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Speech and Drama
GA 282

8 September 1924, Dornach

IV. How to Attain Style in Speech and Drama

It is our concern in these lectures to find the way to the artistic forming of speech and also of dramatic action—taking our start always from the speech organism itself. To this end, it is of vital importance that we should not be content with theoretical expositions, but accompany these throughout with practical demonstration. Thus, you had opportunity yesterday to see how the iambic and the trochaic metre has each its particular part to play in the development of the art of speech. And now today we will begin by showing how it is possible, in domains of speech where the path of development is sought, not in an entirely inward but in a rather more external way—how it is possible even there to go over from prose into poetic form, into the artistic, into style.

We have seen that the significance of the iambic metre lies in the fact that it helps to promote in the whole organism of speech this transition to poetic form and style, even sometimes to the genuinely lyrical. The trochaic and dactylic metres, on the other hand, whilst they too have the tendency to work in this direction, taking us away from prose, can also help the student who practises them to speak prose itself artistically. I am here merely recalling what we considered together yesterday.

Today we propose to demonstrate for you the rendering in speech of a kind of verse where there is the wish to maintain poetic form throughout, but where the poet comes up against a certain difficulty. He wants, for example, to sustain a particular description or narration for a longer period, perhaps throughout many lines of verse; but owing to the nature of the language, he is unable to keep it going entirely in the iambic metre, or entirely in the trochaic. Hence we find a tendency to compromise between prose and poetic form. And it is this compromise that we have in the Alexandrine, which has properly six iambics, but which, since it is not very easy to maintain such a metre for any considerable time, constantly interposes passages where the iambic is not strictly adhered to. Thus, a kind of compromise is effected. But wherever the language becomes rhetorical (rhetorical language has, you know, a slight flavour of decadence about it), a tendency immediately becomes evident to form the verse iambically throughout, keeping it strictly within the limits of the original rhythm.

All this we may find in the Alexandrine. Consequently, when used as an exercise for speech, the Alexandrine can work in the opposite way to the hexameter. Speaking in hexameters leads, as we have seen, to good prose speaking; the Alexandrine, on the other hand, is an excellent preparation for speaking poetry.

This we will now illustrate for you in the rendering Frau Dr. Steiner will give of some French Alexandrines. Alexandrines are at their best in French. When they are used in the German language, they always seem rather like an imitation; they seem out of place there. Alexandrines are not, in fact, a natural product of the German language. It will accordingly be best to take a French example for demonstration.

There are a number of passages in Faust where Goethe deviated from other metres into the Alexandrine; and in each single instance the occasion for it can be clearly discerned. Goethe has recourse, namely, to the Alexandrine when he begins to find difficulty in being poetical in any other way. Where he has a scene in which it is difficult to be inwardly poetical, he resorts to being poetical outwardly. And so we find in Faust, wherever this dilemma occurs, the transition to the Alexandrine.1

(Frau Dr. Steiner): The example I am giving is taken from a dramatic poem by Lecomte de Lisle: Hypatie.

The cultured young adherent of the ancient wisdom, who will shortly be torn in pieces by the infuriated mob in the streets of Alexandria, is admonished by Bishop Cyril to be converted and so escape violent death. She on her part points to the everlasting disputes that go on within the Church, a Church that has become not only terribly dogmatic, but brutally savage, and affirms her unswerving adherence to the ancient esoteric wisdom.

HYPATIA:
Believe it not O Cyril, for They live
Within my heart, not such as you perceive
Clothed in vain forms and in the heav'ns
Subject to passions that men have on earth,
Deserving scorn, worshipped by vulgar hordes;
But such as lofty spirits contemplate:

Having no dwelling there amid the stars;
Virtues inherent and the strength of worlds,
Binding in harmony the earth and skies,
Charming the thoughts of men, their eyes, their ears,
And for the wise, as tangible ideal,
Giving a shining splendour to the soul.
Such are my Gods! And let ingratitude
Of a base century approach them not;
Betray them can I ne'er, for they are doomed.
I feel, I recognise, these darkened hours,
Days marked by Numbers ruling deeds of men.
Blind to our fame and with harsh insult free
These cruel times take from our brows their crown;
And in the pride of recent victories
The future shuts its ear to those who call.
O Kings of concord—of man's spirit Lords,
Bearing your symbols of the lyre and scales!
He has appeared whom you have heralded,
The Saviour Aeschylus has promised men!
Stained with his blood he issues from the tomb;
Bearing his tree of torture see him rise,
Off'ring the world his cross or else a sword;
Avenging heathen from his altars chased
He strews your groves with your immortal limbs.
To my last living breath I will preserve
Your pious ashes from all rude attack,
Happy if hov'ring o'er the days to come
Your immortality my memory holds.
Hail, Kings of Greece! Great Cyril, fare you well!

CYRIL:
Unhappy child, I beg you to recant.
He hears—the jealous God! O tragic, blind,
You anger me and yet you make me grieve.
But since you will not understand nor trust,
And scorn the hand I offer for your aid,
And since unrighteousness makes hard your heart,
It is enough! More than I should I've done.
But one word still—transgress not my command!
There is one final hope of safety—silence.
Your only judge is God, and even now
His sentence may be passed. Haste not to bring
Fulfilment of His anger on your head.

HYPATIA:
In coward silence can I not forget
What to myself is due, my task supreme—
Beneath the heavens what the Gods reveal
Of beauty, truth and goodness to confess.
For two long days, like to a scum impure
The desert monks have swarmed into the town;
Bare-footed, beards unkempt and hair unclean,
Burnt by the sun, wasted by constant fast.
Men say a plan fanatical and dread
Brings this ecstatic horde into mir midst.
'Tis well—for instant death I am prepared,
Proud that for this last time the puissant Gods
Have deemed me worthy to endure that fate.
Yet your concern fills me with gratitude;
Now, solitude is all I beg of you.
(Exeunt CYRIL and the acolyte.)

THE NURSE:
My child, you see, you recognise yourself
That you will have to die!

HYPATIA
But dying go
To immortality. O fare you well!
(Translation by V. E. W.)

(Dr. Steiner): And now we must go on to consider how we may find, in speech, ways that lead over from one realm of poetic creation to another. For they are there to be found in the very use and forming of speech.

Narrative comes to expression just as well in the trochaic metre as in the dactylic. Let us take an example of narrative in trochees and see what it can reveal. To present narrative in trochaic metre accords quite simply with man's original instinctive feeling; and you will discover moreover that the tone of voice required for narrative can most easily be found when speaking in trochees. On this account the trochaic metre is a good preparation also for the art of speaking prose, an art which has to penetrate more instinctively into the instruments of speech and into the heart.

Now in narrative, in epic poetry, as I said in the first lecture, the reciter has the object standing there before him in thought. His thought of it may, however, become so vivid that he surrenders himself to be an instrument for what the object speaks and does. When this happens, narrative goes over into drama. We have thus found here a way to pass from narrative that contains a dramatic element to the art of drama itself. Not every narrative, not every epic does this, but all are capable of it. And that, my dear friends, is your right and true way of approach to drama.

If we begin straight away with the practice of dramatic art, we externalise it instead of giving it the requisite quality of intimacy and inwardness. If, however, we take our start from some narrative that makes considerable demand upon the imagination, until we really cannot help transposing ourselves into the person of whom the narrative tells (for he is of course not there at all, we are obliged to ‘act’ him), then we shall be taking the right and natural road to drama. For to produce a well-presented drama, it will hardly do for the actors to be content to study simply the speaking of their own parts! The distribution of parts in such a way that each actor receives the text only of what he himself has to speak is quite wrong; nor can this fault be compensated for by a reading’ rehearsal. The one and only right way is for each actor to approach his own part in the play in the firm conviction that he must enter also into a full experience of everything his fellow actor or actors have to say. And whereas in ordinary life it is our duty to listen as quietly as possible, the actor has to speak with the other actors as much as ever he can, though not of course outwardly; he must share their experience, he must speak—inwardly, as it were in echo—what his fellow actors are speaking around him.

I would like now to show you a path—for in all these matters I can do no more than indicate paths for you to follow—I would like to suggest a path that a young student of the drama could take in order to speak dialogue (or trialogue) in such a way as to give it the right intimacy and inwardness. I choose for the purpose an eminently trochaic poem that contains also a powerful dramatic element—calls it up, as the poem proceeds: Der Cid of Herder. The poem begins in true epic style; then it leads over, with no uncertainty, into the dramatic. And the poem is marvellously built up, right through, on the trochaic metre. I am here merely putting into words for you what a student would have to say to himself in preparation for working with this poem.

Let us be quite clear about the situation. The ancient House of Don Diego has suffered the disgrace of being brought to ruin by an enemy House. Don Diego's son Rodrigo, who was afterwards called the Cid, feels the disgrace deeply. The poem begins by picturing for us the mood of the old Don Diego, in face of the ignominy that has befallen his House.

Deep in grief sat Don Diego,
Was there ever man so wretched?
Day and night he brooded only
On the shame upon his house,

On the shame upon the noble,
Brave and ancient house of Lainez,
Which in honour far exceeded
Inigos and Abarcos.

Weak with age and deeply injured,
Feels he at the point of dying,
While his enemy, Don Gormaz,
Sits in triumph unopposed.

Without food and without sleeping,
From the ground his eyes not raising,
Goes he not beyond his threshold
And says nothing to his friends,

Does not listen to the greeting
Of the folk who come to comfort,
Thinking that his breath, dishonoured,
May contaminate his friends.

Till at last he casts his burden,
Shakes him free from grievous sorrow,
Suffers that his sons approach him
Though he speaks to them no word.

And now Don Diego has his sons bound with cords. And they suffer themselves to be bound, all but the youngest, Don Rodrigo, who came to be known later on as the Cid. He alone resists. The father, although it is he himself who has bound them, is sad and troubled that his sons submit; it rejoices his heart that the youngest will not endure it.

We will pass over the verses that tell how Rodrigo resolves upon the deed that he believes it his duty to perform, and go at once to the moment in the poem where we have the transition from epic to drama.

'Cross the square before the palace
To Don Gormaz strides Rodrigo.
All alone, with no man present,
Speaks he then unto the Count:

‘Did you recognise, great Gormaz,
Me, the son of Don Diego,
When that hand of yours was lifted’
Gainst his honourable face?

‘Did you know that Don Diego
From Lain Calvo is descended?
And that nothing purer, nobler
Than his blood and shield exists?

‘Did you know while I am living—
I, his son—that no man breathing,
Scarce the mighty Lord of Heaven
Should unpunished dare this deed?’—

‘Know'st thou’ spake the haughty Gormaz
‘What the half of life comprises,
Stripling?’—‘Yes’ spake Don Rodrigo,
‘And indeed I know it well.

‘One half is the showing honour
To the noble; and the other
Punishing the overbearing
With the last drop of one's blood,

‘So to wipe out all dishonour
That's inflicted.' Having spoken,
Looks he to the proud Count Gormaz
Who gives answer in these words:

‘Now, what would'st thou, hasty stripling?’?
‘'Tis your head I'll have, Count Gormaz,’
Spake the Cid, ‘and I have vowed it!’?
‘Whipping, would'st thou, my good child,’

Spake the Count, ‘what thou dost merit
Is the rod we give to pages.’
At these words, Ye Saints in Heaven,
What did Don Rodrigo feel!


Tears were running, tears in silence,
Down the cheeks of Don Diego,
Who, before his table sitting,
Heeded nothing all around,

Thinking on his house dishonoured,
Thinking on his son so youthful,
Thinking of that son in peril,
And his enemy's great strength.

All joy flees from the dishonoured,
Confidence and hope will flee them;
But with the return of honour
Back comes joy, and youth's renewed.

Still engrossed by deepest sorrow,
Sees he not Rodrigo coming,
With beneath his arm a dagger
And his hands upon his breast.

Long he gazes on his Father
Feeling full of deep compassion,
Then approaching takes his right hand
Saying ‘O good Father, eat!’

Speaking points he to the table.
And the tears of Don Diego
Flow profusely: ‘What, Rodrigo,
Did'st thou speak those words to me?’?

‘Raise up now, my worthy Father,
This your countenance so noble,’?
‘Is it then retrieved—our honour?’
‘Noble Father, he is dead.’?

‘Sit thee down, my son Rodrigo,
I will eat with thee most gladly,
He who could lay low Don Gormaz
Is the foremost of his race.'

Down kneels Don Rodrigo, weeping,
As his Father's hands he kisses;
And with tears does Don Diego
Kiss his son Rodrigo's face.

(Translation by V. E. W.)

There you have drama coming to birth within the epic. I wanted to read you this passage from Herder's Cid, because it can afford a good example of how speech training has to proceed from the speech organism itself. Everything that I say has a directly practical application, and is intended to be so taken.

When, by continual repetition of an exercise of this kind, we gradually approach nearer and nearer to an articulation that comes naturally, without conscious effort, when we have in this way educated ourselves for drama (starting, that is to say, from epic), then it will be good to take some passage that is on the verge of the dramatic, or rather has already passed over into it, and yet has about it still a touch of the epic—although this epic touch has virtually disappeared in the dramatic in the same way as gesture has disappeared in the word.

We shall find particularly useful in this connection one of the scenes that Lessing wrote for his projected Faust. He composed, as you know, only a very few scenes, although he left also a plan for the whole work. In the scene I refer to, we are really very little removed from the epic. Seven spirits appear, and the human character in the scene has to call upon his imagination in order to apprehend these spirits, just as in epic the writer or speaker has to create in imagination the being whom he presents. For in a dialogue with spirits, the being of the spirit, which can only be there at all in the degree to which the human being is able to form a right conception of it, must be still more powerfully present to that human being than would be necessary if he were having a dialogue with another human being.

If we succeed in placing ourselves fully into the mood that can arise in the soul when we stand over against a spirit and are at the same time under necessity to express the experience in dramatic form—then that will mean we have found the transition from epic to drama.

I want here merely to point out the path that leads from epic to drama, not to give you a recitation (that I leave to Frau Dr. Steiner). So we will omit the dialogue with the first five spirits and for the moment only give our attention to the sixth and seventh.

DR. FAUST
(A Fragment) by Lessing

Part of Scene 3 of Act II.
(FAUST and seven SPIRITS.)

FAUST. (to the SIXTH SPIRIT) Tell me, how swift art thou?

SIXTH SPIRIT. As swift as the vengeance of the Avenger.

FAUST. Of the avenger? Of what avenger?

SIXTH SPIRIT. Of the mighty and terrible One who keeps vengeance in His own hands, because He delights in it.

FAUST. Devil, thou blasphemest! I can see, thou art trembling. Swift, sayest thou, as the vengeance of—I nearly named Him! No, let Him not be named among us! Is His vengeance then so swift? And I left still alive? Still continuing in sin?

SIXTH SPIRIT. That He suffers thee to continue still in sin—that is His vengeance!

FAUST. And that I should have to learn this from a devil! Yet not until today! No, His vengeance is not swift; and if thou be not swifter than His vengeance, begone!

(The SEVENTH SPIRIT comes.)

(to the SEVENTH SPIRIT) How swift art thou?

SEVENTH SPIRIT. O mortal, hard indeed to please if not even I be swift enough for thee

FAUST. Tell me then, how swift?

SEVENTH SPIRIT. As swift—neither more nor less—as the change-over from good to bad.

FAUST. Ha! Thou art the devil for me! As swift as the change-over from good to bad! Ay, that is swift indeed; nothing swifter! Avaunt, ye snails of hell, begone! As the change-over from good to bad! I have learned how swift that is! I know it well!

You see how marvellously Lessing has succeeded here in bringing into the language used by Faust an absolutely living perception of these spirits, a vivid imaginative picture of them. This will come home to you as you form his words. You will never learn to form your speaking by having it said to you: Form this sound in this way, that syllable in that way, this sentence again in such and such a way. The true forming of speech is acquired by practising the transition from epic, through the drama of the spirit, to the drama of the actual and material. As we continue to practise these transitions, the Genius of Speech himself will receive us as his pupils, inasmuch as we shall then be walking in his paths. And upon that everything depends.

It is, you know, rather remarkable that we should turn to Lessing to find our example; for the plays that Lessing brought to completion, and that have become so famous, are none of them on the same level. In the few scenes he wrote for a Faust, however, he transcends himself. With the possible exception of the scenes where Major Tellheim figures,1In Minna von Barnhelm. there is nothing in all his dramas to equal it.

You can see here how Lessing is guided in the forming of his scene by the theme itself, by the material he has at hand. And that will help to convince you that it must be with poetry as it was, for example, with a sculptor like Michelangelo, who used to go himself into the quarries to look for the marble for his statues. He would walk round, looking at one piece after another, until he found the only right one for an intended sculpture. Thus he let Nature through her forms set him his task in the forms of art. We must, if we would be artists in any sphere, develop a feeling for our material; that Lessing understood this is evident in the scene we are considering.

This means also that the actor or reciter needs to acquire a keen perception for the extent to which the material of the particular play or poem has found its corresponding artistic expression. Lessing was remarkably successful with his material in this instance—it was a theme that lay very near his heart—and one can only regret deeply that he did not go on with his Faust. Since, however, in this Fragment he surpasses the Lessing we know elsewhere, it would have been too difficult for him to bring the work to completion. Only at certain moments was he able to develop the artistic power that he manifests here and that is brought home to us very forcibly in the little scene that Lessing composed out of his own experience.

It has been said of Lessing, and not without justification, that he was a man who never dreamed, that he was too dry and prosaic ever to have dreams. It is quite true, and his poetry bears it out. (I am not referring now to Lessing's prose works, but to his poems.) For all that, I am ready to assert—and please do not take what I say in the sense of a poetic picture, but as a statement of fact—I am ready to assert that this other little scene that Lessing composed for his Faust has its origin in an experience that was, in no small measure, a genuine ‘waking vision’. Waking vision definitely played a part in Lessing's own individual conditions of life,—and a great deal that we find in his work is to be traced to this source.

When Faust has let pass over him, as it were in reminiscence, all the events and experiences of the past that he has been compelled to recall in this way, then his strong urge to reach the spiritual world brings him at last to the point of approaching it. Having completed this deep and intense study of the spiritual history of mankind, he eventually experiences in very truth that ‘waking suggestion’ which Lessing himself knew and to which he here gives artistic form.

The situation is as follows. A spirit with a long beard rises up out of the ground, wrapped in a mantle.

From Scene 2 of Act I.

(FAUST. A SPIRITwith a long beard and wrapped in a mantle rises up out of the ground.)

SPIRIT. Who is it disturbs me? Where am I? Is that not light I feel around me?

FAUST. (is terrified, but masters his fear and addresses the SPIRIT) Who art thou? Whence comest thou? At whose command dost thou show thyself here ?

SPIRIT. I lay and slumbered and dreamed it was not well with me, neither was it ill. And lo, in my dream, a voice came rushing towards me from afar. It came nearer and nearer. Bahall!’ I heard, Bohan’, and with the third

‘Bahall’ I stand before thee.

FAUST. But who art thou?

SPIRIT. Who am I? Let me think! I am—I have only just now become what I am. This body, these limbs—I was ere now only dimly aware of them, and now...

FAUST. But who wert thou?

SPIRIT. ‘Wert thou’?

FAUST. Yes, who wert thou earlier, before?

SPIRIT. ‘Earlier’? ‘Before’?

FAUST. Canst thou recall no thoughts or ideas that preceded thy present state, preceded too the dim brooding condition from which thou hast been aroused?

SPIRIT. What sayest thou? ... Yes, now it's coming back to me. I did, once before, have thoughts and ideas. Wait a little, wait! If I could only find the thread again!

FAUST. Let me try to help thee. What is thy name?

SPIRIT. I am called—ARISTOTLE! Yes, that is my name. Oh, what is happening with me?

This is as far as Lessing carried the scene. But it will, I think, be obvious at once that Lessing did not make this scene, he saw it. What we have here is a representation in art of the living human spirit. And anyone who takes the trouble to work with this passage and render it in well-formed speech will find for himself the path that leads to dramatic dialogue. It is of course perfectly right that the student of speech should have a correct and thorough knowledge of the various speech organs of which he makes use; but when it comes to educating oneself for a true forming of speech, then these several organs should be left alone, and the speech organism as such, the objective extra-human speech organism, be given full play.

To this end it will certainly be essential that we regain some measure of perception for what is genuinely artistic in poetry. Such a perception will, however, in our day have to spring from the depths of the heart, since the powers of discrimination and judgement that man had in earlier times are no longer there in the same degree today, nor can we expect to find them so for some time to come.

You should really try to picture to yourselves what it meant in past epochs of culture when Mass was celebrated, not in the language of the country but in the Latin language; when, for example, one heard resound the words:

Pater noster, qui es in coelis: sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in coelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie.
Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem.
Sed libera nos a malo. Amen.

To listen to the sounding forth of these words gave man a true feeling for the forming of speech. They could not be spoken save with rightly formed speech. In the ancient Mysteries there was understanding for these things. Those who took part in the ancient Mysteries were conscious that when they spoke they were holding intercourse with the Gods. Man must evoke once again from the depths of his heart the power to perceive such realities. He must be able once again, not merely to think within, but to speak within.

Take such a scene as that read to you by Frau Dr. Steiner in the course of the second lecture, the seventh scene of my first Mystery Play. This scene, I can truly say, was not formed out of thoughts. Never once was there any question as to the choice of a word. The scene was heard as it is, simply heard. There were no thoughts at all, there were only words. It was a case of writing down on paper the words that were heard in the spirit. The scene was experienced, from the first, as formed word—not as thought.

I can say the same of many of the scenes in this Mystery Play. And we must find the way to develop again a feeling for such things. We must learn to have a sensitive perception for what is spiritually alive in the word. Then, and only then, shall we be able again to discern for ourselves where poetry is genuinely artistic. And the reciter, as well as the actor, should be able to do this. He should be able to say to himself: This is poetry, that is not. We must, of course, realise that such things cannot all at once, so soon as we have knowledge of them, be put into practice in our work on the stage. For, besides actors, there are Managing Directors, and among them some whose connection with the stage has certainly not brought them any knowledge of this kind; no understanding to be found there of what is poetry and what is not!

The only way for things to improve in this respect is for popular taste to improve. When we begin to see signs that the general public are developing discrimination, then we can hope for better days. As things are now, people have no taste, no judgement as to what is or is not artistic. Owing to this lack of taste, discussions about how this or that character was to be played began, in the nineties, to take quite a comic turn. It was, for instance, at one time debated, and debated even as a question of first importance, whether one should play Ferdinand in Schiller's Kabale and Liebe with hands in one's pockets, or whether, on the other hand, one should play him as a ‘ladies' man'. Discussions of this nature actually did take place, and contributed very much to the deterioration of dramatic art. The ‘intellectuals’ then came forward and undertook to reform the art of the stage. It is, of course, a very good asset in life to be able to think; but if the utmost one can do is to think like Otto Brahm,2Otto Brahm (1856–1912) was one of the founders in 1889 of the ‘Freie Bühne’ in Berlin. He helped to introduce naturalism on to the stage. See also the reference to him near the end of Lecture 14. who took, as you probably know, a notable part in the projected reforms, then it is emphatically not one's vocation to decide upon questions of dramatic art.

In face of such developments, we are driven to perceive with all the more certainty that for dramatic art, intellectualism is the very last thing needed, and sensitive artistic perception the first. Wolter was a really great actress.3Charlotte Wolter (1834–1897). She performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna. Graf Sullivan was her husband. Those of you who are younger will not have seen her on the stage. Judged from University standards, Wolter was the most unintelligent person there could possibly be. It is but due to her to say this, for it redounds to her fame; it does not disparage her in the very least. She did actually at long last show some sparks of intellect, after Graf Sullivan had put himself to great trouble with her. But by nature she was absolutely without intellect. And yet there is no denying it: in her time and generation she was an outstandingly great actress in certain directions, especially when she was able to keep her coquetries off the stage.

I refer to things of this sort in order to make plain to you the mood and attitude of mind from which we must start if we would learn once more how to cultivate the arts of recitation and drama.

4. Wege zum Stil aus dem Sprachorganismus heraus

Es handelt sich jetzt vor allen Dingen darum, den Weg zu finden aus dem Sprachorganismus heraus in die Sprachgestaltung und in die dramatische Gestaltung. Dabei wird es vor allen Dingen darauf ankommen, nicht bloße Betrachtungen zu liefern, sondern durchaus überall die praktischen Wege zur Geltung zu bringen. Und so haben wir gesehen, wie mit Bezug auf die Entwickelung der Sprachgestaltung das jambische, das trochäische Versmaß eine bestimmte Bedeutung hat. Nun soll heute zunächst gezeigt werden, wie man hinüberkommen kann in den Gebieten des sprachlichen Lebens, in denen nicht auf eine ganz innerliche, sondern auf eine mehr äußerliche Weise der Weg gesucht wird aus der Prosa in die poetische Gestaltung, in das Künstlerische, in das Stilvolle.

Wir kennen schon die Bedeutung des Jambus. Der Jambus ist dasjenige, was im ganzen Sprachorganismus des Menschen den Übergang hinüber zum Stil herausfordert, ja sogar in gewisser Beziehung zum Lyrischen des Stils, jedenfalls aber den Weg hinüber zum Künstlerischen, während das trochäische, daktylische Versmaß eigentlich herausarbeitet aus der Prosa, aber auch wiederum denjenigen, der sich mit dem Hexameter oder mit dem Trochäus übt, zum richtigen künstlerischen Sprechen des Prosaischen bringen kann. Nun, diese Dinge haben wir ja gestern betrachtet.

Heute wird es sich zuerst darum handeln, Ihnen in praxi vorzuführen eine Art der Sprachgestaltung in der Versbehandlung, die erhalten möchte das Poetische in allen Formen, dadurch aber zu einer Schwierigkeit kommt, weil dasjenige, was länger durchhalten will, also zeilengemäß länger einen Inhalt durchhalten will, eigentlich einfach schon durch das Wesen der Sprache dazu kommt, nicht völlig einhalten zu können ein Jambisches oder ein Trochäisches. Und dadurch entsteht gewissermaßen die Tendenz, eine Art Kompromiß zu schließen zwischen der Prosa und der poetischen Gestaltung. Und dieser Kompromiß liegt eigentlich im Alexandriner vor, im Alexandriner, der in der Regel sechs Jamben hat, aber, weil sechs Jamben in einer Zeile festzuhalten nicht so leicht ist, sie so hat, daß er sie fortwährend vermischt mit dem, worin man nicht genau den Jambus festhalten kann. Dadurch entsteht eben ein Kompromiß. Aber in dem Augenblicke, wo die Sprache anfängt rhetorisch zu werden, ist auch die Tendenz naheliegend, das Rhetorische der Sprache, das etwas leicht Dekadentes hat, wiederum durch ein strenges Festhalten am gestalteten Rhythmus zu bändigen.

Das alles liegt beim Alexandriner vor. Daher gibt eigentlich der Alexandriner die Möglichkeit, wenn man ihn sprachlich übt, das Gegenteil von dem herbeizuführen, was ich sagte vom Hexametersprechen. Das Hexametersprechen leitet hinüber zum gut Prosasprechen; der Alexandriner bereitet gut vor zum eigentlichen poetischen Sprechen.

Das möchten wir dadurch anschaulich machen, daß Frau Dr. Steiner nun eben gerade französische Alexandriner vorbringen wird. In der französischen Sprache sind die Alexandriner am besten vorhanden als solche, während sie in der deutschen Sprache immer nachgeahmt erscheinen, wenn sie gebraucht werden, und immer so erscheinen, als ob sie eigentlich nicht hingehörten. Sie ergeben sich nicht aus den Untergründen der Sprache. Daher wird der Alexandriner sprachgestaltend schon am besten an einer französischen Probe sich darstellen lassen.

Goethe hat ja in seinem «Faust» wiederholt den Übergang gesucht von den übrigen Versmaßen, die er gebraucht hat, zum Alexandriner. Man kann überall an den einzelnen Stellen nachweisen, warum Goethe den Alexandriner verwendet. Er verwendet ihn da, wo es ihm schwierig wird, durch etwas anderes poetisch zu sein. Wenn es ihm schwierig wird, innerlich poetisch zu sein in seinem «Faust», wenn er solche Szenen hat, so verwendet er ihn, um äußerlich poetisch zu sein. Daher finden wir überall da, wo diese Verlegenheit im «Faust» eingetreten ist, den Übergang zum Alexandriner.

Frau Dr. Steiner : Ich entnehme das Beispiel einer dramatischen Dichtung von Leconte de Lisle:«Hypatie et Cyrille». Die junge gelehrte Vertreterin uralter Weisheit wurde, bevor sie von dem aufgehetzten Pöbel in den Straßen Alexandriens zerrissen wurde, von dem Bischof Kyrillus ermahnt, sich zu bekehren, um auf diese Weise dem gewaltsamen Tode zu entgehen. Doch sie weist hin auf die ewigen Streitigkeiten innerhalb der dogmatisch gewordenen und verrohten Kirche und bekennt sich zur alten esoterischen Weisheit.

HYPATIE:
Ne le crois pas, Cyrille! Ils vivent dans mon cœur,
Non tels que tu les vois, vêtus de formes vaines,
Subissant dans le Ciel les passions humaines,
Adorés du vulgaire et dignes de mépris;
Mais tels que les ont vus de sublimes esptits:
Dans Pespace étolé n’ayant point de demeures,
Forces de l’univers, Vertus intérieures,
De la terre et du ciel concours harmonieux
Qui charme la pensée et l’oreille et les yeux,
Et qui donne, idéal aux sages accessible,
A la beauté de l’âme une splendeur visible.
Tels sont mes Dieux! Qu’un siècle ingrat s’écarte d’eux,
Je ne les puis trahir puisqu’ils sont malheureux.
Je le sens, je le sais: voici les heures sombres,
Les jours marqués dans l’ordre impérieux des Nombtes.
Aveugle à notre gloire et prodigue d’affronts,
Le temps injurieux découronne nos fronts;
Et, dans l’orgueil récent de sa haute fortune,
L’Avenir n’entend plus la voix qui l’importune.
O Rois harmonieux, chefs de ’Esprit humain,
Vous qui portiez la lyre et la balance en main,
Il est venu, Celui qu’annongaient vos présages,
Celui que contenaient les visions des sages,
L’Expiateur promis dont Eschyle a parlé!
Au sortir du sepulcre et de sang maculé,
L’arbre de son supplice à l’épaule, il se léve;
Il offre à l’univers ou sa croix ou le glaive,
Il venge le Barbare écarté des autels,
Et jonche vos parvis de membres immortels!
Mais je garantirai des atteintes grossières
Jusqu’au dernier soupir vos pieuses poussiètes,
Heureuse si, planant sur les jours à venir,
Votre immortalité sauve mon souvenir.
Salut, o Rois d’Hellas! - Adieu, noble Cyrille!

CYRILLE:
Abjure tes erreurs, ô malheureuse fille,
Le Dieu jaloux t’écoute! O triste aveuglement!
Je m’indigne et gémis en un möme moment.
Mais puisque tu ne veux ni croire ni comprendre
Et refuses la main que je venais te tendre,
Que ton caur s’endurcit dans un esprit mauvais,
C’en est assez! j’ai fait plus que je ne devais.
Un dernier mot encore: — n’enfreins pas ma défense;
Une ombre de salut te reste: - le silence.
Dieu seul te jugera, s’il ne l’a déjà fait;
Sa colère est sur toi; n’en häte point l’effet.

HYPATIE:
Je ne puis oublier, en un silence lâche,
Le soin de mon honneur et ma suprême tâche,
Celle de confesser librement sous les cieux
Le beau, le vrai, le bien, qu’ont révélés les Dieux.
Depuis deux jours déjà, comme une écume vile,
Les moines du desert abondent dans la ville,
Pieds nus, la barbe inculte et les cheveux souillés,
Tout maigris par le jeûne, et du soleil brûlés.
On prétend qu’un projet sinistre et fanatique
Amène parmi nous cette horde extatique.
C’est bien. Je sais moutir, et suis fière du choix
Dont m’honorent les Dieux une dernière fois.
Cependant je rends grâce à ta sollicitude
Et n’attends plus de toi qu’un peu de solitude.
(Cyrille et l’acolyte sortent.)

LA NOURRICE:
Mon enfant, tu le vois, toi-m&me en fais l’aveu:
Tu vas mourir!

HYPATIE:
Je vais être immortelle. Adieu!

Im weiteren, meine lieben Freunde, wird es sich darum handeln, daß die Wege gefunden werden, welche innerhalb der Sprachbehandlung selber, innerhalb der Sprachgestaltung von dem einen Gebiete des künstlerisch poetischen Schaffens zu dem anderen Gebiete führen. Damit wollen wir uns heute ein wenig beschäftigen. Und wir wollen versuchen, dasjenige uns praktisch jetzt anzuschauen, was sich dadurch offenbart, daß im trochäischen Versmaß ebenso wie im daktylischen sich das Erzählende zum Ausdrucke bringt. Es ist einfach der ursprünglichen Empfindung angemessen, Erzählendes in Trochäen darzustellen, und man empfindet auch, daß man am leichtesten den Ton der erzählenden Darstellung im trochäischen Versmaß finden kann. Damit aber wird zu gleicher Zeit am trochäischen Versmaß die Kunst vorbereitet, Prosa zu sprechen, die mehr instinktiv in die Sprachwerkzeuge, in das Herz eindringen muß.

Nun handelt es sich bei der Erzählung - ich sagte das schon im ersten Vortrag -, bei dem Epischen darum, daß vor die Seele gestellt wird das Objekt, das zunächst gedacht wird. Aber es kann ja so lebhaft gedacht werden, daß man selber sich zum Werkzeug hergibt für dasjenige, was das Objekt spricht und tut. Dann geht gerade das Erzählende in das Dramatische über. Und man wird daher einen Weg finden vom Erzählen, das in sich das Dramatische enthält, das nicht jede Erzählung, nicht jedes Epos enthält, welches aber das Dramatische enthalten kann — man wird einen Weg hinüberfinden vom Erzählen zur dramatischen Darstellungskunst. Und das ist der richtige Weg, meine lieben Freunde.

Wer unmittelbar beginnt zu üben mit dem Dramatischen, der veräußerlicht es, der verinnerlicht es nicht. Wer aber damit beginnt, aus dem Erzählenden zu üben, das die Phantasie voll in Anspruch nimmt, es nötig macht, sich in den anderen hinüber zu versetzen, weil er gar nicht da ist, weil man ihn selber darstellen muß, der findet den naturgemäßen Weg hinüber zum Dramatischen. Denn in einem gewissen Sinne ist es notwendig für eine richtige dramatische Darstellung, daß man nicht nur darstellt dasjenige, was man selber spricht. Das Rollenverteilen so, daß der betreffende Schauspieler nur dasjenige bekommt, was er selber zu sprechen hat, ist ein Unfug, und über diesen Unfug hilft im praktischen Bühnenbetriebe heute auch dasjenige nicht hinweg, was man gewöhnlich Regieprobe und dergleichen, Leseprobe nennt, sondern es hilft einzig und allein das hinweg, wenn man innerlich einsieht, daß man voll alles mitzuerleben hat, was der oder die Partner zu sprechen haben. Und während für den gewöhnlichen Menschen die Pflege des Zuhörens in möglichster Stille vorliegt, liegt für den Schauspieler dasjenige vot, daß er möglichst dasjenige mitspricht — natürlich nicht in Wirklichkeit, sondern im Miterleben, im Reflex, im Echo -, was der oder die Partner vorzubringen haben.

Und ich möchte nun zeigen - ich will überall nur Wege angeben -, wie etwa der Weg sein könnte, den ein Zögling der dramatischen Kunst einschlägt, um zu der richtigen Verinnerlichung desjenigen zu kommen, was der dramatische Dialog oder Trialog und so weiter sein kann. Dazu möchte ich ein eminent trochäisches Gedicht vorbringen, das aber zugleich ein stark dramatisches Element enthält, das heraufholt ein stark dramatisches Element. Es beginnt ganz episch, FZerders «Cid»; aber er führt stark ins Dramatische über, und er ist wunderbar trochäisch gebaut, dieser Herdersche «Cid». Ich will in diesem Zusammenhang nur das sprechen, was eigentlich derjenige, der die Übung macht, nun zu sich selber sagen müßte.

Machen wir uns nun einmal klar, wie die Situation ist: Das alte Haus des Don Diego hat die Schmach erlebt, seinem Untergange entgegengeführt zu werden durch ein anderes Haus. 'Tief empfindet diese Schmach der Sohn des Don Diego, Rodrigo, der dann der Cid genannt wird. Die Dichtung beginnt damit, uns die Stimmung anzudeuten, in welcher der alte Don Diego ist, der vor der Schmach seines Hauses steht:

Trauernd tief saß Don Diego,
Wohl war keiner je so traurig;
Gramvoll dacht’er Tag und Nächte
Nur an seines Hauses Schmach.

An die Schmach des edlen, alten,
Tapfren Hauses der von Lainez,
Das die Inigos an Ruhme,
Die Abarkos übertraf.

Tief gekränket, schwach vor Alter,
Fühlt’ er nahe sich dem Grabe,
Da indes sein Feind Don Gormaz
Ohne Gegner triumphiert.

Sonder Schlaf und sonder Speise,
Schläget er die Augen nieder,
Tritt nicht über seine Schwelle,
Spricht mit seinen Freunden nicht,

Höfret nicht der Freunde Zuspruch,
Wenn sie kommen, ihn zu trösten;
Denn der Atem des Entehrten,
Glaubt er, schände seinen Freund.

Endlich schüttelt er die Bürde
Los, des grausam stummen Grames,
Lässet kommen seine Söhne,
Aber spricht zu ihnen nicht.

Er läßt nun alle seine Söhne binden. Alle ertragen es; nur der Jüngste, Don Rodtigo, erträgt es nicht, der später der Cid genannt wird. Der Vater, der selber die Söhne binden läßt, ist traurig, daß die älteren sich binden lassen. Er ist freudig erregt darüber, daß der jüngste Sohn sich nicht binden läßt. Wir übergehen, wie Rodrigo den Entschluß faßt, dasjenige zu tun, wovon er glaubt, daß es ihm obliegt. Wir gehen gleich zu demjenigen Absatz, der uns den Übergang aus dem Epischen ins Dramatische zeigt:

Auf dem Platze des Palastes
Traf Rodrigo auf Don Gormaz.
Einzeln, niemand war zugegen,
Redet er den Grafen an:

«Kanntet Ihr, o edler Gormaz,
Mich, den Sohn des Don Diego,
Als Ihr Eure Hand ausstrecktet
Auf sein ehrenwert Gesicht?

Wußtet Ihr, daß Don Diego
Ab von Layn Calvo stamme?
Daß nichts reiner und nichts edler
Als sein Blut ist und sein Schild?

Wußtet Ihr, daß, weil ich lebe,
Ich sein Sohn, kein Mensch auf Erden,
Kaum der mächtge Herr des Himmels
Dies ihm täte ungestraft?» —

«Weißt du», sprach der stolze Gormaz,
«Was wohl sei des Lebens Hälfte,
Jüngling?» - «Ja», sprach Don Rodrigo,
«Und ich weiß es sehr genau.

Eine Hälfte ist, dem Edlen
Ehr’ erzeigen, und die andre,
Den Hochmütigen zu strafen,
Mit dem letzten Tropfen Bluts

Abzutun die angetane
Schande.» Als er dies gesagt,
Sah er an den stolzen Grafen,
Der ihm diese Worte sprach:

«Nun, was willst du, rascher Jüngling?»
«Deinen Kopf will ich, Graf Gormaz»,
Sprach der Cid, «ich hab’s gelobet!»
«Streiche willst du, gutes Kind»,

Sprach Don Gormaz, «eines Pagen
Streiche hättest du verdient.»
O ihr Heiligen des Himmels,
Wie ward Cid auf dieses Wort!


Tränen rannen, stille Tränen
Rannen auf des Greises Wangen,
Der, an seiner Tafel sitzend,
Alles um sich her vergaß,

Denkend an die Schmach des Hauses,
Denkend an des Sohnes Jugend,
Denkend an des Sohns Gefahren
Und an seines Feindes Macht.

Den Entehrten flieht die Freude,
Flieht die Zuversicht und Hoffnung;
Alle kehren mit der Ehre
Froh und jugendlich zurück.

Noch versenkt in tiefer Sorge,
Sieht er nicht Rodrigo kommen,
Der, den Degen unterm Arme
Und die Händ’ auf seiner Brust,

Lang’ ansieht den guten Vater,
Mitleid tief im Herzen fühlend,
Bis er zutritt, ihm die Rechte
Schüttelnd: «Iß, o guter Greis!»

Spricht er, weisend auf die Tafel.
Reicher flossen nun Diego
Seine Tränen: «Du, Rodrigo,
Sprachst du, sprichst du mir dies Wort?» —

«Ja, mein Vater! und erhebet
Euer edles, wertes Antlitz.»
«Ist gerettet unsre Ehre?» —
«Edler Vater, er ist tot.» —

«Setze dich, mein Sohn Rodrigo,
Gerne will ich mit dir speisen.
Wer den Mann erlegen konnte,

Ist der erste seines Stamms.»

Weinend knieete Rodrigo,
Küssend seines Vaters Hände;
Weinend küßte Don Diego

Seines Sohnes Angesicht.

Wir sehen unmittelbar, wie im Epischen das Dramatische entsteht. Ich wollte diese Kapitel aus dem Herderschen «Cid» aus dem Grunde anführen, weil man daran sehen kann, wie man aus dem Sprachorganismus selber heraus nun üben soll. Alle Dinge, die ich sage, sind eigentlich praktisch gemeint.

Dann, wenn man in dieser Weise, ich möchte sagen, in immerwährender Wiederholung suchend, die Dinge immer mehr und mehr zur selbstverständlichen Artikulation zu bringen, wenn man auf diese Weise heran sich erzogen hat zum Dramatischen aus dem Epischen heraus, dann ist es gut, überzugehen zu etwas, was gerade an der scharfen Kante des Dramatischen steht, schon eigentlich im Dramatischen drinnen ist, aber noch nur einen leisen Anflug von epischem Charakter hat, der aber schon ganz verschwunden ist im Dramatischen, so wie die Gebärde im Worte verschwunden ist.

Und da würde sich ganz besonders jene Szene eignen, die Lessing versucht hat, um einen «Faust» zu bilden. Lessing wollte ja einen «Faust» dichten, aber er hat ihn nicht fertig bekommen. Er hat nur ganz wenige Szenen gedichtet und einen Plan hinterlassen. Aber man hat es gerade in der Szene, die da ist, schon mit etwas zu tun, das dadurch dem Epischen nahesteht, weil in der Szene sieben Geister auftreten, zu deren Auffassung der Mensch sich auch etwas hinauf in die Phantasie begeben muß, wie er sich beim Epischen die Wesenheit, die er darstellt, selber in seiner Phantasie erschaffen muß. Und so muß in einem Dialog, den man mit Geistern führt, stärker gegenwärtig sein das Wesen des Geistes, den man ja nur hat, wenn man ihn richtig vorstellt, als gegenwärtig sein muß im Menschen das Wesen eines mit ihm im Dialog sich Befindlichen, der tatsächlich da ist. Versetzt man sich dann ganz in die Stimmung hinein, die entstehen kann in der Seele, wenn man einem Geist gegenübersteht und doch gezwungen ist, die Sache dramatisch zu gestalten, dann findet man den Übergang richtig vom Epischen zum Dramatischen hin.

Wir wollen auslassen, weil ich ja nur auf den Weg hindeuten will, auch nicht irgendwie Rezitationsproben geben will, die wird Frau Dr. Steiner geben, den Dialog mit den anderen Geistern und zunächst nur den sechsten und siebenten Geist ins Auge fassen:

FAUST zum sechsten Geist:
Sage du, wie schnell bist du?

DER SECHSTE GEIST:
So schnell als die Rache des Rächers.

FAUST:
Des Rächers? Welches Rächers?

DER SECHSTE GEIST:
Des Gewaltigen, des Schrecklichen, der sich allein die Rache vorbehielt, weil ihn die Rache vergnügte.

FAUST:
Teufel! du lästerst; denn ich sehe, du zitterst. — Schnell, sagst du, wie die Rache des — bald hätte ich ihn genannt! - Nein, er werde nicht unter uns genannt! — Schnell wäre seine Rache? Schnell? - Und ich lebe noch? Und ich sündige noch?

DER SECHSTE GEIST:
Daß er dich noch sündigen läßt, ist schon Rache!

FAUST:
Und daß ein Teufel mich dieses lehren muß! - Aber doch erst heute! Nein, seine Rache ist nicht schnell, und wenn du nicht schneller bist als seine Rache, so geh nur! —

(Der siebente Geist kommt.)

FAUST zum siebenten Geiste:
Wie schnell bist du?

DER SIEBENTE GEIST:
Unzuvergnügender Sterblicher, wo auch ich dir nicht schnell genug bin -

FAUST:
So sage, wie schnell?

DER SIEBENTE GEIST:
Nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Übergang vom Guten zum Bösen.

FAUST:
Ha! Du bist mein Teufel! So schnell als der Übergang vom Guten zum Bösen! - Ja, der ist schnell; schneller ist nichts als der! - Weg von hier, ihr Schrecken des Orkus! Weg! - Als der Übergang vom Guten zum Bösen! Ich habe es erfahren, wie schnell er ist! Ich habe es erfahren!...

Sie sehen auch, wie es Lessing in diesem Falle doch ganz wunderbar gelungen ist, in die Sprache des «Faust» die ganz lebendige Empfindung und das ganz lebendige Phantasiebild auch von den entsprechenden Geistern hineinzubringen. Man kann das schon durch die Sprachgestaltung selber herausbekommen. Die Sprachgestaltung wird nicht dadurch, daß man sagt, gestalte dieses so, gestalte diesen Laut so, gestalte diese Silbe, gestalte diesen Satz so, sondern Sprachgestaltung wird, indem man die richtigen Übergänge übt vom Epischen herüber durch das Geist-Dramatische zum Materiell-Dramatischen. Da nimmt einen der Sprachgenius selber als Schüler auf, indem man seine Wege geht. Und das ist dasjenige, worauf es ankommt.

Sehen Sie, es ist merkwürdig, daß man gerade bei der Exemplifizierung einer solchen Sache auf Lessing kommt. Man kann ja sagen, die Dinge, die Lessing fertiggebracht hat, seine berühmten Dramen, sind gar nicht auf dieser Höhe. Lessing geht da einmal in dieser «Faust»-Szene eigentlich durchaus über sich selbst hinaus. Vielleicht mit Ausnahme der Szenen, wo der Major Tellheim vorkommt, ist nichts in Lessings Dramen von dieser Höhe wie diese « Faust»-Szene.

Daraus aber können Sie ersehen, wie Lessing da durch den Stoff, durch dasjenige, was ihm als Stoff vorliegt, zur Gestaltung gebracht wird. Und man kann schon daraus sehen, wie es auch in der Poesie sein muß, ähnlich wie es zum Beispiel bei einem solchen Bildhauer wie Michelangelo war, der die Steine zu seinen Statuen, zu seinen Marmorstatuen sich selber im Marmorbruche suchte. Er ging herum, er sah sich Stein für Stein an und fand dann den einen nur, aus dem er irgendeine Gestalt herausmeißeln konnte. Er ließ sich von der konfigurierten Natur die Aufgabe für die konfigurierte Kunst geben. Man muß Stoffgefühl entwickeln, wenn man Künstler sein will. Und das ist hier ganz anschaulich bei Lessing.

Aber auf der anderen Seite fordert es uns auch auf, daß der darstellende Künstler, der rezitierende oder schauspielerische Künstler, sich die Empfindung verschaffen muß, inwiefern ein Stoff wirklich seinen entsprechenden künstlerischen Ausdruck gefunden hat. Und ganz besonders gut gelingt es Lessing aus diesem Stoffe heraus, der ihm eigentlich so ans Herz gewachsen war, daß man nur das tiefste Bedauern darüber haben kann, daß Lessing nicht mehr zustande gebracht hat von seinem «Faust»; aber es war ihm wiederum, weil es eben herauswuchs über den gewöhnlichen Lessing, zu schwer, es ganz zu gestalten. Er konnte nur in Momenten eigentlich diese Künstlerschaft entwickeln.

Ganz besonders empfindet man das, wenn Lessing eine kleine Szene darstellt, die aus seinem unmittelbaren Erleben heraus stammt, ganz aus seinem Leben, wo Lessing selber, indem er die entsprechende Sache erlebte, trotzdem von ihm mit Recht gesagt wird, daß er so trocken und nüchtern war, daß er nie geträumt hat! Ja, Lessing war ein Mensch, der nie geträumt hat, so trocken und nüchtern war er, seine Poesien sind auch danach, nicht die Prosastücke, ich meine jetzt die Poesien. Aber ich möchte trotzdem, nicht dem poetischen Bilde, sondern der Realität gemäß behaupten: Die Szene, die kleine Szene, die er da noch für seinen «Faust» zustande gebracht hat, stamme dennoch von einem Erlebnis, das bis zu einem hohen Grade wirkliche Wachvision war, Wachvision, die eine gewisse Rolle gespielt hat in Lessings eigenen individuellen Lebenslagen, von der manches ausgegangen ist.

Und so sehen wir denn, daß Faust, nachdem er gewissermaßen in Reminiszenz die Dinge über sich hat ergehen lassen, die er über sich ergehen lassen mußte, aus seinem Drang an die Geisterwelt heranzukommen, an diese wirklich herankommt, wir sehen, daß er, nachdem er sich vertieft hat in den Gang der Geistesgeschichte, wirklich das, was nun bei Lessing künstlerisch gestaltete Wachsuggestion ist, erlebt. Wir stehen vor der Situation: ein Geist mit langem Barte steigt aus dem Boden herauf, in einen Mantel gehüllt.

GEIST:
Wer beunruhiget mich? Wo bin ich? Ist das nicht Licht, was ich empfinde?

FAUST (erschrickt, fasset sich aber und redet den Geist an):
Wer bist du? Woher kommst du? auf wessen Befehl erscheinst du?

GEIST:
Ich lag und schlummerte und träumte, mir wär’ nicht wohl, nicht übel; da rauschte, so träumte ich, von weitem eine Stimme daher; sie kam näher und näher; Bahall! Bahall! hörte ich, und mit dem dritten Bahall stehe ich hier! FAUST: Aber wer bist du?

GEIST:
Wer ich bin? Laß mich besinnen! Ich bin - ich bin nur erst kürzlich, was ich bin. Dieses Körpers, dieser Glieder war ich mir dunkel bewußt; jetzt (etc.).

FAUST:
Aber wer warst du?

GEIST:
Warst du?

FAUST:
Ja, wer warst du sonst, ehedem?

GEIST:
Sonst? Ehedem?

FAUST:
Erinnerst du dich keiner Vorstellungen, die diesem gegenwärtigen und jenem deinem hinbrütenden Stande vorhergegangen?

GEIST:
Was sagst du mir? Ja, nun schießt es mir ein. — Ich habe schon einmal ähnliche Vorstellungen gehabt. Warte, warte, ob ich den Faden zurückfinden kann.

FAUST:
Ich will dir zu helfen suchen. Wie hießest du?

GEIST:
Ich hieß — Aristoteles. Ja, so hieß ich. Wie ist mir?

Bis hierher brachte es Lessing zustande. Aber Sie sehen zugleich, es ist tatsächlich nicht gemacht, es ist geschaut. Es steht in einer kurzen Szene. Der lebendige Menschengeist stellt sich hier künstlerisch dar.

Und wer sich bemüht, das zur wirklichen Gestaltung zu bringen, der wird dann den Weg zum dramatischen Dialog hinüber finden. Sehen Sie, die Sprachorgane selber — gewiß, man soll im Bewußtsein Aufklärung über sie haben, aber beim eigentlichen Sich-Hinerziehen zur Sprachgestaltung soll man eigentlich die Sprachorgane in Ruhe lassen und den Sprachorganismus als solchen, den objektiven, außermenschlichen Sprachorganismus als solchen wirken lassen.

Dazu wird allerdings notwendig sein, daß wirklich wiederum eine gewisse Empfindung für dasjenige eintritt, was künstlerisch poetisch gut ist. Diese Empfindung muß aber gegen die Zukunft hin aus dem tiefsten Menschenherzen heraus gehen, weil zunächst die richtende Kraft, die früher vorhanden war, in der Gegenwart und in der nächsten Zukunft gar nicht mehr in demselben Maße vorhanden sein kann.

Man muß sich nur vorstellen, was in abgelebten Kulturepochen es bedeutete, wenn nun nicht in der Landessprache, sondern in der lateinischen Sprache die Messe zelebriert wurde, wenn zum Beispiel erklang das

Pater noster, qui es in coelis:
Sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in coelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie.
Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem.
Sed libera nos a malo.
Amen.

Das gab Empfindung für Sprachgestaltung; das konnte nicht ohne Sprachgestaltung gesprochen werden. Diese Dinge, die in den alten Mysterien selbstverständlich waren, denn die Menschen waren sich bewußt, sie sind im Verkehre mit den Göttern, wenn sie sprachen, diese Empfindungen müssen aus dem Innersten des Menschenhetzens wiederum herausgeholt werden. Wir müssen die Möglichkeit finden, nicht bloß zu denken, sondern innerlich zu sprechen.

Ich darf schon sagen, solch eine Szene wie die, welche Frau Dr. Steiner im zweiten Vortrag vorgelesen hat, das siebente Bild meines ersten Mysteriendramas, ist nicht aus den Gedanken herausgestaltet, da ist auch niemals irgendeine innerliche Frage gewesen: Wie soll man ein Wort wählen? - Sondern dieses Bild ist gehört, so wie es ist. Es ist einfach gehört, so wie es ist. Es gab gar keine Gedanken, es gab nur Worte, und man schrieb die im Geiste gehörten Worte aufs Papier. Es ist also schon als Wortgestaltung, als Wort erlebt, nicht als Gedanke.

So ist es bei mancherlei Szenen in diesem Mysterium. Aber man muß für so etwas wiederum ein Gefühl entwickeln. Man muß für das spirituell Lebendige des Wortes die Empfindung erleben, dann wird es wieder möglich sein, das echt Künstlerische der poetischen Gestaltung zu empfinden.

Und das muß sowohl der Rezitator wie der Schauspieler. Er muß sich sagen können, etwas ist poetisch, oder, etwas ist nicht poetisch. Sonst kommt er dazu, Wildenbruchs Dramen für poetisch zu halten. Natürlich müssen wir uns klar sein darüber, daß diese Dinge, die wir aber wissen müssen, nicht gleich in den praktischen Beruf übergehen können. Denn außer den Schauspielern sind ja auch solche Direktoren da, die gar nicht aus dem Schauspielfach so hervorgegangen sind, daß sie irgend etwas wüßten über die Dinge; und da ist durchaus nicht eine Empfindung für das, was poetisch ist.

Aber wenn überhaupt einmal wiederum sich im allgemeinen Geschmack ein richtiges Geschmacksurteil festgesetzt hat, dann wird das der einzige Weg sein, auf dem es nach dieser Richtung besser werden kann. Wir haben heute ein Geschmacksurteil über das poetisch Künstlerische überhaupt nicht. Daher haben die Diskussionen über die Art und Weise, wie man dies oder jenes spielen soll, in den neunziger Jahren angefangen, geradezu grotesk komisch zu werden, wenn die wichtigste Frage diese war, ob man den Ferdinand in Schillers «Kabale und Liebe» mit den Händen in den Hosentaschen üben soll oder ob man ihn nicht so wie einen Salonhelden spielen muß. Solche Diskussionen hat es gegeben. Und damit ist eigentlich vieles von der Schauspielkunst im Grunde genommen verlorengegangen.

Es haben dazumal die Intellektualisten eigentlich angefangen, die Schauspielkunst zu reformieren. Es ist ja gut, wenn der Mensch denken kann, aber wenn man nichts kann als denken wie zum Beispiel Otto Brahm, der auch an der Reformation der Schauspielkunst beteiligt war, dann ist man eben nicht dazu berufen, irgend etwas über Schauspielkunst zu entscheiden.

So sind die Dinge gekommen, gegen die heute mit voller Bewußtheit das geltend gemacht werden soll, daß der Intellektualismus das letzte ist, was für die Schauspielkunst in Betracht kommt, und künstletisches Empfinden das erste. Die Wolter war wirklich eine große Schauspielerin. Die Jüngeren werden sie nicht mehr gesehen haben. Für einen Brahm oder Professorenintellekt die unintelligenteste Person, die sich überhaupt nur erleben läßt. Ich müßte dies aber zu ihrem Ruhme sagen, nicht um etwas Schlimmes von ihr zu sagen. Sie hat dann zuletzt noch einige Funken von Intellekt aufgenommen, weil der Graf O’Sullivan sich außerordentlich darum bemüht hat. Aber von Haus aus war sie bar jedes Intellektes. Sie ist für ein bestimmtes Zeitalter tatsächlich für gewisse Dinge, namentlich wenn ihre Koketterien schweigen konnten auf der Bühne, wirklich eine außerordentlich große Künstlerin schon gewesen, das ist gar nicht zu leugnen.

Ich sage diese Dinge, um Ihnen zu charakterisieren, aus welcher Gesinnung heraus ein wieder sich Besinnen auf wahre rezitatorische und schauspielerische Kunst gebaut sein muß. Wir wollen dann morgen damit weiterfahren.

4. Developing Style from the Speech Organism

The main thing now is to find the way from the language organism to speech formation and dramatic formation. In doing so, it will be particularly important not to merely provide observations, but to emphasize practical approaches throughout. And so we have seen how, with regard to the development of speech formation, iambic and trochaic meter have a certain significance. Today, we will first show how one can cross over into the areas of linguistic life where the path from prose to poetic formation, to the artistic, to the stylish, is sought not in a completely internal way, but in a more external way.

We already know the significance of iambic meter. Iambic meter is what, in the entire linguistic organism of the human being, challenges the transition to style, even in a certain relationship to the lyricism of style, but in any case the path to the artistic, while the trochaic and dactylic meters actually work their way out of prose, but also, in turn, can lead those who practice with the hexameter or the trochee to the correct artistic expression of the prosaic. Well, we considered these things yesterday.

Today, we will first demonstrate in practice a type of language formation in verse treatment that seeks to preserve the poetic in all forms, but which encounters a difficulty because that which seeks to endure longer, i.e., which seeks to maintain content over a longer line, is actually prevented by the very nature of language from being able to adhere completely to an iambic or trochaic meter. This creates a tendency to strike a kind of compromise between prose and poetic form. This compromise is actually found in the Alexandrine, which usually has six iambs, but because it is not so easy to maintain six iambs in a line, it mixes them continuously with in which one cannot precisely maintain the iamb. This creates a compromise. But at the moment when the language begins to become rhetorical, there is also a tendency to restrain the rhetoric of the language, which has something slightly decadent about it, by strictly adhering to the structured rhythm.

All of this is present in the Alexandrine. Therefore, when practiced linguistically, the Alexandrine actually offers the possibility of achieving the opposite of what I said about hexameter speech. Hexameter speech leads to good prose speech; the Alexandrine is good preparation for actual poetic speech.

We would like to illustrate this by having Dr. Steiner recite some French Alexandrines. In the French language, Alexandrines are best represented as such, whereas in the German language they always appear imitative when used, and always seem as if they do not really belong there. They do not arise from the foundations of the language. Therefore, the Alexandrine can best be demonstrated in terms of its influence on language in a French sample.

In his “Faust,” Goethe repeatedly sought to transition from the other meters he used to the Alexandrine. One can demonstrate everywhere in the individual passages why Goethe used the Alexandrine. He uses it where it becomes difficult for him to be poetic in any other way. When he finds it difficult to be poetic internally in his Faust, when he has such scenes, he uses it to be poetic externally. Therefore, wherever this embarrassment occurs in Faust, we find the transition to the Alexandrine.

Dr. Steiner: I take the example from a dramatic poem by Leconte de Lisle: “Hypatie et Cyrille.” The young scholar, representative of ancient wisdom, was before she was torn apart by the incited mob in the streets of Alexandria, was admonished by Bishop Cyril to convert in order to escape violent death. But she points to the eternal disputes within the dogmatic and brutalized church and professes her belief in ancient esoteric wisdom.

HYPATIA:
Do not believe it, Cyril! They live in my heart,
Not as you see them, clothed in vain forms,
Suffering human passions in Heaven,
Adored by the vulgar and worthy of contempt;
But as seen by sublime minds:
In a starry space with no dwellings,
Forces of the universe, inner virtues,
A harmonious union of earth and heaven
That charms the mind, the ear, and the eyes,
And which gives, accessible to the wise,
To the beauty of the soul a visible splendor.
Such are my Gods! Let an ungrateful century turn away from them,
I cannot betray them since they are unhappy.
I feel it, I know it: here are the dark hours,
The days marked in the imperious order of Numbers.
Blind to our glory and prodigal with insults,
Time, abusive, decrowns our foreheads;
And, in the recent pride of its high fortune,
The Future no longer hears the voice that pesters it.
O harmonious Kings, leaders of the human Spirit,
You who carried the lyre and the scales in your hands,
He has come, the One whom your omens foretold,
The One whom the visions of the wise contained,
The promised Expiator of whom Aeschylus spoke!
Emerging from the tomb and stained with blood,
The tree of his torment on his shoulder, he rises;
He offers the universe either his cross or his sword,
He avenges the Barbarian cast aside from the altars,
And strewn your courtyards with immortal limbs!
But I will protect your pious remains from gross attacks
Until your last breath,
Happy if, hovering over the days to come,
Your immortality saves my memory.
Hail, O Kings of Hellas! Farewell, noble Cyril!

CYRIL:
Renounce your errors, O unhappy daughter,
The jealous God hears you! O sad blindness!
I am indignant and groan at the same moment.
But since you neither want to believe nor understand
And refuse the hand I came to extend to you,
May your heart harden in an evil spirit,
Enough! I have done more than I should have.
One last word: do not violate my defense;
One shadow of salvation remains for you: silence.
God alone will judge you, if he has not already done so;
His wrath is upon you; do not hasten its effect.

HYPATIA:
I cannot forget, in cowardly silence,
The care of my honor and my supreme task,
That of freely confessing under the heavens
The beautiful, the true, the good, revealed by the Gods.
For two days now, like vile scum,
The monks of the desert have been flooding the city,
Barefoot, with unkempt beards and dirty hair,
All emaciated from fasting and burned by the sun.
It is said that a sinister and fanatical plan
Has brought this ecstatic horde among us.
That is fine. I know how to die, and I am proud of the choice
With which the gods honor me one last time.
However, I am grateful for your concern
And expect nothing more from you than a little solitude.
(Cyril and the acolyte exit.)

THE NURSE:
My child, you see, I myself admit it:
You are going to die!

HYPATIA:
I am going to be immortal. Farewell!

Furthermore, my dear friends, it will be a matter of finding the paths that lead from one area of artistic poetic creation to another within the treatment of language itself, within the shaping of language. Let us concern ourselves with this a little today. And we will try to look at what is revealed in practice by the fact that in trochaic meter, as in dactylic meter, the narrative is expressed. It is simply appropriate to the original feeling to represent narrative in trochees, and one also feels that the tone of narrative representation can be found most easily in trochaic meter. At the same time, however, trochaic meter prepares the art of speaking prose, which must penetrate more instinctively into the speech organs, into the heart.

Now, as I said in the first lecture, the point of narrative, of epic poetry, is that the object that is initially conceived is placed before the soul. But it can be conceived so vividly that one allows oneself to become an instrument for what the object says and does. Then the narrative itself becomes dramatic. And so one will find a way from narration, which contains the dramatic within itself, which not every narrative, not every epic contains, but which can contain the dramatic — one will find a way from narration to the dramatic art of representation. And that is the right way, my dear friends.

Those who begin to practice with the dramatic immediately externalize it; they do not internalize it. But those who begin to practice with the narrative, which fully engages the imagination, which makes it necessary to put oneself in the other's place because he is not there at all, because one must portray him oneself, will find the natural way over to the dramatic. For in a certain sense, it is necessary for a proper dramatic performance that one does not only portray what one says oneself. Assigning roles in such a way that the actor in question only gets what he himself has to say is nonsense, and in practical stage work today, even what is commonly referred to as a director's rehearsal and the like does not help to overcome this nonsense. But the only thing that helps to overcome this is to realize inwardly that one must fully experience everything that one's partner or partners have to say. And while for the ordinary person the practice of listening is to be as silent as possible, for the actor it is to repeat as much as possible—not in reality, of course, but in experience, in reflex, in echo—what the partner or partners have to say.

And I would now like to show—I only want to indicate paths—what the path might be that a student of dramatic art takes in order to arrive at the correct internalization of what dramatic dialogue or trialogue and so on can be. To this end, I would like to present an eminently trochaic poem, which at the same time contains a strongly dramatic element that brings out a strongly dramatic element. It begins quite epically, FZerders' “Cid”; but it transitions strongly into the dramatic, and it is wonderfully trochaic in structure, this Herders' “Cid.” In this context, I only want to say what the person doing the exercise should now say to themselves.

Let us now clarify the situation: Don Diego's old house has suffered the disgrace of being led to its downfall by another house. Don Diego's son, Rodrigo, who is then called the Cid, feels this disgrace deeply. The poem begins by hinting at the mood of old Don Diego, who is facing the disgrace of his house:

Don Diego sat in deep mourning,
No one had ever been so sad;
Day and night, he thought only
Of the disgrace of his house.

The disgrace of the noble, old,
Brave house of Lainez,
Which surpassed the Inigos in glory,
And the Abarkos.

Deeply hurt, weak with age,
He felt himself close to the grave,
While his enemy Don Gormaz
Triumphs without an opponent.

Without sleep and without food,
He casts down his eyes,
Does not cross his threshold,
Does not speak to his friends,

Does not heed his friends' encouragement,
When they come to comfort him;
For he believes that the breath of the dishonored
He believes, dishonors his friend.

Finally, he shakes off the burden
Of cruel, silent grief,
Lets his sons come,
But does not speak to them.

He now has all his sons bound. All endure it; only the youngest, Don Rodrigo, who will later be called El Cid, cannot bear it. The father, who himself has his sons bound, is saddened that the older ones allow themselves to be bound. He is excited that his youngest son refuses to be bound. We skip over how Rodrigo decides to do what he believes is his duty. We go straight to the passage that shows us the transition from the epic to the dramatic:

In the palace square
Rodrigo met Don Gormaz.
Alone, no one else was present,
He addressed the count:

"Did you know, O noble Gormaz,
Me, the son of Don Diego,
When you stretched out your hand
Towards his honorable face?

Did you know that Don Diego
Descended from Layn Calvo?
That nothing is purer and nobler
Than his blood and his shield?

Did you know that because I live,
I, his son, no man on earth,
Barely the mighty Lord of Heaven
Would do this to him with impunity?“ —

”Do you know,“ said the proud Gormaz,
”What half of life is,
Young man?“ — ”Yes,“ said Don Rodrigo,
”And I know it very well."

One half is to honor the noble
And the other,
To punish the arrogant,
With the last drop of blood

To avenge the shame
That has been done." When he had said this,
He looked at the proud count,
who spoke these words to him:

“Well, what do you want, swift youth?”
“I want your head, Count Gormaz,”
said El Cid, “I have vowed it!”
“You want to strike, good child,”

said Don Gormaz, “of a page
You would have deserved.”
O saints of heaven,
How did Cid react to these words!


Tears ran, silent tears
Ran down the old man's cheeks,
who, sitting at his table,
forgot everything around him,

thinking of the disgrace of his house,
thinking of his son's youth,
thinking of his son's dangers
and of his enemy's power.

Joy flees from the dishonored,
Confidence and hope flee;
All return with honor
Joyful and youthful.

Still immersed in deep sorrow,
He does not see Rodrigo coming,
Who, with his sword under his arm
And his hands on his chest,

looks long at his good father,
feeling deep compassion in his heart,
until he approaches him, shaking his right hand
and saying: “Eat, O good old man!”

he says, pointing to the table.
Diego's tears now flowed more freely
His tears flowed more freely: “You, Rodrigo,
Did you say that, did you say those words to me?” —

“Yes, my father! And lift up
Your noble, precious face.”
“Is our honor saved?” —
“Noble father, he is dead.” —

“Sit down, my son Rodrigo,
I will gladly dine with you.
He who could defeat that man

Is the first of his tribe.”

Rodrigo knelt, weeping,
Kissing his father's hands;
Weeping, Don Diego kissed

his son's face.

We see immediately how the dramatic arises in the epic. I wanted to quote these chapters from Herder's “Cid” because they show how one should now practice from the language organism itself. Everything I say is actually meant to be practical.

Then, when one has trained oneself in this way, I would say, in everlasting repetition, to bring things more and more to natural articulation, when one has trained oneself in this way to move from the epic to the dramatic, then it is good to move on to something that stands right on the sharp edge of the dramatic, is already actually inside the dramatic, but still has only a faint hint of epic character, which has already completely disappeared in the dramatic, just as the gesture has disappeared in the word.

And the scene that Lessing attempted to create a “Faust” would be particularly suitable for this. Lessing wanted to write a “Faust,” but he never finished it. He only wrote a few scenes and left behind a plan. But in the scene that is there, one already has something to do with something that is close to the epic, because seven spirits appear in the scene, and in order to understand them, man must also ascend somewhat into the imagination, just as in the epic he must create the essence of the being they represent. And so, in a dialogue with spirits, the essence of the spirit must be more present, which one only has if one imagines it correctly, than the essence of someone who is actually there in dialogue with them must be present in humans. If one then puts oneself completely into the mood that can arise in the soul when one is faced with a spirit and yet is compelled to dramatize the matter, then one finds the transition from the epic to the dramatic to be correct.

We will omit this, because I only want to point out the way, and I don't want to give any recitation rehearsals; Dr. Steiner will do that. Let's consider the dialogue with the other spirits, and initially only the sixth and seventh spirits:

FAUST to the sixth spirit:
Tell me, how fast are you?

THE SIXTH GHOST:
As fast as the avenger's vengeance.

FAUST:
The avenger's? Which avenger's?

THE SIXTH GHOST:
The mighty one, the terrible one, who reserved revenge for himself because revenge gave him pleasure.

FAUST:
Devil! You blaspheme, for I see you trembling. — Quick, you say, like the vengeance of — I almost named him! — No, he shall not be named among us! — Quick would be his vengeance? Quick? — And I still live? And I still sin?

THE SIXTH SPIRIT:
That he still lets you sin is already vengeance!

FAUST:
And that a devil must teach me this! — But only today! No, his vengeance is not swift, and if you are not swifter than his vengeance, then go! —

(The seventh spirit arrives.)

FAUST to the seventh spirit:
How swift are you?

THE SEVENTH SPIRIT:
Unsatisfied mortal, even I am not fast enough for you -

FAUST:
So tell me, how fast?

THE SEVENTH SPIRIT:
No more and no less than the transition from good to evil.

FAUST:
Ha! You are my devil! As fast as the transition from good to evil! - Yes, that is fast; nothing is faster than that! - Away from here, you horrors of Orcus! Away! - As the transition from good to evil! I have experienced how fast it is! I have experienced it!...

You can also see how Lessing succeeded wonderfully in this case in bringing the very lively sensation and the very lively fantasy image of the corresponding spirits into the language of “Faust.” You can already figure this out from the language itself. Language formation does not come about by saying, form this in such a way, form that sound in such a way, form this syllable, form that sentence in such a way, but language formation comes about by practicing the right transitions from the epic through the spirit-dramatic to the material-dramatic. There, the genius of language itself takes you on as a student as you follow its paths. And that is what matters.

You see, it is strange that Lessing comes to mind when exemplifying such a thing. One could say that the things Lessing accomplished, his famous dramas, are not at all at this level. In this scene from Faust, Lessing actually surpasses himself. With the possible exception of the scenes featuring Major Tellheim, nothing in Lessing's dramas is on the same level as this scene from Faust.

But from this you can see how Lessing is led to create through the material, through what is available to him as material. And from this you can already see how it must be in poetry, similar to how it was, for example, with a sculptor like Michelangelo, who sought out the stones for his statues, for his marble statues, himself in the marble quarry. He walked around, looked at each stone, and then found the one from which he could carve some kind of figure. He let nature give him the task for his art. You have to develop a feel for material if you want to be an artist. And that is very clear here with Lessing.

But on the other hand, it also requires us to ensure that the performing artist, the reciting or acting artist, must gain a sense of the extent to which a subject has truly found its corresponding artistic expression. And Lessing succeeds particularly well in this material, which was so dear to his heart that one can only deeply regret that Lessing did not accomplish more with his “Faust”; but it was too difficult for him to shape it completely, because it grew beyond the ordinary Lessing. He could only develop this artistry in moments.

This is particularly noticeable when Lessing depicts a small scene that comes from his immediate experience, entirely from his life, where Lessing himself, having experienced the corresponding thing, is nevertheless rightly said to have been so dry and sober that he never dreamed! Yes, Lessing was a person who never dreamed, so dry and sober was he. His poetry is also like that, not his prose, I mean his poetry. But I would nevertheless like to assert, not according to the poetic image, but according to reality: the scene, the little scene that he still managed to create for his “Faust,” nevertheless stems from an experience that was to a high degree a real waking vision, a waking vision that played a certain role in Lessing's own individual life situations, from which many things originated.

And so we see that Faust, after he has, in a sense, endured the things he had to endure in reminiscence, approaches the spirit world out of his urge to do so, and really does approach it; we see that, after he has immersed himself in the course of spiritual history, he really experiences what Lessing artistically shaped as waking suggestion . We are faced with the situation: a spirit with a long beard rises from the ground, wrapped in a cloak.

SPIRIT:
Who disturbs me? Where am I? Is that not light what I perceive?

FAUST (startled, but composing himself and addressing the spirit):
Who are you? Where do you come from? By whose command do you appear?

SPIRIT:
I was lying and slumbering and dreaming, feeling neither well nor ill; then, as I dreamed, a voice came rushing from afar; it came closer and closer; Bahall! Bahall! I heard, and with the third Bahall I stand here! FAUST: But who are you?

GHOST:
Who am I? Let me think! I am—I have only recently become what I am. I was vaguely aware of this body, these limbs; now (etc.).

FAUST:
But who were you?

GHOST:
Were you?

FAUST:
Yes, who else were you before?

SPIRIT:
Before?

FAUST:
Do you not remember any ideas that preceded this present state and your brooding state?

SPIRIT:
What are you telling me? Yes, now it comes to me. — I have had similar ideas before. Wait, wait, let me see if I can find the thread again.

FAUST:
I will try to help you. What was your name?

GHOST:
My name was — Aristotle. Yes, that was my name. How am I?

Lessing got this far. But you can see at the same time that it is not actually done, it is seen. It is in a short scene. The living human spirit is artistically represented here.

And those who strive to bring this to real life will then find their way to dramatic dialogue. You see, the organs of speech themselves — certainly, one should be aware of them, but when actually drawing oneself into speech formation, one should actually leave the speech organs alone and let the speech organism as such, the objective, extra-human speech organism as such, do its work.

To do this, however, it will be necessary to truly develop a certain feeling for what is artistically and poetically good. But this feeling must come from the deepest human heart, looking toward the future, because the judging power that existed in the past can no longer exist to the same extent in the present and in the near future.

One need only imagine what it meant in bygone cultural epochs when Mass was celebrated not in the national language but in Latin, when, for example, the following was heard:

Our Father, who art in heaven:
Hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come.Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation.
But deliver us from evil.
Amen.

This gave rise to a feeling for speech formation; it could not be spoken without speech formation. These things, which were self-evident in the ancient mysteries, because people were aware that they were in communication with the gods when they spoke, these feelings must be brought out again from the innermost depths of human existence. We must find the possibility not only to think, but to speak inwardly.

I can already say that a scene such as the one Dr. Steiner read aloud in the second lecture, the seventh picture of my first mystery drama, was not formed from thoughts; there was never any inner question: How should one choose a word? Instead, this picture was heard as it is. It was simply heard as it is. There were no thoughts at all, there were only words, and the words heard in the spirit were written down on paper. So it is already experienced as word formation, as word, not as thought.

This is the case with many scenes in this mystery. But one must develop a feeling for such things. One must experience the spiritual vitality of the word, then it will be possible again to feel the genuine artistry of poetic creation.

And both the reciter and the actor must do this. He must be able to say to himself, something is poetic, or something is not poetic. Otherwise, he will come to consider Wildenbruch's dramas poetic. Of course, we must be clear that these things, which we need to know, cannot be immediately transferred to practical work. For apart from the actors, there are also directors who have not come from the theater profession and therefore know nothing about these things; and there is absolutely no feeling for what is poetic.

But if a correct judgment of taste has ever established itself in general taste, then that will be the only way in which things can improve in this direction. Today, we have no sense of taste at all when it comes to the poetic and artistic. That is why the discussions about how this or that should be played began to become downright grotesquely comical in the 1990s, when the most important question was whether Ferdinand in Schiller's “Kabale und Liebe” with his hands in his pockets or whether he should be played like a salon hero. Such discussions did take place. And with that, much of the art of acting has basically been lost.

At that time, it was actually the intellectuals who began to reform the art of acting. It's good when people can think, but if you can't do anything but think, like Otto Brahm, for example, who was also involved in the reformation of the art of acting, then you're simply not qualified to decide anything about the art of acting.

This is how things have come to be, and today we must assert with full awareness that intellectualism is the last thing that should be considered in the art of acting, and artistic sensibility the first. Wolter was truly a great actress. Younger people will not have seen her. For a Brahmin or professor's intellect, she was the most unintelligent person one could possibly experience. But I would have to say this to her credit, not to say anything bad about her. She did eventually pick up a few sparks of intellect, because Count O'Sullivan made an extraordinary effort to teach her. But she was inherently devoid of any intellect. For a certain era, she was indeed an extraordinarily great artist for certain things, namely when her coquetry was muted on stage; that cannot be denied.

I say these things to characterize for you the attitude from which a return to true recitation and acting art must be built. We will continue with this tomorrow.