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The Two Christmas Annunciations
GA 203

1 January 1921, Stuttgart

Translator Unknown

Let us begin to-day by considering certain questions connected with this time of festival, with this season which yearly renews the memory of the Mystery of Golgotha, renews also a direct experience of it in our feeling.

We really have three such times of festival in Christian tradition: the Christmas, the Easter and the Whitsuntide festivals. And we may say that, each in a different way, these three festivals bring man into connection, into relationship, with that in which the Christian tradition sees the meaning of all earth-evolution. These three festivals also differ as regards the human soul-forces. Christmas appeals more to the feeling and in a certain sense is the most popular festival, because to understand it requires a deepening of the feeling-life, and because it is the most readily approachable for the large masses of humanity. The Easter festival, which requires that we raise ourselves to an understanding of the real Mystery of Golgotha, of the entrance of a super-sensible Being into human evolution, is the most challenging to the human powers of understanding. It is a festival which lifts human understanding to the highest level, and which, although it is also generally celebrated, cannot however be popular in the same sense as the Christmas festival.

The third, the Whitsun festival, establishes a relationship particularly between the human will and the super-sensible world, the world to which the Christ-Being as such belongs. The carrying over of will-impulses into execution in the world is brought to human consciousness through a right understanding of the Whitsun festival.

Thus what we may call the secret of Christianity is given form in these yearly celebrations. The way in which the Christmas mystery touches man can be brought before our consciousness in the most manifold ways; and with the recurrence of the Christmas festival during the course of the years, we have considered the Christmas-Thought from the most varied standpoints. This time let us call to mind something which can become clear to any one who considers the Christmas mystery in the light of the Gospels.

In the Gospels we find a twofold announcement of the birth of Christ Jesus. One annunciation is made to the poor shepherds out in the fields. An Angel announces the birth of Christ Jesus to them—in a dream, or however one may wish to call it. Here we have to do with the perception of this event through inner soul-forces, soul-forces which, in the case of these shepherds in the vicinity where Christ Jesus was born, were in a special condition. And a second annunciation is set forth in the Gospels, the annunciation to the Three Kings, the Three Wisemen from the Orient. We are told that they followed a star which announced to them the advent of Christ Jesus on the earth.

Thus we are shown two ways by which this earlier humanity reached what we may call its higher knowledge. This is another example of something which is never properly grasped in the present age. To-day we usually conceive of human beings as possessing thought and perception, and we imagine this thinking and perceiving, in fact, all use of the inner soul-forces, to have been in all past centuries and millenia essentially the same—only more primitive—as it is to-day. We know from anthroposophical spiritual science how the soul-constitution of man has changed with the passage of time; how differently in ancient times—for instance, seven or eight thousand years after the beginning of the post-Atlantean period, or even earlier—humanity regarded its own life and the nature of the surrounding universe. Moreover we know how this soul-constitution underwent many changes before it became that reasoning analytical faculty existing to-day, which in its approach to the outer world knows only the purely sense-perceptible aspect of things. This evolution takes its starting-point from a certain ancient instinctive clairvoyance and proceeds through the state found in our modern soul-condition, to return again in future to a clairvoyant perception of the world which will be permeated by full human consciousness.

At the time when the Mystery of Golgotha took place on earth the ancient instinctive clairvoyance was already greatly dimmed. Men's souls were indeed differently constituted than they are to-day, although they no longer had the old clairvoyance; gone also were their old wise ways of fathoming the universe. The ancient wisdom-teachings as well as the old instinctive clairvoyance had grown very dim as the Mystery of Golgotha approached humanity. But remnants of both still existed, and we are clearly shown in the Gospels, if we rightly understand them, that this was the case. Such remnants were still present among single favoured individuals. We may recognise as such the poor shepherds out in the fields, who in the piety of their hearts possessed a certain clairvoyant capacity of a dreamlike nature. And we also recognise as such the Three Magi from the East, who are pictured as standing on the topmost rung of human society, and had retained from ancient times a capacity gained from a certain stream of wisdom, giving them insight into the course of world-events. Thus, on the one hand, the poor shepherds could be approached in a kind of dream-experience, in inward perception, by the event of Christ Jesus' birth, while, on the other, the Three Magi from the East developed a science which enabled them, by the study of world-phenomena, the appearances in the heavens, to be aware of significant events taking place open the earth quite beyond ordinary human ken.

Thus there are pointed out to us two quite definite, but widely differing, modes of knowledge. Let us turn our attention for the moment to what was present as the last remnant of an ancient stream of wisdom in the Three Wisemen from the Orient. We are shown clearly that these Wisemen were able to read the riddles in the movements of the stars. In the existing descriptions we are made aware of an ancient knowledge of the stars whereby access was gained to the mysteries of the starry worlds and wherein the secrets of human events were also revealed. This ancient knowledge of the stars was something quite different from that of to-day. Our astronomy is in a certain sense also prophetic; it can prophesy eclipses of the sun and moon and so on, but it is merely mathematical and mechanical. It only speaks of space and time-relationships in so far as these may be represented mathematically, whereas the ancient wisdom of, the stars perceived in these movements something of higher significance, remote from space and time, taking place in the inner life of man. If we examine the science of humanity in olden times, we find its content essentially one of this wisdom of the stars. Men sought in the stars for a deeper understanding of earthly happenings. For to them the starry world was not the abstract mechanical thing it has become for modern humanity. For them the starry world was something full of life. They felt the presence of an essential Being in the universe, in the case of every planet. By means of an inner soul-language, in a certain sense, they even spoke with the individual planets, as we to-day speak merely from man to man in external words. People were conscious of inward soul-experience which was a reflection of what was going on out in universal space in the movement of the stars. This was a living, spiritualized way of looking at the universe. And man felt himself connected as a soul and spirit with this universe. This wisdom of the world was fostered in schools, in what may be described as Mystery schools, where the pupils were prepared in a careful, intimate and inner way to gain an understanding of the movements of the stars such as might illuminate human life upon the earth.

Of what nature were these preparations? These preparations for a knowledge of the starry heavens and their influences were of such a character that, even then, in the age of instinctive clairvoyance, the pupil was led to develop a more wide-awake life than normally. The large mass of mankind had a kind of instinctive clairvoyance, corresponding to a state of soul which was less wide awake than the one normal for us to-day. In ancient periods of human evolution people were not able to think as clearly as we can now. Geometry and mathematics as we know them could not then exist. The whole of life between birth and death had more of a dreaming character; but just because it was dreamlike it had a far more lively way of perceiving the surrounding universe than does our waking life to-day. And the strange thing was that the pupils of those ancient Mysteries existing 2000 years, or even 1000 years, before the Mystery of Golgotha (such men as the Magi may be counted among the last remaining disciples of this training), were trained in a knowledge which was very similar to our geometry and mathematics. Euclid was the first to give geometry to humanity; but he merely communicated it to humanity in general. What Euclid gave in the way of geometry had already lived in the Mysteries for thousands of years as something communicated only to the most carefully selected Mystery-pupils. It had a different effect then than in later times. It may seem strange and paradoxical, but it is nevertheless true, that what our children learn as arithmetic and geometry was taught in the Mystery-schools to selected individuals who were considered specially endowed and so accepted in the Mysteries.

To-day we often hear reference made to the mysterious matters supposedly taught in the Mysteries. Actually, in their purely abstract content, these mysterious matters are none other than those taught to children to-day. They are nothing else; and their Mystery-character lies not in the fact of their being unknown to us, but in the different way in which at that time they were taught. It is quite a different matter to call upon the reasoning of children through the content of geometry in an age in which, from the moment of awaking until falling asleep again man lives in a wide-awake consciousness, than it was to present these matters to specially selected human beings, whose consciousness was more mature, during the age of ancient instinctive clairvoyance and dreaming consciousness.

Our modern conceptions of these things are by no means always accurate. For example, there is a poem to Varuna in Oriental literature describing Varuna as appearing in the air, as wafting like the wind through the woods; Varuna appears in the lightning flashing out of the dripping clouds; in the human heart when the will is roused to action; in the heavens when the sun moves across them. Varuna is to be found on the mountains in the juice of the Soma.

What the juice of the Soma is, modern books profess not to know. To-day in our great learning we agree that we do not know what the juice of the Soma is, although there are people who drink it by the quart, and certainly know it very well from a certain standpoint. But it is a different matter to know these things—from the standpoint of the Mysteries than from the standpoint of waking consciousness in profane feeling.

You can read to-day of the Philosopher's Stone, which was accounted precious in an age when the nature of substance was somewhat differently regarded than it is to-day. Again the historians of alchemy will tell you that the Philosopher's Stone is quite unknown. Here and there in my lectures I have indicated that the Philosopher's Stone is quite familiar to most human beings; they simply do not know its qualities, or why it is so named. But since it is used by the ton, it is very familiar to most human beings.

The facts are simply upon occasion quite different from the concepts we hold of them with our present-day abstract, theoretical grasp of things, so remote from life and reality. There is not even a true grasp of what it might mean to take in the sciences of arithmetic and geometry with quite another soul-constitution than we have to-day, with a mature soul-condition. I have referred to this particular type of Mystery-schooling in my book “Christianity as a Mystical Fact”; but just such important things as these are usually not properly understood, they are not ordinarily understood in their real significance. The fact that the way in which people were approached with things constituted the very kernel of the Mysteries in ancient times is something which should be grasped. And it was thus also in the case of such purely mathematical considerations, the content of feeling and the human fullness of which Novalis still sensed when he felt mathematics to be like great poetry—something which most people now-a-days will not agree with. And it is to such grasping of the world, permeated as it was with feeling, but poured into mathematical mould, that the pupil of the ancient Mysteries was led. And when the pupil of the ancient Mysteries was thus brought to a mathematical understanding of the universe, he developed just such a world-outlook as that possessed by the Wisemen from the East, as they are described to us.

The mathematics of the universe, which have become so thoroughly abstract to us, revealed at that time something really living, because the revelation found completion in what was brought to understand it. Thus what sprang as science from an ancient culture, and was still preserved in its last fragments to the Magi, made possible the one annunciation, through the channel of the teachers of wisdom, through external science, the annunciation experienced by the Magi.

On the other hand, it was possible for the inner experience of the secrets of humanity to develop in human beings who, like the shepherds in the fields, had a special predisposition in this direction. In such cases the inner forces of man had to reach certain heights; then what took place in the world of men became direct imaginative perception, an instinctive, imaginative picture-perception. Thus, through inner vision, the poor shepherds in the fields partook in the annunciation: “God makes revelation of His Being in the heavenly heights, and His peace shall be with all men of good will.” Thus did the secrets of the universe speak to the innermost being of the poor shepherds in the fields, as well as to the utmost heights attainable to human wisdom at that time, to the Wisemen of the East. Thus the great mystery of earthly life was imparted from two different sides.

What did these Wisemen of the East experience? What was the special development brought about in the souls of these pupils through the introduction of mathematics into their soul-condition, when this was found especially mature and ready? Kant speaks of mathematics as being “a priori” truth. With “a priori” he means a truth which is present within us before our external, empirical knowledge, before our experience of it existed. This is mere word-wisdom; nothing at all is said with this “a priori”! A meaning attaches to it only when it can be shown by spiritual science that mathematics is something that rises up within us, that rises to consciousness out of man's inner being.

Whence does it come? It proceeds from the experiences we went through in the spiritual world before birth, or conception. There we lived in the great wide universe. There we experienced what could be experienced before we had bodily eyes and ears. There we had “a priori” experience, when considered in relation to our life on earth. These “a priori” experiences rise in an unconscious way out of our inner being into the sphere of consciousness. Unless modern man has a premonition of this, as had Novalis, he does not know that when he does mathematics, experiences of the time before conception and birth are rising up within him. But for a person with true insight into these matter the mathematical capacity is in itself a proof of man's life in the spiritual world before conception. As far as those are concerned for whom this is not a proof of pre-natal existence, the fact remains that they do not think thoroughly enough about life's phenomena and have no idea what the true origin of mathematics is.

The pupils of the ancient Mysteries who possessed that wise outlook, still extant in its last fragments in the Wisemen of the East, had the clear impression: “When we study the stars and apply our mathematical forms and reckoning to them, we are spreading out again over the outer reaches of universal space what we actually lived in before our birth.” And it seemed to such a pupil of the ancient Mysteries as though he must say: “Now I am living on earth; my eyes look out into universal space and see my spatial surroundings. In these same phenomena of the spatial universe I lived before my birth; there I myself counted from star to star what I now merely copy and symbolize in mathematics. With my innermost forces I moved from star to star, living in what I now merely draw.”

Thus they experienced again all they had gone through before birth, or conception, and consequently it was holy to them. They realized that they had lived in a spiritual world before they walked on earth. This knowledge of the world in which man lives before he descends to the earth was present in its last remnants in the Wisemen of the East, and by its means they knew of the advent of the Christ-Being.

Whence came this Christ-Being? He came out of that time which we live through between death and rebirth, and He united Himself with the life we live through between birth and death. For this reason the science that concerns itself with the world we live in between death and rebirth can unveil such a mystery as the Mystery of Golgotha. And out of this science announcement was made to the Magi of the Mystery of Golgotha, the Christmas Mystery.

As man lives here on the earth and concerns himself with gaining knowledge of his surroundings, with developing impulses for his actions, for his social life, he has still another unconscious experience. He knows nothing of it; but just as he experiences the after-effects of his pre-natal life, so does he also experience what passes through the gates of death and becomes the content of life after death, namely, the forces already present like a seed between birth and death, which only come to their full blossoming in the life after death. These forces worked with great intensity in the ancient instinctive clairvoyance. And they worked in their last remnants in the poor shepherds in the fields because of their special piety. Moreover, it is in these forces especially that we live between falling asleep and awaking, when our souls are outside of our bodies in outer space. The soul then lives as it will live consciously in future when it has laid aside the physical body after death. These forces, which under special conditions can penetrate from the world of sleep and dream into waking life, were once very active in the ancient instinctive clairvoyance. And these the poor shepherds experienced, receiving through them a revelation of the Mystery of Golgotha from a different quarter than that from which the annunciation came to the three Magi.

What does one experience by means of the forces peculiar to man between death and rebirth when, as in the case of the Wisemen from the Orient, they are kindled in the life between birth and death? One experiences what takes place beyond what is earthly. One is borne away from the earth out into the world of the stars where we live between death and rebirth. This was the world into which the Wisemen of the East were led away from the earth out into cosmic space.

And what does one experience by means of the forces which rise up from the inner being of man, especially in the world of dreams? One experiences what goes on within the earth. Here the Tellurian forces, the forces of which we partake because we live in our bodies, are at work. These forces work particularly in what we live through between falling asleep and awaking. Here, too, we are in the outer world, but essentially in that outer world belonging to the earth.

You will say that this is a contradiction of the truth that we are outside of our bodies. But it is not a contradiction. We always perceive only what is external to ourselves; that wherein we live is never perceived. Only people who are especially ignorant about certain subjects, and who are bent on establishing a knowledge consisting solely of phrases, are capable of skipping lightly over such matters with their phrases and of saying, for example, that the point is not to found a science of the spirit upon knowledge gained outside man, but to add to natural science a science derived from man's inner being.

With such a torrent of phrases Darmstadt wisdom-schools may indeed be founded, but one may still remain a mere phrase-maker even when founding schools of wisdom. For rightly understood, the matter is as follows. We may indeed say that, to arrive at the super-sensible, the world must be described from within; but we must first get into the inner being and then look at what is external from outside the body, by looking back upon the body. Keyserling's talks concerning observation from the standpoint of the soul do not attempt to enter man's inner being, they merely use phrases.

The fact really is such that when we are in the condition experienced between falling asleep and awaking, we look back, we feel our way back, as it were, into our bodies. We feel what is of the earth in our bodies; for they are of the earth. The poor shepherds in the fields really, felt the revelation of the earth through their bodies when in a dreamlike condition, they perceived what was happening in the form of the perception of an angel's voice.

These are the two absolute contrasts: the Magi with their knowledge of the heavens, and the shepherds with their earth-revelation. And it corresponds completely to the Mystery of Golgotha that the revelation came from two such different quarters. For a heavenly Being, as yet untouched by earth, was descending to it, and this descent had to make itself known by means of the wisdom of the heavens, which knew that something heavenly was descending.

In the shepherds' wisdom we learn to know the earth by feeling our way into its weaving life as it perceived the descent of the heavenly Being. It is the same annunciation, only from another side. Wonderfully unified, we thus see what, although it was one and the same event, was announced in a twofold way to men.

And when we see how humanity received the event of Golgotha, we must say that, in regard to this and other matters, there were only the merest remnants of the ancient wisdom left to man. I have already shown how the Mystery of Golgotha was grasped in the first centuries of Christianity with the help of the fragments of an ancient wisdom known as Gnosis. From then on it became more and more a matter of trying to penetrate into the nature of the event of Golgotha with analytical reasoning powers alone. And in the 19th century naturalism gradually made its appearance in the confessional sphere. The super-sensible content of the event of Golgotha was no longer grasped at all, Christ became merely the “wise man of Nazareth”, naturalistically conceived. A new, spiritual grasp of the Mystery of Golgotha became necessary. The fact of the Mystery of Golgotha must not be confused with the way in which human understanding has dealt with this fact.

Now a soul-constitution such as the shepherds in the fields and the Wisemen of the East possessed still existed in its last fragmentary form at the time when the Mystery of Golgotha occurred. But all this changed in the course of human evolution. Everything changes and undergoes metamorphosis. What then became of the wisdom of the Eastern Magi? It has become our mathematics, with its knowledge of the heavens! The Magi possessed a super-earthly science based on sublime recollections of pre-natal life. All this has been shrunken and cramped into our mathematical, mechanical grasp of the heavens, so that we apply nothing but the laws of mathematics and mechanics to their phenomena. What we have in the way of mathematical astronomy is all that still rises up out of our inner being as the modern metamorphosis of what the Magi once possessed.

And looking at our external sense-knowledge, which is merely a perceiving with eyes and ears, we find it to be the externalized inner knowledge of the shepherds in the fields. What could once convey to the shepherds in the fields the inner secrets of earthly existence now permits only of that cold, natural-scientific observation of the outer world which is the offspring of the shepherds' wisdom. The child bears but slight resemblance to its mother. And our mathematics, our astronomy, are the offspring of the wisdom of the Magi.

Humanity had to go through this development. Our scientific researchers, sitting in their laboratories and clinics, have very little in common with the shepherds but theirs is a direct metamorphosis of the shepherds' wisdom. And our mathematicians likewise are in direct line of descent from the Eastern Wisemen. The outer has become the inner, and the inner, outer. And so we have indeed grown remote from the Mystery of Golgotha. We must become aware of this fact. We have become far removed indeed from such understanding. Perhaps many of those who call themselves preachers and ministers of Christianity in the official sense are the most remote from it of all.

The forces of knowledge, faith and feeling that live in man to-day can never penetrate through to the true being of the Mystery of Golgotha. It must be found entirely anew.

The wisdom of the Magi too has become dry mathematics, perceiving the heavens only in designs. It has become an inner thing. But inwardness must take on life once more. What was once outer must be built up again from within.

And now let us try to understand the content of a book such as my Occult Science from this standpoint. The Magi had a real penetration into the starry heavens; they saw what was spiritual there because they had insight into human pre-natal experience. This has become abstract in our mathematics. But the very same forces out of which we develop mathematics can be brought back to life, and intensified as imaginative vision. Then there is born from out our inner being a world which, although we create it within us, we see as the outer world, as though: containing Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan. We see the heavens in inner vision just as the Eastern Wisemen externally perceived the secrets of the Mystery of Golgotha. The external has become an inner thing, has become mathematical abstraction; and in like manner the inner must be widened out until it becomes a universe around us, until inner vision leads us to a new astronomy experienced within.

Only by thus reaching out for a new understanding of the Christ can we fill the festival of Christmas with a certain meaning. Has the Christmas festival any meaning for most human beings nowadays? It is a very beautiful custom, scarcely 150 years old, to have the Christmas Tree as a symbol of the Christmas festival. The custom of having a Christmas Tree came into being only in the 19th century. What is this Christmas Tree really? It is not so easy to find its meaning. In making the effort to find it, and by discovering how the Christmas Tree gradually came into use, how it grew from being the little branch, carried on St. Nicholas' arm on the 6th of December, into being our Christmas Tree, we come to realize that this Christmas Tree is also directly connected with the Tree of Paradise.

Human consciousness thus looks back here to the Tree of Paradise, to Adam and Eve. What does this signify? This is one aspect of the way we make the Mystery of Golgotha known to-day. We turn back from the Mystery of Golgotha to the creation of the world, to the beginning of the world. We fail to grasp the meaning of the world's redemption, and instead turn back to the God who created the universe. This is expressed in the gradual disappearance of the real Christmas symbol, of the manger—so sublime a part of the Christmas plays of earlier centuries—and in the appearance of the Christmas Tree which is really the Tree of Paradise.

Thus the old Jehovah-religion again took the place of the Christ-religion; the Christmas Tree is the symbol of the reappearance of the religion of Jehovah. This Jehovah-religion makes its appearance in many shapes and forms to-day. For Jahve was once rightly worshipped as the one and only God in an age when his people felt themselves to be a unified folk, content within their limits, and living in the expectation of some day filling the entire earth. In our age people talk of Christ Jesus, but really worship only Jehovah. For, as we saw during the war, the people of the various nations talked of Christ, but were really concerned with the original God, Jehovah, who lives in the forces of nature and heredity.

On the one hand, the Christmas Tree, on the other, the national gods so remote from Christianity—with these humanity has turned back from grasping the Mystery of Golgotha to lay hold again on something belonging to a much earlier period. There has been a retrogression into the ancient Jehovah religion in the adherence to the nationalistic principle, in the announcement that the various peoples would follow their national gods.

You see, what must be taken into consideration is that in the annunciation, to the shepherds, and in the annunciation that came to the Magi, there is a human element common to all men. For the earth is the common property of all. The earth-annunciation received by the shepherds was one which could make no national distinctions and differentiations. And the Magi, who received a sun-annunciation, an annunciation from the heavens, also received a purely human element. For after the sun shines upon the lands of one folk, it shines on the lands of others also. Heaven and earth belong to all in common. With Christianity, a common human element is roused in all humanity.

This fact is pointed to in the twofold annunciation of the Christmas story. Such matters which were fully understood when man's soul-constitution was an entirely different one, will only be comprehensible to-day with the help of spiritual science.

We should inscribe this into our hearts to-day when we think of the Christmas festival. To-day, in thinking of the Christmas Mystery, we have need to look for a birth. We should not merely busy ourselves with idle talk about the Christmas festival and our own feelings, but should look for what must be born anew in this our age. For truly, real Christianity must be born anew. We need a cosmic Christmas festival for humanity.

Erster Vortrag

[ 1 ] Lassen Sie uns heute eine Betrachtung anstellen, welche sich anschließen soll an die Festeszeit, an jene Zeit, die ja in jedem Jahr wiederum erneuert die Erinnerung und das Gedenken an das Mysterium von Golgatha, auch die unmittelbare Empfindung des Mysteriums von Golgatha.

[ 2 ] Wir haben eigentlich drei solcher Festeszeiten innerhalb der christlichen Entwickelung: das Weihnachtsfest, das Osterfest und das Pfingstfest. Und man kann sagen, daß diese drei Feste in verschiedener Art den Menschen in ein Verhältnis bringen zu demjenigen, worin die christliche Entwickelung den Sinn des ganzen Erdengeschehens sieht. Auch in bezug auf die menschlichen Seelenkräfte unterscheiden sich diese drei Feste.

[ 3 ] Das Weihnachtsfest knüpft mehr an die Empfindung an. Es ist auch dasjenige Fest, welches in gewissem Sinne das populärste ist, weil sein Verständnis eben die Vertiefung der Empfindung, die Vertiefung des Gefühls fordert, und weil es dasjenige ist, was dem Menschen im weitesten Umkreis zugänglich ist.

[ 4 ] Das Osterfest, das notwendig macht, daß der Mensch sich aufschwingt zu einem Verständnis des eigentlichen Mysteriums von Golgatha, des Hereindringens einer übersinnlichen Wesenheit in die menschheitliche Entwickelung, es stellt die größten Anforderungen an das menschliche Verstehen. Es ist ein Fest, das gewissermaßen das menschliche Verstehen auf das höchste Niveau hinauf erhebt, das ja natürlich auch allgemein begangen wird, aber nicht in derselben Weise populär sein kann wie das Weihnachtsfest.

[ 5 ] Das dritte Fest, das Pfingstfest, stellt besonders ein Verhältnis her zwischen dem menschlichen Willen und der übersinnlichen Welt, der Welt namentlich, welcher das Christus-Wesen als solches angehört. Die Überleitung von Willensimpulsen, die dann wiederum auf die Welt übertragen werden, sie wird ja dem Menschen zum Bewußtsein gebracht durch den rechten Sinn des Pfingstfestes.

[ 6 ] So wird in dreifacher Weise dasjenige, was man das christliche Geheimnis nennen könnte, anschaulich gemacht durch diese jährlichen Festeszeiten. Wie das Weihnachtsmysterium an den Menschen herantritt, das kann man sich in der verschiedensten Weise vor das Bewußtsein stellen, und wir haben ja im Laufe der Jahre den Weihnachtsgedanken von den verschiedensten Gesichtspunkten aus gerade gelegentlich der Weihnachtsfeste ins Auge gefaßt.

[ 7 ] Diesmal wollen wir erinnern an etwas, was jedem klar werden kann, der das Weihnachtsmysterium von seiten der Evangelien aus betrachtet. In den Evangelien wird uns eine zwiefache Verkündigung der Geburt des Christus Jesus dargestellt. Die eine Verkündigung ist diejenige, welche ergeht an die armen Hirten auf dem Felde draußen, denen - man nenne es nun im Traume oder irgendwie — ein Engel verkündet die Geburt des Christus Jesus. Wir haben es da zu tun mit dem Gewahrwerden dieses Ereignisses durch die inneren Seelenkräfte, die in einer besonderen Verfassung sind bei diesen Hirten aus der Umgebung des Geburtsortes des Christus Jesus. Und es wird uns eine zweite Verkündigung dargestellt in den Evangelien: diejenige, welche ergeht an die drei Könige oder die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande. Sie folgen — so wird uns gesagt — der Sprache eines Sternes, die ihnen verkündigt, daß der Christus Jesus in die Welt gekommen ist.

[ 8 ] Wir werden da verwiesen auf zwei Arten, wie eine frühere Menschheit zu ihren höheren Erkenntnissen kam. Es handelt sich auch da um etwas, was in der Gegenwart eigentlich niemals mehr in der richtigen Weise angeschaut wird. In der Gegenwart stellt man sich vielfach vor, daß die Menschen nun einmal eine Wahrnehmung, ein Denken haben, und daß diese Wahrnehmung, dieses Denken, kurz, die Entfaltung der inneren Seelenkräfte, im Grunde genommen durch alle Jahrhunderte und Jahrtausende, wenn sie auch in früheren Zeiten primitiver waren, so doch im wesentlichen so waren, wie sie heute sind. Wir wissen aus unserer anthroposophischen Geisteswissenschaft, wie die Seelenverfassung der Menschen sich im Laufe der Zeiten geändert hat, wie in alten Zeiten, etwa im 7., 8. Jahrtausend der nachatlantischen Zeit oder früher, die Menschheit in einer ganz anderen Weise sowohl das eigene Leben wie auch das Wesen der Umwelt angesehen hat, und wie sich dann diese Seelenverfassung immer wieder gewandelt hat, wie sie dann diejenige geworden ist, die wir als die verstandesmäßige Zergliederung der Welt in der Gegenwart kennen und als die rein sinnliche Auffassung, die wir auch in der Gegenwart in den äußeren Dingen haben. Diese Entwickelung geht von einem gewissen älteren, instinktiven Hellsehen durch unsere gegenwärtige Seelenverfassung, um in der Zukunft sich wiederum zurückzuwenden zu einer Art Hellsichtigkeit, zu einem Schauen der Welt, das aber dann durchsetzt sein soll von der vollen Bewufßstheit der Menschheit.

[ 9 ] Zur Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha sich auf der Erde ereignete, war das alte Hellsehen, das ein instinktives war, zum großen Teil schon, wenn ich so sagen darf, abgelähmt. Die Menschen hatten zwar eine andere Seelenverfassung, als die heutige ist, aber sie hatten auch nicht mehr das alte Hellsehen; sie hatten auch nicht mehr die alten Formen, durch allerlei Weisheit die Welt sich genauer zu zergliedern. Sowohl die alten Weisheitslehren wie auch das alte instinktive Hellsehen waren abgeglommen, als das Mysterium von Golgatha an die Menschheit herankam. Aber Reste davon waren noch vorhanden, und wir werden gerade durch die Evangelien deutlich darauf hingewiesen, wenn wir sie richtig verstehen, daß solche Reste vorhanden waren. Bei einzelnen auserlesenen Persönlichkeiten waren solche Reste vorhanden. Solche auserlesenen Persönlichkeiten können nun sowohl gewesen sein die armen Hirten auf dem Felde, die aus ihrem frommen Herzen heraus eine gewisse hellsichtige Kraft, die wie traumhaft über sie gekommen ist, besessen haben; es können auch gewesen sein solche Persönlichkeiten, die uns auf der Spitze der sozialen Stufenleiter vorgeführt werden, wie die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande, welche aus alten Zeiten die Fähigkeit bewahrt haben, durch eine gewisse Weisheitslehre hineinzuschauen in den Gang der Weltenereignisse. Und so konnten die armen Hirten in einer Art traumhaften Erlebens, in einer Art innerlicher Wahrnehmung dasjenige an sich herankommen sehen, was in dem Ereignis der Geburt des Christus Jesus sich vollzog. Auf der anderen Seite konnten die drei Magier aus dem Morgenlande eine solche Wissenschaft entwickeln, daß sie aus der Verfolgung der Weltenerscheinungen, der Erscheinungen am Himmel, dasjenige sich zu vergegenwärtigen vermochten, was über den gewöhnlichen Gang des Lebens hinausliegend Bedeutungsvolles auf der Erde geschah.

[ 10 ] Wir werden also auf zwei ganz bestimmte, aber voneinander verschiedene Erkenntnisarten verwiesen. Wenden wir uns zunächst zu demjenigen, was bei den drei Magiern aus dem Morgenlande vorhanden war als ein letzter Rest einer alten Weisheitslehre. Es wird uns ja deutlich gezeigt, wie diese Magier den Gang der Sterne enträtseln konnten. Wir werden also durch diese Darstellung verwiesen auf eine alte Sternenkunde, auf eine alte Anschauung über die Geheimnisse der Sternenwelt, in der sich auch die Geheimnisse des menschheitlichen Geschehens offenbarten. Diese alte Sternenkunde war etwas anderes als unsere Sternenkunde. Unsere Sternenkunde ist ja auch in einer gewissen Weise prophetisch; sie kann voraussagen den Gang von Sonnen- und Mondfinsternissen und ähnliches. Aber unsere Sternenkunde ist bloß mathematisch-mechanisch. Unsere Sternenkunde spricht bloß von den Verhältniissen des Raumes und der Zeit, insofern man sie mathematisch zum Ausdruck bringen kann. Dasjenige aber, was sich in bezug auf das innere Menschenleben abseits von Raum und Zeit, aber doch im Raum und in der Zeit, jedoch mit einer höheren Bedeutung abspielt, das sah eine alte Sternenkunde, eine alte Sternenweisheit aus dem Gang der Sterne heraus. Wenn wir die Wissenschaft einer älteren Menschheit uns vor das Bewußtsein bringen, so finden wir, daß diese Sternenweisheit im wesentlichen das ist, was dieser alten Wissenschaft überhaupt den Inhalt gab. Aus den Sternen erforschten die Menschen dasjenige, was auf der Erde geschah. Aber ihnen war die Sternenwelt nicht jenes abstrakte, maschinenartige Wesen, das sie der heutigen Menschheit geworden ist. Ihnen war die Sternenwelt etwas, was voll Leben war. Sie empfanden bei jedem einzelnen der Planeten ein Wesenhaftes in der Welt. Gewissermaßen sprachen sie durch eine innere Seelensprache mit jedem einzelnen Planeten so, wie wir heute nur von Mensch zu Mensch durch die äußere Sprache sprechen. Man war sich klar darüber, daß man im Inneren seelisch etwas erlebt, was in einer gewissen Weise abspiegelt und wiedergibt dasjenige, was draußen im großen Raume durch den Gang der Sterne sich vollzieht. Es war eine lebendige, durchgeistigte Anschauung des Weltenalls. Und der Mensch selber fühlte sich in einer geistigen, in einer seelenhaften Weise in dieses Weltenall hineingestellt. Es wurde die Weisheit von diesem Weltenall auch gepflegt in Schulen, die man Mysterienschulen nennen könnte, in denen die Zöglinge in einer sorgfältigen, intimen, innerlichen Art vorbereitet wurden, den Gang der Sterne so verstehen zu können, daß er das menschliche Leben auf der Erde verständlich machte.

[ 11 ] Welcher Art waren diese Vorbereitungen? Diese Vorbereitungen gerade für die Erkenntnis des Sternenhimmels und seiner Wirkungen waren so, daß der Mensch auch damals schon, in der Zeit instinktiven Hellsehens, erzogen wurde zu einem wacheren Leben, als das normale äußere Leben war. Die Menschen der breiten Massen hatten eine Art instinktiven Hellsehens. Das entsprach einer Seelenverfassung, die weniger wach war, als es unsere normale Seelenverfassung ist. Man konnte in alten Zeiten der Menschheitsentwickelung nicht in solcher Weise wach denken, wie man das heute kann. Man konnte nicht in demselben Sinne wie heute zu der Mathematik, zu der Geometrie kommen. Es war des Menschen Leben durch das ganze Dasein zwischen Geburt und Tod mehr ein hinträumendes gewesen, das aber eben gerade deshalb, weil es ein hinträumendes war, in einer lebendigeren Art als unser ganz waches Leben die Umwelt wahrnahm. Und das Eigentümliche ist, daß die einzelnen Zöglinge der Mysterien, in deren letzten Resten eben solche Menschen wie die drei Magier standen damals in alten Zeiten, man könnte sagen noch etwa bis in das 2. Jahrtausend, sogar anfangs des 1. Jahrtausends vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha eingeführt wurden in ein Wissen, das ganz ähnlich unserem geomerrischen oder mathematischen Wissen ist.

[ 12 ] Für die äußere Menschheit hat Euklid zuerst die Geometrie hingestellt. Das war aber eben nur eine Übermittlung der Geometrie an die äußere, große Menschheit. Was Euklid als Geometrie hingestellt hat, das war in den Mysterien lebendig durch Jahrtausende schon; es wurde aber nur mitgeteilt an die auserlesenen Schüler der Mysterien. Bei ihnen wirkte es anders, als es später wirkte. Es sieht sonderbar und paradox aus, ist aber doch so: was heute bei uns schon die Kinder lernen, unsere Geometrie, unsere Rechenkunst, das lernten in den Mysterienschulen einzelne Menschen, die besonders dazu auserlesen wurden, die man innerhalb der Masse für besonders befähigt hielt und die man hineinnahm in die Mysterien.

[ 13 ] Man kann heute oftmals hören, in den Mysterien seien geheimnisvolle Dinge gelehrt worden. Ihrem rein abstrakten Inhalte nach sind diese geheimnisvollen Dinge dieselben, die heute den Kindern gelehrt werden. Es sind gar keine anderen Dinge, und das Mysterienhafte liegt nicht darin, daß diese Dinge heute den Menschen etwa unbekannt seien, sondern es liegt in der anderen Art, wie die Sache an die Menschen herangebracht worden ist. Es ist natürlich etwas ganz anderes, wenn man den Inhalt unserer Geometrie einfach appellierend an den Verstand an die Kinder heranbringt in einem Zeitalter, wo der Mensch vom Aufwachen bis zum Einschlafen in unserem Wachbewußtsein lebt, oder ob man im Zeitalter des alten, instinktiven Hellsehens mit einer traumhaften Art des Bewußtseins diese Dinge an besonders auserlesene Menschen mit reiferem Bewußtsein heranbrachte. Es sind heute durchaus nicht immer zutreffende Vorstellungen in der Menschheit über diese Dinge vorhanden.

[ 14 ] Sehen Sie, es gibt ein Gedicht an Varuna in der morgenländischen Literatur. Das spricht davon, daß Varuna erscheint in der Luft, die als Wind die Wälder durchweht, daß Varuna erscheint in dem Donner, der aus dem Wolkenwasser hervorzuckt, daß Varuna erscheint in dem menschlichen Herzen, wenn es zum Willen sich aufrafft, daß Varuna erscheint am Himmel, wenn die Sonne über den Himmel geht, daß Varuna enthalten ist auf den Bergen in dem Somasaft. Sie werden heute in den Büchern meistens finden: daß man eigentlich nicht wisse, was der Somasaft ist. Die Menschen konstatieren heute in ihrer Gelehrsamkeit, daß man nicht wisse, was der Somasaft ist, trotzdem es Menschen gibt, die ihn literweise trinken und von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus sehr gut kennen. Aber es ist etwas anderes, die Sachen vom Mysterienstandpunkt aus zu kennen, als vom Standpunkte des wachen Bewußtseins in profaner Empfindung. Und Sie können heute lesen vom Stein der Weisen, der gepflegt wurde in einer gewissen Zeit, in der man das Wesen der Substantialität eben anders angesehen hat als heute. Und wiederum werden Ihnen die Geschichtsschreiber der Alchimie sagen, man kenne den Stein der Weisen nicht. Ich habe schon immer da und dort in meinen Vorträgen angedeutet, daß dieser Stein der Weisen den meisten Menschen sehr gut bekannt ist. Sie kennen nur nicht seine Wesenheit und wissen nicht, warum er so genannt wird. Er ist den meisten Menschen sehr gut bekannt, da sie ihn eigentlich kiloweise verwenden.

[ 15 ] Es handelt sich eben bei den Dingen zuweilen um etwas ganz anderes als um dasjenige, was sich unsere heute abstrakt-theoretische und lebensfremde, wirklichkeitsfremde Anschauung vorzustellen vermag. Es gibt heute auch keine rechte Anschauung davon, was es heißt, mit ganz anderer Seelenverfassung, als diejenige der heutigen Menschheit ist, im reifen Zustande aufzunehmen unsere geometrische, unsere arithmetische Wissenschaft. Ich habe auf diese besondere Artung des Mysterienwesens in meiner Schrift «Das Christentum als mystische Tatsache» ja hingewiesen. Allein solch wichtige Dinge versteht man gewöhnlich nicht in der richtigen Weise; man nimmt sie gewöhnlich nicht tief genug. Daß die Art und Weise, wie die Dinge an die Menschen herangebracht worden sind, das Mysterienhafte in alten Zeiten ausmachte, das ist dasjenige, was man verstehen sollte. Und so war es wirklich bei rein mathematischen Betrachtungen, deren Gefühls- und vollmenschlichen Inhalt Novalis noch nachgefühlt hat, als er die Mathematik wie ein großes Gedicht empfand, was die meisten Menschen heute gewiß nicht drin finden. So war es dieses gefühlsmäßige, aber in mathematische Formen ergossene Erfassen der Welt, in das der Zögling der alten Mysterien eingeführt wurde. Und wenn so das mathematische Verständnis des Weltenalls an den Zögling der alten Mysterien herantrat, dann wurde er ein Mensch mit einer solchen Weltbetrachtung, wie es diejenige war, die uns als die der Magier aus dem Morgenlande geschildert wird. Dann enthüllte die Mathematik des Weltenalls, die bei uns zu etwas ganz Abstraktem geworden ist, Wesenhaftes, weil das, was sie enthüllte, durch anderes ergänzt wurde, was ihm entgegenkam. Und so war dasjenige, was als äußeres Wissen einer alten Kultur entsprach, was sich in den letzten Resten für die Magier erhalten hatte, was an die Magier aus dem Morgenlande herangekommen ist, die Veranlassung zu der einen Verkündigung: der Verkündigung durch die Weisheitslehre, durch die äußere Wissenschaft.

[ 16 ] Auf der anderen Seite konnte sich das innerliche Erleben der Menschheitsgeheimnisse bei besonders dazu veranlagten Menschen entwickeln, wie diejenigen waren, die uns dargestellt werden sollten in den Hirten auf dem Felde. Da mußten die inneren Kräfte, die im Menschen sind, eine besondere Stufe erreichen. Dann wurde unmittelbare Anschauung, imaginative, instinktiv-imaginative Bilderwahrnehmung dasjenige, was in der Menschheitswelt geschah. So kündigte sich durch inneres Schauen für die armen Hirten auf dem Felde dasjenige an, was sich ihnen zusammenfaßte in den Verkündigungsspruch: «Es offenbart sich der Gott in den Himmelshöhen, und durch ihn kann sein der Friede bei allen Menschen, die eines guten Willens sind.»

[ 17 ] Es sprachen also die Weltengeheimnisse sowohl zum Innersten der armen Hirten auf dem Felde wie zu dem Äußersten, wozu sich menschliche Weisheit aufschwingen konnte in der damaligen Zeit; es sprachen die Weltengeheimnisse sowohl zu den Hirten wie zu den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande. Und es wurde verkündigt von zwei Seiten das große Mysterium des Erdenlebens.

[ 18 ] Was erlebten die Magier aus dem Morgenlande? Was wurde bei solchen Schülern besonders entwickelt dadurch, daß die Mathematik in ihre Seelenverfassung hereingebracht wurde, wenn diese Seelenverfassung schon eine besonders reife war? Sehen Sie, Kant sagt von den mathematischen Erkenntnissen, sie seien a priori. Mit dem a priori meint er: sie sind vor der äußeren, empirischen Erkenntnis, vor der Erfahrung errungen. Das ist eine Wortweisheit. Es ist gar nichts gesagt mit diesem a priori. Das Wort bekommt erst einen Sinn, wenn man aus der Geisteswissenschaft heraus darauf hinweisen kann, daß die Mathematik aus uns aufsteigt, daß sie etwas ist, das aus dem Inneren des Menschen in das menschliche Bewußtsein kommt. Und woher kommt sie? Nun, sie kommt aus den Erlebnissen, die wir vor der Empfängnis oder vor der Geburt in der geistigen Welt durchgemacht haben. Da lebten wir im großen, weiten Weltenall. Da erlebten wir dasjenige, was wir erleben konnten, bevor wir unsere Leibesaugen und Leibesohren hatten. Da erlebten wir a priori gegenüber dem Leben auf der Erde. Dasjenige, was da a priori erlebt wird, es steigt heute für unser Bewußtsein unbewußt aus dem Inneren herauf. Der Mensch weiß nicht, wenn er es nicht wie Novalis durch solch eine Ahnung erlebt, daß da aufsteigen die Erlebnisse von vor der Geburt oder Empfängnis, wenn er mathematisiert. Für denjenigen, der diese Dinge in der richtigen Weise anzuschauen vermag, ist allein schon das mathematische Erkennen ein Beweis dafür, daß er vor der Empfängnis in einer geistigen Welt da war. Für jene, denen das kein Beweis ist für ein vorgeburtliches Leben, für die besteht die andere Tatsache, daß sie eben nicht gründlich genug über die Erscheinungen des Lebens nachdenken, daß sie keine Ahnung haben von dem, was eigentlich der Ursprung des Mathematischen ist.

[ 19 ] Die Schüler der alten Mysterien, die in jener Weisheitsverfassung waren, wie sie sich als letzte Reste bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande erhalten hatte, bekamen einen deutlichen Eindruck davon: Wenn wir so die Sterne anschauen, daß wir sie durchdringen mit den mathematischen Linien, mit unserer Rechnung, dann breiten wir über die äußeren Raumesweiten dasjenige aus, worin wir gelebt haben vor unserer Geburt. Und so kam sich solch ein Schüler der heiligen Mysterien vor, daß er sich sagte: Jetzt lebe ich hier auf der Erde, schaue durch meine Augen hinaus in den Weltenraum, bemerke dasjenige, was räumlich um mich herum ist. Ich habe auch gelebt innerhalb dieser Erscheinungen des Weltenraumes vor meiner Geburt oder Empfängnis. Da habe ich selber gezählt von Stern zu Stern dasjenige, was ich mir jetzt hier nur nachbildlich vergegenwärtige durch Mathematik; da bin ich selber hingeeilt mit den inneren Kräften von Stern zu Stern; da lebte ich in dem, was ich jetzt nur konstruiere. Gegenwärtig wurde den Menschen dadurch alles, was sie erlebt hatten vor der Geburt oder Empfängnis. Daher nahmen sie es auch in einem heiligen Sinne auf. Daher wußten sie auch: es ist die geistige Welt, in die sie sich da einleben, es ist die Welt, in der sie gelebt haben, bevor sie die Erde betreten haben. Dieses Wissen um die Welt, die der Mensch durchlebt, bevor er die Erde betritt, war in einem letzten Rest bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenland vorhanden; durch das erkannten sie das Herannahen der Christus-Wesenheit.

[ 20 ] Woher kam denn die Christus-Wesenheit? Sie kam ja aus jener Welt, die wir durchleben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, und vereinigte sich mit dem Leben, das wir durchleben zwischen Geburt und Tod. Diejenige Wissenschaft, die handelt von der Welt, die wir durchleben zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, kann daher so etwas wie das Mysterium von Golgatha enthüllen. Auf dem Wege dieser Wissenschaft wurde also den Magiern verkündet das Mysterium von Golgatha, das Weihnachtsmysterium.

[ 21 ] Indem der Mensch hier auf der Erde lebt und das entfaltet, was ihm seine Erkenntnisse bringen über die Umwelt, was die Impulse zu seinem Handeln, seinem sozialen Leben sind, erlebt er ja in sich unbewußt noch etwas anderes. Er weiß es nicht, aber geradeso wie er die Nachwirkungen seines vorgeburtlichen Lebens erlebt, erlebt er auch dasjenige, was dann durch die Pforte des Todes schreitet und der Inhalt des Lebens nach dem Tode wird. Das sind die Kräfte, die keimhaft schon vorhanden sind zwischen Geburt und Tod und die erst im nachtodlichen Leben sich zur vollen Blüte entfalten. Diese Kräfte wirkten mit einer großen Intensität im alten instinktiven Hellsehen; und sie wirkten im letzten Rest noch bei den armen Hirten auf dem Felde durch ihre besondere Frömmigkeit. In diesen Kräften leben wir ja insbesondere zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen, wenn unsere Seele aus der Körperlichkeit draußen ist und im äußeren Raume lebt. Dann lebt sie auf solche Art, wie sie bewußt erst wiederum leben wird, wenn sie den äußeren physischen Leib abgelegt hat nach dem Tode. Diese Kräfte, die aus der Traumes-, aus der Schlafeswelt heraus in besonderen Zuständen in das Tagesleben eindringen können, waren da sehr regsam in dem alten instinktiven Hellsehen. Die armen Hirten erlebten diese Kräfte, und in ihnen enthüllte sich dasjenige, was ihnen, von einer anderen Seite als den drei Magiern, das Mysterium von Golgatha ankündigen konnte.

[ 22 ] Was erfährt man durch diejenigen Kräfte, die dem Menschen besonders eigen sind zwischen dem Tod und einer neuen Geburt, wenn sie in dem Leben zwischen Geburt und Tod angefacht werden wie bei den Magiern aus dem Morgenlande? Man erfährt dasjenige, was außer dem Irdischen geschieht. Man wird von der Erde hinweggetragen in die Welt der Sterne, in der man ist zwischen dem 'Tod und einer neuen Geburt. Das war die Welt, in die eingeführt wurden die Magier aus dem Morgenlande, von der Erde weg in den Himmelsraum.

[ 23 ] Was erfährt man durch diejenigen Kräfte, die innerlich aufsteigen, besonders in der Traumeswelt, die überhaupt aus dem menschlichen Inneren kommen? Da erfährt man, was im Inneren der Erde geschieht. Da wirken vorzugsweise die tellurischen Kräfte, diejenigen Kräfte, die wir haben durch unseren Leib, durch das Wohnen in unserem Leibe. Die wirken besonders in demjenigen, was wir durchleben zwischen dem Einschlafen und dem Aufwachen. Wir sind auch da in der äußeren Welt, aber vorzugsweise in jener äußeren Welt, die zur Erde gehört.

[ 24 ] Sie werden sagen: Das ist ein Widerspruch gegenüber der Wahrheit, daß wir außerhalb unseres Leibes sind. — Das ist kein Widerspruch. Man nimmt immer nur das wahr, was man außerhalb hat; dasjenige, in dem man lebt, das nimmt man nicht wahr. Nur diejenigen Menschen, die über irgendwelche Gebiete besonders unwissend sind und ein reines Phrasenwissen entwickeln möchten, bringen es fertig, über solche Dinge leicht hinwegzugleiten mit Phrasen und etwa zu sagen: Es käme nicht darauf an, eine Geisteswissenschaft zu begründen mit einem Wissen, gewonnen außerhalb des Menschen, denn das Wichtige sei gerade, daß der Mensch zu dem äußeren Naturwissen ein Wissen durch das Innere bekäme. - Ja, mit einem solchen Phrasenschwall kann man heute Darmstädter Weisheitsschulen begründen, aber man bleibt doch eben bloß ein Phraseur, auch wenn man Weisheitsschulen begründet. Denn wenn man die Sache in der richtigen Weise versteht, kann man sogar sagen: Ja, man muß die Welt von innen beschreiben, um zum Übersinnlichen zu kommen; aber dann muß man ja erst ins Innere hineinkommen, und das, was dann äußerlich ist, das muß man betrachten aus dem Leibe heraußen, und man muß den Leib zurück betrachten. Die Keyserlingschen Reden von einem Betrachten von seelischen Gesichtspunkten aus wollen aber eigentlich nicht in das menschliche Innere hinein, sondern sie bedienen sich bloßer Phrasen. Daher ist es auch so: wenn wir in dem Zustand zwischen Einschlafen und Aufwachen sind, schauen wir zurück und empfinden gewissermaßen zurück in unseren Leib. Wir empfinden also dasjenige, worin unser Leib mit dem Irdischen zusammenhängt; er ist ja von der Erde. Die armen Hirten auf dem Felde empfanden eigentlich die Offenbarung der Erde aus ihrem Leibe, indem sie in einem traumhaften Zustande dasjenige, was geschah, als die Stimme des Engels wahrnahmen.

[ 25 ] Und es entspricht das ganz dem Mysterium von Golgatha, daß von zwei Seiten her die Offenbarung gekommen ist: die der Magier aus der Himmelskunde, die der Hirten aus der Erdenoffenbarung. Denn ein himmlisches Wesen, ein Wesen, das bis dahin nicht zur Erde gehört hat, das kommt an. Das muß man also erkennen in seiner Ankunft aus der Himmelsweisheit heraus. Da lernt man erkennen, daß vom Himmel etwas heruntersteigt. - Hat man die Hirtenweisheit, so lernt man die Erde kennen; man empfindet sich hinein in das Weben und Leben der Erde, welches die Ankunft des Himmelswesens wahrnimmt. Es ist von der anderen Seite dieselbe Ankündigung. In wunderbarer Weise ist zusammengeflossen dasjenige, was als einheitliches Ereignis von zwei Seiten her den Menschen mitgeteilt wird.

[ 26 ] Und wenn man nun sieht auf die Art und Weise, wie die Menschheit das Ereignis von Golgatha aufnahm, so muß man sagen: Es waren ja in dieser und in anderer Beziehung nur noch Reste der alten Weisheit vorhanden. Ich habe schon darauf hingedeutet, wie mit den Resten der alten Weisheit, mit einer gewissen Gnosis zunächst in den ersten Jahrhunderten unserer Zeitrechnung das Mysterium von Golgatha verstanden worden ist. Dann versuchte man immer mehr und mehr mit dem bloßen verstandesmäßigen Zergliedern in das Ereignis von Golgatha einzudringen. Und im 19. Jahrhundert kam allmählich der Naturalismus auf diesem Bekenntnisgebiet herauf. Es wurde nichts mehr begriffen von dem übersinnlichen Inhalt des Ereignisses von Golgatha. Der Christus wurde zum bloßen naturalistisch aufgefaßten weisen Mann aus Nazareth. Es wurde eben notwendig eine neue, geistige Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha. Man darf nicht verwechseln die Tatsache des Mysteriums von Golgatha mit der Art und Weise, wie die Menschen in ihrem Verständnis sich zu dieser Tatsache verhalten.

[ 27 ] Nun, solche Seelenverfassung, wie sie die Hirten auf dem Felde hatten, wie sie die Magier aus dem Morgenland hatten, war ja in den letzten Resten vorhanden zur Zeit, als das Mysterium von Golgatha eintrat. Das hat sich alles in der Menschheitsentwickelung geändert. Die Dinge ändern sich und erleiden Metamorphosen.

[ 28 ] Was ist geworden aus der Magierweisheit aus dem Morgenlande? Es ist daraus geworden unsere Mathematik mit ihrer Himmelskunde. Die Magier hatten ein überirdisches Wissen, das im Grunde genommen ein grandioses Erinnern an das vorgeburtliche Leben war. Das ist bei uns zusammengeschrumpft und abgelähmt zu unserem mathematisch-mechanischen Himmelserfassen, wo wir auf die äußeren Erscheinungen nichts mehr anwenden als die Gesetze der Mathematik, der Mechanik. Was aus unserem Inneren heraufsteigt, gerade wenn wir auf das hinschauen, was uns als mathematische Astronomie geblieben ist, das ist die heutige Metamorphose desjenigen, was die Magier gehabt haben.

[ 29 ] Und wenn wir auf dasjenige hinschauen, was unser äußeres Sinneswissen ist — bloßes Augenwahrnehmen, Ohrenwahrnehmen -, so ist es das veräußerlichte innere Wissen der Hirten auf dem Felde. Was den Hirten auf dem Felde noch die inneren Geheimnisse des Erdendaseins gegeben hat, das läßt uns kalt anschauen die äußere Welt in unserer naturwissenschaftlichen Beobachtung. Unsere naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtung ist die Tochter der Hirtenweisheit. Aber die Tochter schaut der Mutter sehr unähnlich aus. Und unsere Mathematik, die zur Himmelskunde wird, ist die Tochter der Magierweisheit. Die Menschheit mußte durch das hindurchgehen. Wenn unsere Naturforscher mit ihrem trockenen Forschen in den Laboratorien, in den Kliniken sitzen, haben sie ja nicht mehr viel Gemeinschaftliches mit den Hirten, aber es ist die gradlinige Metamorphose der Hirtenweisheit. Und unsere Mathematiker sind die in gradliniger Strömung gekommenen Nachfolger der Magier aus dem Morgenlande. Das Außerliche ist innerlich, das Innerliche ist äußerlich geworden. Und damit sind wir zunächst im Grunde genommen sehr abgekommen von dem Verständnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha; und dessen sollten wir uns bewußt werden. Ja, wir sind sehr abgekommen von diesem Verständnis. Vielleicht am meisten aber sind viele von denjenigen abgekommen vor diesem Verständnis, die sich im offiziellen Sinne heute die Prediger und Verkündiger des Christentums nennen.

[ 30 ] Mit denjenigen Erkenntniskräften und Empfindungskräften und Glaubenskräften, die heute im Menschen spielen, ist auch das Ereignis von Golgatha in seiner wahren Wesenheit nicht mehr zu durchschauen. Es muß schon durchaus neu gefunden werden. Zur trockenen Mathematik, durch deren Bilder nur der Himmel noch angeschaut wird, ist dieMagierweisheit geworden; sie ist innerlich geworden. Das Innerliche muß sich wieder beleben. Es muß gewissermaßen das, was äußerlich ist, wiederum aufbauen von innen her.

[ 31 ] Versuchen Sie jetzt, von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus zu verstehen den Inhalt eines solchen Buches, wie es meine «Geheimwissenschaft im Umriß» ist. Die Magier überschauten die Sternenwelten; sie sahen in den Sternenwelten das Geistige, weil sie in das menschliche Erleben vor der Geburt hineinschauen konnten. Das ist abstrakt geworden in unserer Mathematik. Aber dieselben Kräfte, die unsere Mathematik entwickelt, können wiederum verlebendigt werden, verintensiviert werden im imaginativen Anschauen. Dann gebiert sich aus unserem Inneren eine Welt, die wir nun wiederum, obwohl wir sie aus dem Inneren heraus schaffen, als die äußere Welt anschauen, die uns nun wiederum wie Saturn, Sonne, Mond, Erde, Jupiter, Venus, Vulkan ist. Wir sehen den Himmel durch innere Anschauung, wie die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande durch äußere Anschauung die Geheimnisse des Mysteriums von Golgatha wahrgenommen haben. Das Äußere ist innerlich geworden, ist bis zur Abstraktheit der Mathematik gekommen; also muß das Innerliche wiederum erweitert werden zum äußerlichen Weltenall, indem uns wiederum das innerliche Anschauen zu einer neuen Astronomie, zu einer innerlich erlebten Astronomie führt.

[ 32 ] Nur durch eine solche Hinwendung zu einem neuen Christus-Verständnis erfüllen wir heute mit einem gewissen Sinn dasjenige, was das Weihnachtsfest ist. Hat denn für die meisten Menschen heute das Weihnachtsfest noch einen besonderen Sinn? Es ist eine sehr schöne Sitte geworden, die noch nicht sehr alt ist, kaum hundertfünfzig Jahre alt, den Weihnachtsbaum zum Symbol des Weihnachtsfestes zu machen. Der Weihnachtsbaum ist ja erst im 19. Jahrhundert heraufgekommen. Was ist er? Man kann sich anstrengen, den Sinn des Weihnachtsbaumes zu finden. Gerade wenn man sich anstrengt und wenn man weiß, wie der Weihnachtsbaum allmählich erwachsen ist, wie er aus dem kleinen Zweige, den zuerst der Knecht Ruprecht, der Nikolaus, zum 6. Dezember in seinem Arme trug, zum Weihnachtsbaum ausgewachsen ist, gerade wenn man die Geschichte des Weihnachtsbaumes verfolgt, kommt man darauf, wie der Weihnachtsbaum doch wieder mit dem Paradiesesbaum unmittelbar etwas zu tun hat. Das menschliche Bewußtsein lenkt sich zum Paradiesesbaum, zu Adam und Eva hin. Was heißt das? Es ist die eine Seite, wie in unserer Zeit das Mysterium von Golgatha wieder verkündet wird.

[ 33 ] Man wendet sich vom Mysterium von Golgatha zurück zur Welterschaffung, zu dem Ausgangspunkte der Welt. Man begreift nicht den Sinn der Welterlösung und wendet sich wiederum zum weltschaffenden Gott. Das drückt sich darin aus, daß allmählich verschwindet das eigentliche Weihnachtssymbol, das Krippensymbol, das so großartig da war noch in den Weihnachtsspielen der früheren Jahrhunderte, und indem heraufkommt der Weihnachtsbaum, der eigentlich der Paradiesesbaum ist. Die alte Jahve-Religion trat wiederum an die Stelle der Christus-Religion, und der Weihnachtsbaum ist das Symbolum für dieses Heraufkommen der Jahve-Religion. Nur tritt diese Jahve-Religion vervielfacht auf bei den Menschen. Denn Jahve ist als der Einheitliche mit Recht verehrt worden in einer Zeit, als sein Volk sich eben als das Einheitsvolk fühlte, das nicht über seine Grenzen hinaus sah und in der Erwartung war, daß es einmal ganz die Erde erfüllen würde.

[ 34 ] In unserer Zeit reden die Leute vom Christus Jesus und verehren nur den Jahve. Denn in den einzelnen Nationalitäten, das hat sich besonders im Kriege gezeigt, wurde zwar von Christus gesprochen; es war aber nur der ursprüngliche Gott, der in der Vererbung, in der Natur lebende Gott Jahve. Der Weihnachtsbaum auf der einen Seite, die Nationalgötter, die nicht bis zum Christlichen hinaufkamen, auf der anderen Seite waren das, wodurch die Menschen von der Erfassung des Mysteriums von Golgatha zu der Erfassung einer viel früheren Zeit zurückkehrten. In der Geltendmachung des Nationalitätenprinzips, in der Verkündigung, daß die einzelnen Völker ihren Göttern folgen, ist ein Rückschritt vorhanden in die alte Jahve-Religion. Den Christus verleugnen am meisten diejenigen, die ihn in irgendeiner nationalen Form anbeten wollen.

[ 35 ] Sehen Sie, was man berücksichtigen muß, das ist, daß in jeder Art von Verkündigung, in der Hirtenverkündigung und in der Magierverkündigung, etwas ganz allgemein Menschliches gegeben ist; denn die Erde ist allen Menschen gemeinschaftlich. Und indem die Hirten die Erdenverkündigung bekommen haben, haben sie eine Verkündigung bekommen, die nicht volksmäßig verschieden sein kann, die nicht volksmäßig sich differenzieren kann. Und indem die Magier die große Sonnen-, die Himmelsverkündigung bekommen haben, haben auch sie ein allgemein Menschliches empfangen. Denn wenn die Sonne zuerst auf dem Territorium des einen Volkes geschienen hat, dann scheint sie auch im Territorium des anderen. Der Himmel ist allen gemeinschaftlich, die Erde ist allen gemeinschaftlich. Das ganz allgemein Menschliche wird mit dem Christentum in der Menschheit rege. Darauf weist auch jene Weihnachtsdarstellung hin, die sich in der zweifachen Verkündigung darstellt. Solche Dinge, die für eine ganz andere Seelenverfassung voll verständlich waren, werden heute erst wiederum verständlich durch die Geisteswissenschaft.

[ 36 ] Und wie wird diese Geisteswissenschaft behandelt? — Ja, sie wird sehr sonderbar behandelt gerade von denjenigen, welche sich offizielle Vertreter des Christentums nennen. Es sind gewiß auch eine Anzahl unter Ihnen, welche jene Gruppe in Dornach gesehen haben, mit der Christus-Figur in der Mitte, die am Ostende des Dornacher Goetheanums stehen soll. Sie wissen, wenn ich diese Christus-Figur erkläre, so erkläre ich, wie oben ein ideales Antlitz des Menschen ist, wie es mir erscheint als das wirkliche Antlitz des Christus. Diejenigen, welche die Figur gesehen haben, werden sich erinnern, daß es ein rein menschliches, idealisiertes Angesicht ist. Jetzt ist die Figur etwas weiter gediehen in der letzten Zeit, aber sie war, solange sie gezeigt wurde, bis zur Mitte unten ein Holzklotz, wie ihn die Arbeiter gemacht haben. Denn unten wird namentlich der Wille im Schreiten sich auszudrücken haben. Diese Figur ist umgeben oben von zwei luziferischen Gestalten, die abgesondert sind von der Christus-Gestalt, und unten von zwei ahrimanischen Gestalten. — Nun gibt es einen gewissen Missionsprediger, der den Namen Frohnmeyer trägt. Der hat ein Büchelchen erscheinen lassen über die Theosophie. Das behandelt auch in ganz äußerlicher Weise die Anthroposophie. Da steht — und nicht, als ob dem Manne das irgend jemand gesagt hätte, sondern als ob er selber dagewesen wäre und es sich angesehen hätte -, da steht in dieser Schrift: In Dornach soll ein Christus dargestellt werden, welcher oben luziferische Züge trägt und unten tierische Merkmale.

[ 37 ] Ich habe oftmals die Erzählung gehört, daß man in einer ganz besonderen Weise abends manchmal seinen Seelenzustand prüfen kann, indem man, wenn man nach Hause kommt, sich ins Bett legt und den Zylinder auf die Bettdecke legt. Ist der Zylinder einfach vorhanden, so ist man nüchtern, ist er doppelt vorhanden, so ist man entschieden betrunken. — Nun, wer in Dornach die Christus-Figur oben mit luziferischen Zügen sieht und unten mit tierischen Merkmalen, der war gewiß in der Lage eines Mannes, der zwei Zylinderhüte sieht, wenn er einen auf die Bettdecke gelegt hat.

[ 38 ] Die Sache hat einen sehr ernsthaften Hintergrund, denn das schreibt ein Mensch, welcher ein christlicher Missionsprediger ist. Das erscheint in einer Schrift, in der andere Sachen stehen von gleichem Wahrheitsgehalt. Der Mann wurde vor einiger Zeit von einer theologischen Fakultät zum Dr. theol. gemacht. Der Mann lehrt an einer theologischen Fakultät, wo er als Dozent eingeschrieben ist. Sie können sich vorstellen, von welchem Wahrheitsgehalt die Lehre eines Menschen durchdrungen sein kann, der ein solches Verhältnis zur Wahrheit hat und der behauptet, er hätte das gesehen, was er da beschreibt.

[ 39 ] So steht es heute mit der Wahrhaftigkeit derjenigen, die offiziell das Christentum vertreten wollen. Ich frage Sie: Beweisen nicht gerade diese christlichen, das heißt antichristlichen Vertreter - antichristlich wegen ihres unwahrhaftigen, verlogenen Sinnes — die Notwendigkeit einer Erneuerung des Christentums? Sind diese Leute nicht der lebendige Beweis dafür, daß das Christentum einer Erneuerung bedarf? Vielleicht ist es auch aus diesem Grunde heraus am meisten begreifbar, warum man an diesen Leuten die schärfsten Feinde hat: weil herauskommen soll, was für Christen diese Menschen sind! Das wollen sie natürlich nicht. Sie wollen weiter im trüben fischen, wollen ihre Verleumdungen und Unwahrheiten überall verkündigen und dann selber als Leuchten des Christentums dastehen.

[ 40 ] Das sollen wir uns heute ins Herz schreiben: Wir haben nötig, wenn wir an das Weihnachtsmysterium denken, tatsächlich auf eine Geburt hinzuschauen. Wir haben nicht bloß zu schwätzen über das Weihnachtsfest und auch nicht bloß zu schwätzen in unserer Empfindung, sondern wir haben hinzuschauen auf etwas, was in unserer Zeit neu geboren werden muß. Das wahre Christentum, wahrhaftig, es muß neu geboren werden. Wir brauchen ein Weltenweihnachtsfest. Geisteswissenschaft will sein dasjenige, was ein Weltenweihnachtsfest unter den Menschen in der richtigen Weise vorbereitet.

First Lecture

[ 1 ] Let us today engage in a reflection that follows on from the festive season, that time of year which renews our memory and remembrance of the mystery of Golgotha, as well as our immediate perception of the mystery of Golgotha.

[ 2 ] We actually have three such festive seasons within Christian development: Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost. And it can be said that these three festivals in different ways bring human beings into a relationship with that in which Christian development sees the meaning of the whole of earthly existence. These three festivals also differ in relation to the human soul forces.

[ 3 ] Christmas is more connected with feeling. It is also the most popular holiday in a certain sense, because understanding it requires a deepening of feeling and because it is accessible to people in the widest circle.

[ 4 ] Easter, which requires people to rise to an understanding of the actual mystery of Golgotha, of the intrusion of a supernatural being into human development, places the greatest demands on human understanding. It is a festival that, in a sense, raises human understanding to the highest level. It is, of course, celebrated by everyone, but it cannot be as popular as Christmas.

[ 5 ] The third festival, Pentecost, establishes a special relationship between the human will and the supersensible world, namely the world to which the Christ being as such belongs. The transition of impulses of will, which are then transmitted to the world, is brought to human consciousness through the true meaning of Pentecost.

How the mystery of Christmas approaches human beings can be brought to consciousness in many different ways, and over the years we have considered the Christmas idea from many different points of view, especially during the Christmas season.

[ 7 ] This time, we want to recall something that can become clear to anyone who looks at the mystery of Christmas from the perspective of the Gospels. In the Gospels, we are presented with a twofold proclamation of the birth of Christ Jesus. The first proclamation is that which is made to the poor shepherds in the fields, to whom—whether in a dream or in some other way—an angel announces the birth of Christ Jesus. Here we are dealing with the awareness of this event through the inner soul forces, which are in a special state in these shepherds from the vicinity of the birthplace of Christ Jesus. And a second proclamation is presented to us in the Gospels: that which is made to the three kings or the three magi from the East. They follow, we are told, the language of a star that proclaims to them that Christ Jesus has come into the world.

[ 8 ] We are referred here to two ways in which an earlier humanity attained its higher knowledge. This is also something that is no longer viewed in the right way in the present. Nowadays, many people imagine that human beings simply have a certain perception, a certain way of thinking, and that this perception, this thinking — in short, the unfolding of the inner soul forces — has basically remained the same throughout the centuries and millennia, albeit in a more primitive form in earlier times. We know from our anthroposophical spiritual science how the soul constitution of human beings has changed over time, how in ancient times, for example in the 7th or 8th millennium of the post-Atlantean era or earlier, humanity viewed both its own life and the nature of the environment in a completely different way, and how this soul constitution then changed again and again until it became what we know today as the intellectual division of the world and as the purely sensory perception that we also have of external things in the present. This development proceeds from a certain older, instinctive clairvoyance through our present state of mind, in order to return in the future to a kind of clairvoyance, to a vision of the world, which will then, however, be permeated by the full consciousness of humanity.

[ 9 ] At the time when the mystery of Golgotha took place on earth, the old clairvoyance, which was instinctive, had already been largely, if I may say so, atrophied. People had a different state of mind than they do today, but they no longer had the old clairvoyance; nor did they have the old ways of analyzing the world more precisely through all kinds of wisdom. Both the old wisdom teachings and the old instinctive clairvoyance had faded when the mystery of Golgotha came to humanity. But remnants of it still existed, and the Gospels clearly point this out to us, if we understand them correctly, that such remnants existed. Such remnants were present in certain select personalities. Such select personalities may have been the poor shepherds in the fields who, out of their pious hearts, possessed a certain clairvoyant power that came over them as if in a dream; they may also have been personalities presented to us at the top of the social ladder, such as the three magi from the East, who had preserved from ancient times the ability to look into the course of world events through a certain wisdom teaching. And so the poor shepherds were able to see approaching them, in a kind of dreamlike experience, in a kind of inner perception, what was taking place in the event of the birth of Christ Jesus. On the other hand, the three magi from the East were able to develop such a science that, by observing world phenomena, the phenomena in the heavens, they were able to visualize what was happening on earth that was significant beyond the ordinary course of life.

[ 10 ] We are thus referred to two very specific but different types of knowledge. Let us first turn to what was present in the three magi from the East as a last remnant of an ancient wisdom teaching. We are clearly shown how these magi were able to unravel the course of the stars. This account thus refers us to an ancient astronomy, to an ancient view of the mysteries of the starry world, in which the mysteries of human events were also revealed. This ancient astronomy was different from our astronomy. Our astronomy is also prophetic in a certain sense; it can predict the course of solar and lunar eclipses and the like. But our astronomy is merely mathematical and mechanical. Our astronomy speaks only of the relationships of space and time insofar as they can be expressed mathematically. But what takes place in relation to the inner life of human beings, apart from space and time, yet still within space and time, but with a higher meaning, was seen by an ancient astronomy, an ancient wisdom of the stars, from the course of the stars. When we bring the science of an older humanity to our consciousness, we find that this star wisdom is essentially what gave this ancient science its content. From the stars, people researched what was happening on Earth. But for them, the starry world was not the abstract, machine-like entity that it has become for humanity today. For them, the world of the stars was something full of life. They perceived each individual planet as an essential being in the world. In a sense, they spoke to each individual planet through an inner soul language, just as we today speak only from person to person through the outer language. People were aware that they were experiencing something within themselves that in a certain way reflected and reproduced what was happening outside in the vast space through the movement of the stars. It was a living, spiritualized view of the universe. And human beings themselves felt that they were placed in this universe in a spiritual, soulful way. The wisdom of this universe was also cultivated in schools that could be called mystery schools, where pupils were carefully, intimately, and inwardly prepared to understand the movement of the stars in such a way that it made human life on earth comprehensible.

[ 11 ] What kind of preparations were these? These preparations, specifically for understanding the starry sky and its effects, were such that even then, in the time of instinctive clairvoyance, human beings were educated to live a more awake life than normal outer life. The broad masses of people had a kind of instinctive clairvoyance. This corresponded to a state of mind that was less awake than our normal state of mind. In the ancient times of human development, it was not possible to think as clearly as we can today. One could not arrive at mathematics and geometry in the same sense as today. Throughout their entire existence between birth and death, human beings lived more in a dreamlike state, but precisely because it was dreamlike, they perceived their environment in a more vivid way than we do in our fully awake lives. And the peculiar thing is that the individual pupils of the mysteries, in whose last remnants people like the three magi stood in ancient times, one might say until about the 2nd millennium, even at the beginning of the 1st millennium before the Mystery of Golgotha, were introduced to a knowledge that is very similar to our geometric or mathematical knowledge.

[ 12 ] Euclid first presented geometry to outer humanity. But that was just a transmission of geometry to the outer, greater humanity. What Euclid presented as geometry had already been alive in the mysteries for thousands of years; but it was only communicated to the select students of the mysteries. It had a different effect on them than it did later. It seems strange and paradoxical, but it is true: what we teach children today, our geometry and arithmetic, was learned in the mystery schools by individuals who were specially selected, who were considered particularly gifted among the masses and who were admitted to the mysteries.

[ 13 ] Today, one often hears that mysterious things were taught in the mysteries. In terms of their purely abstract content, these mysterious things are the same as those taught to children today. They are not different things at all, and the mystery does not lie in the fact that these things are unknown to people today, but in the different way in which they were presented to people. It is, of course, quite different to present the content of our geometry to children in an age when people live in our waking consciousness from the moment they wake up to the moment they fall asleep, or when, in the age of ancient, instinctive clairvoyance, these things were presented to specially selected people with a more mature consciousness in a dreamlike state of consciousness. Today, humanity's ideas about these things are by no means always accurate.

[ 14 ] You see, there is a poem to Varuna in Eastern literature. It speaks of Varuna appearing in the air that blows through the forests as wind, of Varuna appearing in the thunder that flashes from the cloud water, of Varuna appearing in the human heart when it summons up the will, of Varuna appearing in the sky when the sun passes across the sky, of Varuna being contained in the mountains in the soma juice. Today, you will mostly find in books that no one really knows what soma juice is. People today, in their scholarship, state that no one knows what soma juice is, even though there are people who drink it by the liter and, from a certain point of view, know it very well. But it is one thing to know things from the standpoint of mystery and another to know them from the standpoint of waking consciousness in profane perception. And today you can read about the philosopher's stone, which was cultivated at a certain time when the nature of substance was viewed differently than it is today. And again, the historians of alchemy will tell you that the philosopher's stone is unknown. I have always hinted here and there in my lectures that this philosopher's stone is very well known to most people. They just don't know its essence and don't know why it is called that. It is very well known to most people because they actually use it by the kilo.

[ 15 ] Things are sometimes quite different from what our abstract, theoretical, and unrealistic view of life today can imagine. Today, there is also no real understanding of what it means to take in our geometric and arithmetic sciences in a mature state with a completely different state of mind than that of today's humanity. I have pointed out this special nature of the mysteries in my book Christianity as Mystical Fact. But people don't usually understand such important things in the right way; they don't usually take them deeply enough. What one should understand is that the way things were brought to people in ancient times was what made them mysterious. And this was indeed the case with purely mathematical considerations, whose emotional and fully human content Novalis still sensed when he perceived mathematics as a great poem, which most people today certainly do not find in it. It was this emotional, but mathematically expressed understanding of the world into which the pupil of the ancient mysteries was introduced. And when the mathematical understanding of the universe approached the pupil of the ancient mysteries in this way, he became a person with a view of the world such as that described to us as belonging to the magi from the East. Then the mathematics of the universe, which has become something completely abstract for us, revealed something essential, because what it revealed was complemented by something else that corresponded to it. And so what corresponded to the external knowledge of an ancient culture, what had been preserved in its last remnants for the magicians, what came to the magicians from the East, was the impetus for the one proclamation: the proclamation through the wisdom teaching, through external science.

[ 16 ] On the other hand, the inner experience of the mysteries of humanity could develop in people who were particularly predisposed to it, such as those who were to be portrayed to us in the shepherds in the field. There, the inner forces that are in human beings had to reach a special level. Then direct perception, imaginative, instinctive-imaginative perception of images became what happened in the human world. Thus, through inner vision, the poor shepherds in the fields were given a foretaste of what was summed up for them in the proclamation: “God is revealed in the heights of heaven, and through him there can be peace among all people of good will.”

[ 17 ] Thus the secrets of the world spoke both to the innermost being of the poor shepherds in the fields and to the highest level of human wisdom at that time; the secrets of the world spoke both to the shepherds and to the magi from the East. And the great mystery of earthly life was proclaimed from two sides.

[ 18 ] What did the magi from the East experience? What was particularly developed in such students by the fact that mathematics was brought into their soul constitution, when this soul constitution was already particularly mature? You see, Kant says of mathematical knowledge that it is a priori. By a priori he means that it is attained before external, empirical knowledge, before experience. That is a play on words. This a priori says nothing at all. The word only acquires meaning when one can point out, from the perspective of spiritual science, that mathematics arises from within us, that it is something that comes from within the human being into human consciousness. And where does it come from? Well, it comes from the experiences we had in the spiritual world before conception or before birth. There we lived in the great, wide universe. There we experienced what we could experience before we had our physical eyes and ears. There we experienced a priori in relation to life on earth. What is experienced a priori there rises today unconsciously from within our consciousness. Unless they experience it intuitively, as Novalis did, people do not know that experiences from before birth or conception rise up when they do mathematics. For those who are able to view these things in the right way, mathematical knowledge alone is proof that they existed in a spiritual world before conception. For those for whom this is not proof of a pre-birth life, there is the other fact that they do not think deeply enough about the phenomena of life, that they have no idea what the origin of mathematics actually is.

[ 19 ] The students of the ancient mysteries, who were in that state of wisdom as it had been preserved in its last remnants among the magicians of the East, gained a clear impression of this: When we look at the stars in such a way that we penetrate them with mathematical lines, with our calculations, then we spread out over the outer expanses of space that in which we lived before our birth. And so such a student of the sacred mysteries felt that he was saying to himself: Now I live here on Earth, looking out through my eyes into the world space, noticing what is spatially around me. I also lived within these phenomena of the world space before my birth or conception. There I counted for myself, from star to star, what I now only imagine through mathematics; there I rushed with my inner forces from star to star; there I lived in what I now only construct. At that time, everything that people had experienced before their birth or conception became real to them. Therefore, they also accepted it in a sacred sense. That is why they also knew that it was the spiritual world into which they were entering, the world in which they had lived before they came to earth. This knowledge of the world that human beings pass through before they come to earth was still present in a last remnant among the magi from the East; through it they recognized the approach of the Christ being.

[ 20 ] Where did the Christ being come from? It came from the world we live through between death and a new birth, and united itself with the life we live between birth and death. The science that deals with the world we live in between death and a new birth can therefore reveal something like the mystery of Golgotha. It was through this science that the mystery of Golgotha, the mystery of Christmas, was revealed to the Magi.

[ 21 ] As human beings live here on earth and develop what their insights into their environment bring them, what are the impulses for their actions and their social life, they also experience something else within themselves, unconsciously. He does not know it, but just as he experiences the after-effects of his pre-birth life, he also experiences that which then passes through the gate of death and becomes the content of life after death. These are the forces that are already present in seed form between birth and death and only unfold to their full potential in the afterlife. These forces were at work with great intensity in the ancient instinctive clairvoyance; and they were still at work in their last remnants among the poor shepherds in the fields through their special piety. We live in these forces especially between falling asleep and waking up, when our soul is outside the physical body and lives in outer space. Then it lives in such a way as it will consciously live again when it has shed the outer physical body after death. These forces, which can penetrate into daily life in special states from the world of dreams and sleep, were very active in the old instinctive clairvoyance. The poor shepherds experienced these forces, and in them was revealed that which, from a different side than the three magi, could announce to them the mystery of Golgotha.

[ 22 ] What does one experience through those forces that are particularly characteristic of human beings between death and a new birth, when they are kindled in the life between birth and death, as in the case of the Magi from the East? One experiences what happens outside the earthly realm. One is carried away from the earth into the world of the stars, where one is between death and a new birth. That was the world into which the Magi from the East were introduced, away from the earth into the heavenly space.

[ 23 ] What does one experience through those forces that rise up within, especially in the dream world, which come from within the human being? There one experiences what is happening within the earth. There the telluric forces are at work, those forces that we have through our body, through living in our body. They are particularly active in what we experience between falling asleep and waking up. We are also in the outer world, but primarily in the outer world that belongs to the earth.

[ 24 ] One always perceives only what is outside oneself; one does not perceive that in which one lives. Only those people who are particularly ignorant about certain areas and want to develop pure phraseological knowledge manage to gloss over such things with phrases and say, for example: It would not matter to establish a spiritual science with knowledge gained outside of man, because what is important is precisely that man should obtain knowledge through his inner being in addition to his knowledge of external nature. Yes, with such a torrent of phrases one can establish schools of wisdom in Darmstadt today, but one remains merely a phrase-monger, even if one establishes schools of wisdom. For if one understands the matter correctly, one can even say: Yes, one must describe the world from within in order to arrive at the supersensible; but then one must first enter into the inner realm, and what is then external must be viewed from outside the body, and one must look back at the body. Keyserling's talk about viewing things from spiritual points of view does not actually want to go into the human inner being, but merely uses empty phrases. That is why it is so: when we are in the state between falling asleep and waking up, we look back and, in a sense, feel back into our body. We therefore feel that which connects our body with the earthly; for it is indeed of the earth. The poor shepherds in the field actually felt the revelation of the earth from their bodies, perceiving what was happening as the voice of the angel in a dreamlike state.

[ 25 ] And it corresponds entirely to the mystery of Golgotha that the revelation came from two sides: that of the Magi from the knowledge of the heavens, that of the shepherds from the revelation of the earth. For a heavenly being, a being that until then did not belong to the earth, arrives. This must be recognized in his arrival from heavenly wisdom. Then one learns to recognize that something descends from heaven. If one has the wisdom of the shepherds, one learns to know the earth; one feels oneself into the weaving and life of the earth, which perceives the arrival of the heavenly being. It is the same announcement from the other side. In a wonderful way, what is communicated to human beings as a unified event from two sides has flowed together.

[ 26 ] And when we now look at the way in which humanity received the event of Golgotha, we must say that in this and in other respects only remnants of the old wisdom remained. I have already pointed out how, with the remnants of ancient wisdom, with a certain gnosis, the mystery of Golgotha was initially understood in the first centuries of our era. Then people tried more and more to penetrate the event of Golgotha by means of mere intellectual analysis. And in the 19th century, naturalism gradually arose in this area of belief. Nothing more was understood of the supersensible content of the event of Golgotha. Christ became merely a wise man from Nazareth, understood in a naturalistic way. A new, spiritual understanding of the mystery of Golgotha became necessary. One must not confuse the fact of the mystery of Golgotha with the way in which people relate to this fact in their understanding.

[ 27 ] Now, the state of mind that the shepherds in the fields had, that the Magi from the East had, was still present in its last remnants at the time when the mystery of Golgotha took place. All this has changed in the course of human evolution. Things change and undergo metamorphoses.

[ 28 ] What has become of the wisdom of the magi from the East? It has become our mathematics with its astronomy. The magi had a super-earthly knowledge, which was basically a magnificent memory of pre-birth life. This has shrunk and withered away in us to become our mathematical-mechanical understanding of the heavens, where we apply nothing more to external phenomena than the laws of mathematics and mechanics. What rises up from within us, especially when we look at what remains of mathematical astronomy, is the present-day metamorphosis of what the magicians had.

[ 29 ] And when we look at what our external sensory knowledge is — mere perception by the eyes and ears — it is the externalized inner knowledge of the shepherds in the fields. What gave the shepherds in the fields the inner secrets of earthly existence leaves us cold when we look at the external world through our scientific observations. Our scientific observation is the daughter of the wisdom of the shepherds. But the daughter looks very different from her mother. And our mathematics, which becomes astronomy, is the daughter of the wisdom of the magicians. Humanity had to go through this. When our natural scientists sit in their laboratories and clinics with their dry research, they no longer have much in common with the shepherds, but it is the straightforward metamorphosis of the wisdom of the shepherds. And our mathematicians are the straightforward successors of the magicians from the East. The external has become internal, the internal has become external. And with that, we have basically strayed very far from understanding the mystery of Golgotha, and we should be aware of that. Yes, we have strayed very far from this understanding. But perhaps those who have strayed the furthest from this understanding are many of those who today call themselves preachers and proclaimers of Christianity in the official sense.

[ 30 ] With the powers of knowledge, feeling, and faith that are at work in human beings today, it is no longer possible to understand the true nature of the event of Golgotha. It must be found anew. The wisdom of the magicians has become dry mathematics, through whose images only the heavens can still be seen; it has become internal. The internal must be revived. In a sense, what is external must be rebuilt from within.

[ 31 ] Now try to understand from this point of view the content of a book such as my “Outline of Secret Science.” The magicians surveyed the starry worlds; they saw the spiritual in the starry worlds because they could look into human experience before birth. This has become abstract in our mathematics. But the same forces that develop our mathematics can in turn be enlivened and intensified in imaginative contemplation. Then a world is born from within us, which we now in turn, although we create it from within, see as the outer world, which is now in turn Saturn, Sun, Moon, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Vulcan. We see the sky through inner contemplation, just as the wise men from the East perceived the secrets of the mystery of Golgotha through outer contemplation. The external has become internal, has reached the abstract level of mathematics; therefore, the internal must in turn be expanded to the external universe, in that our inner contemplation leads us to a new astronomy, to an astronomy experienced inwardly.

[ 32 ] Only through such a turning toward a new understanding of Christ can we today fulfill with a certain meaning what Christmas is. Does Christmas still have a special meaning for most people today? It has become a very beautiful custom, which is not very old, barely 150 years old, to make the Christmas tree a symbol of Christmas. The Christmas tree only came into being in the 19th century. What is it? One can try hard to find the meaning of the Christmas tree. Especially when you try hard and when you know how the Christmas tree gradually grew up, how it grew from the small twigs that St. Nicholas first carried in his arms on December 6, to become the Christmas tree, especially when you follow the history of the Christmas tree, you realize how the Christmas tree is directly related to the tree of paradise. Human consciousness is drawn to the tree of paradise, to Adam and Eve. What does this mean? It is one side of how the mystery of Golgotha is being proclaimed again in our time.

[ 33 ] People turn away from the mystery of Golgotha and back to the creation of the world, to the starting point of the world. People do not understand the meaning of the redemption of the world and turn again to the world-creating God. This is expressed in the gradual disappearance of the actual Christmas symbol, the crib symbol, which was so magnificent in the Christmas plays of earlier centuries, and in the emergence of the Christmas tree, which is actually the tree of paradise. The old Yahweh religion has once again taken the place of the Christ religion, and the Christmas tree is the symbol of this emergence of the Yahweh religion. Only this Yahweh religion appears multiplied among people. For Yahweh was rightly worshipped as the One in a time when his people felt themselves to be a unified people who did not look beyond their borders and were waiting for the day when they would fill the whole earth.

[ 34 ] In our time, people speak of Christ Jesus and worship only Yahweh. For in the individual nationalities, as was particularly evident in the war, Christ was spoken of, but it was only the original God, the God Yahweh living in heredity, in nature. The Christmas tree on the one hand, and the national gods who did not rise to the level of Christianity on the other, were what caused people to return from the comprehension of the mystery of Golgotha to the comprehension of a much earlier time. In the assertion of the principle of nationality, in the proclamation that individual peoples follow their gods, there is a step backward into the old Yahweh religion. Those who want to worship Christ in some national form are the ones who deny him most.

[ 35 ] You see, what must be taken into account is that in every kind of proclamation, in the proclamation to the shepherds and in the proclamation to the Magi, there is something very general and human, for the earth is common to all human beings. And in receiving the earthly proclamation, the shepherds received a proclamation that cannot be different from one people to another, that cannot be differentiated according to people. And in receiving the great solar, heavenly proclamation, the Magi also received something universally human. For when the sun first shone on the territory of one people, it also shone on the territory of another. The heavens are common to all, the earth is common to all. What is universally human becomes active in humanity through Christianity. This is also pointed to by the Christmas story, which is presented in the twofold proclamation. Such things, which were completely understandable to a completely different state of mind, are only becoming understandable again today through spiritual science.

[ 36 ] And how is this spiritual science treated? — Yes, it is treated very strangely, especially by those who call themselves official representatives of Christianity. There are certainly a number among you who have seen that group in Dornach, with the figure of Christ in the middle, which is to stand at the east end of the Goetheanum in Dornach. You know that when I explain this figure of Christ, I explain how the ideal face of the human being appears to me as the real face of Christ. Those who have seen the figure will remember that it is a purely human, idealized face. The figure has now progressed somewhat further, but as long as it was on display, it was a wooden block down to the middle, as made by the workers. For it is particularly the will that will have to express itself in the lower part. This figure is surrounded above by two Luciferic figures, which are separated from the Christ figure, and below by two Ahrimanic figures. Now there is a certain missionary preacher who bears the name Frohnmeyer. He has published a little book about theosophy. It also deals with anthroposophy in a very superficial way. It says there — and not as if someone had told the man, but as if he had been there himself and seen it — it says in this book: In Dornach, a Christ is to be depicted who has Luciferic features above and animal characteristics below.

[ 37 ] I have often heard the story that in a very special way one can sometimes examine one's state of mind in the evening by lying down in bed when one comes home and placing one's top hat on the bedspread. If the top hat is simply there, you are sober; if there are two, you are definitely drunk. Now, anyone in Dornach who sees the figure of Christ with Luciferian features above and animal characteristics below was certainly in the position of a man who sees two top hats when he has placed one on the bedspread.

[ 38 ] The matter has a very serious background, for it is written by a person who is a Christian missionary preacher. It appears in a document that contains other things of equal truthfulness. Some time ago, the man was awarded a doctorate in theology by a theological faculty. He teaches at a theological faculty, where he is registered as a lecturer. You can imagine the degree of truthfulness that can permeate the teachings of a person who has such a relationship with the truth and who claims to have seen what he describes.

[ 39 ] Such is the state of truthfulness today among those who officially claim to represent Christianity. I ask you: Do not these Christian, that is, anti-Christian representatives—anti-Christian because of their untruthful, deceitful minds—prove the necessity of a renewal of Christianity? Are these people not living proof that Christianity needs renewal? Perhaps this is also the reason why these people have the fiercest enemies: because the truth about what kind of Christians they really are must come out! Of course, they do not want that. They want to continue fishing in murky waters, proclaiming their slander and untruths everywhere, and then presenting themselves as the shining lights of Christianity.

[ 40 ] We should take this to heart today: when we think of the mystery of Christmas, we need to look at a birth. We must not merely talk about Christmas, nor merely talk about our feelings, but we must look at something that must be reborn in our time. True Christianity, truly, must be reborn. We need a universal Christmas. Spiritual science wants to be that which prepares a universal Christmas among human beings in the right way.