Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit
GA 96
4 March 1907, Berlin
XVI. Human Biography and Planetary Evolution
Today I’d like to tell you some more and expand on the theme of human biography from my last lecture.95 Steiner R. Supersensible Knowledge (GA 55), Berlin, 28 February 1907. Tr. R Stebbing. Hudson: Anthroposophic Press 1987. We can consider some more subtle aspects and also add something here and there that had to be left out in the public lecture. Above all I would like to present human biography to you as a whole, in all its greatness. I’d like to show you how human beings, the way we have them before us today, are indeed a kind of microcosm, a small world. Everything we have all around us, not only on earth but in a way also in the starry heavens, is in us, being part of the laws that govern our evolution.
You may remember that reference has been made on several earlier occasions to the fact that our earth has to go through an evolution which is similar to that of the human being, that our earth has not always been the planet on which we live today, but that it is a reincarnation, as it were, of earlier planets. Basing ourselves on the science of the spirit, we can say that our earth has evolved from a planet that preceded it, though this was a vast number of years ago, and, as we have said several times before, this planet is called ‘Moon’ by occultists. It should not, of course, in any way be confused with our present-day moon. Today’s moon, a satellite of our earth, is a kind of cinder that has been cast off as being of no further use. You could see the predecessor of our earth develop if you were able to stir together everything our present-day earth and moon are today and everything of soul and spiritual quality they contain. This would give you a planet that would more or less be the predecessor of our earth, the Moon. On that Moon, from which our earth has gradually evolved, the physical human beings did not yet have their present form. A kind of physical predecessor lived on the Moon, but this predecessor still had very much an animal nature. You should not think that today’s human being was present in the animal-human being on Moon. On ancient Moon, creatures walked about that had animal and human nature, higher than today’s mammals but lower than today’s human beings. The soul human beings have in them today was not yet present in the Moon human being. At that time it enveloped human beings, just as they have an invisible aura around them today.
I have said on several occasions that the human astral body leaves the physical body at night. In sleep, it is merely connected with the physical body by an astral strand in the region of the spleen that can be perceived by a clairvoyant. The spleen does not only have a physical function; it also serves to provide the connection between man’s physical part and his spirit and soul. The spleen is the point where the physical body connects with the astral body. It is because of this that you’ll read in any anatomy book that nothing much is really known about the spleen. It is one of the organs that are on the borderline of being physical organs. The astral body, which in sleep is thus only connected with the physical body through the spleen, works to rid the body of matter created by tiredness. To the clairvoyant, the sleeping human appears to be enveloped in a strange cloud that is continually working on the physical body.
In the earth’s Moon state, the part of the human being which today is outside the physical body during sleep was outside all the time. It was connected with the general divine spirit of the world. Part of the spirituality enveloping the Moon only separated off for human beings during earth existence. Occultists may indeed say that human beings had a predecessor who was animal-like in spirit. But if you were to take materialistic thinking to be the only kind that has validity, the present-day human being would never have evolved from this predecessor. The principle which had been working on human beings from outside had to enter into them and develop in order to achieve the later stages. The ensoulment spoken of in the paradise myth did therefore truly take place on earth. This paradise myth is something you may take literally in the widest sense. The air which surrounds us today was the true body of the human soul on the Moon. At that time the air was still wholly filled with spirit. Just as today’s earth is surrounded by physical air, so the Moon was enveloped in something that was full of soul substance. Now you’ll understand why the air has grown soulless and physical. The soul entered into the body: ‘And God breathed into their nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.’96Genesis 2: 7 This paradise myth contains the most profound wisdom.
On the Moon, a physical body in the cosmos, the human being was therefore still much less perfect as a physical entity, and everything else therefore had not reached the level it has today. This Moon body is something I have also described to you several times before. Let us recall what it may have looked like. Rocks, soil, the kind of solid ground on which we walk about today did not exist on the Moon. The ancient Moon as a cosmic body was a kind of half living creature. Imagine a peat bog, though with more life in it than today’s peat—a vegetable mush, if you like, like spinach perhaps. This mushy substance contained woody material. Instead of the rocks we have today, there was a kind of woody foundation on the Moon, and above this a mass that was half plant, half stone. Life-forms grew on this that were halfway between plants and animals—plant-animals we might say. Today’s parasitic plants are descendants of the plants that lived on the Moon, above all mistletoe. This can only grow on other plants because it is a relic, a plant that grew on a vegetable base on the Moon. This is why mistletoe plays such a role in popular tales.
Human beings were at a higher level of development than those life forms that were half plant, half animal. If the Moon had stayed the way it then was, if it had retained all those things, human souls could never have managed to develop Moon's animal-human being further, to become today’s human soul. The whole substance of the Moon was not of a kind that would allow human beings to be taken further in their development. For this to happen, it was first of all necessary to cast out the material that is in our present-day moon. This alone made it possible to develop the animal-human being to the human being of today, using the earth’s material. We thus have a predecessor of our earth which we call ‘planet Moon’. In it, our present-day earth was united with the present-day moon, which was merely discarded in order to obtain the purified substance that would make it possible to develop human beings in their present form.
Further back in time, our earth was a planet which is called ‘Sun’ in occult science, though again it was not the same as our sun today. If you were to stir together our present earth, our present sun and our present moon, with all the creatures and spirits that belong to them, you would have the earlier planet Sun. Cosmically speaking, the sun is a much more advanced entity than our earth. It is inhabited by spirits who live permanently in the condition in which human beings only find themselves when they are in the devachanic world between death and rebirth. They are devachanic spirits whom we might call our devachanic comrades. They had previously gone through the stages human beings are going through today. To enable them to reach the Sun stage, they on their part had first to remove the Moon of that time, just as today’s earth later had to remove the present-day moon. This had to be taken out of the Sun as it then was, and the planet then advanced to being a fixed star. A star is not fixed from the beginning. In reality a fixed star has evolved from a planet. Our earth, too, will one day be a fixed star. It will then also be a sun, and the inhabitants of our earth will then exist in the spirit, as the sun’s inhabitants do today. First, however, the moon had to be cast out.
That Sun had in turn evolved from a planet which goes so far back that present-day humanity cannot easily gain an idea of it. This would need a high level of initiation. That planet is called ‘Saturn’. It became Sun, Sun became Moon, and Moon became earth. Earth will change into ‘Jupiter’, Jupiter into ‘Venus’, and Venus into a planet called ‘Vulcan’.
Someone may come and ask: ‘There’s a Venus in the heavens today, and also a Jupiter. How do all these planets relate to one another?’ It would be quite the wrong idea to think that our present-day humanity has ever been on the Saturn which is out there in the cosmos today. It would be like having a child of six and a man aged fifty before us and thinking that the child’s powers could ever pass over to that man. The man has once been a child of six, he has gone through exactly the same stage. And that is how it is with today’s planet Saturn. It has nothing to do with earth evolution, but represents the stage at which earth has once been. Just as the fifty-year-old man has once been what the six-year-old boy is today, so our earth has once been in a condition similar to today’s Saturn, today’s sun and today’s moon. But if you look at today’s Venus, that is the condition in which earth will be in future. The earth will be in that condition one day. The planet Venus is not just any heavenly body which man will inhabit one day; no, the earth will be Venus one day. These are generic terms representing the specific stages reached by a planet.
The way they are today, human beings consist of a physical body which has the same substances in it as the whole mineral world. They also have an ether body, which plants also have, an astral body, which animals also have, and an I. If we go back to ancient Saturn, human beings—our physical ancestors—had nothing but the potential for a physical body. The potential for an ether body was added on the Sun, the potential for an astral body on Moon, and the I evolved on earth. This is the meaning of those consecutive stages of development.
On ancient Saturn, nothing existed that would be like a present-day physical human body. When Saturn was at its densest, it was as follows. When I talk, I set the air in wave motion. If you did not need to hear what I am saying, if I were able to set the air in motion without speaking, you would be able to see the wave motions of my words—quite specific movements in the air—you would see images of my words. If you had the context, you would be able to see from those waves what I had been saying. My words are the reason why the air is in motion here. Now just imagine you were able to freeze the air waves at one moment. My words would then fall to the ground, you would have something like oyster shells on the ground and be able to see the shapes of my words in air which had grown solid. This is more or less how you have to visualize the human body, the animal bodies, the plants and mineral crystals on Saturn—dissolved out of their stillness and in an air-like state. For on ancient Saturn all this lived only as a heaving, boiling mass of air. Today’s crystal is boiling Saturn matter that has become solid. It is the same with the plants and animals which existed on ancient Saturn as wave motions in the light, subtle Saturn matter. It was just as if higher spirits were speaking all the plants, creatures and minerals into the Saturn matter, just as I create waves in the air by speaking now. The creative spirits of Saturn set Saturn matter into inner motion, and those were the precursors of later plant, animal and human bodies.
That was the beginning of our evolution—‘In the beginning was the word.’ The word sounded through Saturn matter and all creation was wave motions in this Saturn matter. Think of Chladni’s figures for an analogy. If you take a brass plate sprinkled with fine sand or dust and make it sound, using a violin bow, you will get all kinds of figures on the plate. This is because you were holding the plate still and playing the bow against it. The movement of the bow creates a sound with specific waves and lines. The dust remains on parts of the plate that do not take up the wave motion and is shaken off elsewhere. You can evoke the figures from the tone colour, as it were, just as once—through the ‘word’ in the beginning—they were spoken into matter. Matter was given inner form and organization according to the laws of sound waves. And little by little solid bodies arose from the sound waves.
On the Sun, the ether body was added, filling part of the forms that had evolved on Saturn with spirit. The form thus filled with spirit progressed to a kind of plant existence. On the Moon, the astral body was added. Here the life forms advanced to a kind of animal existence. On earth, then, came ensoulment with the I. Humanity could only come into being on earth, however, if the predecessor of the earth cast off what has become physical moon matter today. Certain constituents will need to be removed from the earth as evolution continues, so that man may progress to Jupiter existence, to Venus and to Vulcan.
You need to be clear in your minds that in occultism careful distinction is made between the first and second halves of the earth stage, for in its first half, earth passed through Mars. The potential was gathered then to produce warm, red blood. The earth’s iron content comes from Mars, and the incorporation of iron in the blood comes from that passage through Mars. The initiates of ancient Greece and Rome who knew that humanity was given the element of courage, of aggressiveness, with the iron, would therefore refer to Mars as the god of war. The names which astronomers give to newly discovered stars today are chosen at will. In those days the name was still seen as something taken from the nature of the thing. The courageous nature of the soul is thus connected with powers which earth owes to Mars. Mars was therefore given the name of the war god because of the quality of courage. The second half of the earth stage on the other hand is more and more connected with powers which earth will one day owe to Mercury. The connection between earth and Mercury is of a more spiritual nature, however.
The following, then, are the different stages of our planet—Saturn, Sun, Moon, Mars (because that powerful influence came from there), then Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Vulcan. This comes to expression in the sequence of weekdays. The initiates referred to the sequence of earth incarnations in the names they gave to the weekdays. You have to start with Saturday, which was the Saturn day. It is still called Saturday in English, Zaterdag in Dutch. Then comes Sunday, Monday, and the Mars day, mardi in French; Ziu was the god of war in old German, hence ‘Ziu's day’, English Tuesday. Wednesday is a more exoteric name in German (Mittwoch = midweek, translator). The ancients called it Mercury day, mercredi in French, Wotanstag in German—because Wotan is a Mercury spirit—Woensdag in Dutch, Wednesday in English. Then we have Jupiter day, French jeudi. For the Germans, Jupiter was Donar, the thunderer, hence Donnerstag. Then came Venus day, French vendredi, German Freyatag. And then it starts again from the beginning, Vulcan being a new Saturn stage.
The human body has to some extent also gone through everything I have been describing to you. The traces of motion that existed on Saturn are now wave motions in the physical body. The development of the physical body in the first seven years is a kind of repetition of Saturn existence which is why occultists call the period from the 1st to the 7th year of life, that is, up to the changing of the teeth, the period of Saturn existence. The same powers are active there which were just beginning to be a possibility at the time when human beings had only developed in their physical body on Saturn. Then the ether body was born and with it the powers connected with Sun existence. The period from the 7th to the 14th or 16th year, when these powers are active, is therefore called our Sun existence. You have to understand that all the powers which were present in the human being at the Sun stage emerge as powers of life coming into flower, that is, as Sun powers, and develop during the period from the changing of the teeth to sexual maturity. This is not without importance, for you will only begin to understand something of the way these human powers relate to the present-day forms of those corresponding stars if you think back on the time when earth itself was a similar star.
The powers active in the child up to the 7th year also relate to today’s Saturn. Here you see the first inner seed of the widespread and tremendous wisdom that has come down to us as astrology from the times of the truly great initiates, a science that is no longer understood today. As there is this inner relationship between Saturn and childhood years, you can now understand how these things are inwardly connected. You can also see how the powers of the Sun itself have gone away. The development which will be important for the human being later on was brought to a conclusion with Moon and earth. The form principles are particularly important for human development from the 7th year to sexual maturity. This will in turn give you the right insight to realize how extraordinarily important it is that where their ether body is concerned, children have a deeper connection with the ‘spiritual sun’, as it is called, exactly at this time.
Here you have the more esoteric connection between the things I referred to in my public lecture. Remember above all that it is particularly important to give children a sense of beauty at this time. If they are not given a sense of beauty at this time, this cannot be made up for later on, because completely different powers will have come into play by then. This period has to do with a feeling for light and shade, and you can’t do better than teach your child to have a feeling for light and shadow. A quite renowned art historian I know97Grimm, Hermann (1828–1901). ‘Again and again I find myself surprised by young people's inability of recognizing what is shown to them in easily understood copper engravings based on he works of Raphael, for instance. When I ask them to tell me something about the whole, or individual figures, they usually having nothing at all to say; they see the things without having any ideas as to what they are. I would not insist that history of art be taught at grammar school; but I do ask how we can explain such marked deficiency in students who have previously been at grammar school.’ From ‘Die Deutsche Schulfrage und die Deutschen Klassiker’ in Fünfzehn Essays / vierte Folge: Aus den letzten fünf Jahren, Gütersloh 1890, S. 61. once complained bitterly: ‘I’m supposed to give lectures on art history. When I try and get people to understand, showing them pictures, they have no idea. Young people come from grammar school and have no feeling for light and shade; they can’t even grasp why a hand is foreshortened. One could build on light and shadow in the widest possible sense, but people are not much inclined to take this up.’
People can only develop a sense of beauty if they come to understand what the Sun does so beautifully on earth, the spiritual deeds of the Sun. This is very important. The Sun spirits live as divine spirits. Because of this, it is also necessary for religious development to begin at this time. This has to do with the development of the human ether body. Just as the Sun was able to take its inhabitants to the level of being spirits in the course of cosmic evolution, so teachers are able to arouse a receptivity, a feeling for the purely spiritual and religious element in children between the changing of the teeth and sexual maturity, for that is the time when the Sun body develops freely in all directions.
From the 14th to the 21st or 23rd year you then have human Moon existence, with above all the astral body coming into its own. This is the period when the drives that must be fought tend to emerge; everything that cannot be purified must be cast off. Things come out that really must sometimes be treated like the moon cinder; things truly have to be cast out, the way it happened with the moon.
We might indeed look more deeply into this time, and we would see how deeply man is connected with the whole world. We would see how because humanity is not able to cast out certain powers that are really moon powers, the terrible diseases develop which are called dementia precox, insanity of the young. This is a specific phenomenon, with symptoms of definite character that indicate how it attaches itself to the astral body which is just in the process of evolving out of the ether body. Try and observe someone who sails into dementia precox in puberty. You get specific symptoms that show a marked tendency to repeat things. The astral body if often very bright, but the way in which the astral body should relate to the ether body is in disorder. So if you were to ask such a person: ‘How much is 5 times 6?’ he’ll say: ‘30.’ ‘How much is 7 times 8?’ ‘30.’ How much is 6 times 9?’ ‘30.’ And so on, always 30. Memory goes haywire, as it were, and you can imagine that he cannot get out of the ether body stage, and cannot let the Moon stage develop in himself. Such aspects make it possible for us to look very deeply into the microcosm.
From the 21st to the 28th or 30th year of life human beings have their Mars existence. This is indeed the time when the courageous character of a person develops, through the blood sphere. It is not for nothing that people are made to serve Mars in exactly these years. To some extent these things happen from instinct. Much is also tradition based on things that people used to know in the spirit before.
Then come periods of preparation for future ages. As the soul is more and more left to itself, it initiates a process in the human being that will happen on the cosmic scale with the earth. Something will drop away from the earth, so that it may rise higher, up to Jupiter. And humanity is beginning with this process today. Here, too, the human being is a microcosm. Something separates off inwardly and develops to the inner freedom we call Mercury existence. This reaches its peak in the 35th year. We speak of mid-life, just as 70 has been called the patriarchal age, not without justification. Human beings thus gain their independence in their 35th year. They enter into the age where they do not merely learn things, but consolidate and strengthen them inwardly. With the will coming in firmly, the human body is left to itself and the inner life consolidates. Now people become counsellors for others around them. Their views now have value for others. Before, they had to follow the world; now the world can follow them. This is important, for many sins are committed in this respect. People above all cause harm to themselves if they start giving advice before they have reached the age of maturity, the middle of life. They will not create so many obstacles for themselves if they feel themselves to be merely students passing on what they have heard, but they will if they present all kinds of things as their own. This will indeed make their best powers ineffective. Knowledge can be acquired earlier, but wisdom is something that has to be developed inwardly. Knowledge is something one must first gather and which may then become wisdom.
The Jupiter age then begins with the 49th year. The soul grows even more free inwardly by leaving the body to itself even more and developing something in itself that contains the best powers for transition to the Venus age which begins in the 63rd or 64th year. The inner life has then consolidated to the point where individuals may have shed all egoism if development has gone well. They then have only love for everything there is in the world. They no longer want to have anything for themselves but are there for others. Today human beings are only developing the very beginnings of this, so that it is difficult to speak of it.
In the science of the spirit we speak of seven stages in the biography. This also shows how man is seen as a microcosm, looking back to a cosmic age that has passed and pointing to future development. Human beings are thus born out of the universe, and not only out of the past, for their whole development also has a prophetic note, something that points to the future. And what is to happen one day in the cosmos is already happening today in human life. It is therefore not entirely wrong to say that we truly get to know our self when we get to know world evolution. Letting the mind’s eye roam from Saturn to Venus, we see in the macrocosm what also happens in our own lives. This is how humanity is connected with the whole cosmos.
If you think of human beings, the way they are now, with their organs spread out in the cosmos, you have an idea that may also be found in an ancient Central European myth. This tells that the whole world was created out of the giant Ymir—the vault of heaven from their skull, the rivers from their blood, mountains from their bones, and so on. The myths of Osiris and Dionysus tell a similar story. Yet when we speak of the original human being as being thus divided up, this means nothing else but that the whole cosmos may be found in man, and when human beings enter into the cosmos they find there their own existence in greatly magnified form. We have to extend our own insight to make it cosmic, and not brood in introspection. Just as we see ourselves in the body in which our soul and our spirit are concentrated, so we may look at the large body which is the widespread image of our own body, seeing it as the divine body, image of the cosmic spirit. In self perception we thus have perception of the world and of God.
Thus man is born out of the godhead and in gaining insight can gradually return to the godhead again. Entering into the cosmos and opening up cosmic existence with all the powers of the human soul—that is the mood which may come to us also from the science of the spirit. Through it, human beings learn to see the world as the great body of the godhead, and they learn how the self has evolved out of this body. If we learn first of all to feel this in our hearts, having gained it through the science of the spirit, this inner feeling will finally be transformed into a feeling of being with God. Though still a long way off, this feeling, this inner experience, will be the completion of what human beings can learn by considering the world in the light of spiritual science.
Der Lebenslauf des Menschen im Zusammenhang mit der Planetarischen Evolution
Ich möchte Ihnen heute eine Art Ergänzung und Erweiterung dessen geben, was im letzten Vortrag über den Lebenslauf des Menschen gesagt worden ist. Wir können dabei einige intimere Dinge besprechen und außerdem an dieser oder jener Stelle etwas einfügen, was im öffentlichen Vortrag weggelassen werden mußte. Vor allen Dingen möchte ich Ihnen diesen Lebenslauf in ein großes Ganzes hinstellen. Ich möchte Ihnen zeigen, wie der Mensch, so wie er heute vor uns steht, in der Tat eine Art von Mikrokosmos ist, eine kleine Welt; wie er alles das, was uns rings umgibt, nicht nur auf der Erde, sondern in gewisser Beziehung auch im Sternenhimmel als Gesetz seiner Entwickelung in sich schließt.
Wie Sie sich erinnern, ist hier schon öfters davon gesprochen worden, daß unsere Erde eine ähnliche Entwickelung wie der Mensch selbst durchzumachen hat; daß unsere Erde nicht von Anfang an dieser Planet war, den wir heute bewohnen, sondern daß sie sozusagen die Wiederverkörperung anderer Planeten ist. Im Sinne der Geisteswissenschaft sprechen wir davon, daß unsere Erde sich aus einem Planeten entwickelt hat, der unserer Erde vorangegangen ist, allerdings vor einer ungeheuren Anzahl von Jahren, und wir haben öfter davon gesprochen, daß dieser Planet im Okkultismus den Namen «Mond» trägt. Nicht etwa, weil er irgendwie zusammengeworfen werden dürfte mit dem heutigen Mond. Der heutige Mond, der ein Nebenplanet unserer Erde ist, ist eine Art von Schlacke, die als unbrauchbar abgeworfen worden ist. Sie könnten den Vorgänger der Erde sich herausbilden sehen, wenn Sie alles, was unsere Erde und was der Mond heute ist, mit allem, was sie an Geistigem und an Seelischem enthalten, durcheinanderrühren könnten. Da würden Sie einen Planeten erhalten, der etwa der Vorgänger unserer Erde, der Mond sein würde. Auf jenem Mond, aus dem sich unsere Erde allmählich herausgebildet hat, war der physische Mensch noch nicht in seiner heutigen Form vorhanden, sondern es lebte eine Art physischer Vorgänger des Menschen auf dem Monde, aber dieser Vorgänger war noch recht tierischer Art. Sie dürfen sich nicht vorstellen, daß das, was heute Mensch ist, in dem tierischen Menschen des Mondes enthalten gewesen wäre. Das würde eine materialistische Vorstellung sein. Auf dem alten Monde wandelten Wesen tierisch-menschlicher Art umher, höher als die jetzigen Säugetiere, aber tiefer als der heutige Mensch. Was heute als Seele im Inneren des Menschen ist, war auf dem Monde noch nicht in seinem Inneren. Das war etwas, was den Menschen damals so einhüllte, wie ihn heute unsichtbar seine astralische Aura umgibt.
Ich habe öfter gesagt, daß des Nachts des Menschen Astralleib herausgeht aus dem physischen Leib. Der Astralleib hängt dann im Schlafe nur durch einen dem Hellseher wahrnehmbaren astralischen Strang in der Gegend der Milz mit dem physischen Leibe zusammen. Die Milz hat nicht nur eine physische Aufgabe, sondern es ist auch ihre Funktion, den Zusammenhang des Physischen mit dem geistig-seelischen Teil des Menschen zu vermitteln. Die Milz ist der Anknüpfungspunkt des physischen Leibes an den Astralleib. Daher können Sie in jedem Lehrbuch der Anatomie lesen, daß man über die Milz nichts Rechtes weiß. Die Milz ist eines derjenigen Organe, die an der Grenze der physischen Organe stehen. Der Astralleib, der also während des Schlafes nur durch die Milz mit dem physischen Leib verbunden ist, arbeitet daran, die Ermüdungsstoffe aus dem physischen Leib hinwegzuschaften. Für den Hellseher erscheint der schlafende Mensch wie in eine merkwürdige Wolke gehüllt, die an dem physischen Leib fortwährend arbeitet.
Was nun heute im Schlafe außerhalb des physischen Leibes ist, das war während des Mondenzustandes ständig außerhalb des physischen Leibes und hing zusammen mit dem allgemeinen göttlichen Weltengeist. Ein Teil der den Mond umhüllenden Geistigkeit schnürte sich erst im Erdendasein für den Menschen ab. Daher sagt der Okkultismus zwar: Der Mensch hat einen Vorgänger tierisch-geistiger Art. Aber nie hätte sich daraus von selbst der heutige Mensch entwickelt, wenn Sie nur materialistische Vorstellungen gelten lassen. Was von außen wirkte, mußte eindringen und sich zu späteren Stufen hinaufbilden. Es fand also wirklich auf der Erde jene Beseelung statt, von der in der Paradiesesmythe gesprochen wird. Diese Paradiesesmythe können Sie im weitesten Sinne wörtlich nehmen. Die Luft, wie sie uns heute umgibt, war auf dem Monde der richtige Körper der Menschenseele. Dazumal war die Luft noch ganz durchgeistigt. Wie die Erde heute nur von physischer Luft umgeben ist, so war der Mond von einer Hülle umgeben, die von Seelensubstanz durchdrungen war. Und nun verstehen Sie, warum die Luft entseelt, physisch geworden ist. Die Seele ging in den Körper ein: «Und Gott hauchte dem Menschen den lebendigen Odem ein, und also ward der Mensch eine lebendige Seele.» Es ist die tiefste Weisheit in dieser Paradiesesmythe.
Auf dem Monde als physischem Weltkörper war der Mensch also als physisches Wesen viel unvollkommener, und dementsprechend war auch alles noch nicht so weit gediehen wie heute. Ich habe Ihnen auch diesen Mondleib hier schon öfter beschrieben. Wir wollen uns noch einmal ins Gedächtnis rufen, wie dieser Weltkörper wohl ausgesehen hat. Solche Felsen, solche Ackerkrume, solchen festen Boden, auf dem wir heute herumtreten, gab es auf dem Monde nicht. Dieser alte Mond war als Weltkörper eine Art von halb lebendem Wesen. Stellen Sie sich ein Torfmoor vor, aber noch mehr durchlebt als der heutige Torf — wie einen Pflanzenbrei etwa oder wie Spinat. Diese breiige Masse war durchzogen von verholzten Substanzen. Statt unserer heutigen Felsen gab es auf dem Monde eine Art von Holzgrundlage, und darüber eine Masse, halb Pflanze, halb Stein. Darauf wuchsen nun Wesenheiten, die mitten zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren standen, sozusagen Pflanzentiere. Die heutigen Schmarotzerpflanzen sind Nachzügler solcher Pflanzen, wie sie auf dem Mond gelebt haben, so vor allem die Mistel. Sie kann nur auf andern Pflanzen wachsen, weil sie eine zurückgebliebene Mondenpflanze ist, die auf dem Mond auf einer Art Pflanzengrundlage wuchs. Damit hängt die besondere Bedeutung der Mistel in der Volksdichtung zusammen.
Über diesen Wesenheiten, die halb Pflanzen und halb Tiere waren, standen die Menschen. Wäre der Mond geblieben, wie er damals war, hätte er alles das bei sich behalten, so hätten die Seelen der Menschen es niemals dahin bringen können, den 'Tiermenschen auf dem Monde hinaufzuentwickeln zu der heutigen menschlichen Gestalt. Die ganze Substanz des Mondes war nicht dazu angetan, daß man aus ihr heraus den Menschen hätte weiterbringen können. Dazu mußte erst das, was heute im Monde ist, herausgeworfen werden. Erst dadurch entstand aus dem Erdenmaterial die Möglichkeit, den Tiermenschen zur Stufe des heutigen Menschen hinaufzuentwickeln. So haben wir einen Vorgänger unserer Erde, den wir den Mondplaneten nennen, der eine Zusammenfassung unserer heutigen Erde mit dem heutigen Mond ist, der nur von ihr abgeworfen wurde, damit die geläuterte Substanz gewonnen würde, um den Menschen in der Form, wie er sich heute darstellt, zustande zu bringen.
Noch weiter vorher war unsere Erde ein Planet, den man in der Geisteswissenschaft «Sonne» nennt, der aber wiederum nicht das gleiche ist wie die heutige Sonne. Wenn Sie die heutige Erde, die heutige Sonne und den heutigen Mond zusammenrührten, mit allen Wesen, die zu ihnen gehören, dann bekämen Sie den Planeten, der die frühere Sonne war. Die Sonne ist in ihrer Art, kosmisch genommen, ein viel höheres Wesen als unsere Erde. Ihre Bewohner sind solche geistigen Wesenheiten, die immer in einem Zustande leben, in dem sich der Mensch nur befindet, wenn er zwischen dem Tode und einer neuen Geburt in der Devachanwelt ist. Es sind devachanische Wesen, die wir unsere devachanischen Genossen nennen könnten. Damit nun diese Wesen, die schon früher die Stufen durchgemacht haben, die der heutige Mensch durchläuft, zu dieser Stufe aufsteigen konnten, mußten sie ihrerseits vorher den damaligen Mond abschieben, geradeso wie die Erde später den heutigen Mond. Das mußte aus der damaligen Sonne herausgesetzt werden und dadurch ist jener Planet zum Fixstern avanciert. Ein Stern ist nicht von Anfang an Fixstern. In Wahrheit hat sich ein Fixstern aus einem Planeten entwickelt. Auch unsere Erde wird einst ein Fixstern werden, sie wird dann auch eine Sonne sein, und unsere Erdenbewohner werden dann ebenfalls ein geistiges Dasein haben wie heute die Sonnenbewohner. Dazu mußte aber der Mond erst abgeworfen werden.
Diese Sonne hat sich ihrerseits aus einem Planeten entwickelt, der schon so weit zurückliegt, daß die heutige Menschheit sehr schwer eine Vorstellung davon gewinnen kann. Dazu gehört schon eine hohe Initiation. Man nennt diesen Planeten «Saturn». Der Saturn verwandelte sich in die Sonne, die Sonne in den Mond, der Mond in die Erde, die Erde wird sich verwandeln in « Jupiter», der Jupiter in «Venus» und die Venus in einen Planeten, den man als «Vulkan» bezeichnet.
Nun kann aber jemand fragen: Eine Venus steht heute auch schon am Himmel, und ein Jupiter ebenfalls — wie verhalten sich nun all diese Planeten zueinander? Daß unsere heutige Menschheit jemals auf dem Saturn war, der heute im Weltenraum draußen ist, wäre eine ganz und gar falsche Vorstellung. Das wäre dasselbe, wie wenn Sie ein Kind von sechs Jahren und einen Mann von fünfzig Jahren vor sich hätten und nun glauben würden, daß die Kräfte des Kindes jemals auf diesen Mann übergehen könnten. Der Mann war auch einmal ein sechsjähriges Kind, er hat ganz dasselbe Stadium durchgemacht. So ist es auch mit dem jetzigen Planeten Saturn. Er hat mit der Erdenentwickelung nichts zu tun, aber er stellt jenes Stadium dar, in welchem die Erde auch einmal war. Wie der fünfzigjährige Mann dasselbe war, wie der sechsjährige Knabe ist, so war unsere Erde auch einmal in einem ähnlichen Zustand wie der heutige Saturn, die heutige Sonne und der heutige Mond. Wenn Sie aber die heutige Venus betrachten, so stellt sie uns einen Zukunftszustand der Erde dar. Die Erde wird einmal in einem solchen Zustand sein. Die Venus ist nicht irgendein Himmelskörper, den der Mensch einmal bewohnen wird, sondern die Erde wird auch einmal Venus sein. Das sind Gattungsnamen, die die betreffenden Stadien eines Planeten darstellen.
So wie nun der Mensch heute vor Ihnen steht, besteht er aus dem physischen Leib, der dieselben Stoffe in sich hat, welche auch das ganze Mineralreich in sich hat. Ferner besteht er aus dem Ätherleib, den auch die Pflanze hat, dann aus dem AÄstralleib, den auch das Tier hat, und dann aus dem Ich. Gehen wir nun bis zum Saturn zurück, so hatte der Mensch — der damalige physische Menschenvorfahr — noch nichts als die Anlage zum physischen Leib. Die Anlage zum Ätherleib bekommt er erst auf der Sonne dazu, die Anlage zum Astralleib auf dem Mond, und das Ich entwickelt sich auf der Erde. Das ist der Sinn der aufeinanderfolgenden Entwickelung.
Nun war aber auf dem Saturn nicht so etwas vorhanden wie ein heutiger physischer Menschenleib. Als der Saturn am dichtesten war, war er folgendermaßen: Wenn ich hier spreche, bringe ich die Luft in Schwingungen. Bräuchten Sie meine Worte nicht zu hören, könnte ich die Luft in Bewegung bringen, ohne zu sprechen, könnten Sie die Schwingungen meiner Worte sehen - die ganz bestimmten Luftbewegungen -, so würden Sie Abbilder meiner Worte sehen. Wenn Sie dann den Zusammenhang wüßten, dann könnten Sie aus den Schwingungen entnehmen, was ich gesprochen habe. Meine Worte sind der Grund, daß die Luft hier in Bewegung ist. Denken Sie sich nun einmal, Sie könnten die Luftwellen in einem Moment ganz erstarren lassen: dann würden meine Worte herunterfallen. Sie würden auf der Erde etwas wie Austernschalen haben, und Sie könnten in der festgewordenen Luft die Formen meiner Worte sehen. So ungefähr müssen Sie sich den menschlichen Leib, die tierischen Leiber, die Pflanzen und die mineralischen Kristalle auf dem Saturn vorstellen: aus ihrer Erstarrung heraus aufgelöst bis zum luftförmigen Zustand. Denn all dies hat damals auf dem Saturn nur als eine wogende, wallende Luftmaterie gelebt. Was heute ein Kristall ist, ist festgewordene wallende Materie vom Saturn. Ebenso ist es mit den Pflanzen und mit den Tieren, die auf dem Saturn als Schwingungen der leichten, feinen Saturnmaterie existiert haben. Genauso war es, wie wenn von höheren Geistern alle Wesen in die Saturnmaterie hineingesprochen worden wären, wie ich hier die Schwingungen in die Luft hineinspreche. Die schöpferischen Geister des Saturn brachten die Saturnmaterie in innere Schwingungen, welche die Vorboten für die späteren Pflanzen, Tier- und Menschenleiber waren.
Das ist der Anfang unserer Evolution - «Im Anfang war das Wort». Das Wort durchtönte die Saturnmaterie, und alle Wesen waren in Schwingungen in dieser Saturnmaterie. Denken Sie zum Vergleich an die Chladnischen Klangfiguren: Wenn Sie eine Messingplatte, die Sie mit feinem Sand oder Staub bestreut haben, mit einem Violinbogen streichen, so bekommen Sie auf der Platte die verschiedensten Figuren. Das beruht darauf, daß Sie die Platte festgehalten und sie gestrichen haben. Durch das Streichen bekommen Sie einen Ton mit gewissen Schwingungen und Linien. Wo die Platte nicht schwingt, bleibt der Staub liegen, woanders schüttelt sie ihn ab. Hier können Sie gleichsam aus der Klangfärbung die Figuren herauslocken, wie sie einstmals - im Anfang durch das «Wort» - in die Materie hineingesprochen wurden. Materie ist innerlich nach den Gesetzen der Tonschwingungen gestaltet und gegliedert. Nach und nach sind aus diesen Schwingungen heraus jene festen Körper geworden.
Auf der Sonne kam der Ätherleib hinzu und durchgeistigte jetzt einen Teil dieser Formen, die auf dem Saturn sich herausgebildet hatten. Die von ihm durchgeistigte Form hob sich hinauf bis zu einer Art von Pflanzendasein. Auf dem Mond kam dazu der Astralleib. Hier hoben sich die Wesen hinauf bis zu einer Art von tierischem Dasein. Auf der Erde kam dazu die Beseelung mit dem Ich. Es konnte aber der Mensch auf der Erde nur dadurch entstehen, daß von dem Vorgänger der Erde das abgeworfen ist, was die heutige physische Mondmaterie geworden ist. Es werden weiter von der Erde gewisse Bestandteile auszusondern sein, damit der Mensch sich weiterentwickeln kann zum Jupiterdasein, zur Venus und zum Vulkan.
Nun müssen Sie sich darüber klar sein, daß man im Okkultismus die erste und die zweite Hälfte der Erde sorgfältig unterscheidet, weil die Erde in der ersten Hälfte einen Durchgang durch den Mars erlebte. Damals wurde die Möglichkeit aufgenommen, warmes, rotes Blut zu bilden. Der Eisengehalt der Erde rührt von dem Mars her, und die Eingliederung des Eisens in das Blut hängt mit diesem Marsdurchgang zusammen. Die alten griechischen und römischen Eingeweihten, die gewußt haben, daß gerade mit dem roten Blut das Mutartige, das Aggressive den Menschen gegeben worden ist, bezeichneten daher den Mars als den Kriegsgott. Die Namen, welche heute die Astronomen neu entdeckten Gestirnen geben, entspringen der Willkür. Damals betrachtete man den Namen noch als etwas, was aus der Natur der Sache heraus genommen wurde. Die mutartige Natur der Seele hängt so mit den Kräften zusammen, welche die Erde dem Mars verdankt. So gab man dem Mars als dem Mutigen den Namen des Kriegsgottes. Dagegen hängt die zweite Hälfte der Erde immer mehr mit Kräften zusammen, welche die Erde dem Merkur verdanken wird. Der Zusammenhang der Erde mit dem Merkur ist aber mehr geistiger Art.
So haben Sie also als die verschiedenen Stadien unseres Planeten: Saturn, Sonne, Mond, Mars, weil davon der starke Einfluß kam, dann Merkur, Jupiter, Venus und Vulkan. Dies ist dann ausgedrückt in der Aufeinanderfolge der Wochentage. Die Eingeweihten haben in den Namen der Wochentage die Aufeinanderfolge der Erdeninkarnationen zum Ausdruck gebracht. Anfangen müssen Sie beim Sonnabend, der Saturntag war. Er heißt heute noch im Englischen Saturday, holländisch Zaterdag. Dann kommt der Sonntag, der Montag, der Marstag, französisch mardi; im alten Germanischen war Ziu der Kriegsgott, daher also «Ziustag», englisch Tuesday. Mittwoch ist ein mehr exoterischer Name, er hat bei den Alten Merkurtag geheißen, mercredi im Französischen, im Germanischen Wodanstag -— weil Wodan eine Merkurwesenheit ist -, Woensdag holländisch, Wednesday englisch. Dann haben wir den Jupitertag, französisch jeudi. Der Jupiter der Deutschen ist Donar, der Donnerer, also Donnerstag. Dann Venustag, französisch vendredi, deutsch Freyatag. Und dann beginnt es wieder von neuem, weil Vulkan ein neues Stadium des Saturn ist.
Was ich Ihnen jetzt geschildert habe, hat dieser Menschenleib alles bis zu einem gewissen Grade mitgemacht. Die Nachspuren dessen, was im Saturn als Bewegung war, haben Sie jetzt im physischen Leib als Schwingungsvorgänge. Wenn also in den ersten sieben Jahren der physische Leib sich entwickelt, so ist das eine Art Wiederholung des Saturndaseins, und deshalb nennt man im Okkultismus die Zeit vom ersten bis siebenten Jahre, also bis zum Zahnwechsel, die Zeit des Saturndaseins. Da sind dieselben Kräfte tätig, die dazumal in ihrer ersten Anlage erschienen sind, als der Mensch nur seinem physischen Leib nach auf dem Saturn entwickelt war. Dann wird geboren der Ätherleib und damit die Kräfte, die mit dem Sonnendasein zusammenhängen. Wir nennen die Zeit vom siebenten bis vierzehnten oder sechzehnten Lebensjahr, in der diese Kräfte tätig sind, das Sonnendasein des Menschen. Sie müssen sich klar darüber sein, daß alle die Kräfte, die dazumal im Menschen waren, als die Kräfte des aufblühenden Lebens, also die Sonnenkräfte, herauskommen und sich entwikkeln in der Zeit vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife. Das ist aus dem Grunde nicht unwichtig, weil man nur dann anfängt, ein bißchen den Zusammenhang zwischen diesen menschlichen Kräften und den entsprechenden heutigen Formen jener Sterne zu verstehen, wenn man sich erinnert an jene Zeit, wo die Erde selbst ein ähnlicher Stern war. So sind in dem Kinde bis zum siebenten Jahr Kräfte wirksam, die auch mit dem heutigen Saturn verwandt sind. Hier sehen Sie den ersten inneren Keim zu jener ausgebreiteten und gewaltigen Weisheit, die als Astrologie aus den Zeiten der wirklichen großen Eingeweihten überliefert ist und die heute gar nicht mehr verstanden wird. Weil eine innere Verwandtschaft zwischen dem Saturn und den Kinderjahren da ist, verstehen Sie jetzt, wie diese Dinge innerlich zusammenhängen. Ebenso sehen Sie, wie die Kräfte der Sonne selbst herausgezogen sind. Was für den Menschen später wichtig ist, ist abgeschlossen worden mit Mond und Erde: die Formenkräfte sind insbesondere wichtig für die Entwickelung des Menschen vom siebenten Jahr bis zur Geschlechtsreife. Das gibt Ihnen wiederum einen richtigen Blick dafür, wie außerordentlich wichtig es ist, daß die Kinder gerade in dieser Zeit, in bezug auf ihren Ätherleib, zu dem, was man die geistige Sonne nennt, in einem tieferen Verhältnis stehen.
Hier sehen Sie den mehr esoterischen Zusammenhang der Dinge, die ich schon im öffentlichen Vortrag angedeutet habe. Vor allem erinnern Sie sich, daß es in dieser Zeit besonders darauf ankommt, daß man dem Kinde Schönheitssinn beibringt. Bringt man ihm den Schönheitssinn in dieser Zeit nicht bei, dann kann man es später nicht mehr nachholen, weil dann ganz andere Kräfte wirksam sind. Diese Zeit hängt zusammen mit der Empfindung für Licht und Schatten, und Sie können nichts besseres tun, als wenn Sie dem Kinde Sinn für Licht und Schatten beibringen. Ich kenne einen schrbedeutenden Kunsthistotiker, der klagte einmal recht bitter: Da soll man den Leuten Kunstgeschichte-Vorlesungen halten. Wenn ich sie ihnen begreiflich zu machen versuche und ihnen Bilder zeige, so haben sie keine Ahnung. Die jungen Leute kommen vom Gymnasium her und haben keinen Sinn für Licht und Schatten; nicht einmal begreifen können sie, warum eine Hand verkürzt ist; man könnte gerade im weitesten Sinne an Licht und Schatten anknüpfen, aber die Leute haben sehr wenig Sinn dafür.
Einen Schönheitssinn können die Menschen nur dann entwickeln, wenn sie das, was die Sonne auf der Erde schön macht, die geistigen Taten der Sonne, verstehen lernen. Das ist sehr wichtig. Die Wesen der Sonne haben ein geistig-göttliches Dasein. Deshalb ist es auch notwendig, daß in dieser Zeit die religiöse Entwickelung einsetzt. Dieses hängt zusammen mit der Entwickelung des Ätherleibes des Menschen. So wie die Sonne in kosmischer Entwickelung die Existenz ihrer Wesen zu Geistern erheben konnte, so ist der Mensch imstande, als Erzieher in dem Kinde zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife das Empfängliche, das Gefühl für das rein Geistige und für das Religiöse zu erwecken, weil da der Sonnenleib sich frei nach allen Seiten entwickelt.
Vom vierzehnten bis einundzwanzigsten oder dreiundzwanzigsten Jahre haben Sie dann das Mondendasein des Menschen, in dem sein Astralleib vorzugsweise zur Geltung kommt. Das ist die Epoche des Daseins, in welcher leicht die Triebe herauskommen, die im eminentesten Sinne zu bekämpfen sind; wovon alles abzuwerfen ist, was nicht geläutert werden kann. Da kommt heraus, was wirklich manchmal so behandelt werden muß wie die Schlacke des Mondes; es muß wirklich manches herausgeworfen werden, wie es mit dem Mond geschehen ist.
Wir könnten gerade in diese Zeit noch manchen tiefen Blick hineintun und würden dabei sehen, wie tief der Mensch mit dem ganzen Weltenbau zusammenhängt. Wir würden sehen, wie in der Tat dadurch, daß der Mensch nicht imstande ist, gewisse Kräfte, die eigentlich Mondenkräfte sind, aus sich herauszuwerfen, jene furchtbaren Erkrankungen herauskommen, die man als Jugendblödsinn, Dementia praecox, bezeichnet. Das ist eine spezifische Erscheinung, die durch ihren eigentümlichen Symptomcharakter verrät, wie sie an dem eben aus dem Ätherleib sich herausgestaltenden Astralleib haftet. Versuchen Sie einmal, einen solchen Menschen zu beobachten, der im geschlechtsreifen Alter in die Dementia praecox hineinsegelt. Da treten eigenartige Symptome auf, die eine merkwürdige Sucht zu Wiederholungen zeigen. Der Astralleib ist mitunter sehr klug, aber die Art und Weise, wie sich der Astralleib zum Ätherleib stellen soll, ist in Unordnung. Fragen Sie einen solchen Menschen zum Beispiel: Wieviel ist fünf mal sechs? — Er antwortet: Dreißig. — Wieviel ist sieben mal acht? - Dreißig. — Wieviel ist sechs mal neun? — Dreißig. — Und so weiter, immer dreißig. Das ist eine Art Überschnappen des Gedächtnisses, und so können Sie sich vorstellen, wie er aus dem Stadium des Ätherleibes nicht herauskommen kann, wie er das Mondenzeitalter für sich nicht herbeiführen kann. Unter solchen Gesichtspunkten kann man tief in den Mikrokosmos hineinleuchten.
Vom einundzwanzigsten bis achtundzwanzigsten oder dreißigsten Jahre haben wir das Marsdasein des Menschen. Gerade in dieser Zeit kommt durch die Blutsphäre der mutartige Charakter des Menschen heraus. Nicht umsonst zieht man gerade in diesen Jahren die Menschen zum Marsdienst heran. Zum Teil geschehen diese Dinge instinktmäßig. Vielfach sind es auch Traditionen dessen, was man früher spirituell gewußt hat.
Dann kommen Vorbereitungen zu zukünftigen Zeitaltern. Wenn die Seele mehr und mehr sich selber überlassen ist, leitet sie im Menschen den Prozeß ein, der sich kosmisch mit der Erde vollziehen wird. Von der Erde wird sich etwas loslösen, damit sie höher steigen kann, zum Jupiter hinauf. Und diesen Prozeß beginnt der Mensch heute schon. Auch da ist er ein Mikrokosmos. Da löst sich etwas Inneres heraus, und es entwickelt sich zu jener Freiheit der Seele, die wir als das Merkurdasein bezeichnen, das im fünfunddreißigsten Lebensjahr zu seiner Höhe kommt. Man spricht von der Lebensmitte, wie man nicht mit Unrecht siebzig das Patriarchenalter genannt hat. So gewinnt der Mensch mit dem fünfunddreißigsten Jahr seine Selbständigkeit. Er tritt in das Alter ein, in dem er nicht nur bloß erfährt, sondern das Erlebte innerlich kräftigt und verfestigt. Durch den fest einsetzenden Willen wird der Leib des Menschen sich selbst überlassen, und das Innere konsolidiert sich. Jetzt wird der Mensch ein Rater für seine Umgebung. Sein Urteil hat nun Wert für die andern. Früher sollte er auf die Welt hören, nun kann die Welt auf ihn hören. Das ist wichtig, denn in dieser Beziehung wird viel gesündigt. Vor allen Dingen schädigt der Mensch sich selbst, wenn er sich hinstellt und Ratschläge erteilt, bevor er das Reifealter, die Mitte des Lebens, erreicht hat. Fühlt er sich nur als Schüler, der das wiedergibt, was er gehört hat, so wird er sich nicht solche Blöcke in den Weg werfen, wie es geschieht, wenn er allerlei Dinge als seine eigene Lehre darstellt. Dadurch macht er geradezu seine besten Kräfte unwirksam. Wissen kann man sich vorher erwerben, aber Weisheit ist etwas, was innerlich entwickelt werden muß. Wissen ist das, was man erst aufsammeln muß und was dann Weisheit werden kann.
Mit dem neunundvierzigsten Jahr beginnt sodann das Jupiterzeitalter, in welchem die Seele noch freier wird in ihrem Inneren, indem sie den Körper noch weiter sich selbst überläßt und das in sich entwickelt, was die besten Kräfte enthält, um in das Venuszeitalter überzugehen, das im dreiundsechzigsten, vierundsechzigsten Lebensjahre beginnt. Da hat das Innere sich soweit konsolidiert, daß der Mensch in schöner Entwickelung allen äußeren Egoismus abgestreift haben kann. Da hat er nur noch die Liebe zu dem, was da ist in der Welt. Er will nichts mehr für sich haben, er ist jetzt für seine Umgebung da. Das bildet die Menschheit heute erst in ihrer allerersten Anlage heraus, weshalb es heute noch schwer ist, darüber zu sprechen.
Man spricht in der Geisteswissenschaft von einem siebenfach gegliederten Lebenslauf und zeigt auch in dieser Richtung, wie man den Menschen als eine kleine Welt aufzufassen versteht, die auf eine verflossene kosmische Epoche zurückblickt und auf eine zukünftige Entwickelung hinweist. So ist er herausgeboren aus dem Weltenall — nicht nur aus dem Vergangenen, sondern in seiner ganzen Entwickelung ist auch etwas Prophetisches, das auf eine künftige Epoche hinweist. Und was da geschehen soll, das geschieht heute schon im Lebenslauf des Menschen. Daher ist es nicht ganz unsinnig zu sagen, daß der Mensch wahrhaftig sein Selbst kennenlernt, wenn er die Weltevolution kennenlernt. Wenn er den Blick schweifen läßt von Saturn bis Venus, so sieht er in der großen Welt das, was sich in seinem eigenen Dasein abspielt. Das ist der Zusammenhang des Menschen mit dem ganzen Kosmos. Wenn Sie sich den Menschen, so wie er ist, mit allen seinen Organen aufgeteilt denken in den Kosmos, dann bekommen Sie die Vorstellung, die schon eine alte Mythe Mitteleuropas bewahrt. Danach ist das Weltenganze aus einem Urmenschen geschaffen worden, aus dem Riesen Ymir: aus seiner Hirnschale das Himmelsgewölbe, aus seinem Blut die Flüsse, aus seinen Knochen die Berge und so weiter. Ähnliches besagen die Mythen von Osiris und Dionysos. Wenn man also von dem aufgeteilten Urmenschen spricht, meint man nichts anderes, als daß man in dem Menschen den ganzen Kosmos finden kann, und tritt der Mensch hinein in den Kosmos, so findet er in ihm vergrößert sein eigenes Dasein. Wir müssen die eigene Erkenntnis zur Welterkenntnis erweitern, und nicht hineinbrüten in unser Inneres. Wie wir uns ansehen in dem Leib, in dem unsere Seele und unser Geist konzentriert sind, so dürfen wir den großen Leib, der das ausgebreitete Abbild unseres eigenen Leibes ist, als den göttlichen Leib ansehen, als Abbild des Weltengeistes, und wir haben in der Selbsterkenntnis Welterkenntnis, Gotteserkenntnis.
So ist der Mensch aus der Gottheit heraus geboren und kann sich durch seine Erkenntnis der Gottheit allmählich wieder nähern. Eingehen in den Kosmos und aufschließen mit allen menschlichen Seelenkräften das Weltendasein: das ist die Stimmung, die uns aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus kommen kann. Durch sie lernt der Mensch die Welt als einen großen Körper der Gottheit anzusehen, und er lernt, wie sein Selbst aus diesem Körper heraus geworden ist. Lernt man das aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus zuerst empfinden, so verwandelt sich diese Empfindung zuletzt in ein Gefühl der Gottseligkeit. Mit diesem Gefühl, mit diesem Erleben vollendet sich, freilich in sehr weiter Ferne, dasjenige, was der Mensch durch die geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung lernen kann.
The Life Course of Human Beings in the Context of Planetary Evolution
Today, I would like to give you a kind of supplement and extension to what was said in the last lecture about the life course of human beings. We can discuss some more intimate matters and also add a few things here and there that had to be omitted from the public lecture. Above all, I would like to place this life cycle in a larger context. I would like to show you how human beings, as they stand before us today, are in fact a kind of microcosm, a small world; how they encompass within themselves everything that surrounds us, not only on Earth, but in a certain sense also in the starry sky, as a law of their development.
As you will recall, it has often been said here that our Earth has to undergo a similar development to that of the human being himself; that our Earth was not from the beginning the planet we inhabit today, but that it is, so to speak, the reincarnation of other planets. In the sense of spiritual science, we speak of our Earth having developed from a planet that preceded our Earth, albeit an enormous number of years ago, and we have often spoken of this planet bearing the name “Moon” in occultism. Not because it should somehow be confused with today's Moon. Today's moon, which is a satellite of our Earth, is a kind of slag that has been discarded as useless. You could see the predecessor of the Earth forming if you could mix together everything that our Earth and the moon are today with everything they contain in terms of spirit and soul. You would then obtain a planet that would be something like the predecessor of our Earth, the moon. On that moon, from which our Earth gradually developed, physical human beings did not yet exist in their present form, but a kind of physical predecessor of human beings lived on the moon, although this predecessor was still quite animalistic in nature. You must not imagine that what is human today was contained in the animalistic human beings of the moon. That would be a materialistic conception. On the old moon, beings of an animal-human nature roamed around, higher than today's mammals, but lower than today's human beings. What is now the soul within the human being was not yet within the moon. It was something that enveloped human beings at that time, just as their astral aura invisibly surrounds them today.
I have often said that at night the human astral body leaves the physical body. During sleep, the astral body is then connected to the physical body only by an astral cord in the region of the spleen, which is perceptible to the clairvoyant. The spleen not only has a physical function, but also serves to connect the physical with the spiritual and soul aspects of the human being. The spleen is the point of connection between the physical body and the astral body. That is why you can read in every anatomy textbook that nothing definite is known about the spleen. The spleen is one of those organs that stand at the boundary of the physical organs. The astral body, which during sleep is connected to the physical body only through the spleen, works to remove the substances of fatigue from the physical body. To the clairvoyant, the sleeping human being appears as if enveloped in a strange cloud that is constantly working on the physical body.
What is now outside the physical body during sleep was constantly outside the physical body during the lunar state and was connected with the general divine world spirit. Part of the spirituality enveloping the moon only separated itself from human beings during their existence on earth. That is why occultism says that human beings have animal-spiritual predecessors. But modern man would never have developed from this on his own if you only accept materialistic ideas. What worked from outside had to penetrate and develop into later stages. So the ensoulment spoken of in the myth of paradise really took place on earth. You can take this myth of paradise literally in the broadest sense. The air that surrounds us today was the true body of the human soul on the moon. At that time, the air was still completely spiritualized. Just as the earth today is surrounded only by physical air, the moon was surrounded by a shell that was permeated by soul substance. And now you understand why the air has become soulless, physical. The soul entered the body: “And God breathed into the man the breath of life, and thus man became a living soul.” This is the deepest wisdom in this myth of paradise.
On the moon as a physical world body, man was therefore much more imperfect as a physical being, and accordingly, everything was not yet as advanced as it is today. I have also described this moon body to you here many times before. Let us recall once more what this world body probably looked like. There were no such rocks, no such topsoil, no such solid ground on which we walk today on the moon. This ancient moon was a kind of semi-living being as a world body. Imagine a peat bog, but even more decomposed than today's peat — like a plant pulp or spinach, for example. This pulpy mass was permeated with woody substances. Instead of our present-day rocks, there was a kind of wooden foundation on the moon, and above it a mass that was half plant, half stone. On this grew beings that stood midway between plants and animals, plant animals, so to speak. Today's parasitic plants are latecomers of such plants as lived on the moon, especially mistletoe. It can only grow on other plants because it is a remnant of a lunar plant that grew on the moon on a kind of plant base. This is related to the special significance of mistletoe in folk poetry.
Above these beings, which were half plant and half animal, stood the humans. If the moon had remained as it was then, it would have kept all this with it, and the souls of human beings would never have been able to develop the ‘animal-human beings on the moon’ into the human form we know today. The entire substance of the moon was not suited to enabling human beings to develop further. To do this, what is now on the moon had to be thrown out first. Only then did the material of the Earth provide the possibility of developing the animal-human to the level of today's human. Thus, we have a predecessor of our Earth, which we call the Moon planet, which is a combination of our present Earth and the present Moon, which was only thrown off from it so that the purified substance could be obtained to bring about the human being in the form in which he appears today.
Even earlier, our Earth was a planet that spiritual science calls the “Sun,” but which is not the same as today's Sun. If you were to mix together today's Earth, today's Sun, and today's Moon, with all the beings that belong to them, you would get the planet that was the former Sun. Cosmically speaking, the sun is a much higher being than our earth. Its inhabitants are spiritual beings who always live in a state that humans only experience when they are between death and a new birth in the devachanic world. They are devachanic beings, whom we could call our devachanic companions. In order for these beings, who had already passed through the stages that humans go through today, to ascend to this stage, they first had to cast off the moon of that time, just as the Earth later cast off the moon of today. It had to be cast off from the sun of that time, and as a result, that planet became a fixed star. A star is not a fixed star from the beginning. In truth, a fixed star has developed from a planet. Our Earth will also become a fixed star one day; it will then also be a sun, and our Earth inhabitants will then also have a spiritual existence, just like the sun inhabitants do today. But for this to happen, the moon first had to be cast off.
This sun, for its part, developed from a planet that is so far back in time that it is very difficult for today's humanity to imagine. This requires a high level of initiation. This planet is called “Saturn.” Saturn transformed into the sun, the sun into the moon, the moon into the Earth, the Earth will transform into “Jupiter,” Jupiter into “Venus,” and Venus into a planet called “Vulcan.”
Now someone may ask: Venus is already in the sky today, and so is Jupiter — how do all these planets relate to each other? It would be a completely false idea to think that humanity today was ever on Saturn, which is now out in outer space. That would be like having a six-year-old child and a fifty-year-old man in front of you and believing that the child's powers could ever be transferred to this man. The man was once a six-year-old child; he went through the same stage. It is the same with the present planet Saturn. It has nothing to do with the development of the Earth, but it represents the stage at which the Earth once was. Just as the fifty-year-old man was the same as the six-year-old boy, so our Earth was once in a similar state to that of today's Saturn, today's Sun, and today's Moon. But if you look at today's Venus, it represents a future state of the Earth. The Earth will one day be in such a state. Venus is not just any celestial body that humans will one day inhabit, but the Earth will also one day be Venus. These are generic names that represent the relevant stages of a planet.
As humans stand before you today, they consist of the physical body, which contains the same substances as the entire mineral kingdom. Furthermore, they consist of the etheric body, which plants also have, then the astral body, which animals also have, and then the ego. If we now go back to Saturn, the human being — the physical ancestor of humans at that time — had nothing but the predisposition for the physical body. He only acquires the predisposition for the etheric body on the Sun, the predisposition for the astral body on the Moon, and the I develops on Earth. That is the meaning of successive development.
But on Saturn there was nothing like today's physical human body. When Saturn was at its densest, it was like this: when I speak here, I cause the air to vibrate. If you did not need to hear my words, I could set the air in motion without speaking, and you could see the vibrations of my words — the very specific movements of the air — and you would see images of my words. If you then knew the context, you could deduce from the vibrations what I had said. My words are the reason why the air is in motion here. Now imagine that you could freeze the air waves in an instant: then my words would fall down. You would have something like oyster shells on the earth, and you could see the shapes of my words in the solidified air. This is roughly how you must imagine the human body, the animal bodies, the plants, and the mineral crystals on Saturn: dissolved out of their solid state into an air-like condition. For all of this lived on Saturn at that time only as a surging, billowing air matter. What is a crystal today is solidified, billowing matter from Saturn. The same is true of plants and animals, which existed on Saturn as vibrations of the light, fine Saturn matter. It was just as if higher spirits had spoken all beings into the Saturn matter, just as I speak the vibrations into the air here. The creative spirits of Saturn brought the Saturn matter into inner vibrations, which were the harbingers of the later plant, animal, and human bodies.
This is the beginning of our evolution – “In the beginning was the Word.” The Word resounded through the Saturn matter, and all beings were in vibrations in this Saturn matter. Think of Chladni's sound figures as a comparison: if you stroke a brass plate sprinkled with fine sand or dust with a violin bow, you will see a wide variety of figures on the plate. This is because you held the plate steady and stroked it. Stroking it produces a tone with certain vibrations and lines. Where the plate does not vibrate, the dust remains; elsewhere, it shakes it off. Here you can, as it were, elicit the figures from the tone coloration, just as they were once spoken into matter in the beginning through the “Word.” Matter is internally structured and organized according to the laws of sound vibrations. Gradually, these vibrations gave rise to those solid bodies.
On the sun, the etheric body was added and now spiritualized part of these forms that had developed on Saturn. The form spiritualized by it rose up to a kind of plant existence. On the moon, the astral body was added. Here, the beings rose to a kind of animal existence. On Earth, the soul was added with the ego. However, human beings could only come into being on Earth because what had been discarded by the predecessor of the Earth became what is now the physical matter of the moon. Certain components will continue to be separated from the Earth so that human beings can continue to develop into Jupiter, Venus, and Vulcan beings.
Now you must be aware that in occultism, a careful distinction is made between the first and second halves of the Earth, because in the first half, the Earth experienced a passage through Mars. At that time, the possibility of forming warm, red blood was taken up. The iron content of the Earth comes from Mars, and the incorporation of iron into the blood is connected with this passage through Mars. The ancient Greek and Roman initiates, who knew that it was precisely with red blood that courage and aggression were given to human beings, therefore designated Mars as the god of war. The names that astronomers give to newly discovered stars today are arbitrary. At that time, names were still considered to be something taken from the nature of the thing itself. The courageous nature of the soul is thus connected with the forces that the earth owes to Mars. So Mars, as the courageous one, was given the name of the god of war. In contrast, the second half of the Earth is increasingly connected with forces that the Earth owes to Mercury. However, the connection between the Earth and Mercury is more of a spiritual nature.
So you have the different stages of our planet: Saturn, Sun, Moon, Mars, because that is where the strong influence came from, then Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Vulcan. This is then expressed in the sequence of the days of the week. The initiates have expressed the sequence of Earth incarnations in the names of the days of the week. You must start with Saturday, which was Saturn's day. It is still called Saturday in English and Zaterdag in Dutch. Then comes Sunday, Monday, Mars day, mardi in French; in ancient Germanic, Ziu was the god of war, hence “Ziustag,” Tuesday in English. Wednesday is a more exoteric name; it was called Mercury day by the ancients, mercredi in French, Wodanstag in Germanic — because Wodan is a Mercury being — Woensdag in Dutch, Wednesday in English. Then we have Jupiter's day, French jeudi. The Jupiter of the Germans is Donar, the thunderer, hence Thursday. Then Venus's day, French vendredi, German Freyatag. And then it starts all over again, because Vulcan is a new stage of Saturn.
What I have just described to you, this human body has all gone through to a certain degree. The traces of what was movement in Saturn are now present in the physical body as vibrational processes. So when the physical body develops during the first seven years, it is a kind of repetition of Saturn's existence, and that is why in occultism the period from the first to the seventh year, that is, until the teeth change, is called the time of Saturn's existence. The same forces are at work that first appeared when the human being was developed only in their physical body on Saturn. Then the etheric body is born, and with it the forces associated with the solar existence. We call the period from the seventh to the fourteenth or sixteenth year of life, during which these forces are active, the solar existence of the human being. You must be clear that all the forces that were in the human being at that time, as the forces of blossoming life, that is, the solar forces, emerge and develop during the period from the change of teeth to sexual maturity. This is important because only then can we begin to understand the connection between these human forces and the corresponding present-day forms of those stars, when we remember the time when the Earth itself was a similar star. Thus, forces that are also related to today's Saturn are active in the child until the age of seven. Here you see the first inner seed of that vast and powerful wisdom that has been handed down as astrology from the times of the truly great initiates and which is no longer understood today. Because there is an inner relationship between Saturn and childhood, you now understand how these things are connected internally. You also see how the forces of the sun itself are drawn out. What is important for the human being later on has been completed with the moon and the earth: the formative forces are particularly important for the development of the human being from the age of seven to sexual maturity. This in turn gives you a true insight into how extraordinarily important it is that children, especially during this period, have a deeper relationship with what is called the spiritual sun in relation to their etheric body.
Here you can see the more esoteric connection between things, which I have already hinted at in my public lecture. Above all, remember that during this period it is particularly important to teach children a sense of beauty. If you do not teach them a sense of beauty during this period, you will not be able to make up for it later, because completely different forces will be at work then. This period is connected with the perception of light and shadow, and there is nothing better you can do than teach the child a sense of light and shadow. I know a distinguished art historian who once complained quite bitterly: "You're supposed to give people lectures on art history. When I try to make them understand and show them pictures, they have no idea. Young people come from high school and have no sense of light and shadow; they cannot even understand why a hand is shortened; one could tie in light and shadow in the broadest sense, but people have very little sense of it."
People can only develop a sense of beauty if they learn to understand what makes the sun beautiful on earth, the spiritual deeds of the sun. This is very important. The beings of the sun have a spiritual-divine existence. That is why it is also necessary for religious development to begin at this time. This is connected with the development of the human etheric body. Just as the sun was able to elevate the existence of its beings to spirits in cosmic development, so the human being is able, as an educator, to awaken in the child between the change of teeth and sexual maturity a receptiveness, a feeling for the purely spiritual and for the religious, because there the sun body develops freely in all directions.
From the age of fourteen to twenty-one or twenty-three, you then have the moon existence of the human being, in which his astral body comes to the fore. This is the epoch of existence in which the instincts easily come out, which must be fought in the most eminent sense; everything that cannot be purified must be cast off. What emerges must sometimes be treated like the dross of the moon; some things really must be cast off, as happened with the moon.
We could take a deeper look into this period and see how deeply human beings are connected to the entire structure of the world. We would see how, in fact, because human beings are unable to cast out certain forces that are actually lunar forces, those terrible diseases emerge that are called juvenile dementia and dementia praecox. This is a specific phenomenon which, through its peculiar symptoms, reveals how it clings to the astral body that is just emerging from the etheric body. Try observing such a person who, at the age of sexual maturity, sails into dementia praecox. Strange symptoms appear, showing a peculiar addiction to repetition. The astral body is sometimes very intelligent, but the way in which the astral body relates to the etheric body is disordered. Ask such a person, for example: How much is five times six? — He answers: Thirty. — How much is seven times eight? — Thirty. — How much is six times nine? — Thirty. — And so on, always thirty. This is a kind of memory overload, and so you can imagine how they cannot emerge from the stage of the etheric body, how they cannot bring about the lunar age for themselves. From this perspective, one can shine a light deep into the microcosm.
From the twenty-first to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth year, we have the Mars existence of the human being. It is precisely during this time that the courageous character of the human being emerges through the blood sphere. It is not for nothing that people are drawn to Mars service during these years. In part, these things happen instinctively. In many cases, they are also traditions of what was once known spiritually.
Then come preparations for future ages. When the soul is left more and more to its own devices, it initiates in the human being the process that will take place cosmically with the Earth. Something will detach itself from the Earth so that it can rise higher, up to Jupiter. And human beings are already beginning this process today. Here, too, they are a microcosm. Something inner detaches itself and develops into that freedom of the soul which we call the Mercury existence, which reaches its peak in the thirty-fifth year of life. We speak of midlife, just as we have rightly called seventy the age of the patriarchs. Thus, at the age of thirty-five, human beings gain their independence. They enter an age in which they not only experience, but also strengthen and consolidate what they have experienced inwardly. Through the firm establishment of the will, the human body is left to its own devices, and the inner self consolidates. Now the person becomes an advisor to those around them. Their judgment now has value for others. Previously, they had to listen to the world, but now the world can listen to them. This is important, because many sins are committed in this regard. Above all, people harm themselves when they stand up and give advice before they have reached the age of maturity, the middle of life. If they feel like a student who is merely repeating what they have heard, they will not throw obstacles in their own path, as happens when they present all kinds of things as their own teaching. In doing so, they render their best powers ineffective. Knowledge can be acquired beforehand, but wisdom is something that must be developed internally. Knowledge is what must first be gathered and can then become wisdom.
At the age of forty-nine, the Jupiter age begins, in which the soul becomes even freer within itself by surrendering the body even further to itself and developing within itself the best powers in order to transition into the Venus age, which begins in the sixty-third and sixty-fourth years of life. By then, the inner self has consolidated to such an extent that the human being has been able to shed all external egoism in a beautiful development. All that remains is love for what is in the world. He no longer wants anything for himself; he is now there for his surroundings. Humanity is only just beginning to develop this in its very earliest stages, which is why it is still difficult to talk about it today.
In spiritual science, we speak of a sevenfold structure of life and show how we can understand the human being as a small world that looks back on a past cosmic epoch and points to future development. Thus, he is born out of the universe — not only out of the past, but in his entire development there is also something prophetic that points to a future epoch. And what is to happen there is already happening today in the course of human life. Therefore, it is not entirely nonsensical to say that human beings truly get to know themselves when they get to know world evolution. When they let their gaze wander from Saturn to Venus, they see in the great world what is happening in their own existence. This is the connection between human beings and the entire cosmos. If you imagine human beings as they are, with all their organs divided up in the cosmos, you get the idea that has been preserved in an ancient Central European myth. According to this myth, the whole world was created from a primeval human being, the giant Ymir: from his skull came the vault of heaven, from his blood the rivers, from his bones the mountains, and so on. The myths of Osiris and Dionysus say something similar. So when we speak of the divided primordial human being, we mean nothing other than that we can find the entire cosmos in the human being, and when the human being enters the cosmos, he finds his own existence magnified within it. We must expand our own knowledge to include knowledge of the world, and not brood over our inner selves. Just as we see ourselves in the body in which our soul and spirit are concentrated, so we may regard the great body, which is the expanded image of our own body, as the divine body, as the image of the world spirit, and in self-knowledge we have knowledge of the world, knowledge of God.Thus, human beings are born out of the Godhead and can gradually approach it again through their knowledge of the Godhead. Entering into the cosmos and unlocking the existence of the world with all human soul forces: this is the mood that can come to us from spiritual science. Through it, human beings learn to see the world as a great body of the Godhead, and they learn how their own selves came forth from this body. If one first learns to feel this through spiritual science, this feeling ultimately transforms into a sense of godliness. With this feeling, with this experience, what human beings can learn through the spiritual scientific worldview is completed, albeit in the very distant future.