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Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit
GA 96

19 October 1906, Berlin

VIII. The Relationship of Human Senses to the Outside World

As we have gathered here52The Architektenhaus in Berlin had lecture rooms which could be rented. Rudolf Steiner lectured there from 1903 to 1918, giving a comprehensive introduction to anthroposophy in his longest continuous series of lectures. on the eve of our annual general meeting, and look forward to a stimulating time, it may seem appropriate to open the sequence of meetings with a lecture for visitors from outside Berlin and as well as for our Berlin members. A lecture like this,53A further set of notes became available for this lecture (19 Oct. 1906). Changes in the text compared to the 1st German edition of 1974 are due to this. not part of the programme but offered as a free gift, may thus be on a subject that would fit in less well with the normal run of theosophical lectures—something for advanced theosophists and at the same time also for people who are at the very beginning. The latter will however need to find their way into things first. They will need to pay serious and careful attention if they are to be able to follow completely. On the other hand we also offer something for those who want to hear something about the parts of the higher worlds that are accessible to us.

Our theme will be the relationship of the human senses to the outside world, to the physical and the non-physical world around us.54On this subject, see Steiner R. Theosophy of the Rosicrucian (GA 99), lectures of 1 & 2 June 1907. Tr. M. Cotterell, D. Osmond. London: Rudolf Steiner Press 1981. Welt, Erde and Mensch (GA 105), lecture of 3 August 1908 (in German). It seems significant that Rudolf Steiner was considering the subject as preparations were in progress for the Annual General Meeting of the Theosophical Society's German Section. For the same occasion in 1909 he developed a theory of the senses based on the science of the spirit in the lectures he gave on 23-25 Oct. that year, publ. in The Wisdom of Man, the Soul and the Spirit (GA 115). In his own words, this gave the European spiritual scientific movement he was leading a firmer foundation. He intended to publish this theory of the senses in book form, but the work remained fragmentary. Published posthumously as Anthroposophy (A Fragment) (GA 45). We shall touch on a subject to which we are not yet paying sufficient attention among ourselves—the question as to how we should really see the relationship between the four bodies that make up essential human nature.

One of the first things people learn in the science of the spirit is that the human being consists of a physical body, an ether body, an astral body and a body which we have always been calling the I-body in our discussions. The I-body holds the seeds for our higher development. All this is given in elementary books on theosophy and in the things theosophists gradually come to hear in their first lectures. But people often say that the I-body is the highest of the four bodies, the astral body is less high, the ether body even less high, and the physical body the lowest of them all.

atman
buddhi
manas

kama manas
astral body
ether body
physical body

Anyone can read up about this in my Theosophy. We are interested in the four lower bodies also known as the Pythagorean quadrangle. The one called the ‘I’ or ‘kama manas’ is widely considered to be the highest, followed by the astral body, the ether body and the physical body as lower bodies. That is a fairly biased view, however, and I have often said that it is not correct. In its own way the physical body is the most perfect and also the oldest part of the human being. Consider this physical body in all its parts, study it, using the means given in modern science! You only have to give it some real thought and you’ll have to say to yourself: ‘This physical body is most marvellously constructed in all its parts, filled with the greatest wisdom the world has ever known.’ Nothing in this world—in so far as we are able to investigate it by physical means—is more perfect than the human physical body. You may look at a whole cosmos of stars, or study the most artful mechanism human beings can devise, and you’ll not find anything more perfect than the physical body. If you study the human heart and the functions it has to perform, looking at it as a purely physical apparatus, or just consider a piece of bone with all the marvellous struts inside, you’ll find this to be true. Just take a bit of the thigh bone. It has struts that run like this (Fig. 2):

bit of thigh bone
Fig. 2

The cleverest engineer would be unable to produce a structure as perfect as this, a system created by the cosmos to support the upper part of the human body. And it is the same with the human brain and all the organs that are part of the human physical body. You may study the whole of nature—there is nothing to equal this physical body in perfection.

Why is this physical body so perfect? Human beings have not always been the way they are today. They have gone through a long process of development. The human beings you see before you today, consisting of these four elements, have more than just long evolution on this physical planet earth behind them. Another planet, the predecessor of our earth, went before. That was the ancient Moon. This was preceded by the ancient Sun, and the Sun by ancient Saturn. Think of it in terms of a human being going through incarnations. The earth, too, has gone through similar states. We are able to trace four of them. In doing so, we are looking back on immeasurably long periods of time, stretches of time beyond the comprehension of an earthly human being. But something of this human physical body was present even then.

The first beginnings of the physical body existed on ancient Saturn. Nothing was there as yet of our present-time ether body, nor anything of the astral body, let alone the human I. We can see from this that the physical body has gone through four stages. On the ancient Saturn planet it emerged as a simple physical body, a kind of basic supportive structure. It then went through a transformation and entered into a twilight state, a pralaya. The physical body later emerged again on the ancient Sun—which was something very different from today’s sun—but now at a higher level. There the ether body joined it. The ether body is thus very much younger than the physical body. The young ether body developed under the influence of the physical body that already existed, now at its second level of perfection. During that time on the ancient Sun, when the physical and the ether bodies both existed, nothing existed as yet of the astral body. This only joined them during the third earth incarnation, on the ancient Moon. There the human physical body went through its third level of perfection, and the ether body through its second stage. On the Moon, the physical body may have been said to be in class 3, the ether body in class 2, and the astral body in class 1. The I only joined them on earth and had not yet been through anything until then. When the physical body appeared on earth, this was its fourth appearance. The human I-body will have reached the stage at which the physical body is today only after another three planetary stages, the astral body after another two planetary' stages. And the ether body will have reached the level of perfection of today’s physical body when one more planetary stage has been gone through.

Some quite commonplace reflections can convince us that the astral body is much less perfect than the physical body. The physical body in its wisdom would never fall into the kind of crude error the astral body does. Just think of the appetites created by the drives, desires and passions that live in the astral body. The heart has to stay fit for decades in spite of appetites in the astral body that are harmful to it. That is the case, for instance, if we drink coffee or tea, and so on. The heart does not want such stimulants, but the astral body does. The astral body does something that goes against the grain for the physical body at its present level of development. On the planet we call Venus, the astral body will have reached a level where it will be as wise in its behaviour as the physical body is now, unless it is disturbed.

We thus have to see the physical body as the most carefully developed and most perfectly made part of essential human nature. It has learned something every time it has completed another planetary stage, and has become increasingly more perfect. Looking at the physical human body you see that it consists of a number of organs. People do not give much thought to the way these organs have come into existence. In anatomy, in science, the human being is said to consist of such and such organs, having a liver, a heart, a nose for smelling, ears for hearing, eyes for seeing. And these organs are described in detail in modern science. But when people do this they are doing something that can only be compared with the following.

Imagine one were to put an old table and a new table side by side and describe them in a very basic way. One table has four feet, a top, it has such and such a colour, and the other table also has four feet, a top, such and such a colour, and so on. Those descriptions may be perfectly accurate and yet they do not really tell us what matters in this case—that one table is old and the other new. You can describe the eyes and ears in the same way. You can tell people what they look like today. You can describe the auricle, the auditory canal and everything, the acoustic nerves, and so on. You can describe the human eye in the same way. Both descriptions will look good, and it might appear that they are equal in value. But in the highest occult sense they are not. The two are not equal in value because these two organs—eyes and ears—have evolved at very different times.

If you were to go back to ancient Saturn and examine the first beginnings of the human physical body, when there was no question as yet of an ether body, astral body and I, if you were to examine the peculiar physical body that existed in those very early times, you would look in vain for even the first beginnings of eyes. But you would not be able to find them, for even the potential for eyes would not yet exist. You would find the potential for the human ear. This, then, is the age difference, and you can understand it if you realize that the physical body has gone through as many stages of evolution as our planet. At the first stage it went so far as to develop the full potential for the ears. These were already preformed when the human being came to Saturn from other, very different worlds. Human beings already had the potential for hearing when they entered into this particular chain of evolution.

They added the potential for a sense of temperature on that first planet, a feeling for warmth. This is generally called a skin sense. But careful distinction has to be made between two things. In the first place it is the sense of touch, perceiving hard and soft; then it is also the sense of temperature, perceiving hot and cold. This is the sense of temperature we are speaking of. So you have a sequence. First we have hearing and then the feeling, the sense of temperature. This sense of temperature evolved on the earth's planetary incarnation which we call Saturn. Such a sense does of course go through transformations at different stages of evolution. When it first appeared it was very different from the way it will be in its later form.

The ancient sense of hearing which human beings brought with them into planetary evolution was a quite peculiar sense of hearing. The best way of characterizing it is perhaps to say: ‘Basically that the human physical body was just one big ear.’ The human being was all ear at the time of entering into this planetary evolution. As a physical body the human being hardly differed at all from the environment. Man sounded, and everything else sounded as well. In the whole of their bodies, human beings perceived what lived out there as the sounds of the world. Just as a string vibrates when another is plucked or struck, so there was a vibration in the human physical body for every sound that arose in the world. Everything resounded.

The further development of the senses was a matter of specialization. Human beings had been all ear to begin with, and then the sense of temperature arose. Something that had been one before became differentiated into two structures. This also became apparent at the physical level. Organs appeared that would mediate only hearing, others that would mediate only temperature perceptions. The whole human being thus changed each time the physical body reappeared. The senses became specialized, and a simple form gradually grew highly complex.

Human beings thus entered into Saturn evolution with the potential for hearing. On Saturn they acquired a sense of temperature. During the Sun evolution that followed they gained the sense of sight. The potential for a sense of sight which developed during Sun evolution was thus the third stage, with the other senses becoming transformed so that on the Sun the human being was able to hear, feel and, in a way, to see.

Continuing along the line of evolution we come to the Moon. The Sun had first gone into pralaya again. It then rose again as Moon. On the Moon, the sense of taste developed in addition to the other senses. Four of our present-day senses had thus evolved. The others again specialized, distributing themselves among individual organs. You can literally follow the way this physical body opened up to be an organ for the outside world. The sympathetic nervous system had already evolved on the Sun. During life on the ancient Moon, the other organs also evolved in stages, but we’ll just consider the senses here. On the Moon, then, the sense of taste was added and on earth the youngest of the senses, the sense of smell. If you study the senses today, you can tell yourself that the sense of smell is the youngest, having developed last in the human being. The sense of taste was already there during Moon evolution and has been refashioned once. Every refashioning makes the senses more perfect. The sense of smell is the least perfect. The sense of taste has corrected its errors once, the sense of sight twice, the sense of temperature three times. Our sense of hearing is the most perfect, however, for it had already gone through four transformations and is going through the fifth on earth.

You thus have to see the human body as a highly complex entity and realize that much had to happen so that the physical body was gradually able to develop. One has to know their relative ages if one is to form an opinion about different parts of this body. So the senses again have different relationships to other spirits, also as regards their level of perfection. A sense organ which is more perfect, having gone through quite a number of transformations, relates to completely different worlds from those to which a sense organ relates that has only gone through a few transformations.

Let us stay with the sense of hearing for now. It has gone through a whole sequence of stages, for potentially it existed already when the human being entered into this evolution. So what happened? Physical Saturn evolution took the sense of hearing a stage further, and then added the first beginnings of a sense of temperature. Then, during Sun evolution, the ether body was added to the physical body. From Moon onwards the astral body played a role, and from earth evolution onwards the I-body. But this whole scheme of things also meant something else. The I does not yet have an influence on the sense of smell because the sense of smell only joined the other senses on earth and is still wholly caught up in physical evolution. The human ether body has an influence on the sense of taste, the astral body on the sense of sight, and the I-body on the sense of temperature, of warmth, of feeling.

The first beginnings of manas developing in the human being, as the potential for a higher spiritual self, have an influence on the sense of hearing. This principle, which belongs to man’s higher nature, thus only has an influence on the sense of hearing today. None of the things the four lower senses make their own becomes part of our eternal soul. Only the things that can be expressed in words, things we are able to put into words—a word only has to be thought and it will be heard inwardly—are part of the eternal, immortal part of the human being. All thoughts that can be put in words, feelings that are so clear in our minds that we can put them in words, all the impulses to which human beings can put a name and which do not live in them as dim drives but are so clear that they can be put into words—all this belongs to the eternal part of the human being. The word is therefore something that is part of the eternal basis of the human being. And if we start to speak of things eternal at all, we must quite literally speak of the word. At the time when the earth entered into its evolution, when earth evolution began on Saturn, this first potential for the word was there. Now, on earth, this potential has evolved. The statement: ‘In the beginning was the word’55John 1: 1 must be taken quite literally. Those gospel words should not be taken as symbolic, but their meaning has to be developed until they can be understood in their literal sense. The word is also the beginning of the eternal part of the human being. Because of this, the word, the audible word, is the first part of the human being that proves useful for developing the future world. Everything the other senses produce is of no use at all for the evolution which the earth must still go through.

Legends and myths often contain profound truths, or do you think legend does not know that anything produced by the sense of smell is of no immediate use in earth evolution? That further planetar evolutions have to be gone through before the principle that lies in the sense of smell will be of use? The father of all obstacles thus is one who leaves a horrible stench behind—the devil is recognized after he’s gone because of the stench he leaves behind. The world of legend holds the deepest truths; one only has to know how to take them literally in the highest sense.

Our study of the senses and the way they relate to the world can take us yet further. Let us take one of the senses, say the sense of sight. It is the middle one of the senses. I’d now like you to follow me into something rather subtle. You know that the astral body, in which man’s inner drives, appetites and passions live, shows itself to the clairvoyant as a light body. In this light body you see all kinds of configurations and colours. Every passion, every drive has a specific colour. All this, and even a person’s basic mood, comes to expression in this light body. Looking at the light body of someone who is rather nervous, you see it pregnant with glittering dots that flash and shine out. It all shines out and vanishes again in a rich play of colour.

If there is a terrible affect, you see rays like this:

rays
Fig. 3

Someone with hidden resentment shows figures like snakes:

curls
Fig. 4

This is difficult to draw, because it is in constant motion, rather like lightning. The person is feeling anger or resentment or anxiety when the soul is twitching like this inside. That is where a human being inwardly experiences his state of soul. Outwardly this state of soul shows itself in light phenomena to the clairvoyant.

twitching
Fig. 5

The physical eye sees lights and colours around it. Just as a clairvoyant sees red, blue, yellow and green in the astral body, so does the physical eye see red, blue, yellow and green around it. In both cases the cause is exactly the same. Just as an appetite lives behind the red in the astral body, so there is an appetite behind the red of a flower as the ‘thing in itself’. What the sense of sight does when it goes beyond this point is no different from turning a coat inside out. Whilst man's astral nature comes to expression in his aura, external astral nature lives behind the whole world of colours and light, the world that exists for the sense of sight. There would be never be any colours in the world if all things were not completely imbued with astral spirits. The colours that show themselves in the world come from the astral spirits that show themselves in colours. In turning inside out, the spirit moves from the higher to the lower plane.

You can achieve the following by means of meditation. If you have a green area before you, perhaps the leaf of a plant, and now go outside yourself to look at the matter from the other side, you would see the astral spirit that is behind the green colour and shows itself to be present by means of the colour green.

So you have to see it like this. Looking out in the world and seeing it decked out in colours, you can assume that astral spirits are behind those colours. Just as you let the colours of your aura become apparent to the clairvoyant, so does the tapestry of colour in the world reflect the cosmic aura. All colour in this world is aura turned inside out. If you were able to turn your aura the way you do a coat, the other side your aura would also become physically visible to you. This applies to the sense of sight, and you can see from this that the sense of sight is closely bound up with the astral world.

Taking the sense of feeling, the sense of temperature, this in turn has a universal relationship to the lower parts of the astral world. While the sense of sight relates more to the upper parts of the astral world, the sense of feeling or temperature has the same kind of relationship to the lower parts of the astral world, more to the region where the astral world begins its transition to the ether world. The sense of hearing is directly related to the physical world, and the things you perceive as sense of hearing are oscillations in the physical air.

This is something I would ask you to consider in a most subtle way, in the right way. If you want to see something, an astral spirit must be behind the colour you see. There must also be an astral spirit behind the heat or cold you feel. If you want to hear something, you have fully arrived in the physical world, since the sense of hearing is the most perfect of the senses and you can hear a physical entity. It is thus only in the word that the world of the spirit has rightly descended as far as the physical world.

Starting from the top therefore [on the board], we are able to say that the phenomena of the sense of heating are entirely on the physical plane, those of heat are already somewhat higher up, those of the sense of sight are on the astral plane, and the phenomena we perceive through the least perfect of the senses belong to the higher parts of the spiritual world. Whatever extends down into the physical world is simply the least perfect. Anything the sense of smell is able to perceive, anything it brings down into the physical world, is most incomplete. Where this goes its own way, it separates out from the great scheme of things, from evolution. The phenomena revealed in the sense of smell should only arise in intimate connection with the most sublime worlds today.

Let us then take the spirits which at one time, just when the sense of smell had started to evolve on earth, separated out from evolution and became independent. These are spirits that make themselves known mainly through the sense of smell. And so it is rather nice that legend speaks of fallen angels making themselves known in a most unpleasant way through the sense of smell. Having left the stream of evolution, they have become perceptible to the sense of smell.

If we therefore ask ourselves what really lies outside the skin which encloses the human sense organs, we have to say to ourselves that there we do indeed have the different higher planes and their spirits.

Research at the physical level is in most beautiful agreement here. Just think of how an eye develops. Initially it starts from the outside. A small depression develops in the skin of the creature developing an eye. This gradually deepens,

devellopment of eye
Fig. 6

and after a time it looks like this. This then fills up with a kind of fluid and finally closes up.

closing up of eye
Fig. 7

And so the eye is indeed pushing in from the outside. The human organs do not develop from the inside but push in from the outside. It is the same for all human and animal organs. The technical term for it is ‘invagination’ or ‘inversion’. In vertebrate animals, a channel first developed, and the spinal marrow integrated itself into this from the outside. That is also how the senses integrate themselves from the outside.

What makes the eye push in like that? This is the work of the spirits that are active in the light. It is the spirits active in the ray of light which create the eye from the organism, spirits that are behind the outer appearance of things, astrally, of which we have said that we would be able to see them if we could turn our conscious mind inside out. They have pushed the eye into the physical organism. The eye is thus created by spirits of light. The other organs are created in the same way by other spirits from the different worlds. When you feel yourself to be inside your skin, you can feel yourself to be in the condition where spirits have worked on your body from different sides. When man arrived on Saturn in his very first evolution, only the most sublime spirits were able to work on his organ of hearing. He was taught to hear by higher and then also by lower spirits until on earth, too, the spirits embodied in the outside air began to share in the work on his organ of hearing. Man hears air in motion with his organ of hearing; that is where sound lies.

If we really take this into our hearts and minds, we shall begin to understand in a very deep sense why air played such a special role in the Genesis story, why it had to be breathed into man, so that it might play this role also with regard to his organ of hearing. ‘The creator breathed the living breath in man, and he became a living soul.’56Genesis 2 Man himself is at his highest level created by the word, by sound. This also shows the relationship human beings have to their whole environment through the senses.

Looking at the sense of sight you can say that the spirits which live on the astral plane have worked on the sense of sight. They live in the ray of light. The ray of light has a physical and an astral part. Now imagine it falling on something. It contains the external physical light and also the astral spirits which live in the ray of light. Now make yourself stand in such a way that you stop the ray of light, letting the sun shine on your back. You will stop the physical light but not the astral spirits. An astral spirit will then be in front of you, in your shadow. An astral spirit lives in he shadow which you cast before you. This astral spirit living in your shadow is no more and no less than an image. An image of what? Of the body. And what lives in it takes its form from the soul. This is one of the methods by which one can gradually see one’s own soul. Primitive peoples were not entirely wrong when they said that the soul lived in a person’s shadow. You will find this in countless legends—the soul goes with the shadow. The soul first shows itself to astral vision in the shadow, in its form.

You’ll now also understand the deep significance of Chamisso’s Peter Schlemihl, the man who lost his shadow.57Chamisso, Adalbert von (1781–1831). German poet, writer and biologist. Peter Schlemihl published in 1813. Read Chamisso’s short story with this thought about the shadow in mind and you will realize that much, much deeper meanings lie behind many such stories.58Changes in the German text compared to the 1974 edition are the result of making comparison with another set of notes.

You will in fact realize more and more that someone who does not know of these things is going about more or less like a blind Person. Someone who knows nothing of the worlds of spirit does not have the slightest notion of what he is taking along with him in his shadow. All the subtle things that surround us will be opened up again to people through the science of the spirit. The world is very puzzling for someone who wants to respond to it inwardly. When people become aware of the riddles that face them, they will no longer consider the spiritual scientific view to be something superfluous, something dreamt up by people with vivid imaginations, but realize that the reality which exists all around us only opens up for us through the science of the spirit. We should never tire of studying everything around us. Many spirits have had a hand in the complex structure we call the human being. This is also why the structure has so many different levels of perfection. The physical ear only gained the right to hear at the physical level once it had gone through many stages. A chela59Chela (Sanskrit), adept or disciple in the spirit. who under the guidance of his master goes early to the Venus stage, will also be able to perceive other people on the physical plane in light activity; for then light activity will also extend down to the physical plane.

The process of evolution is quite regular. Just as the sense of hearing has descended to the physical plane, so will the sense of sight descend to the physical plane permitting genuine clairvoyance. The logic of this is quite apparent. Someone who is prepared to think can already see the sense of it, and no one can refute it by mere thinking. That is how it is with all things in the science of the spirit. Only people who do not want to think will fight the science of the spirit, or people wanting to apply their thinking activity only to the things they are used to thinking. Of course someone may come and say: I don’t want to go on a train, but this does not mean we can deny the existence of the railways. So there may also be people who say: There’s nothing in this business of higher worlds. But that does not mean we can deny the existence of the higher worlds. They do exist.

We have spoken of the human sense organs and tried to throw some light on the surrounding world. We have found that the sense organs exist only because other spirits create them. In the same way we could have spoken of the inner spirit that bases itself on the surrounding world. It is not possible to understand these things with a science of the physical world. There it may well be possible to show the structural differences between eye and ear, but not the difference in age between eye and ear. This needs occult science, where it is possible to see behind the surface. We could also have shown that the liver is much younger than the spleen. In that case we would have found that the spleen existed when the ether body joined forces with the physical body, whilst the liver only came with the astral body, with human passions. This is most beautifully shown in the story of Prometheus. The eagle that pecked at the liver of Prometheus who had been chained to a mountain peak is deeply significant.

You might thus consider the great truths to be found in legends in a new way. Ancient legends and myths hold profound wisdom. The myths did not arise from the poetic fantasy of the people, that is an academic superstition. Academics are the most superstitious people in the world. People who believe in ghosts are not as superstitious as are our academics. It is superstition to say that there is a popular fantasy that creates blindly. In reality the great myths come from initiates who knew the things which are now being made accessible again to humanity in the great theosophical truths.

In earlier times, societies where theosophy was taught existed in the part of the world where we are now. Some would go out and tell the things they had heard in their circles to the people, presenting them in myths. Myths thus hold spiritual truths, and anyone who tries can discover these again in the myths. Only lesser myths do not go back to the great initiates. Genuine myths come from them, they are their creation. If you remember this, you’ll see that the myths of different peoples are miraculous writing. Learn to read the myths and look deeply into the souls of peoples that have gone before, peoples that created from inside, as it were. Turn the myths inside out, as we turned the astral plane inside out earlier, and you have modern science, in concept.

In modern science you find the same truths, the evolutional truths to be found in the myths. Hence the strange agreement between the idea of evolution, understood at a deeper level, and the very earliest teaching given to humanity. The elements of mythology are seen from inside, modern science sees them from the outside; but they are the same elements. This brings to mind the remarkable fact that truths found in the earliest religious beliefs come up again in scientific facts that are rightly understood. It need not surprise us to hear that modern science is mythology transformed. It therefore has to be the same in structure as something that existed before.

We have been considering the way the senses relate to the world around us.

Tomorrow at 2 p.m. we'll talk about theosophical matters that do not come from so far away but nevertheless play a role in everyday life.

Die Beziehung der Menschlichen Sinne zur Aussenwelt

Wenn wir am Vorabend unserer Generalversammlung zusammengekommen sind, dürfte es - auch im Hinblick auf die nächsten Tage, die hoffentlich recht anregend verlaufen werden — ganz angemessen erscheinen, unser Zusammensein schon heute mit einem Vortrag für unsere auswärtigen Gäste und damit natürlich auch für die Berliner Mitglieder zu eröffnen. Dabei darf ein solcher Vortrag, der außerhalb des Programms als freie Gabe eingefügt wird, auch etwas geben, was sich dem normalen Verlauf der theosophischen Vorträge weniger gut einreihen würde; etwas für den fortgeschrittenen Theosophen und zugleich für denjenigen, der am Anfang steht. Der letztgenannte muß allerdings versuchen, sich erst zu den Dingen, um die es sich handelt, hinaufzuranken. Nur wenn er sich ernster und intensiver darauf einläßt, wird er ganz mitkommen können. Anderseits sollte auch für diejenigen etwas geboten werden, welche von den aus den höheren Welten uns zugänglichen Partien etwas hören wollen.

Als Thema werden wir die Beziehung der menschlichen Sinne zur Außenwelt, zu dem, was uns geistig und physisch in der Welt umgibt, behandeln. Dabei kommen wir auf etwas zu sprechen, was auch in unseren Kreisen noch viel zu wenig gewürdigt wird, die Frage nämlich, wie wir uns eigentlich das Verhältnis der vier Glieder der menschlichen Wesenheit vorzustellen haben.

Zu den allerersten Mitteilungen der Geisteswissenschaft gehört es, daß der Mensch aus dem physischen Leib, einem Ätherleib, einem Astralleib besteht sowie aus einem Leib, den wir in unseren Betrachtungen immer den Ich-Leib genannt haben. In dem Ich-Leib finden sich die Keime zu einer noch höheren Entwickelung des Menschen eingegliedert. Das alles wird dem 'Theosophen durch elementare Werke und durch das, was er in den ersten Vorträgen allmählich hört, mitgeteilt. Häufig wird aber gesagt, von diesen vier Bestandteilen der Menschennatur sei zunächst der Ich-Leib der höchste, der Astralleib sei weniger hoch, der Ätherleib noch weniger hoch, und der physische Leib sei der tiefststehende.

Atma
Budhi
Manas
-----
Kama-Manas
Astralleib
Ätherleib
Physischer Leib

Wie diese Dinge zueinander stehen, kann jeder in meiner «Theosophie» nachlesen. Uns interessieren die unteren vier Bestandteile, die man das pythagoreische Viereck nennt. Was man mit Ich oder Kama-Manas bezeichnet, gilt vielfach als höchstes Wesensglied, der Astralleib, der Ätherleib und der physische Leib als die niederen Wesensglieder. Diese Betrachtungsweise ist indessen sehr einseitig und es ist oftmals von mir betont worden, daß dies nicht richtig ist. In seiner Art ist der physische Leib das Vollkommenste, und er ist auch das Älteste, was der Mensch hat. Betrachten Sie diesen physischen Leib in allen seinen Teilen, studieren Sie ihn mit den Mitteln der Wissenschaft! Sie brauchen nur einmal gründlich darüber nachzudenken, und Sie werden sich sagen müssen: Dieser physische Leib ist in allen seinen Teilen wunderbar weisheitsvoll aufgebaut, das Weisheitsvollste, was überhaupt in der Welt bekannt ist. Es gibt nichts in dieser Welt, soweit sie mit physischen Mitteln erforscht werden kann, was vollkommener wäre als der physische Leib des Menschen. Ob Sie einen ganzen Sternenkosmos betrachten, oder sich in ein noch so kunstvoll zusammengefügtes menschliches mechanisches Kunstwerk vertiefen, etwas Vollkommenetes als den physischen Leib werden Sie nicht entdecken. Wenn Sie das menschliche Herz mit den Aufgaben, die ihm zugewiesen sind, als einen reinen physischen Apparat studieren oder auch nur ein Stück Knochen mit all den wunderbaren Balken, werden Sie es bestätigt finden. Nehmen Sie nur ein Stück Oberschenkelknochen. Der hat Balken, die so und so gehen:

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Der gescheiteste Ingenieur könnte kein Gerüst herstellen, das so vollkommen wäre wie dieses, das vom Kosmos aufgebaut ist, um den menschlichen Oberkörper zu tragen. So ist es auch mit dem menschlichen Gehirn und so mit all den Organen, die zum physischen Leib des Menschen gehören. Wenn Sie die ganze Natur studieren, nichts gibt es, was an Vollkommenheit diesem physischen Leibe gleicht.

Warum ist dieser physische Leib so vollkommen? Der Mensch ist nicht gleich so gewesen, wie er heute ist. Er ist so geworden, er hat eine lange Entwickelung durchgemacht. Was heute als Mensch vor Ihnen steht, was also aus diesen vier Gliedern besteht, hat nicht nur eine lange Entwickelung auf diesem äußeren Erdenplaneten hinter sich. Dieser ging ein anderer Planet, welcher der Vorgänger unserer Erde war, voran. Das war der alte Mond. Diesem ging die alte Sonne voran, und der Sonne der alte Saturn. Stellen Sie sich das so vor, wie der Mensch durch seine Verkörperungen hindurchgeht. Auch die Erde ist durch ähnliche Zustände hindurchgegangen. Vier solcher Zustände können wir verfolgen. Da schauen wir auf unermeßlich lange Zeiten zurück, auf Zeiträume, von denen sich ein Erdenmensch gar keine Vorstellung machen kann. Aber überall war schon etwas von ciesem physischen Leib des Menschen vorhanden. Auf dem uralten Saturn gab es schon die erste Anlage zum physischen Leib. Damals war noch nichts von dem gegenwärtigen Ätherleib, noch nichts von dem Astralleib, geschweige denn von dem Ich des Menschen vorhanden. Daraus geht hervor, daß dieser physische Leib vier Stadien durchgemacht hat. Einmal trat er als einfacher physischer Leib, gleichsam wie ein Grundgerüst, auf dem uralten Planeten Saturn heraus. Dann ging er durch eine Verwandlung hindurch und trat in einen Dämmerzustand, in ein Pralaya ein. Dann trat dieser physische Leib auf der alten Sonne, die etwas ganz anderes als die heutige Sonne ist, wieder hervor, aber auf einer höheren Stufe. Jetzt erst kam der Ätherleib hinzu. Der Ätherleib ist also wesentlich jünger als der physische Leib. Unter dem Einfluß dessen, was vom physischen Leib schon da war, was also jetzt auf einer zweiten Stufe der Vollkommenheit herauskam, entwickelte sich nunmehr der junge Ätherleib. Damals, als auf der Sonne der physische und der Ätherleib zusammen vorhanden waren, war noch nichts vom Astralleib da. Dieser kam erst in der dritten Inkarnation der Erde, auf dem alten Monde, dazu. Da machte der physische Leib des Menschen also seine dritte Stufe der Vollkommenheit durch, der Ätherleib erst seine zweite Stufe. Auf dem Mond sitzt der physische Leib gleichsam in der dritten Klasse, der Ätherleib in der zweiten Klasse, der Astralleib in der ersten Klasse. Das Ich kommt erst auf der Erde hinzu und hat noch gar nichts durchgemacht. Der physische Leib ist, wenn er auf der Erde erscheint, schon zum vierten Mal da. Wenn drei weitere Planeten absolviert sein werden, dann wird der Ich-Leib des Menschen so weit sein, wie heute der physische Leib ist. Wenn zwei weitere Planeten absolviert sein werden, wird der Astralleib auf der gleichen Vollkommenheitsstufe stehen wie der heutige physische Leib. Und wenn ein weiterer Planet absolviert sein wird, dann wird der Ätherleib den gleichen Vollkommenheitsgrad erlangt haben, den der physische Leib heute besitzt.

Man kann sich auch durch ganz triviales Nachdenken davon überzeugen, daß der Astralleib viel unvollkommener ist als der physische Leib. Der physische Leib in seiner Weisheit würde niemals so grobe Fehler begehen wie der Astralleib. Denken Sie sich nur, was die im Astralleib lebenden Triebe, Begierden und Leidenschaften treiben, was für Gelüste sie entwickeln. Das Herz muß sich jahrzehntelang gesund erhalten, trotzdem der Astralleib Genüsse hat, die das Herz benachteiligen. Das ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn wir Kaffee oder Tee trinken und so weiter. Das Herz will diese Genüsse nicht haben, wohl aber der Astralleib. Der Astralleib tut das, was dem physischen Leib auf seiner Stufe widerstrebt. Auf dem Planeten, den wir Venus nennen, wird der Astralleib so weit sein, daß er sich so weisheitsvoll betragen witd wie der physische Leib, wenn er nicht gestört wird.

Wir müssen also den physischen Leib als das am sorgfältigsten ausgearbeitete und am vollkommensten aufgebaute Glied des menschlichen Wesens betrachten. Jedesmal, wenn der physische Leib eine planetarische Stufe passiert hat, hat er auch immer etwas gelernt und ist immer vollkommener geworden. Wenn Sie sich den physischen Menschen anschauen, sehen Sie, daß er aus verschiedenen Organen besteht. Darüber denken die Menschen aber nicht viel nach, wie diese Organe zustande gekommen sind. Die Anatomie, die Wissenschaft beschreibt den Menschen so, daß er aus diesen oder jenen Organen besteht, daß er eine Leber, ein Herz hat, eine Nase zum Riechen, die Ohren zum Hören, die Augen zum Sehen. Und die Wissenschaft beschreibt diese Organe auch im einzelnen. Aber sie tut dabei etwas ganz Besonderes, das sich nur mit dem Folgenden vergleichen läßt.

Denken Sie einmal, man würde einen alten Tisch und einen neuen Tisch nebeneinanderstellen und man würde die beiden Tische ganz trivial beschreiben. Vier Füße hat der eine, eine Platte hat der eine, so gefärbt ist der eine — vier Füße hat auch der andere, eine Platte hat der andere, so gefärbt ist der andere und so weiter. Die Beschreibungen können ganz richtig sein, und dennoch - worauf es ankommt, darauf geht man in dieser Beschreibung nicht einmal ein: nämlich daß der eine ein alter und der andere ein neuer Tisch ist. So können Sie auch die Augen und die Ohren beschreiben. Sie können schildern, wie sie heute ausschauen. Sie können die äußere Ohrmuschel beschreiben, den Gehörgang bis zum Hörnerven und so fort. In derselben Weise können Sie das menschliche Auge beschreiben. Es wird sich beides sehr schön ausnehmen, und es könnte so erscheinen, als ob diese Beschreibungen gleichwertig wären. Sie sind es im höchsten okkulten Sinne nicht. Sie sind aus dem Grunde nicht gleichwertig, weil diese zwei Organe - Augen und Ohren - ganz verschiedene Entstehungszeiten haben.

Würden Sie bis zum alten Saturn zurückgehen und da jene allererste Anlage des physischen Menschenleibes untersuchen, wo noch nicht von dem späteren Ätherleib, Astralleib und Ich die Rede sein kann, würden Sie jenen eigentümlichen physischen Leib, wie er in jenen uralten Zeiten war, untersuchen, dann würden Sie vergeblich nach den allerersten Anlagen der Augen suchen. Sie würden sie nicht finden können, denn sie waren dazumal noch nicht in der ersten Anlage vorhanden. Dagegen würden Sie im Saturnleibe bereits die Anlagen zum menschlichen Ohr finden. Da haben Sie diesen Altersunterschied, der Ihnen begreiflich sein wird, wenn Sie sich überlegen, daß der physische Leib eben so viele Stufen durchgemacht hat, wie es planetarische Verkörperungen gegeben hat. Auf der ersten Stufe ist er soweit gekommen, daß er die Ohren ihrer Anlage nach vollständig ausbildete. Sie waren sogar eigentlich schon vorgebildet, als der Mensch aus ganz anderen Welten zum Saturn herüberkam. Mit der Anlage zum Hören ist der Mensch schon in diese Evolutionskette eingetreten. Er hat dann auf diesem ersten Planeten die Anlage zu dem, was man den Wärmesinn nennen könnte, hinzugefügt, man kann auch sagen, zum Wärmegefühl. Man spricht im allgemeinen von einem Hautsinn. Da ist aber zweierlei genau zu unterscheiden. Zuerst ist er Tastsinn, der Hartes und Weiches wahrnimmt; dann ist er aber auch Wärmesinn, der Wärme und Kälte wahrnimmt. Von diesem Wärmesinn sprechen wir jetzt. Es ergibt sich also folgende Stufenfolge. Zuerst haben wir das Gehör und dann das Gefühl, den Wärmesinn. Dieser Wärmesinn wurde auf der Planeteninkarnation der Erde ausgebildet, die wir Saturn nennen. Ein solcher Sinn wird natürlich auf den verschiedenen Stufen der Evolution umgestaltet. Wenn er das erste Mal auftritt, ist er etwas ganz anderes, als das, wozu er sich später umgestaltet. Jener uralte Gehörsinn, mit dem der Mensch in die planetarische Entwickelung eingetreten ist, war ein ganz eigentümlicher Gehörsinn. Man könnte ihn am besten charakterisieren, wenn man sagen würde: Dieser physische Menschenleib war im Grunde genommen nur ein großes Ohr. Ganz Ohr war damals der Mensch, als er seine planetarische Entwickelung begann. Der Mensch unterschied sich als physischer Leib kaum von seiner übrigen Umgebung. Er tönte, und es tönte alles mit. In seinem ganzen Leibe vernahm er, was als die Töne der Welt draußen lebte. Wie eine Saite mitschwingt, wenn eine andere angeschlagen wird, so war für jeden Ton, der in der Welt erklang, eine verwandte Schwingung im menschlichen physischen Leib. Es klang alles mit.

Und nun besteht die Fortentwickelung der Sinne darin, daß sie sich spezialisieren. Während der Mensch zuerst ganz Ohr war, trat jetzt zu ihm der Wärmesinn hinzu. Da differenzierte sich, was früher einheitlich war, in zwei Gebilde. Das drückte sich auch körperlich aus. Bestimmte Organe traten auf, die nur das Gehör, und andere, die nur die Wahrnehmung der Wärme vermitteln. So verändert sich mit jedem neuen Auftreten des physischen Leibes der ganze Mensch. Seine Sinne spezialisieren sich, und er wird immer mehr aus einem einfachen ein ungeheuer kompliziertes Wesen. Mit der Anlage zum Gehör trat der Mensch also in die Saturnentwickelung ein. Auf dem Saturn legte er sich den Wärmesinn zu. In der auf den Saturn folgenden Sonnenentwickelung erwarb der Mensch den Gesichtssinn. Die Anlage zum Gesichtssinn während der Sonnenzeit ist also die dritte Etappe, mit der sich die anderen Sinne in der entsprechenden Weise umgestalten, so daß der Mensch auf der Sonne ein hörendes, fühlendes und eine Art schendes Wesen ist.

Nun verfolgen wir die Evolution weiter und kommen zum Mond. Die Sonne ist zuvor wieder in ein Pralaya eingetreten. Sie geht dann neuerdings als Mond auf. Auf dem Monde entwickelt sich zu den drei übrigen Sinnen, die der Mensch hat, noch der Geschmackssinn hinzu. Jetzt hat der Mensch von den gegenwärtigen Sinnen vier entwickelt. Dabei spezialisieren sich die anderen, das heißt, sie verteilen sich auf die einzelnen Organe. Sie können es förmlich verfolgen, wie sich dieser physische Leib als Organ für die Außenwelt erschließt. Dabei hatte sich das sympathische Nervensystem bereits auf der Sonne ausgebildet. Während des Lebens auf dem alten Monde geht die Entwickelung der anderen Organe ebenfalls stufenweise weiter, doch wollen wir uns auf die Sinne beschränken. Auf dem Mond kommt also der Geschmackssinn dazu, und auf der Erde der jüngste der Sinne, der Geruchssinn. Wenn Sie heute die Sinne studieren, so können Sie sich sagen, der Geruchssinn ist der jüngste Sinn, der sich am Menschen zuletzt gebildet hat. Der Geschmackssinn war schon in der Mondenentwickelung da und ist einmal umgebaut worden. Jede Umbildung ist eine Vervollkommnung. Der Geruchssinn ist der unvollkommenste. Der Geschmackssinn hat schon einmal seine Fehler korrigiert. Der Gesichtssinn hat seine Fehler schon zweimal, der Wärmesinn schon dreimal korrigiert. Der Gehötsinn ist aber der vollkommenste, weil er bereits vier Umbildungsformen hinter sich hat und die fünfte auf der Erde erfuhr.

So müssen Sie diesen Menschenleib als ein sehr kompliziertes Wesen auffassen und sich klar sein, daß vieles notwendig war, um nach und nach den physischen Leib des Menschen aufzubauen. Man muß das relative Alter der verschiedenen Teile dieses Leibes kennen, wenn man sich ein Urteil darüber bilden will. Und so stehen die Sinne, auch in bezug auf ihren Vollkommenheitsgrad, wiederum in verschiedenen Verhältnissen zu anderen Wesenheiten. Ein Sinnesorgan, das vollkommener ist, das sich öfter umgebildet hat, steht in Beziehung zu ganz anderen Welten als ein solches Sinnesorgan, das nur wenige Umbildungen erfahren hat.

Bleiben wir also zunächst beim Gehörsinn stehen. Dieser Sinn ist durch eine ganze Reihe von Stufen hindurchgegangen. Er war auf dem Saturn bereits als Anlage vorhanden, als der Mensch in seine Evolution eintrat. Was geschah also? Die physische Saturnentwickelung führte den Gehötsinn ein Stück weiter und fügte dazu die erste Anlage zum Wärmesinn. Nun kam die Sonnenentwickelung, zum physischen Leib kam der Ätherleib. Damit war ein neues Glied der menschlichen Natur eingefügt, und das arbeitete mit an der Umgestaltung der Sinne. Vom Mond an arbeitet der Astralleib mit, und von der Erdenentwickelung an arbeitet der Ich-Leib mit. Aber durch diesen ganzen Zusammenhang ist noch etwas anderes bedingt. Weil der Geruchssinn erst auf der Erde in die Reihe der Sinne eingetreten ist, hat das Ich auf den Geruchssinn noch keinen Einfluß. Er steckt noch ganz in der bloß physischen Entwickelung darin. Erst auf den Geschmackssinn hat der Ätherleib des Menschen einen Einfluß. Auf den Gesichtssinn hat der Astralleib des Menschen einen Einfluß, auf den Wärme-, den Gefühlssinn der Ich-Leib. Und was sich als erster Ansatz von Manas im Menschen ausgebildet hat, als erste Anlage zu diesem höheren geistigen Selbst, hat einen Einfluß auf den Gehörsinn. Tatsächlich hat also dasjenige, was zur höheren Natur des Menschen gehört, heute erst auf den Gehörsinn Einfluß. Von alledem was sich die niederen vier Sinne erobern, wird der ewigen Seele noch nichts einverleibt. Erst was in Worten ausdrückbar ist, was der Mensch in Worte kleiden kann — das Wort braucht lediglich gedacht zu sein, und es wird doch innerlich gehört -, zählt zum ewigen, unvergänglichen Teil des Menschen. Alle Gedanken, die in Worte kleidbar sind, die Gefühle, die so deutlich im Menschen leben, daß sie sich durch Worte aussprechen könnten, alle die Impulse, die der Mensch wirklich bezeichnen kann, die nicht als dunkle Triebe in ihm leben, sondern so klar sind, daß sie in Worte umsetzbar sind, alles das gehört dem ewigen Teil des Menschen an. Das Wort ist daher etwas, was zur ewigen Grundlage des Menschen gehört. Wenn man also überhaupt anfängt, vom Ewigen zu sprechen, muß man im wörtlichsten Sinne vom Worte reden. Damals, als die Erde in ihre Evolution eintrat, als die Erdenevolution auf dem Saturn anfing, war diese erste Anlage zum Worte da. Nur auf der Erde ist diese Anlage herausgekommen. Ganz wörtlich ist der Satz zu nehmen: «Im Anfang war das Wort.» Solche Evangelienstellen sind nicht nur sinnbildlich zu verstehen, sondern ihr Sinn muß so herausgearbeitet werden, daß sie wörtlich verstanden werden können. Auch von dem, was im Menschen ewig ist, ist das Wort der Anfang. Daher ist auch das Wort, das hörbare Wort, das erste vom Menschen, was beim zukünftigen Weltaufbau brauchbar ist. Alles, was die übrigen Sinne produzieren, ist für die Evolution, welche die Erde noch durchmachen soll, gar nicht brauchbar.

Sagen und Mythen enthalten oft die tiefsten Weisheiten. Oder weiß die Sage etwa nicht, daß das, was durch den Geruchssinn produziert wird, für die Erdenevolution zunächst nicht brauchbar ist? Daß erst, wenn weitere Planetenentwickelungen durchschritten sein werden, das, was im Geruchssinn enthalten ist, brauchbar sein wird? Deshalb ist der Vater aller Hindernisse derjenige, welcher einen unangenehmen Gestank zurückläßt: Der Teufel ist nachträglich durch einen unangenehmen Geruch wahrnehmbar, den er zurückläßt. So finden sich in der Sagenwelt die tiefsten Weisheiten, nur muß man verstehen, sie im höchsten Sinne wörtlich zu nehmen.

Die Betrachtung über die Sinne und ihren Zusammenhang mit der Welt kann uns noch weiter führen. Heben wir einen dieser Sinne heraus, nehmen wir den Gesichtssinn. Er ist der mittlere der Sinne. Nun folgen Sie mir einmal in etwas recht Subtiles hinein. Sie wissen, daß der Astralleib, in dem die inneren Triebe, Begierden und Leidenschaften des Menschen leben, für den Hellseher als Lichtleib sichtbar wird. In diesem Lichtleib erscheinen die mannigfaltigsten Figuren und Farben. Jede Leidenschaft, jeder Trieb hat eine bestimmte Farbe. Das alles, sogar die Grundstimmung prägt sich in diesem Lichtleib aus. Wenn Sie bei einem Menschen, der sehr nervös ist, den Lichtleib ansehen, so haben Sie denselben ganz geschwängert mit aufglitzernden und leuchtenden Punkten. Das alles glänzt auf und verschwindet und spielt in den verschiedensten Farben.

Wenn ein furchtbarer Affekt vorliegt, so finden Sie solche Strahlen:

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Ein Mensch, der einen verhaltenen Groll GV hat, hat in sich Figuren wie Schlangen.

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Es ist das aber schwer zu zeichnen, da es wie etwa der Blitz fortwährend in Bewegung ist. Innerlich ist also Zorn oder Groll oder Nervosität da, wenn die Seele innerlich zappelt. Was der Mensch da innerlich erlebt, ist sein Seelenzustand. Äußerlich wird dieser Seelenzustand für den Hellsehenden als Lichterscheinung sichtbar.

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Das physische Auge erblickt um sich herum Lichter, Farben. Wie der Hellseher die Aura am astralischen Leib rot, blau, gelb und grün wahrnimmt, so sieht das physische Auge um sich herum Rot, Blau, Gelb und Grün. In beiden Fällen ist die Ursache genau die gleiche. Wie hinter dem Rot im Astralleib eine Begierde lebt, so steckt hinter dem Rot der Blume eine Begierde als das «Ding an sich». Eine in der Blume waltende Begierde ist das Rot in der Blume. Was der Gesichtssinn tut, wenn er diesen Punkt überschreitet, ist nicht anders, als wenn Sie einen Rock umkehren, ihn auf die andere Seite wenden. Während in der Aura sich des Menschen astrale Natur ausprägt, lebt hinter der ganzen Farben- und Lichtwelt, hinter der Welt des Gesichtssinnes, die äußere astrale Natur. Niemals gäbe es in der Welt Farben, wenn nicht die Dinge ganz und gar durchdrungen wären von astralen Wesenheiten. Was in der Welt als Farben erscheint, rührt von den Astralwesen her, die sich äußerlich durch die Farbe kundtun. Durch die Umwendung des Inneren nach außen geht die Wesenheit von dem höheren auf den niederen Plan herunter. Sie können das Folgende durch Meditation erreichen: Wenn Sie eine grüne Fläche, etwa ein Laubblatt, vor sich haben und jetzt aus sich herausgehen, um die Sache von der anderen Seite anzuschauen, dann würden Sie die astrale Wesenheit sehen, die hinter der grünen Farbe ist und die sich durch die grüne Farbe anzeigt. So müssen Sie sich vorstellen: Indem Sie in die Welt hinausschauen und diese Welt mit Farben überdeckt sehen, haben Sie hinter diesen Farben die astralischen Wesenheiten zu vermuten. Wie Sie aus Ihrem Inneren die Farben Ihrer Aura für den Hellseher erscheinen lassen, so ist die Farbendecke der Welt der Ausdruck für die kosmische Aura. Alles Farbige in der Welt ist eine umgewandte Aura. Könnten Sie Ihre Aura umwenden wie einen Rock, so würden Sie Ihre Aura auf der umgekehrten Seite ebenfalls physisch sichtbar sehen. Das gilt für den Gesichtssinn, und damit sehen Sie, daß der Gesichtssinn in inniger Beziehung zur astralischen Welt steht.

Wenn Sie den Gefühlssinn, den Wärmesinn nehmen, so steht dieser wiederum in einer universellen Beziehung zu den unteren Partien der Astralwelt. Während der Gesichtssinn sich mehr in Relation zu den höheren Partien der Astralwelt befindet, steht der Gefühls- oder Wärmesinn wiederum in einer ebensolchen Beziehung zu den unteren Partien der Astralwelt, mehr mit dem Gebiete, in dem die astrale Welt schon in die Ätherwelt übergeht. Der Gehörtsinn steht in unmittelbarer Beziehung zur physischen Welt, und das, was Sie als Gehörsinn wahrnehmen, sind Schwingungen der physischen Luft.

Das ist nun etwas, was ich Sie bitte, nur in der subtilsten Weise und richtig aufzufassen. Wollen Sie etwas sehen, so muß hinter der Farbe, die Sie erblicken, ein Astralwesen stehen. Auch hinter der Wärme, die Sie fühlen, muß ein Astralwesen stehen. Wollen Sie etwas hören, so sind Sie — weil der Gehörsinn der vollkommenste Sinn ist — vollständig in die physische Welt gekommen, und Sie können ein physisches Wesen hören. Erst im Worte ist die geistige Welt richtig heruntergestiegen bis zur physischen Welt. Wenn wir von oben anfangen, können wir daher sagen: Die Erscheinungen des Gehörsinnes liegen ganz auf dem physischen Plan, die der Wärme steigen schon höher, die des Gesichtssinnes sind auf dem astralen Plan, und die Erscheinungen, die wir durch die unvollkommensten Sinne wahrnehmen, gehören den höheren Partien der geistigen Welt an. Und das, was bis in die physische Welt herunterlangt, ist nur das Unvollkommenste. So ist dasjenige, was der Geruchssinn erfassen kann, was er herunterbringt in die physische Welt, das Unvollkommenste. Macht sich das selbständig, dann sondert es sich aus dem Weltengang, aus der Evolution heraus. Was sich im Geruchssinn kundtut, dürfte heute nur im innigen Zusammenhang mit den höchsten Welten auftreten. — Nehmen wir also diejenigen Wesenheiten, die sich einmal - gerade als auf der Erde der Geruchssinn angefangen hatte sich zu entwickeln aus der Evolution herausgegliedert und sich selbständig gemacht haben. Das sind Wesen, die sich vorzugsweise durch den Geruchssinn bemerkbar machen. Daher ist es ein schöner Zug der Sage, daß die abgefallenen Engel für den Geruchssinn in unangenehmer Weise wahrnehmbar sind. Weil sie abgespalten sind in der Evolution, sind sie für den Geruchssinn wahrnehmbar.

Wenn man sich also fragt, was eigentlich jenseits der Haut liegt, welche die menschlichen Sinnesorgane einschließt, so muß man sich sagen: Da liegen tatsächlich die verschiedenen höheren Plane und deren Wesenheiten.

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Nun stellt sich mit all diesem die physische Forschung in einen wunderbaren Einklang. Bedenken Sie nur, wie ein Auge entsteht! Das Auge bildet sich ursprünglich von außen her. In der Haut des Wesens, das ein Auge bekommt, entsteht zunächst eine kleine Einsenkung. Es findet dann eine Vertiefung dieser Einsenkung statt,

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so daß es nach einiger Zeit so aussieht. Das füllt sich dann mit einer Art Flüssigkeit und schließt sich endlich zu. So schiebt sich dasAuge tatsächlich von außen hinein. Die menschlichen Organe bilden sich nicht von innen heraus, sondern schieben sich von außen hinein. So ist es bei allen menschlichen und tierischen Organen. Einstülpen ist der Fachausdruck. Bei den Tieren, welche ein Rückenmark haben, hat sich ursprünglich eine Rinne gebildet, und in diese Rinne gliederte sich das Rückenmark von außen hinein. So gliedern sich auch die Sinne von außen hinein.

Was bewirkt es nun, daß das Auge sich so hineinstülpt? Das ist die Arbeit der im Lichte wirkenden Wesenheiten. Die im Lichtstrahl wirkenden Wesenheiten sind es, die das Auge aus dem Organismus heraus bilden, also jene Wesenheiten, die astral hinter der äußeren Erscheinung stehen und von denen wir gesagt haben, daß wir sie sehen würden, wenn wir unser Bewußtsein umwenden könnten. Sie sind es, welche das Auge in den physischen Organismus hineingebohrt haben. So ist das Auge von Lichtwesen gebildet. Ebenso sind die anderen Organe von Wesenheiten der verschiedenen Welten gebildet. Indem Sie sich in Ihrer Haut fühlen, können Sie sich so fühlen, wie wenn die Wesen von den verschiedenen Seiten an Ihrem Leibe mitgearbeitet hätten. Als der Mensch in seiner allerersten Entwickelung auf dem Saturn angelangt war, konnten an seinem Gehörorgan nur höchste Wesenheiten arbeiten. Das Hören haben ihn höhere und auch niedrige Wesenheiten gelehrt, bis auf der Erde auch die Wesenheiten, die in der äußeren Luft verkörpert sind, begannen, an seinem Gehörorgan mitzuarbeiten. Mit dem Gehörorgan hört der Mensch die bewegte Luft; das ist dasjenige, worin der Ton liegt.

Wenn wir uns das so recht in die Seele prägen, wird uns in einer ganz tiefen Weise klar werden, warum die Luft in der Schöpfungsgeschichte eine so besondere Rolle spielt, warum sie dem Menschen erst eingeblasen werden mußte, damit sie diese Rolle auch in bezug auf sein Gehörorgan spielen konnte: «Der Schöpfer blies dem Menschen den lebendigen Odem ein, und er ward eine lebendige Seele.» Der Mensch ist selbst durch das Wort, durch den Ton geschaffen in seiner höchsten Spitze. Daraus ersehen Sie auch die Verwandtschaft, die zwischen dem Menschen und seiner ganzen Umwelt durch seine Sinne besteht. Betrachten Sie sein Gesicht, so können Sie sich sagen: Am Gesicht haben die Wesen gearbeitet, welche auf dem Astralplan leben. Sie leben im Lichtstrahl. Der Lichtstrahl besteht aus einem physischen und einem astralen Teil. Denken Sie sich nun, daß ein Lichtstrahl irgendwo auffällt. Wenn dies geschieht, dann ist in diesem Lichtstrahl das äußere physische Licht enthalten und zugleich die in dem Lichtstrahl lebenden astralen Wesenheiten. Stellen Sie sich nur einmal so auf, daß Sie den Lichtstrahl aufhalten. Stellen Sie sich so auf, daß die Sonne auf Ihren Rücken scheint. Wenn Sie das tun, halten Sie das physische Licht auf, aber die astralischen Wesenheiten halten Sie nicht auf. Die astralische Wesenheit ist dann vor Ihnen, in Ihrem Schatten. In Ihrem Schatten, der so nach vorn fällt, lebt eine astralische Wesenheit. Und diese astralische Wesenheit, die in dem Schatten lebt, ist nichts anderes als ein Nachbild -, ein Nachbild wovon? Sie ist ein Nachbild des Leibes, und was darin lebt, das formt sich nach der Seele. Das ist eine der Methoden, allmählich die eigene Seele zu sehen. Daher haben primitive Völkerschaften nicht mit Unrecht gesagt, daß im Schatten die Seele lebe. In zahlreichen Sagen können Sie es finden: Im Schatten geht die Seele fort. Für ein astrales Schauen wird die Seele im Schatten erst sichtbar, der Form nach.

Jetzt werden Sie auch ermessen, welche tiefere Bedeutung es hat, wenn Chamisso von Peter Schlemihl als dem Mann ohne Schatten redet. Peter Schlemihl hat mit dem Schatten seine Seele verloren. Lesen Sie mit diesem Gedanken im Hintergrund einmal die Novelle des Chamisso, dann wird Ihnen aufgehen, daß hinter mancher solcher Geschichte noch etwas viel Tieferes steckt.

In der Tat wird Ihnen immer mehr klar werden, daß der Mensch, der von diesen Dingen nichts weiß, mehr oder weniger wie ein Blinder durch die Welt geht. Der Mensch, der nichts von den geistigen Welten weiß, hat nicht einmal eine Ahnung davon, was er in seinem Schatten mit sich zieht. Alle jene subtilen Dinge, die uns umgeben, werden den Menschen erst wieder durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Erkenntnis eröffnet werden. Die Welt ist voller Rätsel für den, der sie empfinden will. Wenn der Mensch diese Rätsel empfindet, wird er die geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung nicht mehr als etwas Überflüssiges oder als eine Träumerei von ein paar Phantasten ansehen, sondern er wird erkennen, daß die Wirklichkeit, die uns umgibt, uns erst durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Anschauung zugänglich wird. Wir dürfen nicht müde werden, dasjenige, was uns umgibt, zu studieren. An dem komplizierten Gebilde, das der Mensch ist, haben viele Geister mitgearbeitet. Daher weist dieses Gebilde so verschiedene Grade der Vollkommenheit auf. Erst dadurch hat das physische Ohr sich das Recht erobert, auf der physischen Stufe zu hören, weil es viele Stufen durchgemacht hat. Wer als Chela die Venusstufe unter einem Meister vorausnimmt, kann seine Mitmenschen auf dem physischen Plane auch in der Lichtwirkung wahrnehmen; dann geht auch die Lichtwirkung herunter auf den physischen Plan.

Der Entwickelungsgang ist ganz regelmäßig. Ebenso wie der Gehörsinn auf den physischen Plan herabgestiegen ist, steigt auch der Gesichtssinn auf den physischen Plan herunter, bis zum wirklichen Hellsehen. Das ist logisch durchaus zu verstehen. Wer denken will, kann es schon einsehen, und niemand kann es durch bloßes Denken widerlegen. So ist es mit allen Dingen in der Geisteswissenschaft. Bekämpfen werden die Geisteswissenschaft nur diejenigen, die nicht denken wollen, beziehungsweise das Denken nur auf dasjenige an wenden, was sie gewohnt sind zu denken. Es kann ja auch Menschen geben, die sagen: Ich will nicht Eisenbahn fahren -, aber deshalb läßt sich doch die Realität der Eisenbahn nicht ableugnen. Ebenso kann es Menschen geben, die sagen: Mit den höheren Welten ist es nichts. Aber deshalb lassen sich die höheren Welten doch nicht ableugnen: sie sind vorhanden.

Wir haben von den Sinnesorganen des Menschen gesprochen und versucht, in die Umwelt hineinzuleuchten. Dabei haben wir gefunden, daß die Sinnesorgane nur dadurch da sind, daß andere Wesen sie aufbauen. Ebenso hätten wir von dem inneren Wesen, welches sich auf der Umgebung aufbaut, sprechen können. Die physische Wissenschaft ist nicht in der Lage, diese Dinge zu verstehen. Sie kann wohl zeigen, welche Strukturunterschiede zwischen dem Auge und dem Ohr vorhanden sind, aber niemals kann sie den Altersunterschied zwischen dem Auge und dem Ohr zeigen. Das kann ganz allein die okkulte Wissenschaft, die hinter die äußeren Erscheinungen sieht. Ebenso hätten wir zeigen können, wie die Leber ein viel jüngeres Organ ist als die Milz. Es würde sich da herausgestellt haben, daß die Milz bereits da war, als der Ätherleib mit dem physischen Leib verbunden wurde, während die Leber erst mit dem Astralleibe, mit den menschlichen Leidenschaften hinzutrat. Das ist etwas, was wiederum in der Sage von Prometheus in wunderbarer Weise zum Ausdruck kommt. Der Geier, der an der Leber des am Felsen festgeschmiedeten Prometheus nagt, hat eine tiefe Bedeutung.

So könnten Sie die großen Wahrheiten, die in den Sagen enthalten sind, auf eine neue Weise studieren. In den alten Sagen und Mythen liegt tiefe Weisheit. Die Mythen sind nicht durch die «dichtende Volksphantasie» entstanden, das ist ein Aberglaube der Gelehrten. Die Gelehrten sind die abergläubischsten Leute, die es überhaupt gibt. Die Gespenstergläubigen sind nicht so abergläubisch wie die Gelehrten. Es ist ein Aberglaube, daß es eine blind wirkende Volksphantasie gebe. In Wahrheit stammen die großen Mythen von den Eingeweihten, die das gewußt haben, was jetzt der Menschheit in den großen theosophischen Wahrheiten wieder zugänglich gemacht wird.

So hat es auch in den alten Zeiten auf dem Grund und Boden, auf dem wir stehen, Gesellschaften gegeben, in denen 'Theosophie gelehrt wurde. Und von dort aus gingen Abgesandte hinaus und verkündigten dem Volke in Mythen, was sie im engeren Kreise vernommen hatten. So ist der Mythos eine Einkleidung von geistigen Wahrheiten, und wer sich darum bemüht, kann sie wieder daraus erkennen. Es sind nur untergeordnete Mythen, die nicht auf die großen Eingeweihten zurückgehen. Die echten Mythen stammen von den Eingeweihten als deren Schöpfung. Wenn Sie das festhalten, werden Sie sehen, daß in den Mythen der verschiedensten Völker eine Wunderschrift aufgezeichnet ist. Lernen Sie erst die Mythen lesen und schauen Sie tief hinein in die Seelen der vorhergegangenen Völker, derjenigen Völker, die sozusagen von innen schufen. Und wenden Sie die Mythen um, wie wir vorhin den Astralplan umgewendet haben, so haben Sie, ihrem Begriffe nach, die heutige Naturwissenschaft.

In der Naturwissenschaft treten Ihnen dieselben Wahrheiten entgegen — die Evolutionswahrheiten, die in den Mythen enthalten sind. Daher kommt die merkwürdige Übereinstimmung des tiefer verstandenen Entwickelungsgedankens mit den urältesten Lehren der Menschheit. Die mythischen Dinge sind von innen gesehen — die Naturwissenschaft sieht sie von außen, aber es sind dieselben Dinge. Das ist ein Hinweis auf die erstaunliche Tatsache, daß in den richtig verstandenen wissenschaftlichen Tatsachen die Wahrheiten wiedererscheinen, die in den ältesten Religionsbekenntnissen gefunden werden. Man braucht darüber nicht erstaunt zu sein, wenn man weiß, daß die Naturwissenschaft eine umgewandte Mythologie ist. Deshalb muß sie in ihrer Struktur dem gleichen, was schon einmal da war. — Das war eine Betrachtung über das Verhältnis der Sinne zu der uns umgebenden Welt.

Morgen um zwei Uhr wollen wir über theosophische Fragen sprechen, die nicht so weit hergeholt sind, aber doch auch ins praktische Leben eingreifen.

The Relationship of the Human Senses to the Outside World

As we gather on the eve of our general meeting, and in view of the next few days, which we hope will be quite stimulating, it seems quite appropriate to open our gathering today with a lecture for our guests from outside Berlin and, of course, for our Berlin members as well. Such a lecture, which is included outside the program as a free gift, may also offer something that would not fit so well into the normal course of theosophical lectures; something for the advanced theosophist and at the same time for those who are just beginning. The latter, however, must first try to work their way up to the things that are being discussed. Only if they engage with the subject more seriously and intensively will they be able to follow along completely. On the other hand, something should also be offered for those who want to hear about the parts of the higher worlds that are accessible to us.

Our topic will be the relationship of the human senses to the outside world, to what surrounds us spiritually and physically in the world. In doing so, we will touch on something that is still far too little appreciated even in our circles, namely the question of how we should actually conceive of the relationship between the four members of the human being.

One of the very first messages of spiritual science is that human beings consist of a physical body, an etheric body, an astral body, and a body that we have always referred to in our considerations as the I-body. The seeds for the further development of human beings are incorporated in the I-body. All this is communicated to the theosophist through elementary works and through what he gradually hears in the first lectures. However, it is often said that of these four components of human nature, the I-body is the highest, the astral body is less high, the etheric body is even less high, and the physical body is the lowest.

Atma
Budhi
Manas
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Kama-Manas
Astral body
Etheric body
Physical body

Anyone can read about how these things relate to each other in my “Theosophy.” We are interested in the lower four components, which are called the Pythagorean square. What is referred to as the ego or Kama-Manas is often considered the highest component of the being, while the astral body, the etheric body, and the physical body are considered the lower components. However, this view is very one-sided, and I have often emphasized that it is not correct. In its own way, the physical body is the most perfect, and it is also the oldest thing that human beings have. Consider this physical body in all its parts, study it with the tools of science! You only need to think about it thoroughly once, and you will have to say to yourself: this physical body is wonderfully wisely constructed in all its parts, the wisest thing known in the world. There is nothing in this world, as far as it can be explored by physical means, that is more perfect than the physical body of man. Whether you look at an entire starry cosmos or immerse yourself in a human mechanical work of art, no matter how artfully assembled, you will not discover anything more perfect than the physical body. If you study the human heart with the tasks assigned to it as a purely physical apparatus, or even just a piece of bone with all its wonderful beams, you will find this to be true. Take just a piece of the thigh bone. It has beams that go this way and that way:

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The most intelligent engineer could not construct a framework as perfect as the one built by the cosmos to support the human upper body. The same is true of the human brain and all the organs that belong to the physical body of man. If you study the whole of nature, there is nothing that equals the perfection of this physical body.

Why is this physical body so perfect? Man has not always been as he is today. He has become this way; he has undergone a long development. What stands before you today as a human being, consisting of these four limbs, has not only undergone a long development on this outer planet Earth. This was preceded by another planet, which was the predecessor of our Earth. That was the old Moon. This was preceded by the old Sun, and the Sun by the old Saturn. Imagine this as the human being passing through its incarnations. The Earth has also passed through similar states. We can trace four such states. We are looking back on immeasurably long periods of time, periods of which an earthly human being cannot even imagine. But everywhere there was already something of the physical body of the human being. On ancient Saturn, the first beginnings of the physical body were already present. At that time, there was still nothing of the present etheric body, nothing of the astral body, let alone the human ego. From this it follows that this physical body has gone through four stages. First, it appeared as a simple physical body, like a basic framework, on the ancient planet Saturn. Then it underwent a transformation and entered a twilight state, a pralaya. Then this physical body reappeared on the ancient sun, which is quite different from today's sun, but at a higher stage. Only now did the etheric body come into being. The etheric body is therefore much younger than the physical body. Under the influence of what was already present in the physical body, which had now emerged at a second stage of perfection, the young etheric body developed. At that time, when the physical and etheric bodies were present together on the sun, there was still no astral body. This only came into being in the third incarnation of the Earth, on the old Moon. At that time, the physical body of the human being was going through its third stage of perfection, while the etheric body was only in its second stage. On the Moon, the physical body is, as it were, in the third grade, the etheric body in the second grade, and the astral body in the first grade. The ego is only added on Earth and has not yet undergone anything. When it appears on Earth, the physical body is already there for the fourth time. When three more planets have been completed, the ego body of the human being will be as far along as the physical body is today. When two more planets have been completed, the astral body will be at the same level of perfection as the physical body is today. And when one more planet has been completed, the etheric body will have attained the same degree of perfection that the physical body possesses today.

One can also convince oneself through very trivial reflection that the astral body is much more imperfect than the physical body. The physical body, in its wisdom, would never commit such gross errors as the astral body. Just think what the instincts, desires, and passions living in the astral body do, what cravings they develop. The heart must remain healthy for decades, even though the astral body enjoys pleasures that are detrimental to the heart. This is the case, for example, when we drink coffee or tea and so on. The heart does not want these pleasures, but the astral body does. The astral body does what the physical body at its level resists. On the planet we call Venus, the astral body will be so far advanced that it will behave as wisely as the physical body when it is not disturbed.

We must therefore regard the physical body as the most carefully crafted and most perfectly constructed member of the human being. Every time the physical body has passed a planetary stage, it has always learned something and become more perfect. When you look at the physical human being, you see that it consists of various organs. However, people do not think much about how these organs came into being. Anatomy, the science, describes the human being as consisting of this or that organ, as having a liver, a heart, a nose for smelling, ears for hearing, eyes for seeing. And science also describes these organs in detail. But in doing so, it does something very special that can only be compared to the following.

Imagine that an old table and a new table were placed next to each other and that both tables were described in a very trivial way. One has four legs, one has a tabletop, one is colored this way — the other also has four legs, the other has a tabletop, the other is colored this way, and so on. The descriptions may be entirely correct, and yet they do not even touch on what is important: namely, that one is an old table and the other is a new table. You can describe the eyes and ears in the same way. You can describe how they look today. You can describe the outer ear, the ear canal up to the auditory nerve, and so on. In the same way, you can describe the human eye. Both will look very nice, and it might seem as if these descriptions were equivalent. They are not, in the highest occult sense. They are not equivalent because these two organs — eyes and ears — have very different times of origin.

If you were to go back to ancient Saturn and examine the very first formation of the physical human body, where there was still no mention of the later etheric body, astral body, and ego, if you were to examine that peculiar physical body as it was in those ancient times, you would search in vain for the very first formations of the eyes. You would not be able to find them, because they were not yet present in the first form at that time. On the other hand, you would already find the beginnings of the human ear in the Saturn body. There you have this difference in age, which will be understandable to you when you consider that the physical body has gone through as many stages as there have been planetary incarnations. At the first stage, it had progressed to the point where it had completely developed the ears in their rudimentary form. They were actually already preformed when humans came to Saturn from completely different worlds. With the faculty of hearing, man has already entered this evolutionary chain. On this first planet, he then added the faculty of what could be called the sense of warmth, or the feeling of warmth. This is generally referred to as the sense of touch. However, a clear distinction must be made between two things. First, there is the sense of touch, which perceives hard and soft; but then there is also the sense of warmth, which perceives heat and cold. We are now talking about this sense of warmth. This results in the following sequence of stages. First we have hearing, then feeling, the sense of warmth. This sense of warmth was developed on the planetary incarnation of Earth, which we call Saturn. Such a sense is naturally transformed at the various stages of evolution. When it first appears, it is something quite different from what it later becomes. That ancient sense of hearing with which human beings entered planetary evolution was a very peculiar sense of hearing. It could best be characterized by saying that the physical human body was basically just one big ear. Human beings were entirely ears when they began their planetary development. As physical bodies, human beings hardly differed from their surroundings. They sounded, and everything sounded with them. With their whole body, they heard what lived as the sounds of the world outside. Just as one string resonates when another is struck, so for every sound that rang out in the world, there was a related vibration in the human physical body. Everything resonated.

And now the further development of the senses consists in their specialization. Whereas humans were initially all ear, they now developed a sense of warmth. What had previously been uniform differentiated into two entities. This was also expressed physically. Certain organs appeared that only conveyed hearing, and others that only conveyed the perception of warmth. Thus, with each new appearance of the physical body, the whole human being changes. Their senses become more specialized, and they increasingly transform from simple beings into immensely complex beings. With the development of the sense of hearing, humans thus entered the Saturn stage of development. On Saturn, they acquired the sense of warmth. In the Sun stage of development that followed Saturn, humans acquired the sense of sight. The predisposition for the sense of sight during the solar period is thus the third stage, with which the other senses are transformed in a corresponding manner, so that on the sun, the human being is a hearing, feeling, and a kind of seeing being.

Now let us continue to follow the evolution and come to the moon. The sun has previously entered into a pralaya again. It then rises anew as the moon. On the moon, the sense of taste is added to the three other senses that humans have. Now humans have developed four of the present senses. In the process, the others specialize, that is, they distribute themselves among the individual organs. You can literally follow how this physical body opens up as an organ for the outside world. The sympathetic nervous system had already developed on the sun. During life on the old moon, the development of the other organs also continues step by step, but let us limit ourselves to the senses. On the moon, the sense of taste is added, and on earth, the youngest of the senses, the sense of smell. If you study the senses today, you can say that the sense of smell is the youngest sense, the last to develop in humans. The sense of taste was already present during the Moon's development and has been transformed once. Every transformation is a perfection. The sense of smell is the most imperfect. The sense of taste has already corrected its flaws once. The sense of sight has corrected its flaws twice, and the sense of warmth three times. The sense of hearing, however, is the most perfect, because it has already undergone four transformations and experienced the fifth on Earth.

You must therefore regard this human body as a very complex being and be aware that much was necessary to gradually build up the physical body of the human being. One must know the relative age of the various parts of this body if one wants to form an opinion about it. And so the senses, also in terms of their degree of perfection, are again in different relationships to other entities. A sense organ that is more perfect, that has undergone more transformations, is related to completely different worlds than a sense organ that has undergone only a few transformations.

Let us first consider the sense of hearing. This sense has gone through a whole series of stages. It was already present as a predisposition on Saturn when human beings entered into their evolution. So what happened? Physical development on Saturn took the sense of hearing a step further and added the first predisposition for the sense of warmth. Then came the development of the Sun, and the etheric body was added to the physical body. This introduced a new element into human nature, which contributed to the transformation of the senses. From the Moon onwards, the astral body has been involved, and from the development of the Earth onwards, the I-body has been involved. But this whole context also conditions something else. Because the sense of smell only entered the series of senses on Earth, the ego has no influence on the sense of smell yet. It is still entirely involved in its purely physical development. The etheric body of the human being only has an influence on the sense of taste. The astral body of the human being has an influence on the sense of sight, and the ego body on the sense of warmth and feeling. And what has developed as the first beginning of manas in the human being, as the first predisposition to this higher spiritual self, has an influence on the sense of hearing. In fact, therefore, that which belongs to the higher nature of the human being has an influence only on the sense of hearing today. Nothing that is conquered by the lower four senses is yet incorporated into the eternal soul. Only what can be expressed in words, what human beings can clothe in words — the word need only be thought, and yet it is heard inwardly — counts as part of the eternal, imperishable part of human beings. All thoughts that can be clothed in words, the feelings that live so clearly in human beings that they can be expressed in words, all the impulses that human beings can truly describe, which do not live in them as dark drives but are so clear that they can be translated into words — all this belongs to the eternal part of human beings. The word is therefore something that belongs to the eternal foundation of the human being. So when one begins to speak of the eternal, one must speak of the word in the most literal sense. At that time, when the earth entered into its evolution, when the earth's evolution began on Saturn, this first predisposition for the word was there. Only on earth did this predisposition come to fruition. The sentence “In the beginning was the Word” is to be taken quite literally. Such passages in the Gospels are not only to be understood symbolically, but their meaning must be worked out in such a way that they can be understood literally. The word is also the beginning of what is eternal in human beings. Therefore, the word, the audible word, is also the first thing in human beings that will be useful in the future construction of the world. Everything that the other senses produce is of no use whatsoever for the evolution that the earth still has to undergo.

Legends and myths often contain the deepest wisdom. Or does the legend not know that what is produced by the sense of smell is not useful for the evolution of the earth at first? That only when further planetary developments have been completed will that which is contained in the sense of smell be useful? That is why the father of all obstacles is the one who leaves behind an unpleasant stench: the devil is subsequently perceptible through the unpleasant smell he leaves behind. Thus, the deepest wisdom is found in mythology, but one must understand to take it literally in the highest sense.

Contemplating the senses and their connection to the world can lead us even further. Let us single out one of these senses, the sense of sight. It is the middle of the senses. Now follow me into something quite subtle. You know that the astral body, in which the inner drives, desires, and passions of human beings live, becomes visible to the clairvoyant as a light body. The most diverse figures and colors appear in this light body. Every passion, every impulse has a specific color. Everything, even the basic mood, is imprinted in this light body. If you look at the light body of a person who is very nervous, you will see it completely saturated with glittering and glowing points. All of this shines up and disappears and plays in the most diverse colors.

When there is a terrible emotion, you will find rays like these:

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A person who has a restrained grudge has figures like snakes within them.

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However, this is difficult to draw, as it is constantly in motion, like lightning. Internally, there is anger or resentment or nervousness when the soul is restless. What a person experiences internally is their state of mind. Externally, this state of mind becomes visible to the clairvoyant as a light phenomenon.

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The physical eye sees lights and colors around it. Just as the clairvoyant perceives the aura around the astral body as red, blue, yellow, and green, so the physical eye sees red, blue, yellow, and green around it. In both cases, the cause is exactly the same. Just as a desire lives behind the red in the astral body, so behind the red of the flower there is a desire as the “thing in itself.” The red in the flower is a desire reigning in the flower. What the sense of sight does when it crosses this point is no different than when you turn a skirt inside out, turning it to the other side. While the astral nature of the human being is expressed in the aura, the outer astral nature lives behind the whole world of colors and light, behind the world of the sense of sight. There would never be colors in the world if things were not completely permeated by astral beings. What appears in the world as colors comes from the astral beings, which manifest themselves externally through color. Through the turning of the inner outward, the being descends from the higher to the lower plane. You can achieve the following through meditation: If you have a green surface, such as a leaf, in front of you and now go outside yourself to look at the thing from the other side, you would see the astral being that is behind the green color and that manifests itself through the green color. This is how you must imagine it: as you look out into the world and see this world covered with colors, you must suspect the astral entities behind these colors. Just as you reveal the colors of your aura to the clairvoyant from within yourself, so the color cover of the world is the expression of the cosmic aura. Everything colorful in the world is a reversed aura. If you could turn your aura inside out like a skirt, you would also see your aura physically visible on the reverse side. This applies to the sense of sight, and thus you see that the sense of sight is intimately related to the astral world.

If you take the sense of feeling, the sense of warmth, this in turn has a universal relationship to the lower parts of the astral world. While the sense of sight is more related to the higher parts of the astral world, the sense of feeling or warmth is equally related to the lower parts of the astral world, more to the area where the astral world already merges into the etheric world. The sense of hearing is directly related to the physical world, and what you perceive as the sense of hearing are vibrations of the physical air.

This is something I ask you to understand in the most subtle and correct way. If you want to see something, there must be an astral being behind the color you see. There must also be an astral being behind the warmth you feel. If you want to hear something, you have entered completely into the physical world — because the sense of hearing is the most perfect sense — and you can hear a physical being. Only in words has the spiritual world truly descended to the physical world. If we start from the top, we can therefore say: the phenomena of the sense of hearing lie entirely on the physical plane, those of warmth rise higher, those of the sense of sight are on the astral plane, and the phenomena that we perceive through the most imperfect senses belong to the higher parts of the spiritual world. And what descends into the physical world is only the most imperfect. Thus, what the sense of smell can perceive, what it brings down into the physical world, is the most imperfect. If it becomes independent, it separates itself from the world process, from evolution. What manifests itself in the sense of smell today can only occur in close connection with the highest worlds. — Let us therefore take those beings who, just as the sense of smell was beginning to develop on Earth, separated themselves from evolution and became independent. These are beings who make themselves known primarily through the sense of smell. It is therefore a beautiful feature of the legend that the fallen angels are perceptible to the sense of smell in an unpleasant way. Because they have separated themselves from evolution, they are perceptible to the sense of smell.

So when we ask ourselves what actually lies beyond the skin, which encloses the human sense organs, we must say to ourselves: there indeed lie the various higher planes and their beings.

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All of this is in wonderful harmony with physical research. Just consider how an eye is formed! The eye originally forms from the outside. First, a small depression appears in the skin of the being that is to receive an eye. This depression then deepens,

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so that after a while it looks like this. It then fills with a kind of fluid and finally closes. In this way, the eye actually pushes in from the outside. Human organs do not form from the inside out, but push in from the outside. This is the case with all human and animal organs. Inversion is the technical term. In animals that have a spinal cord, a groove originally formed, and the spinal cord moved into this groove from the outside. In the same way, the senses also move in from the outside.

What causes the eye to turn inwards in this way? This is the work of the beings working in the light. It is the beings working in the ray of light that form the eye from the organism, that is, those beings that stand astral behind the outer appearance and of whom we have said that we would see them if we could turn our consciousness around. It is they who have drilled the eye into the physical organism. Thus the eye is formed by beings of light. Likewise, the other organs are formed by beings from different worlds. When you feel yourself in your skin, you can feel as if beings from different sides had worked together on your body. When human beings reached Saturn in their very earliest development, only the highest beings could work on their hearing organ. Higher and lower beings taught them to hear, until on Earth the beings embodied in the outer air also began to work on their hearing organs. With their hearing organs, humans hear the moving air; that is where sound lies.

If we really engrave this in our souls, it will become clear to us in a very profound way why air plays such a special role in the story of creation, why it first had to be breathed into man so that it could also play this role in relation to his hearing organ: “The Creator breathed the breath of life into man, and he became a living soul.” Human beings themselves are created through the word, through sound, in their highest form. From this you can also see the relationship that exists between human beings and their entire environment through their senses. If you look at their faces, you can say to yourself: the beings who live on the astral plane have worked on their faces. They live in the ray of light. The ray of light consists of a physical and an astral part. Now imagine that a ray of light falls somewhere. When this happens, the ray of light contains the outer physical light and at the same time the astral beings living in the ray of light. Just position yourself so that you block the ray of light. Position yourself so that the sun shines on your back. When you do this, you block the physical light, but you do not block the astral beings. The astral being is then in front of you, in your shadow. An astral being lives in your shadow, which falls forward. And this astral being that lives in the shadow is nothing more than an afterimage — an afterimage of what? It is an afterimage of the body, and what lives in it is shaped by the soul. This is one of the methods for gradually seeing one's own soul. Therefore, primitive peoples were not wrong in saying that the soul lives in the shadow. You can find this in numerous legends: the soul departs in the shadow. For astral vision, the soul first becomes visible in the shadow, in form.

Now you will also appreciate the deeper meaning of Chamisso's description of Peter Schlemihl as the man without a shadow. Peter Schlemihl lost his soul with his shadow. Read Chamisso's novella with this thought in mind, and you will realize that there is something much deeper behind many such stories.

In fact, it will become increasingly clear to you that people who know nothing about these things go through life more or less like blind people. People who know nothing about the spiritual worlds have no idea what they carry with them in their shadows. All those subtle things that surround us will only be revealed to people again through spiritual scientific knowledge. The world is full of mysteries for those who want to perceive them. When people perceive these mysteries, they will no longer regard the spiritual scientific worldview as something superfluous or as the dream of a few fantasists, but will recognize that the reality that surrounds us only becomes accessible to us through spiritual scientific observation. We must not tire of studying what surrounds us. Many spirits have collaborated in the complex structure that is the human being. That is why this structure exhibits such varying degrees of perfection. Only through this has the physical ear earned the right to hear on the physical plane, because it has passed through many stages. Those who, as chelas, take the Venus stage under a master, can also perceive their fellow human beings on the physical plane in the effect of light; then the effect of light also descends to the physical plane.

The course of development is quite regular. Just as the sense of hearing has descended to the physical plane, so too does the sense of sight descend to the physical plane, down to actual clairvoyance. This is entirely logical. Anyone who wants to think can understand it, and no one can refute it by mere thinking. This is the case with everything in spiritual science. Only those who do not want to think, or who apply their thinking only to what they are accustomed to thinking about, will oppose spiritual science. There may well be people who say, “I don't want to ride on a railroad,” but that does not deny the reality of the railroad. Similarly, there may be people who say, “There is nothing to the higher worlds.” But that does not mean that the higher worlds can be denied: they exist.

We have spoken about the human sensory organs and tried to shed light on the environment. In doing so, we have found that the sensory organs only exist because other beings build them. We could have spoken in the same way about the inner being that builds itself up from the environment. Physical science is not in a position to understand these things. It can show the structural differences between the eye and the ear, but it can never show the age difference between the eye and the ear. Only occult science, which sees behind external appearances, can do that. We could also have shown how the liver is a much younger organ than the spleen. It would have turned out that the spleen was already there when the etheric body was connected to the physical body, while the liver only came into being with the astral body, with human passions. This is something that is wonderfully expressed in the legend of Prometheus. The vulture gnawing at the liver of Prometheus, who is chained to the rock, has a deep meaning.

In this way, you could study the great truths contained in the legends in a new way. There is deep wisdom in the ancient legends and myths. The myths did not arise from the “poetic imagination of the people”; that is a superstition of the scholars. Scholars are the most superstitious people there are. Those who believe in ghosts are not as superstitious as scholars. It is a superstition that there is such a thing as blind folk imagination. In truth, the great myths originate from the initiates who knew what is now being made accessible to humanity again in the great theosophical truths.

Thus, in ancient times, there were societies on the very ground on which we stand where theosophy was taught. And from there, emissaries went out and proclaimed to the people in myths what they had heard in smaller circles. Thus, myth is a garment of spiritual truths, and those who strive to do so can recognize them again. Only minor myths do not go back to the great initiates. The genuine myths originate from the initiates as their creation. If you keep this in mind, you will see that a miraculous writing is recorded in the myths of the most diverse peoples. First learn to read the myths and look deeply into the souls of the peoples of the past, those peoples who created from within, so to speak. And if you reverse the myths, as we reversed the astral plane earlier, you will have, according to your understanding, today's natural science.

In natural science, you encounter the same truths — the truths of evolution contained in the myths. Hence the remarkable correspondence between the deeply understood idea of evolution and the most ancient teachings of humanity. Mythical things are seen from within — natural science sees them from without, but they are the same things. This is an indication of the astonishing fact that the truths found in the oldest religious creeds reappear in correctly understood scientific facts. One need not be surprised at this when one knows that natural science is mythology turned around. Therefore, its structure must be the same as what was there before. — That was a reflection on the relationship of the senses to the world around us.

Tomorrow at two o'clock, we will talk about theosophical questions that are not so far-fetched, but still have an impact on practical life.