The Christian Mystery
GA 97
16 March 1907, Leipzig
XXXI. Animal Soul and Human Individuality
Today213See also lectures given in Berlin on 10 November 1910 (in GA 60—Engl, as The human spirit and animal spirit. The human soul and the animal soul. Typescript Z-55 at Rudolf Steiner House Library, London). we'll be considering the question as to whether other creatures have souls, as human beings do, and above all whether animals have some form of soul. Someone who tends to gloss over things may consider this a waste of time, but great people have also given thought to the matter in the past. Descartes, the philosopher who brought philosophy, which had died away in medieval times, alive again at the beginning of the 17th century raised the question. He did, of course, consider animals to be like machines, creatures one could not say had real souls but were reflex machines.214Descartes, Rene (1596–1650). Creator of the mechanistic view of the universe. According to Descartes, basic laws of mechanics govern the objects not only of physics and astronomy but also of physiology and psychology, the exception being 'thinking substance\ See his philosophical works. Anyone observing animal life and giving some thought to it will hardly be able to share his views. We merely have to consider the way some animals in the world around us do things, also making relationships among themselves that one would hardly think possible without a soul. The faithfulness of a dog is an example. It would be hard to think that there isn't something in that dog which is similar to what lives in a human being.
When we observe certain things animals do, can we say they do no involve higher mental activity? Consider a beaver's lodge, for instance. A human being would have to use considerable mental effort and skills to produce such a structure. Profound wisdom is evident in the way certain beams are placed exactly, at absolutely the proper angle, to meet the fall of the river and the given situation.
Look at ants! In every ant heap you see something that would be wise government among humans, actually going beyond anything present-day humanity knows. Ants are divided into three groups—workers, males and females. It can be shown that the workers are very clever, the females less clever and the males quite stupid. Everything in the heap is skilfully organized—the way they transport the things needed for their building and to breed their young, go on forays, and so on. If all such things call for soul activity in human state affairs, we cannot say animals lack soul. People have always thought it was enough to speak of instinct, but they never try to think what instinct really is.
We must now also consider the other side and not fail to realize that there is a fundamental difference between the things an animal achieves by its powers of soul and the things a human being achieves by them. A definite fact, which may serve us as an example. Travellers would often find that when they had lit a fire to ward off the cold and then went away, apes would come to warm themselves by the fire. No ape was ever seen to gather more wood to keep the fire going, however. It does not make this connection, and this is of eminent significance. It cannot add something new by using its own mental faculties, such as stoking a fire, and so on.
To understand the animal soul we must make this difference from the human soul our starting point. Another difference between the animal and the human soul is that you can write a biography of every human being but not of every animal. This is most important. If you consider your own interest in the different life forms, you will find that the interest you have in an individual human being is the same as for a whole group of animals of the same species. If you think of a lion, your feelings for the lion grandfather, father, son and grandson are exactly the same. Such an approach would seem absolutely frivolous if applied to human beings. Yes, the owner of a dog may say he can write a biography of his dog, but this means nothing. You can also write the biography of a steel nib or about differences in the life of a darning needle and a sewing needle. That is merely a transfer of ideas. Just as one whole animal species differs from another, so does a single human being differ from others. A common soul lives in the whole group of animals. Just as your ten fingers are part of your hands, so are all wolves part of the wolf group soul.
Now we also need to consider the human soul more closely. It was not as individual in earlier times as it is today. There was a point in human evolution when man was much closer to a group soul. A hundred years after Christ, Tacitus gave a description of individual German tribes in his Germania. All members of a group felt they belonged together, though there were, of course, differences, everything happening by degrees in human evolution. All who belonged to a group saw themselves to be the same. Markedly individual facial features are a sign that the individual soul is more removed from the group soul. You still see more or less the same facial features among savages. We have to remember the fact that marked facial features prove that the individual nature is influencing the bodily configuration. This will be increasingly the case as human beings continue to evolve. A time will come when national characteristics disappear completely. With a soul incarnating now in one nation, now in another, national differences will vanish, with everyone immediately always looking just like himself the more his individual nature has come through. In earlier times, when people still married within the tribe, its members would hold together like the fingers on a hand, with one avenging the dishonour done to another as though it had been done to him. This cohesion is gradually disappearing, and the greater the union, the more general the unity of human beings, the more individual will souls and characters be. So you do not get a mishmash but the more the differences fall away, the greater the individuality.
Where do human group souls differ from animal group souls? We have to go back a long way in evolution. In Lemurian times human beings did not yet have different bodies enveloping a spiritual core. The highest form of life was a kind of human-animal with physical body, ether body, astral body and the potential for an I, but not yet the I as such. They were able to receive the divine seed. The soul which now lives inside man had not yet left the keeping of the godhead and still lived in a soul spirit stratum. Think of a container holding a thousand water droplets that merge into one another, forming a single whole. Take a thousand small sponges, each able to absorb one drop, and put them in, so that each contains one drop. This makes them individual and independent. Now imagine that to begin with the soul did not came to dwell in every individual but that one soul was shared by many bodies, a group soul. At that time, the soul which today dwells in every individual dwelt in a whole tribe.
And here you have to accept a new idea. Such a group soul also does not die. The beautiful, significant aspect of death is something specific, something given to the individual human soul. When one unit which is part of a group soul dies, it is replaced immediately, just like the process when you cut off a polyp. And so the group soul, which does not come down on to die physical plan, is sentient of death as the loss of a part, and birth as a new one growing in its place. It does not have the special quality that comes with death. It is only when a sentient entity says: ‘It is I’ that death begins to intervene in individual life. Man gains a higher life by facing death. If death were not overcome, he could not go through death into a higher life.
On the astral plan we find the souls of animals that are linked by a thread to each individual in the group. To understand the origin of animal group souls you have to know what makes man the kind of physical being he is.
When the divine seeds came down, they found very different vessels to contain them. Some were specially developed to be fighters, others were similar, but more developed for work, for patience, and so on. The various bodies thus became different in their development and also in their external form. The lower animals of today insects and others, had branched off during an earlier stage in earth evolution and become something separate.
We'll now only consider animals from the fishes upwards. Mammals did not yet exist when the descent came into the waiting body which externally, not inwardly, was more or less at the level of a fish's body. The human being of that time had to move around half by swimming and half by floating, and had fin-like organs for that purpose. What happened to his body on earth happened because of the human soul that dwelt in it. It took long periods of evolution to transform it into the god-like body of today. Much came to a standstill along that long route. But because the earth continued to go through its transformation, coming to a standstill became bodily regression. Take two siblings, for an example. One changes at every stage of life, the other remains at childhood level. He will no longer look like a child when he's 60, however. That is how the fishes of today have regressed, looking different from the way they did before.
Humanity continued to evolve, configuring everything, finally also the mammalian body. All the time some would come to a standstill, human bodies grown decadent. If you really enter into it you will realize that all animals have aged at their juvenile stage, prematurely, assuming fixed forms which they should have gone beyond. They have crystallized, as it were, in the whole of their development.
Further evolution did, however, put man in a peculiar position where some of his qualities are concerned. He lost his certainty. Apes kept imprisoned will soon develop tuberculosis and other diseases. Animals do not tolerate the human way of life. They also have some degree of certainty where the choice of foods is concerned. A cow walking across a pasture knows exactly which herb is good for it. Man no longer has this. He needs uncertainty in order to determine his free choice. Present-day uncertainty is necessary so that certainty may be gained at a higher level. Man adapts to the higher level. Growing uncertain thus guarantees his independence. Certainty has remained where development has not gone so far that the I is at work in the individual entity. We should not be surprised at the wisdom we see in the animal world any more than at the wisdom of our own hand. An individual beaver is just the group soul's unskilled worker on the physical plan. The ant is at a very different level from the beaver and much further removed from us, for it separated off at a much earlier planetary existence of the earth. In taking just a single route it has gone further than man. For human beings, thinking, feeling and doing are firmly connected. If I see something I like, I reach out for it. The idea leads to the action. Without this firm connection people would be very unsure of themselves. Spiritual training tears will, idea and feeling apart, separating them completely. This will only come true for the whole of humanity at the Jupiter stage of earth evolution. But before he experiences this, the pupil meets the guardian of the threshold who gives him clarity concerning the whole of his life so far.
Some animal group souls went prematurely through this separation of soul functions into three. It is a fact that some parts in the brain of a spiritual pupil are differentiated like the ants in an ant heap. The ant did this prematurely and continues to be immature but clever like a child. The beaver group soul will have to catch up on things it has missed, the ant soul has thrown away its opportunity, going in a completely different direction. Animal souls are human souls that have grown one-sided. Oken said the tongue was a cuttlefish. This should not be taken literally, of course, but the creature in whom tongue properties came too much to the fore has remained stationary at that point. Paracelsus said the profound words: ‘Looking at nature, we see individual letters, together they create the word that is the human being.’ All the different qualities you find combined in man can be thought of as distributed among different bodies, each belonging to an animal group soul. Animals are human beings who have come to a standstill in developing their particular qualities. Man became inventive because he lost his certainty. The first element he learned to make serve him was fire. With this he climbed the first step towards civilization and became productive. He is an encyclopaedia of the different animal souls.
Another thing you must clearly understand is that when you go to the lower animals you will find that they are not able to give direct expression to pleasure and pain in sound. Insects produce noises, but those are boa noises. In occult science, clear stages are established between animals that sound and those that do not. But it is only in man that the inner sound becomes word, becomes speech. Even the more highly developed animals have only one-sidedly developed sounds. At a later time animal group souls, not individual animals, will become human beings, but their constitution will differ greatly from that of present-day humans.
Goethe was aware of this and put it most beautifully in his Metamorphosis of Animals,215See Goethean Science (GA la) (Rudolf Steiner's lectures on the first three chapters of the draft for a general introduction to comparative anatomy, with osteology as the starting point, 1796). Tr. W. Lindemann. Spring Valley: Mercury Press 1988. saying that they were like a human being separated into his individual parts. The whole animal world, he said, looked at us in the human form. And in looking at the whole of animal creation, the human being thus says: ‘All this brought together in one, that is you.’
Questions and answers
Will more of creation split off as human evolution continues?
Yes, and this is what theosophists call ‘going through the crisis’.216See Steiner R. Karmic Relationships of the Anthroposophical Movement (GA 237), lecture of 3 August 1924. Tr. G. Adams, D. Osmond. London: Rudolf Steiner Press 1977. We are now in the 5th epoch; the 6th epoch will see a completely different race, noble and beautiful compared to the split-off decadent race of revoltingly ugly, bestial, sensual people who have many vices, arousing much greater revulsion than is possible with present-day humanity, because there will have been downward development. And you can see it clearly stated in the Book of Revelation, in what is called The Last Judgement. Anyone who is completely selfless may be ripe now for the 6th epoch. He may still incarnate a number of times, but only in order to help others. Some may find that the Last Judgement sounds harsh, but they do, after all, have the choice. Please do not misunderstand me. I mean not concerning reincarnation but concerning the 6th epoch.
Why do old people grow weak-minded, seeing that the soul remains unchanged?
The soul does not change. It never descends from the level it has reached, but its instrument has grown weak. It is like a great pianist who cannot play as well as before if the instrument is poor.
You will say the soul no longer knows its own level. Yes, for it cannot see itself for as long as it is in a physical body. There you altogether have only the reflection of the soul, the mirror reflection. When the mirror grows dim or breaks, it can no longer give a reflection. It is only the occult student who is truly able to perceive his soul.
Tierseele und Menschliche Individualität
Die Frage nach der Beseelung anderer Geschöpfe, als es der Mensch ist, soll uns heute beschäftigen, besonders die Frage, ob die Tiere in irgendeiner Weise beseelt sind oder nicht. Dem, der über solche Dinge obenhin huscht, mag sie überflüssig erscheinen, und doch haben sich auch schon früher hochstehende Menschen damit beschäftigt. Bereits Cartesius, der im Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts lebende Erneuerer der im Mittelalter erstorbenen Philosophie, warf diese Frage auf. Er sah freilich die Tiere wie Maschinen an, wie Wesen, bei denen man von einer eigentlichen Beseelung nicht sprechen kann, Reflexmaschinen. Wer das Tierleben sinnig betrachtet, wird diese Ansicht schwerlich teilen können. Wir brauchen nur darauf hinzuweisen, wie manche Tiere in unserer Umgebung Dinge ausführen, Beziehungen knüpfen auch unter sich, die ohne Seele schwer zu denken sind. Ein Beispiel ist die Treue des Hundes. Wir können uns schwer dem Gedanken hingeben, daß nichts in seinem Inneren lebt, ähnlich dem, was im Menschen lebt.
Wenn wir gewisse Verrichtungen betrachten, können wir da absehen von einer höheren geistigen Tätigkeit? Betrachten wir zum Beispiel einen Biberbau. Diese so kunstvolle Ausführung würde für einen Menschen eine große geistige Anstrengung bedeuten. Wie etwa gewisse Balken genau, aber auch ganz genau im richtigen Winkel dem Gefälle des Wassers und den jeweiligen Verhältnissen angepaßt sind, darin liegt eine tiefe Weisheit.
Nehmen Sie die Ameisen! In jedem Ameisenhaufen treffen Sie etwas wie eine weise staatliche Einrichtung der Menschen, ja sogar über die der jetzigen Menschen hinausgehend. In drei Gruppen sind die Ameisen geteilt: Arbeiter, Männchen und Weibchen. Nachweisbar ist, daß die Arbeiter sehr klug, die Weibchen dümmer und die Männchen sehr dumm sind. Alles in dem Bau ist kunstvoll gegliedert: wie sie alles Nötige herbeischaffen zum Bau und zur Aufzucht der Jungen, wie sie ihre Raubzüge ausführen und so weiter. Wenn alles dies im Menschenstaat eine seelische Tätigkeit notwendig macht, so können wir den Tieren eine Beseelung nicht absprechen. Die Menschen geben sich da immer zufrieden mit dem Instinkt, aber sie versuchen nie, sich etwas unter dem Instinkt zu denken. Wir müssen nun auch die andere Seite betrachten und nicht übersehen, daß ein grundlegender Unterschied besteht zwischen dem, was das Tier, und dem, was der Mensch leistet mit seiner Seele. Wir wollen da von einer bestimmten Tatsache als Beispiel ausgehen. Reisende konnten mehrfach bemerken, daß, wenn sie sich bei Kälte ein Feuer anmachten und dies dann verließen, die Affen kamen und sich daran wärmten. Nie aber wurde bemerkt, daß ein Affe Holz geholt hätte, das Feuer zu unterhalten. Zu dieser Kombination kommt er nicht, und das ist eminent wichtig: Aus eigenen geistigen Fahigkeiten kann er nicht Neues dazutun, wie das Feuer zu schüren und so weiter.
Wenn wir uns die Tierseele klarmachen wollen, müssen wir von diesem Unterschied zur Menschenseele ausgehen. Ein weiterer Unterschied zwischen der Tier- und Menschenseele ist, daß Sie von jedem Menschen eine Biographie schreiben können, vom Tiere nicht. Das ist sehr wichtig. Fragen Sie sich über Ihr Interesse an den verschiedenen Wesen, so werden Sie finden, daß Sie dasselbe Interesse wie einem einzelnen Menschen bei den Tieren einer ganzen gleichgearteten Gruppe entgegenbringen. Stellen Sie sich einen Löwen vor, so empfinden Sie für den Löwengroßvater, -vater, -sohn, -enkel und so weiter genau dasselbe. Dem Menschen gegenüber würde Ihnen diese Auffassung geradezu als frivol erscheinen. Daß ein Hundebesitzer vielleicht behaupten wird, von seinem Hund eine Biographie schreiben zu können, sagt nichts. Sie können ja schließlich auch die Biographie einer Stahlfeder schreiben oder über die Unterschiede im Leben einer Stopfnadel und einer Nähnadel. Das ist nur ein übertragener Begriff. So stark sich die ganze tierische Art unterscheidet, so stark unterscheidet sich der einzelne individuelle Mensch. Eine gemeinsame Seele lebt in der ganzen Tiergruppe. Wie Ihre zehn Finger Glieder Ihrer Hand sind, so sind alle Wölfe Glieder der Wolfsgruppenseele.
Nun müssen wir noch genauer auf die Menschenseele eingehen, die früher nicht so individualisiert war wie heute. An einem Punkte der Menschheitsentwickelung stand der Mensch der Gruppenseele viel näher. Tacitus gibt in seiner «Germania» hundert Jahre nach Christus ein Bild der einzelnen germanischen Völkergruppen. Da fühlten sich alle Glieder einer Gruppe zueinander gehörig, mit Unterschieden natürlich, denn alles in der Menschheitsentwickelung ist gradweise. Da sahen sich auch alle Angehörigen einer Gruppe gleich. Die ausgeprägt individuellen Physiognomien sind das Zeichen für die Entfernung der einzelnen Seele von der Gruppenseele. Bei den Wilden finden Sie noch heute mehr oder weniger die gleiche Physiognomie. Wir müssen diese Tatsache festhalten, daß die ausgeprägte Physiognomie der Beweis ist dafür, daß die Individualität gestaltend auf den Leib wirkt. Dies wird bei weiterentwickelten Menschengeschlechtern immer noch mehr ausgeprägt werden. Es wird eine Zeit kommen, wo der Volkscharakter ganz zurücktritt. Wird eine Seele einmal hier in dieser, einmal in jener Nation inkarniert, so verschwinden die Nationalunterschiede, da wird jeder nur immer wieder sich selbst gleich sehen, je mehr sich seine Individualität durchgearbeitet hat. Früher, als noch immer innerhalb eines Stammes geheiratet wurde, hielten die Glieder zusammen wie Finger einer Hand, rächte einer des andern Schmach, als sei sie ihm geschehen. Dieser Zusammenhalt verschwindet mehr und mehr, je größer der Bund, je allgemeiner der Menschenbund, desto individueller werden die Seelen und Charaktere. Es entsteht nicht etwa ein Mischmasch, sondern je mehr Unterschiede fallen, desto mehr Individualität.
Wodurch unterscheiden sich nun die menschlichen Gruppenseelen von den tierischen? Wir müssen da weit in der Entstehungsgeschichte zurückgehen. Es gab eine Zeit, in der der Mensch noch nicht so lebte wie jetzt in seinen leiblichen Hüllen und dem geistigen Wesenskern. Ich meine die lemurische Zeit. Da waren die höchsten Wesen eine Art Menschentiere mit physischem Leib, Ätherleib, Astralleib und der Anlage zum Ich, aber noch nicht mit dem Ich selber, Wesenheiten, die geeignet waren, den göttlichen Keim aufzunehmen. Die Seele, die heute in seinem Inneren lebt, war noch nicht dem Schoß der Gottheit entstiegen, sie lebte noch in einer Seelengeistesschicht. Denken Sie sich ein Wassergefäß mit tausend Tropfen, die ohne Trennung ineinander übergehen, eines bilden. Nehmen Sie tausend kleine Schwämmchen, von denen jedes einen Tropfen fassen kann, und tauchen Sie sie ein, so wird ein jedes erfüllt von einem Tropfen. So denken Sie sich, daß die menschlichen Hüllen den göttlichen Keim aufsaugen. Dadurch werden sie erst individuell, selbständig. Nun stellen Sie sich vor, daß anfangs die Seele nicht gleich in jedem einzelnen Wohnung nahm, sondern eine Seele sich auf viele Leiber verteilte, als Gruppenseele. Was heute im einzelnen wohnt, bewohnte damals einen ganzen Stamm. Und da müssen Sie einen neuen Begriff fassen. Solche Gruppenseele stirbt auch nicht. Die schöne bedeutsame Seite des Todes ist ein Spezifikum, ein Vorzug der individuellen menschlichen Seele. Wenn ein Teil aus einer Gruppenseele stirbt, so ersetzt er sich gleich wieder, wie der Fortsatz, den Sie einem Polypen abschneiden. So empfindet die Gruppenseele, die nicht auf den physischen Plan hinuntersteigt, den Tod als Abgang eines Gliedes, die Geburt als Nachwachsen eines solchen. Den Vorzug des Todes hat sie nicht. Erst wenn ein sinnliches Wesen sagt: Ich bin es -—, beginnt der Tod ins individuelle Leben einzugreifen. Durch den Tod erkämpft, erringt der Mensch sich sein höheres Leben. Würde nicht der Tod überwunden, so könnte er nicht durch ihn zu noch höherem Leben gelangen.
Auf dem Astralplan finden wir die Seelen der Tiere, die mit jedem einzelnen ihrer Gruppe durch einen Faden verbunden sind. Um zu begreifen, wie tierische Gruppenseelen entstehen, müssen Sie sich klar darüber sein, was den Menschen zum physischen Wesen macht, wie es ist.
Als die Gotteskeime herunterkamen, fanden sie die Träger sehr verschieden. Manche besonders ausgebildet zum Kampf, andere ähnlich gestaltet, aber mehr ausgebildet zur Arbeit, zur Geduld und so weiter. So daß die verschiedenen Körper in der mannigfaltigsten Ausbildung, auch in der äußeren Gestalt, verschieden wurden. Was heute an niederen Tieren, wie Insekten und anderen, existiert, das ist schon bei einer früheren Erdenverkörperung abgezweigt worden und für sich entstanden.
Jetzt beschäftigen uns nur die Tiere von den Fischen aufwärts. Als das Heruntersteigen in den wartenden Leib geschah, der äußerlich, nicht innerlich, auf der Höhe ungefähr des Fischleibes stand, waren noch keine Säugetiere vorhanden. Der Mensch, der damals lebte, mußte sich halb schwimmend, halb schwebend fortbewegen und hatte dazu flossenartige Organe. Was an seinem Leib geschehen ist auf Erden, geschah durch die in ihm wohnende Menschenseele. Erst im Laufe langer Entwickelungen wurde dieser zu dem jetzigen gottähnlichen Leibe umgestaltet. Manches ist auf dem langen Wege stehengeblieben. Weil sich aber die Erde mittlerweile weiter verwandelte, wurde aus dem Stehenbleiben ein Abwärtsentwickeln der Leiber. Nehmen Sie als Beispiel zwei Geschwister: Eines wandelt sich um durch alle Lebensalter, das andere bleibt auf der Kindheitsstufe stehen. Mit sechzig Jahren schaut es aber dann nicht mehr so aus wie ein Kind. So sind die jetzigen Fische heruntergekommen und schauen anders aus als früher. Die Menschheit entwickelte sich weiter und gestaltete alles bis zum Säugetierleibe. Überall blieben wieder welche stehen, durch Dekadenz herabgekommene Menschen. Wenn Sie sich richtig hineinversetzen, werden Sie begreifen, daß alle Tiere auf der Jugendstufe gealtert sind, zu früh gealtert sind, feste Formen angenommen haben, die sie hätten überschreiten sollen: sie sind gleichsam in ihrer ganzen Entwickelung kristallisiert. Die Hinaufentwickelung brachte nun freilich den Menschen in bezug auf gewisse Eigenschaften in eine eigentümliche Lage. Er verlor die Sicherheit. Affen in Gefangenschaft werden bald von Tuberkulose und andern Krankheiten befallen. Tiere können die menschliche Lebensweise nicht vertragen. Sie haben auch in bezug auf Nahrung eine gewisse Sicherheit. Wenn eine Kuh über eine Wiese geht, weiß sie genau, welches Kraut ihr frommt. Der Mensch hat das nicht mehr. Er braucht die Unsicherheit, um zur freien Wahlbestimmung zu kommen. Die jetzige Unsicherheit ist notwendig zur Erreichung der Sicherheit auf einer höheren Stufe. Der Mensch paßt sich der höheren Stufe an. So ist das Unsicherwerden Garantie, daß der Mensch selbständig sein wird. Sicher geblieben ist, was nicht so weit gekommen ist, daß das Ich in der einzelnen Wesenheit arbeitet. Wir dürfen uns ebensowenig über die Tierweisheit wundern wie über die Weisheit unserer Hand. Der einzelne Biber ist bloß der Handlanger der Gruppenseele auf dem astralen Plan. Auf einer noch ganz andern Stufe als der Biber steht die Ameise, und uns viel ferner, weil sie sich schon auf dem viel früheren Planetendasein der Erde abgespalten hat. In ihrer einseitigen Richtung hat sie es noch weiter gebracht als der Mensch. Die Menschen denken, fühlen, wollen in fester Verbindung. Sehe ich etwas, was mir gefällt, so greife ich danach. Die Vorstellung bringt das Wollen hervor. Ohne dies Ineinandergreifen würde der Mensch sehr unsicher werden. Bei der spirituellen Schulung werden Wille, Vorstellung und Gefühl auseinandergerissen, müssen ganz getrennt werden. Für die allgemeine Menschheit wird das erst im Jupiterdasein der Erde erreicht werden. Aber bevor der Schüler dies erlebt, begegnet ihm der Hüter der Schwelle und gibt ihm Klarheit über sein ganzes bisheriges Leben.
Dieses Zerfallen der Seelentätigkeit in die Dreiheit haben gewisse Tiergruppenseelen verfrüht durchgemacht. Tatsächlich sind einzelne Teile im Gehirn des Geistesschülers wie die Ameisen im Haufen differenziert. Die Ameise hat sich das verfrüht vorweggenommen und bleibt nun wie ein Kind unreif klug. Die Bibergruppenseele wird nachholen müssen, was sie versäumt hat, die Ameisenseele hat sich dies ein für allemal verscherzt und geht ganz andere Wege. Die Tierseelen sind einseitig gewordene Menschenseelen. Oken sagt: Die Zunge ist ein Tintenfisch. — Das ist natürlich nicht wörtlich zu nehmen. Das Wesen aber, bei dem sich die Eigenschaften der Zunge zu sehr vorgedrängt haben, blieb dabei stehen. Paracelsus sagte die tiefen Worte: Wenn wir die Natur überschauen, sehen wir lauter einzelne Buchstaben, und das Wort, das sie bilden, ist der Mensch. All die verschiedenen Eigenschaften, die Sie im Menschen beisammen finden, denken Sie sich auf verschiedene Leiber verteilt, die jeweils zu einer Gruppenseele gehören. Tiere sind in der einseitigen Ausbildung ihrer Eigenschaften stehengebliebene Menschen. Der Mensch wurde Erfinder durch Verlust der Sicherheit. Das erste Element, das er in seinen Dienst zu stellen lernte, war das Feuer. Damit erklomm er die erste Stufe der Kultur, die ihn zum produktiven Wesen machte. Er ist eine Enzyklopädie der verschiedenen Tierseelen.
Nun müssen Sie sich noch über einen Punkt klarwerden. Wenn Sie zu niederen Tieren gehen, werden Sie finden, daß diese nicht durch den Ton unmittelbar Leid und Freude ausdrücken können. Die Insekten geben zwar Geräusche von sich, das sind aber Körpergeräusche. Die okkulte Wissenschaft macht da ganz abgestufte Unterschiede zwischen den tönenden Tieren und den nichttönenden. Aber erst im Menschen wird der innerliche Ton zum Wort, zur Sprache. Auch die höchststehenden Tiere haben nur einseitig ausgebildete Laute. In späterer Zeit werden die tierischen Gruppenseelen, nicht die einzelnen Tiere, Menschen werden, aber in einer ganz andern Konstitution als die heutigen Menschen.
Noch vor der Geisteswissenschaft fühlte dies Goethe und sprach es in seiner Metamorphose der Tiere wunderbar aus: sie seien wie ein auseinandergelegter Mensch. Die ganze Tierheit schaue aus der menschlichen Gestalt heraus. So sagt der Mensch, indem er auf alle tierischen Wesenheiten hinblickt: All dies in eins zusammengefaßt, bist du.
Fragenbeantwortung
Werden weitere Abspaltungen in der Menschheitsentwickelung kommen?
Ja, und zwar ist es das, was in der Theosophie das Durchgehen durch die Krisis genannt wird. Wir stehen jetzt in der fünften Epoche. Die sechste Epoche wird ein ganz anderes Geschlecht sehen, edel und schön im Gegensatz zu der abgespaltenen Dekadenz, die aus einem Geschlecht abscheulich häßlicher, tierischer, sinnlicher, lasterhafter Menschen bestehen wird, viel mehr Abscheu erregender, als in der jetzigen Menschheit möglich ist, weil diese sich wieder hinunterentwickeln. Und wie die Teilung geschehen wird, das haben Sie ganz deutlich in der Apokalypse, im sogenannten «Jüngsten Gericht». Wer ganz selbstlos ist, der kann schon jetzt reif werden zum sechsten Zeitraum. Er mag zwar immer noch wieder verkörpert werden, aber dann nur, um den andern zu helfen. Manche werden vielleicht finden, daß das Gericht hart klingt, aber sie haben ja die Wahl. Verstehen Sie mich recht, nicht zur Wiederverkörperung, sondern ich meine zum sechsten Zeitraum.
Warum werden alte Leute geistig schwach, wenn sich doch die Seele nicht verändern kann?
Die Seele verändert sich auch nicht. Sie steigt nie von ihrer einmal errungenen Stufe herunter, aber ihr Instrument ist schwach geworden. Es geht ihr so wie einem großen Klavierspieler, der auf einem schlechten Instrument nicht mehr so spielen kann wie früher.
Sie werden sagen, die Seele kennt aber ihre Stufe selbst nicht mehr. Ja, die Seele sieht sich ja selbst nicht, solange sie im physischen Leibe ist. Da befindet sich überhaupt nur der Reflex der Seele, das Spiegelbild. Nun wird der Spiegel trübe oder zerbrochen, da kann er nicht mehr spiegeln. Erst der Geistesschüler nimmt seine Seele wirklich wahr.
Animal Souls and Human Individuality
Today, we will address the question of whether creatures other than humans have souls, particularly the question of whether animals have souls in any way. To those who gloss over such matters, this may seem superfluous, yet even in the past, highly educated people have grappled with this question. Cartesius, who lived at the beginning of the 17th century and revived philosophy that had died out in the Middle Ages, already raised this question. Of course, he viewed animals as machines, as beings that cannot be said to have a soul, reflex machines. Anyone who observes animal life meaningfully will find it difficult to share this view. We need only point out how some animals in our environment perform tasks and form relationships with each other that are difficult to imagine without a soul. One example is the loyalty of dogs. It is difficult for us to accept the idea that nothing lives within them, similar to what lives within humans.
When we consider certain activities, can we disregard a higher mental activity? Let us consider, for example, a beaver lodge. Such an elaborate construction would require great mental effort on the part of a human being. The fact that certain beams are precisely, but also very precisely, adapted to the slope of the water and the respective conditions at exactly the right angle shows a profound wisdom.
Take the ants! In every anthill, you encounter something like a wise state institution of humans, even surpassing that of present-day humans. The ants are divided into three groups: workers, males, and females. It has been proven that the workers are very clever, the females are less intelligent, and the males are very stupid. Everything in the nest is artfully structured: how they procure everything necessary for building and raising their young, how they carry out their raids, and so on. If all this requires mental activity in the human state, then we cannot deny that animals have a soul. Humans are always content with instinct, but they never try to think beyond instinct. We must now also consider the other side and not overlook the fact that there is a fundamental difference between what animals do and what humans do with their souls. Let us take a specific fact as an example. Travelers have noticed on several occasions that when they lit a fire in the cold and then left it, monkeys came and warmed themselves by it. However, no one ever noticed a monkey fetching wood to keep the fire going. It does not come up with this combination, and that is extremely important: it cannot use its own mental abilities to add something new, such as stoking the fire and so on.
If we want to understand the animal soul, we must start from this difference to the human soul. Another difference between the animal and human soul is that you can write a biography of every human being, but not of every animal. This is very important. If you ask yourself about your interest in different beings, you will find that you have the same interest in the animals of an entire group of the same kind as you have in a single human being. Imagine a lion: you feel exactly the same way about the lion's grandfather, father, son, grandson, and so on. When it comes to humans, this view would seem downright frivolous to you. The fact that a dog owner might claim to be able to write a biography of their dog is meaningless. After all, you could also write the biography of a steel spring or about the differences in the lives of a darning needle and a sewing needle. This is just a figurative term. Just as the entire animal species differs greatly, so too do individual humans differ greatly. A common soul lives in the entire animal group. Just as your ten fingers are members of your hand, so too are all wolves members of the wolf group soul.
Now we must take a closer look at the human soul, which was not as individualized in the past as it is today. At one point in human development, humans were much closer to the group soul. In his “Germania,” written a hundred years after Christ, Tacitus paints a picture of the individual Germanic peoples. At that time, all members of a group felt they belonged together, with differences of course, because everything in human development is gradual. All members of a group also saw themselves as equal. The pronounced individual physiognomies are a sign of the distance of the individual soul from the group soul. Among savages, you still find more or less the same physiognomy today. We must note the fact that the pronounced physiognomy is proof that individuality has a formative effect on the body. This will become even more pronounced in more highly developed human races. A time will come when the national character will completely recede. Once a soul is incarnated here in this nation and there in that nation, national differences will disappear, and everyone will see themselves as the same, the more their individuality has worked through. In the past, when people still married within their own tribe, the members stuck together like fingers on a hand, avenging one another's insults as if they had been inflicted on themselves. This cohesion disappears more and more; the larger the union, the more universal the union of people, the more individual the souls and characters become. This does not result in a mishmash, but rather, the more differences disappear, the more individuality there is.
How do human group souls differ from animal souls? We have to go back a long way in the history of their origin. There was a time when human beings did not yet live as they do now in their physical bodies and spiritual essence. I am referring to the Lemurian period. At that time, the highest beings were a kind of human-animal with a physical body, etheric body, astral body, and the predisposition for the I, but not yet with the I itself, beings that were capable of receiving the divine seed. The soul that lives within them today had not yet emerged from the womb of the deity; it still lived in a layer of soul spirit. Imagine a vessel of water with a thousand drops that merge into one another without separation, forming one whole. Take a thousand small sponges, each of which can hold a drop, and dip them in, and each will be filled with a drop. So imagine that the human shells absorb the divine seed. This is what makes them individual and independent. Now imagine that in the beginning, the soul did not immediately take up residence in each individual, but rather one soul was distributed among many bodies as a group soul. What now resides in each individual once resided in an entire tribe. And here you must grasp a new concept. Such a group soul does not die either. The beautiful and significant aspect of death is a specific feature, a privilege of the individual human soul. When a part of a group soul dies, it is immediately replaced, like the appendage you cut off a polyp. Thus, the group soul, which does not descend to the physical plane, experiences death as the departure of a limb and birth as the regrowth of one. It does not have the privilege of death. Only when a sensual being says, “I am it,” does death begin to intervene in individual life. Through death, man fights for and achieves his higher life. If death were not overcome, he could not attain a higher life through it.
On the astral plane we find the souls of animals, which are connected to each individual of their group by a thread. To understand how animal group souls arise, you must be clear about what makes humans physical beings, how they are.
When the seeds of God came down, they found their carriers very different. Some were specially trained for combat, others were similarly designed but more trained for work, patience, and so on. Thus, the different bodies became diverse in their training, as well as in their outward appearance. What exists today in lower animals, such as insects and others, has already been branched off in an earlier incarnation on Earth and has developed on its own.
Now we are only concerned with animals from fish upwards. When the descent into the waiting body took place, which was externally, not internally, at about the level of the fish body, there were no mammals yet. The human beings who lived at that time had to move around half swimming, half floating, and had fin-like organs for this purpose. What happened to his body on earth was caused by the human soul dwelling within him. Only in the course of long developments was this transformed into the present godlike body. Many things have remained unchanged along the way. But because the earth continued to change in the meantime, this stagnation led to a downward development of the bodies. Take two siblings as an example: one changes through all stages of life, the other remains at the childhood stage. At the age of sixty, however, it no longer looks like a child. Thus, the present-day fish have degenerated and look different than they used to. Humanity continued to develop and shaped everything up to the mammalian body. Everywhere, some remained behind, people who had degenerated through decadence. If you really put yourself in their shoes, you will understand that all animals have aged at the juvenile stage, have aged too early, have taken on fixed forms that they should have outgrown: they have, as it were, crystallized in their entire development. The upward development now brought humans into a peculiar situation with regard to certain characteristics. They lost their security. Monkeys in captivity soon fall prey to tuberculosis and other diseases. Animals cannot tolerate the human way of life. They also have a certain security in terms of food. When a cow walks across a meadow, it knows exactly which grass is good for it. Humans no longer have that. They need uncertainty in order to arrive at free choice. The current uncertainty is necessary to achieve security on a higher level. Humans adapt to the higher level. Thus, becoming uncertain is a guarantee that humans will be independent. What has remained secure is what has not progressed to the point where the ego works in the individual entity. We should be no more surprised by animal wisdom than by the wisdom of our own hands. The individual beaver is merely the henchman of the group soul on the astral plane. On a completely different level from the beaver stands the ant, and much further away from us, because it already split off on the much earlier planetary existence of the Earth. In its one-sided direction, it has gone even further than man. Humans think, feel, and want in close connection. If I see something I like, I reach for it. Imagination gives rise to desire. Without this interconnection, humans would become very insecure. In spiritual training, will, imagination, and feeling are torn apart and must be completely separated. For humanity in general, this will only be achieved in the Jupiter existence of the Earth. But before the student experiences this, he encounters the Guardian of the Threshold, who gives him clarity about his entire life up to that point.
Certain animal group souls have prematurely undergone this disintegration of soul activity into the trinity. In fact, individual parts of the spiritual student's brain are differentiated like ants in a colony. The ant has prematurely anticipated this and now remains immaturely clever, like a child. The beaver group soul will have to make up for what it has missed, while the ant soul has forfeited this once and for all and is going down a completely different path. Animal souls are human souls that have become one-sided. Oken says: The tongue is a squid. — Of course, this is not to be taken literally. But the being in whom the characteristics of the tongue have become too prominent has remained stuck in that state. Paracelsus said these profound words: When we look at nature, we see nothing but individual letters, and the word they form is ‘human being’. All the different characteristics that you find together in humans, imagine them distributed among different bodies, each belonging to a group soul. Animals are humans who have remained stuck in the one-sided development of their characteristics. Humans became inventors through the loss of security. The first element they learned to use was fire. With it, they climbed the first step of culture, which made them productive beings. They are an encyclopedia of the various animal souls.
Now you must clarify one more point. If you go to lower animals, you will find that they cannot directly express suffering and joy through sound. Insects do make noises, but these are bodily noises. Occult science makes very subtle distinctions between animals that make sounds and those that do not. But it is only in humans that the inner sound becomes a word, a language. Even the highest animals have only one-sided sounds. In later times, the animal group souls, not the individual animals, will become human beings, but in a completely different constitution than today's humans.
Even before spiritual science, Goethe sensed this and expressed it wonderfully in his Metamorphosis of Animals: they are like a human being laid out. The whole animal nature looks out from the human form. Thus, when looking at all animal beings, the human being says: All this combined into one, you are.
Questions and Answers
Will there be further divisions in human development?
Yes, and this is what is called in theosophy the passing through the crisis. We are now in the fifth epoch. The sixth epoch will see a completely different race, noble and beautiful in contrast to the split-off decadence, which will consist of a race of abominably ugly, animalistic, sensual, vicious people, much more repulsive than is possible in the present humanity, because they are developing downwards again. And how the division will take place is clearly described in the Apocalypse, in the so-called “Last Judgment.” Those who are completely selfless can already become ready for the sixth period. They may still be reincarnated, but only to help others. Some may find the judgment harsh, but they have a choice. Understand me correctly, not for reincarnation, but I mean for the sixth period.
Why do old people become mentally weak if the soul cannot change?
The soul does not change either. It never descends from the level it has once attained, but its instrument has become weak. It is like a great pianist who can no longer play as well as before on a poor instrument.
You will say that the soul no longer knows its own level. Yes, the soul does not see itself as long as it is in the physical body. There is only the reflection of the soul, the mirror image. Now the mirror becomes cloudy or broken, so it can no longer reflect. Only the spiritual student truly perceives his soul.