of evolution, in its passage from incarnation to incarnation, that human beings have strayed has strayed from its original, one might say instinctively good dispositions, and that evil, wrongdoing, and immorality have only entered into humanity as a result.
But if this is so, then we must be all the more astonished that evil is possible at all, that it can arise, and the question demands an answer: How did evil become possible in the course of evolution?
A thorough answer can only be obtained by looking at the elementary moral instruction that was given to human beings in ancient times. The students of the mysteries, who aspired as their highest ideal to gradually advance to the full spiritual truths and insights, had to work from a moral foundation wherever work was rightly done in the sense of the mysteries, so that the peculiarity of the moral nature of human beings was shown to the mystery students in a very special way.
If we want to briefly characterize how this happened, we can say: It was shown to the mystery student that human nature can cause destruction and evil in two ways, and that only by being capable of causing evil in two ways is the human being able to develop free will; Furthermore, life can only proceed in a right, favorable sense if one regards these two sides of aberration as two scales, one of which rises and the other falls. The right balance is only achieved when the beam of the scales is horizontal.
Thus, the students of the mysteries were shown that the right behavior of human beings cannot be demonstrated by saying, “This is right, and that is wrong.” Right behavior can only be attained when human beings are in a position at every moment of their lives to be drawn to one side or the other, and when they themselves must establish the balance, the middle ground, between these two sides.
Let us take the virtues we have spoken of: courage and fortitude. One side, toward which human nature can swing, is recklessness, which is unrestrained action in the world with the forces at one's disposal, straining them to the utmost. That is one side, the side of recklessness. The other side, the other side of the scale, is that of cowardice. Man can swing to either side, so to speak, and it was shown to the disciples in the mysteries that man loses himself, that man casts off his self and is crushed by the wheels of life when he degenerates into recklessness. Life tears him apart if he swings toward recklessness. If, on the other hand, he strays toward cowardice, he hardens and tears himself out of the context of things and beings. He then becomes a self-contained being who falls out of context because he cannot bring his deeds and actions into harmony with the whole. This was shown to the mystery students with reference to everything that human beings can do. They can degenerate to such an extent that they are torn apart and betrayed by the objective world because they lose their self, and they can degenerate to the other extreme, not only in bravery but in every action, to such an extent that they become hardened within themselves. Therefore, the meaningful words were written everywhere above the moral code of the mysteries: You must find the middle way, so that you do not lose yourself to the world through your actions, and so that the world does not lose you either.
These are the two possible things that can happen to a person: Either he can be lost to the world, the world seizes him, wears him down, as in recklessness, or the world can be lost to him because he hardens in his egoism, as is the case with cowardice. This is what was said to the disciples in the mysteries: There can be no good at all that needs to be sought as a unique, tranquil good; rather, good arises only when man, like a pendulum, can swing continuously in two directions and, through his inner strength, finds the possibility of balance, of the golden mean.
There you have everything you need to understand the freedom of the will and the significance of reason and wisdom in human action. If it were appropriate for human beings to adhere to eternal moral principles, then they would only need to acquire these moral principles and they could go through life with a fixed course, as it were. But life is never like that. The freedom of life consists rather in the fact that man always has the possibility of straying in two directions. This also gives rise to the possibility of evil. For what is evil? Evil is that which arises when man loses himself to the world or when the world loses man. Avoiding both of these things is what we can call good. Through this, evil became possible in the course of evolution, as humans passed from incarnation to incarnation, straying once to one side and once to the other, and because they did not always find balance, they were compelled to create karmic equilibrium in a future time. What cannot be achieved in one life because one does not always strike the middle ground is achieved in the course of evolution, in that human beings stray to one side, but are then forced to swing back to the other side in the next life, thus creating balance.
What I have told you is a golden rule of the ancient mysteries. As so often, we find echoes of this mystery principle in the philosophers of antiquity, and we find in Aristotle, where he speaks of virtue, a statement that we cannot understand unless we know that what has now been said was an ancient mystery principle that Aristotle had received and incorporated into his philosophy.
Hence Aristotle's remarkable definition of virtue, which is: Virtue is a human skill guided by rational insight, which, in relation to human beings, holds the middle ground between too much and too little.
Aristotle thus provides a definition of virtue that has never been equaled by any later philosophy. Because Aristotle had the tradition of the mysteries, he was able to hit the nail on the head. This is the famous middle ground that must be maintained if humans are to be truly virtuous, if moral force is to pulsate through the world.
But now we can also answer the question of why morality should exist at all. What is the case when there is no morality, when evil happens, when there is too much or too little, when people lose themselves to the world through being crushed or lost by the world? In each of these cases, something is always destroyed. Every evil, every immoral act is a destruction, a process of destruction, and at the moment when human beings realize that they cannot help but destroy something, take something from the world when they do evil, the moment of good has an overwhelming effect on them. But this is especially the task of the theosophical worldview, which is only now beginning to make its way into the world: to make it clear that all evil causes a process of destruction, takes something away from the world that is needed.
If we now, in accordance with our theosophical worldview, adhere to this principle that we have just asserted, then what we know about the nature of human beings leads us to a particular conception of good and evil. We know that the sentient soul developed primarily in the ancient Chaldean epoch of development, in the third post-Atlantean period. Modern life has little idea of what this epoch of development was like. We can hardly go back further in external history than to the Egyptian period. We know that the intellectual or mind soul developed in the fourth epoch, the Greco-Latin period, and that we are now in the process of developing the consciousness soul. The spirit self will only come into its own in the sixth period of post-Atlantean development.
Let us first ask ourselves: How can the sentient soul stray from the right path in one direction or another? The sentient soul is that which enables human beings to perceive the world of things, to take it in, to participate in things, not to go through the world and remain ignorant of things, but in such a way that we enter into a relationship with them. All this is brought about by the sentient soul. We find one side to which human beings can stray in the sentient soul when we ask ourselves: What is it that enables human beings to have a relationship with the things around them? What gives human beings a relationship with the things around them is what we can call interest in things. This word “interest” expresses something of tremendous moral significance. It is much more important to grasp the moral significance of interest than to devote oneself to thousands upon thousands of beautiful, though perhaps only hypocritical, petty moral principles. Our moral impulses are indeed best guided when we take a genuine interest in things and beings. Just think about that for a moment. In yesterday's lecture, we spoke in a profound sense about love as an impulse in such a way that we cannot be misunderstood when we now say the following: Even the ordinary, frequent declamation of love, love, and love cannot replace the moral impulse that lies in what can be described by the word interest.
Let us suppose we have a child before us. What is the prerequisite for us to devote ourselves to the child, what is the prerequisite for us to help the child progress? The prerequisite is that we take an interest in its nature. It is a sign of an unhealthy human soul when a person withdraws from something in which he should take an interest. The further we advance toward the real moral foundations and away from mere moral preaching, the more we will recognize that the impulse of interest is a particularly golden impulse in the moral sense. Expanding our interest and finding ways to understand things and beings calls upon our inner strength, including our strength toward other people.
Even compassion is awakened in the right way when we take an interest in a being. And when we as Theosophists set ourselves the task of expanding our interest more and more, of broadening our horizons ever wider, then general human brotherhood will also be elevated. We cannot advance by preaching universal love for humanity, but by pursuing our interests further and further, so that we become increasingly interested in souls with the most diverse temperaments, character traits, racial characteristics, national characteristics, and the most diverse religious and philosophical beliefs, and show them understanding. Right understanding and right interest call forth the right moral deed from the soul.
Here, too, it is necessary for human beings to maintain a middle ground between two extremes. One extreme is dullness, which ignores everything and causes immense moral unhappiness in the world, which lives only within itself and stubbornly insists on its principles, which always says: That is my point of view. Having a point of view is generally a bad thing in moral terms. Keeping an open eye on everything that surrounds us is essential for us. Stupidity lifts us out of the world, while interest puts us into it. The world loses us through our stupidity, and we become immoral. Thus we see that stupidity and indifference to the world are moral evils of the highest degree.
Now, however, theosophy is precisely such a thing that makes the mind ever more active, that helps us to think the spiritual better and to absorb it into ourselves. Just as it is true that heat arises from fire when we light a stove, so it is true that interest in everything human and in all beings arises when we acquire theosophical wisdom. Wisdom is the fuel for interest, and we can simply say, even if it is not immediately apparent, that when theosophy studies those more distant things, the teachings of Saturn, the Sun, and the Moon, of karma, and so on, it revives this interest within us. It really happens that interest is what arises as a product of transformation from theosophical knowledge, while materialistic knowledge gives rise to what we unfortunately see flourishing today and what must be described in radical terms as dullness, which, if it were the only thing that counted in the world, would cause immense harm.
Look at how many people go through the world, how they meet this or that person, but basically do not get to know them, because they are completely closed in on themselves. How often do we hear that two people have been friends for a long time and then suddenly there is a break. This is because the impulses for the friendship were of a materialistic nature, and after a long time it becomes clear to those involved that they had not noticed each other's unpleasant character traits until now. Very few people today have an open eye for what speaks from person to person. But this is precisely what theosophy aims to achieve: to expand our senses so that we have an open eye and an open soul for everything human around us, so that we do not go through the world with dullness, but with genuine interest.
We avoid the other extreme here too by distinguishing between genuine, right interest and false interest, and by maintaining the right balance. Throwing ourselves immediately into the arms of every being that presents itself is passionate self-abandonment to beings and not genuine interest. If we do that, we lose ourselves to the world. Through dullness, the world loses us; through senseless passion, which clouds our devotion, we lose ourselves to the world. Through healthy interest, we stand morally firm on the middle ground, in balance.
You see, in the third post-Atlantean cultural period, that is, in the Egyptian-Chaldean period, there was still a certain force present in the majority of the earth's population that can be called the impulse to maintain the balance between dullness and passionate, numbing devotion to the world; and that is what is found in ancient times and also in Plato and Aristotle: wisdom. But people saw this as a gift from superhuman beings, because the old impulses of wisdom were still active until those times. From this point of view, therefore, especially in relation to moral impulses, we can call the third post-Atlantean cultural epoch the epoch in which wisdom works instinctively. Therefore, when we go back to this period, we also speak in such a way that we feel: It is true what was presented last year in the Copenhagen lectures, whose content is available in the little book: “The Spiritual Guidance of Man and Humanity”; it is true what we expressed there, that people at that time were still closer to the divine-spiritual powers. And what brought people closer to the divine spiritual powers was, for the third post-Atlantean epoch, instinctive wisdom.
It was therefore a gift from the gods at that time to find the right middle ground in action, appropriate to the times, between dullness and senseless passionate devotion. This balance was still maintained by the external institutions of that time. There was not yet the complete intermingling of humanity that occurred in the fourth period of post-Atlantean development through the process of migration. People were still enclosed in ethnic and tribal systems. There, interests were wisely regulated by nature and sufficiently active to allow the right moral impulses to penetrate; and on the other hand, the existence of blood brotherhood among the tribes put a stop to senseless passion. If you think about life, you'll admit that even today, it's easiest to find interest in things related to blood ties or ancestry. But there's also no such thing as pointless passion. But because people were united in a smaller area during the Egyptian-Chaldean period, the wise middle ground was easily found. However, it is the meaning of the forward development of humanity that what was originally instinctive, what was only divine-spiritual, gradually disappears and that people become independent of the divine-spiritual powers.
We therefore see that already in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, in the Greek-Latin era, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but also public opinion in Greece, regarded wisdom as something that must be attained, as something that is no longer a gift from the gods, but must be strived for. The first virtue for Plato is wisdom, and anyone who does not strive for wisdom is immoral in Plato's view.
We are now in the fifth post-Atlantean cultural period. We are still far from the point where wisdom, which is instinctively implanted in humanity like a divine impulse, will become conscious again. Therefore, in our time there is a particular possibility that people will stray in the two directions mentioned above. Therefore, it is particularly necessary in our time to counteract the great dangers to be found in this regard through a spiritual, theosophical worldview, so that what people once had as instinctive wisdom can now become conscious wisdom. This is the essence of the theosophical movement: that what people once had instinctively is now being attained as conscious wisdom. What else is it but that the gods once gave wisdom to the unconscious human soul as something instinctive, whereas we now have to acquire wisdom about the cosmos and the evolution of humanity? The old customs were also made according to the thoughts of the gods. We view theosophy in the right sense when we regard it as the exploration of the thoughts of the gods. At that time, they flowed instinctively into human beings; today we must explore them and raise them to our knowledge. In this respect, therefore, theosophy must be something divine to us. We must be able to feel reverence for the fact that the thoughts conveyed to us through theosophy are truly something divine, something that we humans are allowed to think, something we are allowed to reflect on, since it was divine thoughts that created the world. If this is what theosophy is to us, then we approach things in such a way that we understand: they have been given to us to carry out our mission. If we study what has been communicated to us about the Saturn, Sun, and Moon evolutions, about reincarnation, about the evolution of individual races, and so on, we will gain tremendous insights. But only then will we approach this in the right way, when we say to ourselves: The thoughts we are seeking are the thoughts according to which the gods have guided evolution. We think the evolution of the gods. If we understand this correctly, then something deeply moral will come over us. This cannot fail to happen. Then we say to ourselves: In ancient times, people had instinctive wisdom from the gods. The gods gave them the wisdom with which they shaped the world. This made moral action possible. Now, however, we consciously acquire this wisdom through theosophy. We can therefore trust that this wisdom will be transformed within us into moral impulses, so that we absorb not only theosophical wisdom, but also moral impulses through theosophy.
In what kind of moral impulses will the theosophical striving be transformed, especially in the realm of wisdom? Here we must touch upon a point whose development the theosophist can indeed foresee, whose deep moral significance, whose moral weight the theosophist should even foresee, a point of development that is far removed from what is common today, namely what Plato still called the ideal of wisdom. Because he called it by the words that are customary where wisdom still lived instinctively within human beings, we would do well to replace this expression with another word. We would do well to replace it with the word truthfulness, because we have become more individual, because we have distanced ourselves from the divine and must therefore strive to return to it. We must learn to feel the full weight of the word truthfulness, and this will become a result of theosophical worldview and theosophical attitude in a moral sense. People will learn to feel truthfulness through theosophy.
The theosophists of today, however, will understand how necessary it is to feel this morality of truthfulness completely at a time when materialism has brought us to the point where we can still talk about truthfulness, but where general cultural life is far from feeling what is right in it, from sensing what is right. It cannot be otherwise today. Truth is something that must be sorely lacking in contemporary culture because of a certain characteristic that contemporary culture has acquired. I ask: What does a person find today when they read certain reports in a newspaper or in a printed publication, and it later turns out that what was said is simply not true? Please think about this. You cannot say that it happens at every turn, but you have to say that it happens every quarter turn and every quarter step. Everywhere modern life exists, untruthfulness has become a characteristic of our present cultural epoch, and it is impossible to call truthfulness a characteristic of our epoch.
Take a person whom you know has written or said something wrong, and confront them with it. You will find that today they generally have no sense that it is wrong. He will immediately use the excuse: Yes, I said it in good faith. Theosophists must not consider it moral when someone says that he has said something wrong in good faith. People will increasingly come to understand that one must know that what one claims to have happened has actually happened. One may therefore only say or communicate something after one has felt and fulfilled the obligation to examine whether it is true, comparing it with the means available for doing so. Only when one becomes aware of this obligation can one feel truthfulness as a moral impulse. Then no one will say anymore, when they have put something wrong out into the world: I meant it that way, I said it in good faith. For they will learn that one is not merely obliged to say what one believes to be right, but that one is obliged to say only what is true, what is right. This will not be possible unless a radical change gradually takes place in our cultural life. The speed of communication, people's thirst for sensation, and everything else that accompanies a materialistic age are enemies of truthfulness. In the moral realm, Theosophy will be an educator of humanity in the duty of truthfulness.
It is not my task today to speak of the extent to which truthfulness has already been realized in the Theosophical Society, but it must be said that what has been expressed today must in principle be a high Theosophical ideal. The moral evolution within the Theosophical movement will have enough to do when the moral ideal of truthfulness has been thoroughly thought out, felt, and experienced in all directions.
This moral ideal of truthfulness will be what brings about virtue in the right way in the sentient soul of human beings today.The second soul member that we must list in theosophy is what we usually call the intellectual or mental soul. You know that it found its validity especially in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural epoch, in the Greek-Latin period. We have already mentioned several times the virtue that is particularly decisive for this soul member: it is fortitude, bravery, courage. Its extremes are recklessness and cowardice. Courage, fortitude, and bravery lie in the middle between recklessness and cowardice. The German word Gemüt, which means “mind,” already expresses in its sound that it is related to this. The word Gemüt refers precisely to the middle part of the human soul, that which is courageous, strong, and powerful within it. This was also the middle “virtue” in Plato and Aristotle. It was the virtue that was still present in humans as a divine gift in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, while wisdom was actually only present instinctively in the third post-Atlantean cultural period. Instinctive bravery and fortitude, as you can see from the first lectures, were present as a gift from the gods in the people who, as members of the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period, encountered the spread of Christianity to the north. They showed that bravery was still a gift from the gods in them. While the Chaldeans possessed wisdom, the wise penetration into the mysteries of the starry world, as a gift from the gods, as something inspired, the people of the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period possessed bravery and fortitude, especially the Greeks and Romans, and also the peoples to whom the spread of Christianity was entrusted. This bravery was lost later than wisdom.
If we now look around us in the fifth post-Atlantean cultural epoch, we must say that we are in the same position with regard to this bravery and fortitude as the Greeks were with regard to wisdom in relation to the Chaldeans and Egyptians. We look back on what was a gift from the gods in the immediately preceding epoch and what we can in a certain sense strive for again. But now the two previous lectures have shown us that in a certain sense a transformation must take place in this striving. We have seen the transformation of fortitude and bravery, which as gifts from the gods have an external character, in Francis of Assisi. We have seen this transformation as the result of an inner moral force, which we recognized yesterday as the power of the Christ impulse. The transformation of fortitude and bravery then results in what is genuine love. But this genuine love must be guided by another virtue, by interest, by participation in the being to whom we apply our love. Shakespeare showed in his “Timon of Athens” how love or kindness, when it appears passionately, when it appears merely as a quality of human nature without being guided by wisdom and truthfulness, causes harm. We find there a personality described who squanders goods in all directions. Generosity is a virtue; but Shakespeare also shows us that what is squandered creates nothing but parasites.
So we must say: just as ancient bravery and fortitude were guided out of the mysteries by the European Brahmins, by the reclusive sages, so too must there be guidance in human nature, a harmony between virtue and interest. The interest that brings us together with the outside world in the right way must guide and direct us when we turn our love to the outside world. Basically, this also emerges from the characteristic, albeit radical, example of Francis of Assisi. Francis of Assisi did not feel pity for people, which can easily have something intrusive and insulting about it, because even such people are by no means always inspired by the right moral impulses that want to shower other people with their pity. How many people are there who do not want to be given anything out of pity? Understanding accommodation, however, is something that is not offensive. Being pitied is something that people may have to reject. Finding understanding for one's nature is something that no healthy person can reject. Therefore, the behavior of another person who acts in accordance with this understanding cannot be condemned. It is this understanding that can guide us in relation to the second virtue: love. It is what has become, through the Christ impulse, the “virtue of the intellectual or emotional soul”; it is the virtue that we can describe as human love accompanied by human understanding.
Compassion and joy are the virtues that must blossom most beautifully and gloriously in human coexistence in the future, and in a certain sense, those who understand the Christ impulse in the right way will develop this compassion and love, this sympathy and joy in a corresponding way, because it will become a feeling. It is precisely through the theosophical understanding of the Christ impulse that this fact will come about, that it will become a feeling.
Christ descended into earthly evolution through the mystery of Golgotha. His impulses, his effects are there. They are everywhere. Why did he descend to this earth? So that through what he has to give to the world, evolution may progress in the right sense, so that the evolution of the earth may take place in the right way with the Christ impulse that has been taken up. If we now destroy something through immorality, through indifference to our fellow human beings, after the Christ impulse has entered the world, then we take something out of the world into which the Christ impulse has flowed. We thus directly destroy something of the Christ impulse because it is there. But by giving to the world what can be given to it through creative virtue, we build. We build precisely by giving. It has often been said, and not without reason, that Christ was first crucified on Golgotha, but that he is continually crucified again and again through the deeds of human beings. Since the Christ impulse flowed into the earth's development through the deed on Golgotha, we participate at all times in the suffering and pain inflicted on Christ who came to earth through the immorality we commit through lovelessness, self-interest, and so on. That is why it has been said over and over again: Christ is crucified again and again as long as immorality, unkindness, and indifference exist; since the Christ impulse has permeated the world, it is this impulse that suffers.
Just as it is true that through destructive evil we take something away from the Christ impulse and, as it were, continue the crucifixion on Golgotha, so it is also true that when we act in love, wherever we use this love, we give validity to the Christ impulse and help it to live. “Whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me” (Matthew 25:40) are the most meaningful words of love, and these words must become the deepest moral impulse once they are understood theosophically. We do this when we treat our fellow human beings with understanding and give them this or that which, based on our understanding of their nature, determines our actions, our virtues, our behavior toward them. Insofar as we behave toward our fellow human beings, we behave toward the Christ impulse itself.
This is a powerful moral impulse, something that truly establishes morality when we feel that the mystery of Golgotha has been accomplished for all human beings and that an impulse has spread from there throughout the whole world. When you stand before your fellow human beings, try to understand them in all their differences, whether in race, color, nationality, religious beliefs, worldview, and so on. When you stand before them and do this or that to them, you are doing it to Christ. Whatever you do to your fellow human beings, you do to Christ in the present evolution of the earth. These words, “Whatever you did for one of my brothers, you did for me,” become a powerful moral impulse for those who understand the fundamental meaning of the mystery of Golgotha. So we can say: While the gods of pre-Christian times gave humans instinctive wisdom, instinctive strength, and instinctive courage, love flows down from the symbol of the cross, that love which is built on mutual interest between human beings. Through this, the Christ impulse will work powerfully in the world. Once not only the Brahmin loves the Brahmin, the pariah loves the pariah, the Jew loves the Jew, and the Christian loves the Christian, but when the Jew is able to understand the Christian, the pariah the Brahmin, and the American the Asian as human beings and to put himself in their place, then we will also know how deeply Christian it is when we say: There must be brotherhood among people, regardless of any outward profession of faith. We should think little of what otherwise connects us. We should think less of our father, mother, brother, sister, even our own life, than of what speaks from human soul to human soul. Those who do not regard as insignificant what detracts from belonging to the Christ impulse that balances human differences, those who do not regard as insignificant the differentiations, cannot be my disciples. This is the impulse of love that flows out of the mystery of Golgotha, which we feel in this connection as a renewal of what was given to human beings as an original virtue. We now only have to consider what we can refer to as the virtues of the consciousness soul: moderation and prudence. Insofar as we are in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural epoch, these virtues are still instinctive. Plato and Aristotle called them the principal virtues of the consciousness soul, conceiving them in turn as states of equilibrium, as the middle ground of what is present in the consciousness soul. The consciousness soul consists in the fact that human beings become conscious of the external world through their physicality. The sensory body is initially the tool of the conscious soul, and it is also through the sensory body that man even comes to self-consciousness. The sensory body must therefore be preserved. If the sensory body of man were not preserved for the earthly mission, then the earthly mission could not be fulfilled.
But there is also a limit here. If human beings used all the powers they have within themselves only for enjoyment, they would shut themselves off from the world, and the world would lose them. The mere pleasure-seeker, who uses all the power he has within himself only to obtain pleasures, according to Plato and Aristotle, closes himself off from the world, and the world loses him. The human being who denies himself everything becomes weaker and weaker and is finally seized by the external world process; he is worn down by the external course of the world. He who goes beyond the powers that are allotted to him as a human being, who exaggerates them, is seized by the world process and loses himself to the world. Thus, what man has developed for the formation of the conscious soul can be worn down, so that he comes into a position where he loses the world. The virtue that avoids these two extremes is moderation. Moderation is therefore neither asceticism nor indulgence, but the right middle ground between the two. And that is the virtue of the consciousness soul.
With regard to this virtue, we have not yet progressed beyond the instinctive stage. A little reflection will teach you that, basically, human beings are very much dependent on trying things out, on oscillating between extremes. If you disregard the few people who are already striving for awareness in this area, you will find that the vast majority of people live very much according to a certain pattern, which in Central Europe is often described as follows: There are certain people in Berlin who indulge themselves throughout the winter, stuffing themselves with all kinds of delicacies and treats, and then in the summer they go to Karlsbad to remedy the resulting ill effects by adopting the opposite extreme. Here you have the scales tipping to one side and then to the other. That is only a radical case. Even if what I have described does not occur everywhere to this extent, this oscillation between indulgence and deprivation is everywhere. That is abundantly clear. People themselves are responsible for the excesses on one side, and then they let doctors prescribe so-called withdrawal cures, that is, the other extreme, to make up for what they have done wrong.
You can see from this that people in this area are still very much in an instinctive state and that we must say: There is a kind of gift from God in human beings, who have an instinctive feeling for not doing too much on one side or the other. But just as the other instinctive qualities of human beings have been lost, so too will this be lost in the transition from the fifth to the sixth post-Atlantean cultural epoch. It will be lost as a natural disposition, and now you will be able to appreciate how much theosophical worldview and attitude will have to contribute to gradually developing consciousness in this area.
Today we still have few, perhaps self-taught, theosophists who realize that theosophy is the recipe for achieving the right consciousness in this field as well. When theosophy becomes more prevalent in this field, something will happen that I can only describe in the following way: People will gradually have more and more longing for the great spiritual truths. Even if Theosophy is still ridiculed today, it will not always be so. It will spread, it will defeat all external opposition and everything else that still stands in its way, and Theosophists will not be content merely to preach general love for humanity. People will understand that one cannot acquire Theosophy in a single day, just as one cannot nourish oneself for a whole life in a single day, and that it is necessary to acquire more and more of Theosophy. It will become increasingly rare within the Theosophical movement for people to say: These are our principles, and if we have these principles, then we are Theosophists. The feeling of always being part of the community, of feeling and experiencing the vitality of Theosophy, of living together, will spread further and further. But when people process within themselves the peculiar thoughts, feelings, and impulses that come from theosophical wisdom, what happens? We all know that theosophists can never have a materialistic view. They have precisely the opposite of a materialistic view. Someone who thinks materialistically says: When a person has this or that thought, a movement of brain molecules or atoms takes place, and because this movement takes place, the person has the thought. The thought emerges from the brain like a fine smoke, similar to the flame from a candle. That is the materialistic view. The opposite is the theosophical view. Here it is thoughts, soul experiences, that set the brain and nervous system in motion. The way our brain moves depends on the thoughts we think. But this is precisely the opposite of what materialism means. If you want to know how a person's brain is structured, you must investigate what thoughts they have thought; for just as writing is nothing more than the result of thoughts, so too are the movements of the brain nothing more than the result of thoughts.Must you not then conclude that your brains are being processed differently now, at this moment, when you are experiencing theosophical thoughts, than in a society that plays cards? Different processes take place in your souls when you follow theosophical thoughts than when you are in a society that plays cards or follows the action in a movie theater. But there is nothing in the human organism that is isolated, that stands alone. Everything is connected; everything influences everything else. Thoughts influence the brain and the nervous system, which is connected to our entire organism. Even if this is still hidden from many people today, once the inherited characteristics that are still present in the body have been overcome, the following will occur. Thoughts will communicate from the brain, they will pass to the stomach, and the result will be that things that people still enjoy today will no longer be enjoyable to those who have accepted theosophical ideas. For this reason, the thoughts that theosophists have taken on board are God's thoughts. These work on the entire organism in such a way that it tastes what is right. What is not suitable for it, the human being then smells and perceives as unpleasant. A peculiar perspective, a perspective that could perhaps be called materialistic. But it is precisely the opposite. This kind of appetite, where you love one thing and prefer it when eating, and hate another and do not want to eat it, will result from theosophical work. You can judge this for yourself if you observe that today you perhaps have a distaste for certain things that you did not have in your pre-theosophical time.
This will spread more and more as people work selflessly on their higher development so that the world can have what is rightfully theirs. One must not play hide-and-seek with the words selflessness and egoism. It is indeed very easy to misuse these words. It is not merely selfless when a person says, “I only want to be active in the world and for the world; what does my own spiritual development matter? I only want to work, not strive selfishly ...” It is not egoism when a person develops himself higher, because by doing so he makes himself more capable of participating actively in the further development of the world. If one neglects one's own further development, one makes oneself unfit for the world; one withdraws one's strength from the world. For the world, too, the right thing must be done in order to bring about in ourselves what the Deity has intended for us.
Thus, through Theosophy, or rather, a core of humanity through theosophy, which not only instinctively feels moderation as its guiding ideal, but also has conscious sympathy for what makes human beings in a dignified way a building block of the divine world order, and has a conscious aversion to what destroys human beings as building blocks of the world order.
Thus we see how moral impulses are present in the work being done on the human being himself, and thus we find what we can call wisdom, as transformed moderation. The ideal of “wisdom” to be claimed for the next, sixth post-Atlantean cultural period will be that ideal virtue which Plato calls “justice.” This is the harmonious harmony of these virtues. As the virtues have shifted somewhat in humanity, what was regarded as justice in pre-Christian times has also changed. Such an individual virtue, which brings about harmony, does not exist in that time. Harmony stands before the eyes of human beings as an ideal of the distant future. We have seen that fortitude has been transformed into love as a moral impulse. We have also seen that wisdom has become truthfulness. Truthfulness is initially that which appears as a virtue that can place people in a dignified manner and in the right relationship to external life. But if we want to attain truthfulness in relation to spiritual things, how can we establish this in relation to spiritual things? We come to truthfulness, we come to that which can permeate our sentient soul as a virtue, through right understanding, right interest, and appropriate participation. What, then, is this participation in relation to the spiritual world? If we want to face the physical world, and initially human beings, we must open ourselves to it; we must have an open eye for its essence. But how do we gain an open eye for the spiritual world? We gain an open eye for the spiritual world when we develop a very specific kind of feeling, a feeling that also emerged when the old wisdom, the instinctive wisdom, sank down into the depths of the soul life. It is the kind of feeling that we often hear the Greeks describe with the word: All philosophical thinking begins with wonder, with astonishment. With wonder and amazement as the starting point of our relationship to the supersensible world, something meaningful and moral is indeed being said. The wild, uncultivated human being is initially little impressed by the great phenomena of the world. It is precisely through progressive spiritualization that human beings come to find mysteries in everyday phenomena and to sense a spiritual reality behind them. It is wonder that draws our soul upward into the spiritual realms so that we can penetrate their knowledge, and we can only penetrate this knowledge when our soul is attracted by the objects to be known. It is this attraction that triggers wonder, astonishment, and faith. Actually, it is always this wonder and amazement that draw us to the supersensible, and it is also what we usually call faith. Faith, wonder, and amazement are the three soul forces that lead us beyond the ordinary world.
When we are amazed by another person, we seek to understand them. Through understanding their nature, we arrive at the virtue of brotherhood, and we realize this best when we treat others with reverence. We then see that reverence becomes something we must show to every human being. If we do this, we will become more and more truthful. Truth will become something we feel committed to. The supersensible world will become something we are drawn to when we sense it, and through knowledge we will attain what has already descended into the subconscious realms of the soul as supersensible wisdom. Only when super-sensory wisdom had descended did the saying arise that philosophy begins with astonishment and wonder. This saying can make it clear to you that astonishment and wonder only entered into world evolution at the time when the Christ impulse came into the world.
Now that we have already mentioned love as the second of the virtues, let us turn to what we have referred to as wisdom for the times to come, and for the present times as instinctive moderation. In these virtues, man stands face to face with himself. He acts, so to speak, in such a way that he provides for himself through the actions he performs in the world. It is therefore necessary for him to acquire an objective standard of value.
Now we see something emerging that is developing more and more, and which I have already mentioned frequently in other contexts, something that also first appeared in Greek times, in the fourth post-Atlantean cultural period. We can actually demonstrate how in ancient Greek drama, for example in Aeschylus, the Erinyes and Furies play a role, which then appear transformed in Euripides into conscience. From this we can see that in earlier times what we call conscience did not yet exist at all. Conscience is, in particular, what stands as a norm for our own actions when we go too far in our demands, when we seek our own advantage too much. Conscience acts as a norm, interposing itself between our antipathies and sympathies.
In this way, we gain, so to speak, that which is more objective, that which has a greater outward effect, as opposed to the virtues of truthfulness, love, and wisdom. Love stands in the middle here, and it acts as something that must permeate and regulate all life, including all social life. It also has a regulating effect on what humans have developed as inner impulses. But what humans have developed as truthfulness will manifest itself in the belief in a supernatural knowledge. We must feel wisdom, that which comes from within ourselves, as a divine-spiritual regulator that safely guides us along the path of the right middle way, in a similar way to conscience.
It would, of course, be extremely easy to respond to the various objections that could be raised at this point, if we had the time. We will only go into one of them in more detail. It could be said, for example, that someone claims that conscience and astonishment are something that have only recently entered into humanity, whereas they are eternal characteristics of human nature. They are not. Anyone who wanted to claim that they are eternal characteristics of human nature would only be showing that they are unfamiliar with the relevant circumstances. It will become increasingly clear that in ancient times, people had not yet descended so far onto the physical plane that they were still more connected to divine impulses, that human beings were in a state that they will consciously strive to return to when he will be more dominated by truthfulness, love, and the art of living in relation to the physical plane, and in relation to spiritual knowledge, when he will be dominated by faith in the supersensible world. It does not need to be a faith that leads directly to the supersensible world. But it will ultimately be transformed into supersensible knowledge.
As with faith, so it is with love, which has an outward effect. Conscience is that which will intervene in the consciousness soul in a regulating manner. Faith, love, conscience—these three forces will be the three stars of moral forces that will enter human souls, especially through the theosophical worldview. The moral perspective of the future can only open up to those who think of the virtues mentioned above as increasingly enhanced. The theosophical worldview will place moral life in the light of these virtues, and these will be constructive forces in the future.
Something that could only become certain through lengthy discussions, and which I can therefore only mention here, shall conclude our consideration. We see the Christ impulse entering human evolution through the Mystery of Golgotha. We know that at that time, with the events of the mystery of Golgotha, a human organism consisting of the physical body, the etheric body, and the astral body received the I-impulse from above as the Christ impulse. It was this Christ impulse that was taken up by the earth and flowed into earthly cultural life. It was now within as the I of Christ. We also know that the physical body, the etheric body, and the astral body remained with Jesus of Nazareth. The Christ impulse was like the I within. Jesus of Nazareth separated himself from the Christ impulse at Golgotha, which then flowed into the Earth's evolution. This impulse in its development signifies the development of the earth itself.
Take seriously those things that are often mentioned so that people can understand them more easily. The world is Maya or illusion, as we have often heard. But people must gradually come to the truth, to the reality of this outer world. The development of the earth basically consists in the fact that, in relation to all external things in the second period of the earth's development, in which we now find ourselves, everything that was formed in the first period is dissolving, so that everything we see externally in physical form will fall away from human development, just as the physical body falls away from the human being.
What then remains? — one might ask. The forces that are incorporated into human beings as real forces through the process of human evolution on Earth. And the most real impulse in this is that which flowed into Earth's evolution through Christ. However, this Christ impulse finds nothing on Earth with which it can clothe itself. It must therefore first obtain a shell through the further development of the earth, and when the earth has reached its end, the fully developed Christ will be the final human being, just as Adam was the first human being around whom humanity in its multiplicity has grouped itself.
The words “Whatever you did for one of my brothers, you did for me” contain a meaningful hint for us. What has been done for Christ? The actions performed in accordance with the Christ impulse, under the influence of conscience, under the influence of faith, and in accordance with knowledge, are separated from previous earthly life, and when man gives something to his brothers through his actions and moral behavior, he gives something to Christ at the same time. The following should be established here as a guiding principle: Everything we create in terms of forces, acts of faith and trust, acts performed out of wonder and amazement, is, by our simultaneously giving it to the Christ-I, something that envelops Christ like a shell, comparable to the astral body of the human being. We form the astral body into the Christ-I impulse through all moral acts of wonder, trust, reverence, faith—in short, through everything that paves the way to supersensible knowledge. Through all these acts we promote love. This is already in the spirit of the saying quoted above: “Whatever you do to one of my brothers, you do to me.”
We shape the etheric body of Christ through acts of love, and through what is wrought in the world by the impulses of conscience, we shape that which corresponds to the physical body of man for the Christ impulse. When the earth has reached its goal, when human beings understand the right moral impulses through which all good is brought about, then what has flowed into human evolution as the Christ impulse through the mystery of Golgotha will be dissolved. It will then be enveloped by an astral body formed by faith, by all the deeds of wonder and amazement of human beings, by something like an etheric body formed by the deeds of love, by something surrounding it like a physical body formed by the deeds of conscience.
Thus, the future evolution of humanity will take place through the cooperation of the moral impulses of human beings with the Christ impulse. We see humanity before us in perspective as a very large organic structure. As people come to understand how to integrate their actions into this great organism, how to form their impulses through their own deeds like shells around it, they will, through the evolution of the earth, form the basis for a great community that can be thoroughly permeated and christened by the Christ impulse.
Thus we see that morality does not need to be preached, but that it can be justified by showing what really happens, what has really happened, and what makes such things true, as they are felt by particularly spiritually inclined natures. It will always touch us in a peculiar way when we consider how Goethe, after losing his friend, Duke Karl August, wrote all sorts of things in a long letter in Dornburg near Jena, and then on the same day — it was in 1828, three and a half years before his death, at the end of his life, so to speak — wrote down a wonderfully strange sentence: “The rational world is to be regarded as a great immortal individual, which inexorably brings about what is necessary and thereby even rises above chance to become master.” How could such a thought become more concrete than by imagining this individual working and creating among us and thinking of ourselves as connected with it in its work and creation? Through the mystery of Golgotha, the greatest individual has entered into human development, and by deliberately organizing their lives as described above, human beings will gather around the Christ impulse so that something will be formed around it which will be like a shell around the essence, around the core.
I could say much more about what theosophy reveals about virtue. In particular, long and important considerations could be added about the truthfulness that would arise in relation to karma. Through the theosophical worldview, the idea of karma will have to become increasingly integrated into human evolution. More and more, people will have to learn to view and organize their lives in such a way that their virtues correspond to karma. Through the idea of karma, people will also have to learn that they must not deny their previous deeds through their subsequent deeds. A certain consistency in life, a taking responsibility for what we have done, will have to emerge from human development. We can see how far human beings still are from this when we look more closely at them. It is a well-known fact that a person develops through the things they have accomplished. If it now seems that the consequence of an action is no longer there, then what is done is what one should only do if one had not done the first action. That man feels responsible for what he has done, that he also takes karma into his consciousness, is something that could still emerge as a subject of consideration.
However, you will find much more for yourselves in the guidelines given in these three lectures; you will find, for example, how fruitful these ideas can be if you pursue them further. That human beings will live in ever-renewed incarnations for the rest of the Earth's evolution is part of the task: to change everything that has been provided in relation to the virtues described, in one direction or another, through free formation, through formation according to his free will, so that balance, the middle state, can be achieved and thus gradually the goal that has been characterized by the description of the formation of the sheaths in relation to the Christ impulse.
Thus, we see before us not merely an abstract ideal of universal human brotherhood, which certainly receives strong impulses when we take the theosophical worldview as our basis, but we see that there is something real in our earthly evolution, that there is an impulse that has come into the world through the mystery of Golgotha. But then we also see ourselves compelled to influence the sentient soul, the intellectual soul, and the conscious soul in such a way that this ideal being becomes real and we are connected with this being as with a great immortal individual. The idea that only in this lies the possibility of further evolution, the possibility of fulfilling the Earth mission, of forming a whole together with this great individual, is realized in the second moral principle: Whatever you do as if it were born solely from yourself pushes you away, removes you from the great individual, thereby destroying something; but whatever you do to build up this great immortal individual in the manner mentioned above, you do for the further development and survival of the entire world organism.
These are two thoughts that we need only consider to see that they not only preach morality, but also justify it. For the thought that you destroy through your actions that which you are supposed to build up is terrifying and horrifying and suppresses all opposing desires. But the thought that inspires good deeds, even intense moral impulses, is this: you are building on this immortal individual, you are making yourself a member of this immortal individual. This not only preaches morality, but also points to thoughts that can themselves be moral impulses, to thoughts that are capable of justifying morality.
The more truthfulness is cultivated, the more quickly such morality will become a theosophical worldview and a theosophical attitude. I have set myself the task of expressing this in these three lectures. Some things could only be hinted at, but your own souls will further develop many of the thoughts that have been touched upon in these three evenings. In this way, we will also have the greatest possible cohesion across the Earth. If we come together, as we have now done as Central European theosophists and as theosophists of the North, in common contemplation, and if we continue to let what has arisen as thoughts during such gatherings resonate within us, then we will best ensure that theosophy establishes a truly spiritual life, even in the present. Even if we must part again, we know that we are closest to one another in our theosophical thoughts, and this knowledge is also a moral impulse. Knowing that we are united by the same ideals with people who are usually far apart, but with whom we can come together from time to time on special occasions, is a stronger moral impulse than constant togetherness.
The fact that we think this way about our togetherness, that we understand our joint reflections in this way, fills my soul, especially at the end of these lectures, with something with which I would like to bid you farewell, so to speak, and which I am convinced, if understood in the right light, will also spiritually justify the developing theosophical life. With this thought, with these feelings, let us conclude our reflections today.