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The Christian Mystery
GA 97

14 March 1906, Stuttgart

XXIII. Karmic Law as Outcome of Active Life. Causes of Sickness and Heredity

Today we'll consider the law of human karma in detail. You know that it takes effect in successive human lives. No discussion of this law, however accurate, can of course be complete, for the occultist is obliged to speak not of hypothetical instances but of experience gained in this field, things of which he has certain knowledge, for example by observing a particular person and the way he was, and following him through his different lives. The question we would ask is how a life's destiny arises, the position someone has in life, his character, inclinations, habits and so on. One person is born with a vehement character, easily moved to anger, another as a mild and gentle individual. One is granted a kind destiny, the other is continually embattled. Trouble and cares are his lot.

In the first place we must consider the different bodies of the human being and ask how karmic causes affect the physical, etheric and astral bodies. Let us begin with the physical body and the things that happen through it. It is above all the agent for our actions in the world, since anything we do happens through movements done by the physical body. Our outer destiny for the next incarnation will depend on these actions of ours. The actions our physical body has performed in earlier lives will determine if we are poor or rich, born in one place or another, in one kind of environment or another. If we do bad things we'll be born in a bad environment; good things will give us a good environment. That is the first law.

Now to the second law. We'll find it easiest to understand if we go back to our own childhood. We'll all find that we have taken in many new concepts and ideas since then and have learned a great deal. Having found our way to the science of the spirit, for instance, we have gained many new concepts just because of this. Just think how much we learn through it and what new trains of thought it engenders! The content of anything we learn and take up into our life of thought arises because of the astral body. Changes occur in it, and since it is the most tenuous and subtle of the human bodies, it also responds most rapidly to any influence. It is not only our ideas and concepts that have changed since childhood, however. Our inclinations, habits and character have also changed. We recall that these last-named qualities developed in the child under the influence of the ether body.

Because the ether body is much denser than the astral body, these habits are much more tenacious and persistent; if one does not deliberately set out to change them they'll persist for practically the whole of life. The ideas and concepts we take up change the astral body in giant strides compared to the slowly changing character traits, which thus also mean only gradual changes in the ether body. We may compare this to the two hands of a clock, with the big hand moving fast, the small hand more slowly. That is how it is with the rapid changes in the astral body and the slower changes in the ether body.

Changes in the physical body, which is the coarsest of them all, are of course even slower; it works most slowly of all. We'll hear on the other evenings how initiands learn to work on their astral and ether bodies and finally also their physical bodies at a faster rate.179Ancient Indian symbol. See lecture Rudolf Steiner gave in Dornach on 10 September 1923. Typescript lecture Z-286,‘On the origin and meaning of cults’, Rudolf Steiner House Library, London. Ultimately they will reach the point where they can change their pulse beat. Of course we have not got that for today, for anything we learn in this life will only produce the relevant changes in the next life. The change which the astral body undergoes in this life will appear in the ether body in the next incarnation, for it will influence its configuration. We have to work on our habits now in preparation for the next life, so that we shall then have the effect. Someone wishing to be born with a good memory in the next life should make every effort to recall everything as far as possible, calling to mind everything that happens in life. Thus he should recall at night what he has done that day, and then also what he did and what happened yesterday, a month ago, last year and in past years. That is how we can train our memory. People who rush through life heedlessly will be born with inclinations that will make it impossible for them to retain anything they come up against in life. One may, of course, sometimes be forced to rush; I only said what I've just been saying with reference to superficially skimming across everything in life.

We all know the temperaments. A choleric with his strong will and the desire to do a great many things which is apparent even in childhood, wants to dominate, to set the tone. He is courageous, bold, keen to act. Napoleon, Caesar and Hannibal were cholerics. A melancholic child will isolate himself, on the other hand; he is distrustful, would really like to keep all his things under lock and key, and when his friends leave the house he'll check that they have not taken anything with them. He concentrates on himself. This is a contemplative individual, not a man of action. A phlegmatic child shows no particular interest. He will go into anything, in a way, but nothing makes much of an impression on him. He is a dreamer, inactive, seeking to gratify his senses. Someone with a sanguine temperament will take an interest in something, but this will not last and soon be gone. However, we cannot classify people according to the different temperaments.

Everyone usually has one basic temperament, but the others come into it as well. The four temperaments come to expression in four different ways in the ether body, and give the astral body four different background colours. The melancholic temperament will emerge in the next incarnation of someone who tends to live within a calm, narrow compass, concentrating on himself. Someone who has come across many things, got to the bottom of them and seen a great deal of life, including difficult times, will be born a choleric. Those whose lives have been pleasant, without any great struggles or demands, will be sanguine or phlegmatic. Anything that happens to the astral body in this life will in the karmic process become the basic tenor for the ether body in the next life.

In the schools where initiates are trained, this knowledge was and is consciously used to work on the different bodies, more so in the past than today. This has to do with cycles of evolution. Occult teaching is very different today from the way it was 5,000 years ago. Then work had to be done more on groups of human beings. The deliberate aim of the work was to enable whole categories of people to be in harmony in their next life. In India the whole population was divided into four castes, and the purpose of the work alone was to enable them to be a proper part of a particular caste in their next life. Systematic training was given to provide for millennia, to shape people's view of the world for millennia. This gave tremendous powers to the occult leaders. Now it has all changed. Progressive human evolution releases people from their groups or castes; they can no longer be educated in such wholesale fashion. Man will and must become more and more highly individualized.

How do human beings influence their ether bodies with a view to the next life? All inclinations and habits in the present ether body create the disposition for health or sickness in the next life. Any particular habits, both good and bad, now slowly developing in the ether body will crystallize in the next life into the person's good or bad disposition. Thus someone may seek to be industrious, or another may endeavour to let go of his anger. Someone else again may give himself up to drink, and this will weaken his will. Another gets more and more lazy, and so on. These things, which become part of the ether body in the course of a life, will come to expression in the physical body in the next life. A bad habit in one life is the cause of sickness in the next, whilst a good habit will of course be a cause of health. A particular passion will mean a particular disease in the next life. Here one would be able to see how someone acquires a disposition to catch infections. We know very well that some people can go to anyone, to any place where epidemics or infectious diseases prevail and will not be in danger of catching these diseases. Someone else picks them up from the gutter, as it were, catching them immediately. It all depends on the disposition if we catch things or not. Initiates know very well that the disposition to catch infections results from a highly developed egotistical acquisitive drive, a selfish desire to make material gains for oneself. Anyone who wants to get rich in one life, is doing himself harm where his next incarnation is concerned. This egotistical drive for material gain and riches is a property of the ether body that will show itself as a disposition to catch infectious diseases in the next life.

Anyone wishing to know more about health and sickness will, however, have to remember that many different factors are involved. The causes of sickness need not be due to individual karma. There is also a national karma where ill-health is concerned. This can be seen from the following observation. It concerns specific aspects in the health of races and whole nations. We all know the history of the tribal migrations in earlier times. We know that a number of tribes from the East—Huns, Mongols—migrated to Europe. They poured into the country, coming from Asia, and encountered the Germanic tribes. Those Huns, and the Mongolian race altogether, were late survivors of the Atlanteans—this is evident from the name Attila or Ath; they were remnants of that great race. The Germanic peoples, Persians and Indians were more advanced races, the Mongols Atlanteans who had remained stationary at a particular point and were now in decline. The main body of humanity was progressing but individual lower races like these remained behind, forming enclaves. The astral bodies of those late races contained decomposing astral matter. This did, of course, also come to us in large quantities. The Europeans faced the approaching hordes in fear and terror, and this fear and terror they felt made the decomposing astral matter thrive even more. Fear and terror are properties of the astral body that encourage such harmful influences. European astral bodies were infected, and in later generations this infection emerged as leprosy, the dreadful disease that had disastrous effects in medieval times. It was the physical consequence of the influence Mongol astral bodies had had on European astral bodies. The channel, as it were, through which this influence poured into European bodies was the fear and terror the Germanic peoples felt when those wild hordes poured across the borders into their countries. Here we can see how diseases arise as national karma, being passed on from generation to generation. The ancestors had known the disease in mind and spirit, in later generations it became physical. This is the meaning of the words ‘visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation’.180Exodus 20: 5. We may take them quite literally, for they refer to this kind of national karma.

Religious source texts are altogether not taken literally enough. To begin with, people were naive, the way many country people are to this day. They would take the words of the Bible literally. Then people grew clever and took a negative view, throwing anything traditional overboard. That was the second stage. The third stage were our modern freethinkers who take it all to be symbolic. Bruno Wille would be an example.181Wille, Bruno (1860–1928), Writer, co-founder of the Giordano Bruno Association. See Rudolf Steiner's reference to him in The Course of my Life (GA 28). A great deal depends, however, on how clever such an individual is, for one of them will find an even better symbol than the other and feel he must let the world know that this is the one and only one. Other meanings are often read into the texts, rather than their true meaning. There is, however, also a fourth stage—the science of the occult. This teaches us to take the original source texts literally again and understand them. Having been naive to begin with, then a freethinker and seeing symbols, one finally becomes a student of the occult.

In considering the karma of sickness for individuals as well as whole tribes and nations, we found that something initially prepared for in mind and spirit will later emerge again in physical life. Let us therefore provide good education and make sure that people develop good habits, for that will also promote their health. Good inclinations help not only in the moral sphere but really and truly also one's state of health, for a bad habit will create sickness in the next life. The nervous tension which is really the most widespread disease today has arisen because of a particular attitude of mind at an earlier time. It would never have developed if the materialistic way of thinking had not gained such dominance in the world. If this way of thinking were to continue it would have a disastrous effect on the health of nations, taking humanity to the brink of insanity. Children would be born with tremors due to weak nerves, and increasing materialism would hold the threat of epidemic insanity, with people suffering real pain from any sensation they have. That is the terrible influence materialism will have at the physical level once it has infected people's minds.

This future prospect was the true reason why the occult guides of the human race found it necessary to let part of the treasury of spiritual truths go out into the world. For the coming generations can only be given a sound new foundation for health if a spiritual view of the world, free from the bonds of materialism, helps them to look up to the highest streams of life for humanity, letting these enter into themselves. The reasons why our spiritual scientific approach is being put forward today are much more profound than some would think. With it and through it each can do his part in helping humanity to regain health. The term ‘nervous ’ had quite a different meaning in the past. It meant to be sinewy, muscular, strong, with nerves like ropes. The changing in its meaning is in itself evidence of something completely new having come into the world.

Let us now consider the question of heredity for the individual child, in both mind and body, and of karma. We know that traits are passed on, making a child similar to his father, mother, uncle, aunt or grandparents. One child may look like his father, the other like his mother. Musical gifts may continue through generations, for instance. The Bach family produced about 28 musicians in a period of 250 years, though only one of them became very famous.182The Bach family moved from Hungary to Thuringia in central Germany around the year 1590. The first Bach known to have been a musician was Hans Bach, who died in 1626. The great composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) was his great-grandson. Three of his sons, Friedemann (1710–1784), Philipp Emanuel, the ‘Berlin Bach’ (1714–1788) and Johann Christian, the ‘London Bach’ (1735–1782) were famous in their day. The last male scion of the family was Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach (1759–1845), musical director in Berlin. And the Bernoulli family included eight great mathematicians.183The Bernoulli family of mathematicians went from Antwerp to Frankfurt in 1583, being dissenters, and finally to Basel. Two brothers—Jaques (1654–1705) and Jean, or Johann (1667–1748) were pioneers in differential calculus. Other well-known mathematicians were Nikolaus (1687–1759) and Daniel, the son of Jean (1700–1782). There are many examples of heredity playing an important role. We must however understand the true meaning of karma and reincarnation, for this alone will help us to understand heredity. The theory of heredity presented in materialistic science is only partly true, and much has been distorted. To be a great musician, for example, calls not only for musical gifts. These could not come into play if the soul were unable to incarnate in a body that has a musical ear. The excellent, finely structured organs of hearing are passed on from parents to children in a family of musicians. A human seed coming from the devachan and hastening towards a new incarnation will feel drawn to such a family, in which his musical soul can come into its own in well developed musical organs. Just as the pole attracts a magnetic needle, so is such a child born into a family where his individual talents find the best physical preconditions. Everything really comes together quite perfectly. An astral seed is drawn to a family that suits it physically. The commonplace saying that one should be careful in choosing one's parents is therefore not quite as nonsensical as it may sound. It is not that the child looks like his parents. He is born of parents who are most like him, and whom he loves even before this. The deepest love and sympathy arises even before birth, and the child feels drawn to his mother. Mother love is the secondary form of love, in response to the child's love which came before.

Such insights widen our horizons enormously. I hope I shall be able to make this even clearer in the lectures that are to follow. The more we progress, the more do we penetrate into all these questions. Some things are not that clear to begin with, but then one veil after the other drops away, and as time goes on we shall gain ever deeper insights. Knowing this we learn to say to ourselves that we'll be content to wait until the time comes when things that are now still under a veil for us shall also become clear. It is usually an advanced individual who will wait in patience until he is also able to take in higher things.

Erkenntnisse und Lebensfrüchte der Geisteswissenschaft das Karmagesetz als Wirkung des Tatenlebens die Ursachen von Krankheit und Vererbung

Wir wollen heute vom Karmagesetz des Menschen im einzelnen sprechen. Sie wissen, daß dasselbe durch die einzelnen Menschenleben hindurchwirkt. Eine jede noch so genaue Auseinandersetzung dieses Gesetzes ist natürlich immer lückenhaft, denn der Okkultist soll nicht von ausgedachten Fällen reden, sondern von Erfahrungen, die auf diesem Gebiete gemacht worden sind und von denen er wirklich Bestimmtes weiß, zum Beispiel durch Beobachtung eines Menschen, der so und so war und dessen verschiedene Leben man verfolgt. Wir fragen nun: Wie kommt das Lebensschicksal zustande, wie die Stellung, die der Mensch im Leben einnimmt, wie sein Charakter, seine Neigungen, Gewohnheiten und so weiter? Der eine wird mit einem heftigen, zornigen Charakter geboren, der andere als milder, sanfter Mensch. Dem einen wird ein gutes Schicksal zuteil, der andere steht in fortwährendem Kampf. Not und Sorge begleiten ihn.

Vor allem müssen wir die verschiedenen Leiber der Menschen berücksichtigen und fragen, wie die karmischen Ursachen in den drei Leibern, dem physischen, ätherischen und astralischen im Menschen wirken. Wir betrachten zuerst wieder den physischen Leib und was durch denselben geschieht. Vor allen Dingen ist er der Faktor, durch den unsere Taten in der Welt ausgeführt werden, denn was wir tun, geschieht durch Bewegungen, die unser physischer Leib macht. Von diesem unserem Tun hängt unser äußeres Schicksal in der nächsten Inkarnation ab. Ob wir arm oder reich, an diesem Ort oder jenem, in dieser Umgebung oder jener geboren werden, ist das Resultat der Taten unseres physischen Leibes in früheren Leben. Begehen wir schlechte Taten, so werden wir in eine schlechte Umgebung geboren, gute Taten erwirken uns eine gute Umgebung. Dies ist das erste Gesetz.

Nun kommt das zweite Gesetz. Wir kommen da am leichtesten zum Verständnis, wenn wir uns einmal in unsere eigene Kindheit hineinversetzen. Wir alle werden finden, daß wir seitdem viele neue Begriffe und Vorstellungen in uns aufgenommen und daß wir vieles gelernt haben. Wir zum Beispiel, die wir zur Geisteswissenschaft gekommen sind, haben allein dadurch schon viele neue Begriffe in uns aufgenommen. Denn, was lernen wir nicht alles durch sie, und welch neue Gedankengänge gibt sie uns! Der Inhalt dessen, was wir lernen und in unser Gedankenleben aufnehmen, geschieht durch den Astralleib. Es entstehen dadurch Veränderungen an demselben, und da dieser vergleichsweise der dünnste und feinste der Leiber ist, die der Mensch hat, so reagiert er auch am schnellsten auf jede Beeinflussung. Aber nicht nur in unseren Begriffen und Vorstellungen haben wir uns seit unserer Kindheit verändert, auch unser Temperament, unsere Neigungen, Gewohnheiten und unser Charakter sind anders geworden. Wir entsinnen uns, daß diese letztgenannten Eigenschaften durch die Einflüsse auf den Ätherleib beim Kinde gebildet wurden.

Dadurch nun, daß der Ätherleib ein viel dichterer Körper als der Astralleib ist, erhalten sich diese Gewohnheiten viel zäher und viel länger; ja, falls nicht bewußt auf sie eingewirkt wird, fast das ganze Leben hindurch. Die Vorstellungen und Begriffe, die wir aufnehmen und die die Veränderungen am Astralleib ausmachen, gestalten mit Riesenschritten denselben um, im Vergleich zu den sich langsam verändernden Charaktereigenschaften, die dadurch auch allmählich den Ätherleib umgestalten. Wir können es mit den beiden Uhrzeigern, dem großen und dem kleinen, vergleichen: Der große läuft schnell, der kleine langsamer. So ist es mit den raschen Veränderungen am Astralleib, mit den langsameren am Ätherleib.

Am physischen Leib, der ja der gröbste ist, gehen natürlich die Veränderungen noch langsamer vor sich, er ist der am langsamsten arbeitende. Wir werden noch an den weiteren Abenden hören, daß der Einzuweihende lernt, mit vergrößerter Geschwindigkeit an seinem Astral- und Ätherleib und zuletzt sogar an seinem physischen Leib zu arbeiten. Ja, er wird schließlich einmal so weit kommen, daß er seinen Pulsschlag ändern kann. Jetzt freilich sind wir noch nicht so weit, sondern was wir in diesem Leben lernen, wird erst im nächsten Leben die entsprechenden Veränderungen hervorrufen. Die Änderung, die der Astralleib in diesem Leben erfährt, tritt in der nächsten Inkarnation am Ätherleib auf, indem sie gestaltend auf ihn einwirkt. Gute Taten geben Neigungen zu guten Taten im nächsten Leben. Wir müssen unsere Gewohnheiten jetzt vorbereiten für das folgende Leben, damit wir dort die Wirkung haben. Will jemand etwa im nächsten Leben mit einem guten Gedächtnis geboren werden, so soll er bemüht sein, sich möglichst an alles zu erinnern, und alles, was er erlebt, sich ins Gedächtnis zurückzurufen. Er soll zum Beispiel am Abend daran denken, was er heute getan hat, und dann weiter, was er gestern, vor einem Monat, im letzten Jahr, was er in den vergangenen Jahren getan und erlebt hat. So bildet man das Gedächtnis aus. Menschen, die nur achtlos durch die Welt rasen, werden mit Neigungen geboren werden, die es unmöglich machen, daß irgend etwas, was ihnen begegnet, haften bleibt. Natürlich kann auch jemand gezwungen sein zu rasen, ich meinte das vorher Gesagte nur in bezug auf das oberflächliche Hinwegblicken über alles, was er erlebt.

Wir alle kennen die Temperamente. Der Choleriker mit seinem stark wirkenden Willen und dem Drang, recht viel zu tun, der sich schon beim Kinde zeigt, will herrschen und den Ton unter seinen Kameraden angeben. Er ist mutig, kühn, tatendurstig. Cholerische Naturen waren Napoleon, Cäsar, Hannibal. Das melancholische Kind hingegen sondert sich ab, es ist mißtrauisch, möchte am liebsten seine Sachen unter Schloß und Riegel halten und schaut seinen Kameraden nach, wenn sie gegangen, ob sie nichts mitgenommen haben. Es beschäftigt sich viel mit sich selbst. Es ist dies der Mensch der Betrachtung und nicht der Tat. Das phlegmatische Kind zeigt kein besonderes Interesse. Es sucht in gewisser Weise alles auf, aber nichts macht einen großen Eindruck auf seine Seele. Es träumt viel, ist untätig und sucht den Sinnengenuß. Das sanguinische Temperament zeigt wohl Interesse für alles, aber dieses Interesse hält nicht an, sondern ist bald verflogen. Doch kann man die Menschen nicht in die verschiedenen Temperamente rubrizieren. In jedem ist meist nur als ein Grundton ein Temperament vertreten, aber die anderen spielen mit hinein. Diese vier Temperamente drücken sich im Ätherleib als vier verschiedene Arten aus und sind im Astralleib als vier verschiedene Grundfärbungen zu erkennen. Das melancholische Temperament wird bei der nächsten Inkarnation hervortreten, wenn jemand jetzt die Neigung hat, im engsten und stillsten Kreise zu leben und sich nur mit sich selbst zu beschäftigen. Der andere jedoch, der mit vielen Dingen zusammengekommen ist, ihnen auf den Grund ging und viele Erlebnisse, auch schwere durchmachte, wird als Choleriker geboren werden. Wer ein angenehmes Leben, ohne viel Kampf und Mühsal hatte, wird ein Sanguiniker oder Phlegmatiker. Was dem Astralleib in diesem Leben geschieht, geht karmisch im nächsten Leben als Grundwesen auf den Ätherkörper über.

In den Einweihungsschulen wird nun bewußt nach dieser Erkenntnis an den verschiedenen Körpern gearbeitet, und zwar früher noch mehr als heute. Das hängt mit der zyklischen Entwickelung zusammen. Heute hat die Geheimlehre eine ganz andere Art zu lehren als vor fünftausend Jahren. Damals mußte man mehr an Menschengruppen arbeiten. Man arbeitete bewußt daran, daß ganze Kategorien von Menschen im nächsten Leben harmonisch zusammenstimmen konnten. In Indien wurde die gesamte Bevölkerung in vier Kasten geteilt und nun so an ihnen gearbeitet, daß die Menschen im nächsten Leben in eine bestimmte Kaste hineinpaßten. Die Ausbildung des Menschen war systematisch darauf eingerichtet, für Jahrtausende zu sorgen, auf Jahrtausende hinaus das Weltbild zu formen. Gerade das gab den okkulten Führern ihre große Macht. Jetzt ist das alles ganz anders geworden. Die fortschreitende Entwikkelung des Menschen löst ihn los aus diesen Gruppen, diesen Kasten, er kann nicht mehr gewissermaßen en gros erzogen werden. Der Mensch wird und soll immer individualisierter werden.

Wie wirkt nun der Mensch im Hinblick auf das nächste Leben auf seinen Ätherleib ein? Alle Neigungen und Gewohnheiten des jetzigen Ätherleibes geben im nächsten Leben die Disposition zu Gesundheit oder Krankheit. Aus dem, was sich jetzt als bestimmte Gewohnheiten, sowohl gute wie schlechte, am Ätherleib langsam entwickelt, kristallisiert sich nach und nach der gute oder schlechte Charakter eines Menschen im kommenden Leben. Zum Beispiel, der eine Mensch sucht seinen Fleiß zu kultivieren, oder der andere arbeitet daran, seinen Zorn abzulegen. Wieder ein anderer gewöhnt sich den Trunk an, wodurch sein Wille schwach wird. Der andere wird faul und so weiter. Was nun in den Ätherleib durch ein Lebensdasein hineingelegt wird, erlangt im darauffolgenden im physischen Leib seinen Ausdruck. Eine schlechte Gewohnheit im vorhergehenden Leben ist eine Ursache zur Krankheit im nächsten, eine gute Gewohnheit ist natürlich eine Ursache zur Gesundheit. Eine bestimmte Leidenschaft bringt uns eine bestimmte Krankheit für das nächste Leben. Man könnte sehen, wie die Disposition eines Menschen zu Infektionskrankheiten auf diese Weise erworben wird. Wir wissen gut, daß jemand zu allen Menschen, an alle Orte hingehen kann, wo Epidemien oder ansteckende Krankheiten herrschen, ohne daß er sich gefährdet und diese Krankheiten bekommt. Der andere liest sie gleichsam auf der Straße auf und steckt sich gleich an. Es hängt nur von seiner Disposition ab, ob er angesteckt wird oder nicht. Nun wissen die Eingeweihten ganz genau, daß die Disposition, die zu Infektionskrankheiten führt, auf einem im vorigen Leben ausgeprägten egoistischen Erwerbssinn beruht, der in selbstischer Weise daran denkt, für sich Reichtümer zu sammeln. Wer in einem Leben reich werden will, schädigt sich für seine nächstkommende Inkarnation. Dieser egoistische Drang nach Erwerb und Reichtum ist eine Eigenschaft des Ätherkörpers, die im nächsten Leben als Disposition für Infektionskrankheiten hervortritt.

Wenn man sich über Gesundheit und Krankheit informieren will, so muß man allerdings bedenken, daß da viele Dinge zusammenwirken. Die Ursachen von Krankheiten brauchen nicht bloß im Einzelkarma zu liegen. Es gibt auch in bezug auf Krankheiten ein Volkskarma. Das kann ein Beispiel lehren, das man beobachtet hat. Dieser Fall betrifft gewisse Gesundheitsverhältnisse der Rassen und ganzer Völker. Wir alle kennen die Völkerwanderung und deren Geschichte. Wir wissen, daß damals von Osten her verschiedene Stämme, die Hunnen, Mongolen, sich aufmachten und nach Europa kamen. Sie ergossen sich von Asien her über das Land und stießen mit den Germanen zusammen. Diese Hunnen, wie überhaupt die mongolische Rasse, waren Nachzügler der Atlantier - darauf deutet schon der Name Attila oder Atli -, Zurückgebliebene dieser großen Rasse. Während die Germanen, Perser und Inder die vorgeschritteneren Rassen repräsentierten, waren die Mongolen, die auf einer bestimmten Stufe stehengebliebenen Atlantier, im Verfall. Während der große Menschheitsstrom sich nach vorwärts entwickelt, bleiben solche einzelnen niederen Völkerrassen zurück und gliedern sich ab. Die Astralleiber dieser zurückgebliebenen Rassen tragen nun astralische Verwesungsstoffe in sich. Natürlich kamen solche in großen Mengen mit zu uns herüber. Die Europäer gerieten in Furcht und Schrecken durch diese ansturmenden Massen, und durch diese Furcht und den Schrecken, den sie empfanden, gediehen die astralischen Verwesungsstoffe noch besser, denn Furcht und Schrecken sind Eigenschaften des Astralleibes, die günstig auf das Gedeihen dieser schädlichen Einflüsse wirken. Die europäischen Astralleiber wurden infiziert, und diese Infektion zeigte sich in den späteren Generationen als Aussatz, jene schreckliche Krankheit, die solche Verheerungen im Mittelalter anrichtete. Dies war die physische Folge des Einflusses der mongolischen Astralleiber auf die europäischen, und der Leitungsstrom gewissermaßen, auf dem dieser Einfluß sich in die europäischen Leiber ergoß, war die Furcht und der Schrekken, der die Germanen erfüllte vor den verheerenden Scharen, die ihr Land überfluteten. Man sieht, wie hier Krankheiten im Volkskarma entstehen, und wie diese sich von Generation auf Generation vererben. Die Vorfahren erlebten geistig die Krankheit, und sie ging bei den späteren Generationen ins Physische über. So und nicht anders ist auch der Bibelspruch gemeint: «Die Sünden der Väter suche ich heim an den Kindern bis ins dritte und vierte Glied.» Wir können dies ganz wörtlich nehmen. Es ist damit diese Art von Volkskarma gemeint.

Überhaupt werden die religiösen Urkunden viel zu wenig wörtlich genommen. Zuerst ist der Mensch ein Naiver, wie zum Beispiel heute noch vielfach die Leute auf dem Lande. Dort nehmen die Menschen die Bibelsprüche buchstäblich. Dann wird der Mensch gescheit und damit negierend. Er wirft alles Altüberlieferte über Bord, das ist die zweite Stufe. Als dritte Stufe kommen die modernen Freidenker, die alles nur noch als Symbol ansehen wollen. Hier kann Bruno Wille als Beispiel gelten. Nun hängt aber viel davon ab, wie gescheit ein solcher Auslegender ist, denn der eine findet ein noch besseres Symbol als der andere und glaubt nun, seines als das allein richtige der Welt verkünden zu müssen. Da wird aber viel unterlegt und nicht nur ausgelegt. Es gibt aber noch eine vierte Stufe: Die Geheimwissenschaft. Sie lehrt uns, die religiösen Urkunden wieder wörtlich zu verstehen und aufzufassen. Zuletzt wird man Geheimschüler, nachdem man erst naiver Mensch und dann Freidenker und Symboliker war.

Bei unserer Betrachtung des Krankheitskarmas, sowohl des einzelnen als auch ganzer Stämme, haben wir gesehen, daß dasjenige, was vorher geistig vorbereitet gewesen ist, später im physischen Leben sich wieder geltend macht. Sorgen wir deshalb für gute Erziehung und gute Gewohnheiten der Menschheit, dann werden wir da“durch auch die Gesundheit fördern! Nicht nur das sittliche Element wird durch gute Neigungen gefördert, sondern faktisch auch die Gesundheit, da eine schlechte Gewohnheit eine Krankheit fürs nächste Leben schafft. Die Nervosität, diese eigentlich heute am weitesten verbreitete Krankheitsform, ist die Folge einer bestimmten Geistesverfassung in einer früheren Zeit. Niemals würde sie aufgetreten sein, wenn nicht die materialistische Weltanschauung mit ihren Denkgewohnheiten herrschend geworden wäre. Würde diese Geistesrichtung fortdauern, so würde sie verheerend auf die Volksgesundheit wirken und die Menschheit dem Irrsinn nahebringen. Kinder würden schon zitternd vor Nervenschwäche geboren werden, ja eine Irrsinnsepidemie würde durch zunehmenden Materialismus zu befürchten sein, und die Menschen würden aus jeder Empfindung heraus ein peinigendes Schmerzgefühl haben. Das ist der furchtbare Einfluß des Materialismus, wie er sich physisch ausleben wird, nachdem er die Geister infiziert hat.

Dies Weltenbild der Zukunft war nun die wahre Ursache, warum sich die okkulten Führer der Menschheit in die Notwendigkeit versetzt sahen, etwas aus dem Schatz der spirituellen Wahrheiten in die Welt einfließen zu lassen. Denn nur durch eine spirituelle Weltanschauung, die, losgelöst von den Fesseln des Materialismus, aufschaut zu den höchsten Lebensströmen der Menschheit und sie in sich einfließen laßt, nur durch sie kann den kommenden Generationen auch eine gute Gesundheitsanlage wiedergegeben werden. Die Gründe, weshalb unsere geisteswissenschaftliche Weltanschauung heute verbreitet wird, gehen viel tiefer, als mancher denkt, und in ihr und durch sie kann jeder mit seinem Teil an dieser Gesundung der Menschen mitarbeiten. Früher hatte das Wort «nervös» eine ganz andere Bedeutung als heute. Es hieß: muskelstark, Nerven wie Stricke haben. Man sieht schon aus dieser Umwandlung des Wortsinns, wie etwas ganz Neues in die Welt gekommen ist.

Wir wollen uns noch der Frage zuwenden: Wie steht es mit der Einzelvererbung beim Kinde, geistig sowie physisch, und wie mit dem Karma? Wir wissen, daß sowohl Eigenschaften, wie Ähnlichkeiten vom Vater, der Mutter, dem Onkel, der Tante, den Großeltern vererbt werden. Ein Kind sieht seinem Vater, das andere der Mutter ähnlich. Die musikalische Veranlagung zum Beispiel kann sich durch Generationen hindurch vererben. In der Familie Bach gab es etwa achtundzwanzig Musiker im Laufe von zweihundertfünfzig Jahren, wenn auch nur einen ganz berühmten darunter, und in der Mathematikerfamilie Bernoulli acht bedeutende Mathematiker. Es gibt viele Beispiele, wo die Vererbung eine große Rolle spielt. Man muß aber im wahren Sinn die Bedeutung von Karma und Reinkarnation verstehen, dann erst begreift man richtig die Vererbung, denn die Vererbungstheorie der materialistischen Wissenschaft ist nur zum Teil wahr und manches dabei verzerrt gesehen. Zum bedeutenden Musiker zum Beispiel gehört nicht nur die musikalische Anlage in der Seele. Diese allein könnte sich nicht auswirken, wenn sich diese Seele nicht verkörpern könnte in einem Leib, der mit einem musikalisch konstruierten Ohre versehen ist. Was nun in einer solchen Musikerfamilie physisch ist, diese guten und fein konstruierten Gehörorgane, die vererben sich von Eltern auf Kinder, und ein Menschenkeim, der aus dem Devachan kommt und einer neuen Verkörperung entgegeneilt, wird sich hingezogen fühlen zu einer solchen Familie, in der seine musikalische Seele sich in gutgebildeten musikalischen Organen ausleben kann. Wie der Pol die Magnetnadel anzieht, so wird ein solches Kind hineingeboren in eine Familie, wo seine persönlichen Anlagen die besten physischen Vorbedingungen vorfinden. Es stimmt eben alles ganz ausgezeichnet. Ein astralischer Menschenkeim wird zu einer Familie hingetrieben, die physisch zu ihm paßt. Das banale Sprichwort: Man muß vorsichtig in der Wahl seiner Eltern sein -, ist deshalb nicht ganz so unsinnig, wie es klingen mag. Nicht das Kind sieht den EItern ähnlich, sondern es wird von denjenigen Eltern geboren, die ihm am ähnlichsten sind, die es schon vorher liebt. Die tiefste Sympathie besteht schon vor der Geburt, das Kind fühlt sich schon zu der Mutter hingezogen. Die Mutterliebe ist die sckundäre Liebe, sie ist die Erwiderung der schon vorher vorhandenen Kindesliebe.

Unsere Begriffe weiten sich durch diese Einsichten bedeutend, und ich hoffe, daß ich Ihnen im Laufe der weiteren Vorträge noch manches klarer machen kann. Je mehr man vorschreitet, desto mehr dringt man ein in all diese Fragen. Zuerst ist vieles anfänglich noch unklar, dann löst sich ein Schleier nach dem andern, und fortschreitend werden wir nach einiger Zeit immer tiefere Einblicke gewinnen. Und aus dieser Erfahrung heraus lernen wir uns sagen, daß wir ruhig warten wollen, bis die Zeit kommt, wo wir auch das weitere, das uns jetzt noch verschleiert ist, begreifen können. Es ist meist ein Vorgeschrittener, der geduldig wartet, bis er auch das Höhere in sich aufnehmen kann.

Insights and fruits of spiritual science: the law of karma as the effect of one's actions; the causes of illness and heredity

Today we want to talk in detail about the law of karma in human beings. You know that it works through individual human lives. Any discussion of this law, however detailed, will of course always be incomplete, for the occultist should not speak of imaginary cases, but of experiences that have been made in this field and about which he has definite knowledge, for example through observation of a person who was such and such and whose various lives one has followed. We now ask: How does the fate of life come about, how does the position that a person occupies in life, how does his character, his inclinations, habits, and so on? One is born with a violent, angry character, the other as a mild, gentle person. One is granted a good fate, the other is in constant struggle. Misery and worry accompany him.

Above all, we must consider the different bodies of human beings and ask how the karmic causes work in the three bodies, the physical, etheric, and astral bodies in human beings. We will first look again at the physical body and what happens through it. Above all, it is the factor through which our actions are carried out in the world, for what we do happens through movements made by our physical body. Our outer destiny in the next incarnation depends on our actions. Whether we are born poor or rich, in this place or that, in this environment or that, is the result of the actions of our physical body in previous lives. If we commit bad deeds, we are born into a bad environment; good deeds bring us a good environment. This is the first law.

Now comes the second law. We can understand this most easily if we put ourselves in our own childhood. We will all find that since then we have absorbed many new concepts and ideas and that we have learned a great deal. We, for example, who have come to spiritual science, have absorbed many new concepts simply through this. For what do we not learn through it, and what new trains of thought does it give us! The content of what we learn and absorb into our thought life happens through the astral body. This causes changes to occur in the astral body, and since it is comparatively the thinnest and finest of the bodies that human beings have, it also reacts most quickly to any influence. But it is not only our concepts and ideas that have changed since childhood; our temperament, our inclinations, habits, and character have also changed. We remember that these latter qualities were formed in children through influences on the etheric body.

Now, because the etheric body is a much denser body than the astral body, these habits are retained much more tenaciously and for much longer; indeed, if they are not consciously influenced, they remain throughout almost the entire life. The ideas and concepts we absorb, which cause changes in the astral body, transform it at a rapid pace, in comparison to the slowly changing character traits, which also gradually transform the etheric body. We can compare it to the two hands of a clock, the big one and the small one: the big one runs fast, the small one slower. So it is with the rapid changes in the astral body and the slower ones in the etheric body.

In the physical body, which is the coarsest, the changes naturally take place even more slowly; it is the slowest to work. On subsequent evenings, we will hear that the initiate learns to work with increased speed on his astral and etheric bodies and finally even on his physical body. Yes, he will eventually reach the point where he can change his pulse rate. Of course, we are not there yet, but what we learn in this life will only bring about the corresponding changes in the next life. The change that the astral body undergoes in this life occurs in the etheric body in the next incarnation, in that it has a formative effect on it. Good deeds give rise to a tendency toward good deeds in the next life. We must prepare our habits now for the next life, so that we can have an effect there. If someone wants to be born with a good memory in the next life, they should try to remember everything as much as possible and recall everything they experience. For example, in the evening they should think about what they did today, and then what they did yesterday, a month ago, last year, and what they did and experienced in previous years. This is how you train your memory. People who rush carelessly through life will be born with tendencies that make it impossible for anything they encounter to stick in their minds. Of course, someone may be forced to rush through life; I meant what I said earlier only in relation to superficially overlooking everything they experience.

We are all familiar with temperaments. The choleric person, with his strong will and urge to do a great deal, which is already apparent in childhood, wants to rule and set the tone among his peers. He is courageous, bold, and eager for action. Napoleon, Caesar, and Hannibal were choleric natures. The melancholic child, on the other hand, isolates itself, is distrustful, prefers to keep its belongings under lock and key, and watches its companions after they have left to see if they have taken anything. It is very preoccupied with itself. This is a person of contemplation rather than action. The phlegmatic child shows no particular interest. In a way, it seeks out everything, but nothing makes a big impression on its soul. It dreams a lot, is inactive, and seeks sensory pleasure. The sanguine temperament shows interest in everything, but this interest does not last and soon fades away. However, people cannot be categorized into different temperaments. In each person, only one temperament is usually present as a basic tone, but the others also play a role. These four temperaments express themselves in the etheric body as four different types and can be recognized in the astral body as four different basic colors. The melancholic temperament will emerge in the next incarnation if someone now has a tendency to live in the closest and quietest circle and to concern themselves only with themselves. The other, however, who has encountered many things, got to the bottom of them, and gone through many experiences, including difficult ones, will be born as a choleric. Those who have had a pleasant life without much struggle and hardship will become sanguine or phlegmatic. What happens to the astral body in this life is karmically transferred to the etheric body as a basic being in the next life.

In the initiation schools, this knowledge is now consciously applied to the various bodies, and in the past even more so than today. This is related to cyclical development. Today, the secret teaching has a completely different way of teaching than it did five thousand years ago. At that time, it was necessary to work more with groups of people. Conscious effort was made to ensure that entire categories of people could harmoniously coexist in the next life. In India, the entire population was divided into four castes, and work was done on them so that people would fit into a certain caste in the next life. The education of human beings was systematically designed to provide for millennia, to shape the worldview for millennia to come. This is precisely what gave the occult leaders their great power. Now everything has changed completely. The progressive development of human beings is detaching them from these groups, these castes; they can no longer be educated en gros, so to speak. Human beings are becoming and should become increasingly individualized.

How does the human being influence his etheric body with regard to the next life? All the inclinations and habits of the present etheric body determine the disposition to health or illness in the next life. From what is now slowly developing in the etheric body as certain habits, both good and bad, the good or bad character of a human being gradually crystallizes in the coming life. For example, one person seeks to cultivate diligence, while another works on overcoming anger. Yet another becomes accustomed to drinking, which weakens their will. Another becomes lazy, and so on. What is placed in the etheric body through one lifetime finds expression in the physical body in the next. A bad habit in the previous life is a cause of illness in the next; a good habit is, of course, a cause of health. A certain passion brings us a certain illness for the next life. One could see how a person's disposition to infectious diseases is acquired in this way. We know very well that someone can go to all people, to all places where epidemics or infectious diseases prevail, without endangering themselves and contracting these diseases. Another person picks them up, as it were, on the street and is immediately infected. Whether or not they become infected depends solely on their disposition. Now, the initiated know very well that the disposition that leads to infectious diseases is based on a pronounced selfish acquisitiveness in a previous life, which thinks in a self-centered way about accumulating riches for oneself. Those who want to become rich in one life harm themselves for their next incarnation. This selfish urge for gain and wealth is a characteristic of the etheric body, which emerges in the next life as a disposition for infectious diseases.

If one wants to learn about health and illness, one must bear in mind that many factors interact. The causes of illness do not lie solely in individual karma. There is also a collective karma in relation to illness. An example that has been observed can illustrate this. This case concerns certain health conditions of races and entire peoples. We are all familiar with the migration of peoples and its history. We know that at that time various tribes, the Huns and Mongols, set out from the East and came to Europe. They poured out of Asia across the land and clashed with the Germanic peoples. These Huns, like the Mongolian race in general, were latecomers of the Atlanteans—as the name Attila or Atli suggests—remnants of this great race. While the Germanic peoples, Persians, and Indians represented the more advanced races, the Mongols, who had remained at a certain stage, were in decline. While the great stream of humanity develops forward, such individual lower races remain behind and separate themselves. The astral bodies of these backward races now carry astral decaying matter within them. Of course, large numbers of them came over to us. The Europeans were filled with fear and terror by these surging masses, and through this fear and terror they felt, the astral decaying substances thrived even better, for fear and terror are qualities of the astral body that have a favorable effect on the flourishing of these harmful influences. The European astral bodies were infected, and this infection manifested itself in later generations as leprosy, that terrible disease that wreaked such havoc in the Middle Ages. This was the physical consequence of the influence of the Mongolian astral bodies on the European ones, and the conduit, so to speak, through which this influence poured into the European bodies was the fear and terror that filled the Germanic peoples in the face of the devastating hordes that flooded their land. We can see how diseases arise in the karma of a people and how they are passed on from generation to generation. The ancestors experienced the disease spiritually, and it passed into the physical realm in later generations. This is exactly what is meant by the Bible verse: “I will punish the children for the sins of the fathers to the third and fourth generations.” We can take this quite literally. It refers to this kind of collective karma.

In general, religious documents are taken far too literally. At first, people are naive, as is still often the case today in rural areas. There, people take Bible verses literally. Then people become clever and thus negative. They throw everything that has been handed down overboard; that is the second stage. The third stage is that of the modern free thinkers, who want to see everything only as a symbol. Bruno Wille can be taken as an example here. But now much depends on how clever such an interpreter is, for one finds an even better symbol than the other and now believes that he must proclaim his as the only correct one in the world. But then a lot is implied and not just interpreted. However, there is still a fourth stage: secret science. It teaches us to understand and interpret religious documents literally again. Finally, one becomes a secret student after first being a naive person and then a freethinker and symbolist.

In our consideration of the karma of illness, both of individuals and of entire tribes, we have seen that what has been prepared spiritually beforehand asserts itself later in physical life. If we therefore ensure good education and good habits for humanity, we will also promote health! Not only is the moral element promoted by good inclinations, but also health, since a bad habit creates an illness for the next life. Nervousness, actually the most widespread form of illness today, is the result of a certain state of mind in an earlier time. It would never have occurred if the materialistic worldview with its habits of thinking had not become dominant. If this mindset were to continue, it would have a devastating effect on public health and bring humanity closer to insanity. Children would be born trembling with nervous weakness, and an epidemic of insanity would be feared as a result of increasing materialism, and people would experience agonizing pain from every sensation. This is the terrible influence of materialism, as it will manifest itself physically after it has infected the minds.

This worldview of the future was the real reason why the occult leaders of humanity saw the need to bring something from the treasure trove of spiritual truths into the world. For only through a spiritual worldview, detached from the shackles of materialism, looking up to the highest currents of life in humanity and allowing them to flow into oneself, only through this can a good foundation for health be passed on to future generations. The reasons why our spiritual scientific worldview is being spread today go much deeper than some people think, and in it and through it, everyone can do their part in this healing of humanity. In the past, the word “nervous” had a completely different meaning than it does today. It meant: muscular, having nerves of steel. This change in the meaning of the word shows how something completely new has come into the world.

Let us now turn to the question: What about individual heredity in children, both mentally and physically, and what about karma? We know that both characteristics and similarities are inherited from the father, mother, uncle, aunt, and grandparents. One child resembles its father, another its mother. Musical talent, for example, can be inherited through generations. In the Bach family, there were about twenty-eight musicians over the course of two hundred and fifty years, although only one of them was very famous, and in the Bernoulli family of mathematicians, there were eight important mathematicians. There are many examples where heredity plays a major role. However, one must understand the true meaning of karma and reincarnation in order to properly comprehend heredity, because the theory of heredity in materialistic science is only partially true and some aspects of it are distorted. For example, a great musician does not only have musical talent in their soul. This alone could not have any effect if this soul could not incarnate in a body equipped with a musically constructed ear. What is physical in such a family of musicians, these good and finely constructed hearing organs, is inherited from parents to children, and a human germ that comes from the Devachan and rushes towards a new embodiment will be attracted to such a family, in which its musical soul can live out its potential in well-formed musical organs. Just as the pole attracts the magnetic needle, such a child is born into a family where its personal aptitudes find the best physical preconditions. Everything fits together perfectly. An astral human germ is drawn to a family that suits it physically. The banal saying, “You have to be careful in choosing your parents,” is therefore not quite as nonsensical as it may sound. It is not that the child resembles its parents, but that it is born to the parents who are most similar to it, whom it already loves. The deepest sympathy already exists before birth; the child already feels drawn to the mother. Motherly love is secondary love; it is the response to the child's love that already existed before.

These insights significantly broaden our understanding, and I hope that I will be able to clarify many things for you in the course of further lectures. The further we progress, the more we delve into all these questions. At first, much remains unclear, but then one veil after another is lifted, and as we progress, we will gain ever deeper insights after some time. And from this experience, we learn to tell ourselves that we want to wait calmly until the time comes when we can also understand what is still veiled from us. It is usually an advanced person who waits patiently until he can also absorb the higher within himself.