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The History of Art
GA 292

22 October 1917, Dornach

XII. Greek and Early Christian Art, Symbolic Signs, the Mystery of Gold

Today I will introduce some observations and the way in which these will be presented will appear to be more loosely connected than those of the previous discussions which I have been giving you during these past weeks. Despite the aphoristic form in which I will speak today there is still a part for future considerations; I'm thinking of the next time when it will be possible to come back to some items which were attached to these contemplations in order to arrive at a culmination, a world view tableau, which I believe is necessary now, into which the human being may be placed.

Today I would first like to show through some observations which can't be supported by images—because I don't have images to illustrate this—how within history, within Europe's unfolding evolution during the last two to three centuries the most varied impulses worked together, impulses of a threefold nature. There were of course actually an infinite number of impulses but it is actually sufficient to look at particular elements which are the closest to reality in these impulses.

We live in the 5th post-Atlantean epoch. We stand in this epoch which expresses itself outwardly in many antagonistic and battling impulses these days. We live right inside many things which admonish mankind to be ever more and more awake for what is happening around us. One can say that never in the unfolding of history, as far as it can be researched, is mankind so called upon to wake up. In no other time had mankind shown such sleepiness as in ours. In this 5th post-Atlantean time with its particular impulses which we have come to know through our anthroposophical considerations, there play echoes of the 4th post-Atlantean time into it, but also echoes of the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch. Inside all that is bristling and playing in our present events we can distinguish between various things but today we will focus from a particular viewpoint on three principal impulses, echoes of the 3rd and 4th post-Atlantean epochs and how these work on our present 5th post-Atlantean epoch.

In the 4th post-Atlantic epoch one element asserted itself in particular—here we approach the development in art for our observation—in particular, and most valid, in artistic development's depiction was what there was to be discovered within the human being him- or herself. The Greeks and after them the Romans strived to present time and space as experienced within themselves as part of being human. We know why this is so; we have often considered this. In other cultural forms of the 4th post-Atlantean epoch, the Greek-Latin time, this also revealed itself and we find it expressed particularly in art. As a result, in the Greek time period typical individuals were idealized and particularly elevated in art. One could say the highest, most elevated form which could be found in the sense world were the beautiful people who took on such attractive forms and wandered around at that time, in the most beautiful movements in the widest sense of the word—Hellenism strived to depict them this way. During no other time of earth's development can such a similar striving be found; because each epoch of the earth's evolution has its particular impulse.

Within this representation of the beautiful humanity of the 4th post-Atlantean time was a resonance from the 3rd post-Atlantean time. This echo was not limited to a particular territory but rayed out over the cultural world of the 4th post-Atlantic epoch. Thus one can say: the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch became particularly active by influencing the 4th post-Atlantic epoch and continued to be active, even though it was now a weak echo, in the 5th post-Atlantean epoch.

As Christianity and the Christ impulse spread, it had to deal with these interweaving impulses. Art impulses simply could not unfold in the 3rd post-Atlantean time on the physical plane as was the case in the 4th post-Atlantean time, because even in the 4th the depiction of the physical world was granted through beautiful people, in beauty humanity was created. The 3rd post-Atlantic epoch had to express many more, even if they were atavistic, internalized impulses. In order to bring this about, it had been necessary to reach back to grasp this kind of impulse from the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch, in a certain sense. Thus we see, while the Christ impulse spread through the world, the artistic depiction of beauty within humanity reaches back, and sometimes has an impact which is like a kind of renewal of an impulse from the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch.

The Greek impulse which brought art to such a blossoming, quite within the style and sense of the 4th post-Atlantean epoch, had to preferably be limited to express growing, flowering and thriving. Beauty for the Greeks was never adornment. The idea of embellishment was unknown to the Greeks. The Greek had the idea of everything alive, growing and flourishing. The idea that embellishment could be added was something which came much later into the world again, namely in the continuing cultural development. The idea to which the Greek world was the furthest removed can perhaps be found in the word “elegant”. Elegance was unknown to the Greeks—elegance which the living used to bedeck themselves with adornments so that they would “shine” on the outside—this was unknown to the Greeks. The Greek only knew form and expression as originating from what was alive itself.

The impulses of Christianity also represented death; the Greek epoch mainly represented all that sprouted, grew, and was life-giving. The Cross of Golgotha had to stand opposite Apollo. Yes, this was the great task of humanity, the great artistic work of humanity, to work against death, in other words all that could come from the world beyond because Hellenism regarded ideals sensually represented as its highest accomplishment.

This becomes obvious in all that is juxtaposed in an artistic expression. This is evident when one sees how artistic skill strived to express the beautiful, growing and blossoming, youthful and prosperous people. This artistic skill brought the Greek-Latin time particularly far. One can also see how Hellenism was already growing in the first artistic Christian creations, but how simultaneously these artistic creations struggled with what couldn't be captured in the physical world or dealt with artistically. As a result, we see how the perfection of the representation of youth, vitality and prosperity is placed beside the still clumsy representation of death, eternity, including infinity which is the door to it all.

I have put together two motifs from the ancient Christian art of the first centuries, to illustrate what I'm trying to present. Firstly, the “Good Shepherd”:

Statuette of the Good Shepherd
Statuette of the Good Shepherd (Rome, Lateran Museum)

... a statue to be found in Lateran, in which you can see how the artistic skill is presented in the growing, blossoming and prospering element, the vitality as it grows within the Christian art; if one believes that the Jesus figure is linked to the “Good Shepherd”. Greek art was dedicated to life, dedicated to depicting the world of the senses with the human being as the highest accomplishment of life, who in death will grasp the consciousness which alone will give access to infinity, eternity, and the supernatural. One can see how they tried to adapt this to Apollo, Pallas Athene and Aphrodite who really represented youthful blossoming, growing and thriving, how this development wants to merge with the other form, yet still holding on to the striving in the artistic sense, with death, the infinite, towards the supernatural. This is the echo in art which came out of the sense world and became the magnificent flowering in the 4th post-Atlantic epoch.

Now we take another artwork carved out of wood—coming from about the same time period—the representation of the crosses on Golgotha:

Crucifixion
Crucifixion, (Relief, Wood—a door in Santa Sabina, Rome)

Christ on the cross, between the two thieves.

If you look at it you realize how unskilful it looks in comparison with the previous image. The mystery of Christianity could not be mastered artistically, it still had the work of an entire century ahead. During the very first centuries of Christianity one finds such inadequate representations of the central mystery of Christianity.

One can already say that these things should not be taken up in the sense of false aesthetics or in hostility towards sensory impressions, because the gaze, the soul gaze during the first Christian times was focussed on the mystery of death, which had to be validated in a super-sensory way through knowledge of the Mystery of Golgotha. By believing one is connected to the mystery of Golgotha, it was believed that one could grow into feelings and experiences and see the infinite validity of the human soul which lay behind the door of death. No wonder that as a result, in the field of the most varied cultural forms of worship of the dead during the first centuries this was particularly noticeable in sensitive Christians. So you see why this characteristic style which I want bring into expression is directly linked for you in the Good Shepherd (661) to this “Representation of the Mystery of Golgotha” (662). Thus we see the characteristic style in the artistic creations of the first Christian centuries depicted in reliefs and most of all in the carved reliefs found in sarcophagi. The dead, the remains of the dead, memories of the dead combined in the sarcophagus, are linked to the Mystery of the Dead, this was a profound need of the first sensitive Christians. The secrets of the Old and New Testament were the favoured elements to be depicted on the walls of the sarcophagus. To study the sarcophagus art of the first Christian centuries in particular, means to delve into what was being done in Christianity, to a certain extent the Mystery of Death is also there, where it shows itself in reality: with the sarcophagus, expressed artistically with the mystery of death, it is brought together with the knowledge of the revelation of everlasting life, with biblical mysteries.

Door in Santa Sabina
The door in Santa Sabina, Rome

So we see for example the sarcophagus of the early Christian art:

Sarcophagus of a married couple
Sarcophagus of a married couple, (Lateran Museum), out of the 4th Century.

In the centre is the married couple to which the sarcophagus is dedicated, presented in portraits, then the two rows above and below of biblical scenes from the Old and New Testaments. It starts, as you can see, at the left top with the resurrection of Lazarus. You then see the continuation, to the right of the rounding shell, the sacrifice of Isaac, continuing further one recognises the betrayal by Peter. Below, right, you see for example—they are all biblical figures—here it is unfortunately too small—above and below are Bible scenes. We see what Greek art created up to its culmination, the free standing human figure, which here has to be squashed into reality, but reality connecting this world to the world of the afterlife. So we see the figures lined up. Here we see the free depiction obviously impaired, this impaired composition is exactly what we want to look at in particular. In this example we have for example a sarcophagus configuration, an extraction of the materials in form, as an example of an entire composition pressed into it. Please look carefully, the entire composition is compressed and composed of human forms. Overall we have physical forms: Moses, Peter, the Lord Himself, Lazarus being awakened, Jonah there in the centre; thus we have the composition, possibly reducing spatial depiction, the geometric figural moving back to allow the refinement of human form. I ask you please to particularly consider this because we shall see quite different things in the following sarcophagus. Already here you see that not everything is pressed into the human depiction, these are only one behind another, but look at the centre, below, how in the Jonah scene composition comes very obviously to the fore.

Sarkophag - side
Sarkophag - ends
Sarkophag, (Ravenna, Dom)

The central figure: the Christ. Notice how the two other figures are produced, and behind them the plant motifs on both sides.

Do you remember the very first lecture which I held here in Dornach, in which I tried to show the motifs of the acanthus leaf, how it didn't grow as a copy of nature but came out of geometric form, out of an understanding of guidelines and only later, as I showed, did it adapt itself to the naturalistic acanthus leaf? So we see, like here (667) lines and line ratios build a kind of central theme ... and how to some extent the pictorial, which Hellenism brought to its highest expression, now recedes and becomes threaded into the compositional. We can say we have vertical lines, then two opposing angular lines and a centre. When we draw these lines we start to consider spatial relationships:

Sarkophag - Relationship of directions on sides of sarcophagus

Let us then add two plant motifs and two figures—ostensibly filled with reverence—rushing towards the centre

Sarkophag - Relationship of figures on sides of sarcophagus

We see that it is possible to say that the symbolic image becomes connected with something which can only be suggested as naturalistic because naturalism itself is idealistic: the human figure or even the organic being and the symbol are interwoven and become hardly distinguishable from one another.

We shall see that quite other, quite different motifs will come to meet us in other sarcophagi as for example with the following one.

Sarcophagus, 4th Century
Sarcophagus, 4th Century, (back section of the Exarch Isaac. Ravenna, S. Vitale)

Here we have something quite different. Here we have admittedly also plant motifs; you have the same lines—now not with human beings—but filled in with animals. You have the central motif but this motif itself is symbolic; this motif is a sign, a monogram of Christ, Chi (X) and Rho (P); therefore, Christ construed as the Wheel of Life in the centre. Considered spatially this composition is the same as the one before. Instead of the central Christ figure we have the Christ monogram in the centre; instead of the two figures approaching in reverence, we have animals; and on the sides, plant motifs. Yet, in a remarkable way, we see the image formed here as more complete.

The basis of such a monogram representation is always linked to an ancient view but in today's opinion may appear somewhat bizarre, yet that is the basis of it. You must clearly understand that people had some knowledge, even before atavistic Gnostic wisdom—which only really withered in the 18th Century, some even as late as the 19th century. When you take this presentation (666) then you will easily find yourself entering into the artwork despite the naturalistic drawing: the stone as such—physical; the plant motifs left and right—etheric; the animal motif - astral; and the monogram of Christ in the centre—the indwelling of Christ in the “I”.

When we gaze as such signs, at the imagery, the naturalistic images shown in such signs, we see an interplay coming out of the 3rd into the 4th post-Atlantean epochs. What were the most profound characteristics of the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch? There where it really acted out of its own impulses, this 3rd post-Atlantean epoch mainly strived to find the sign, the actual symbol which works magic. Understand this well: the sign which works magic. The symbolism was there and gave birth to script. Remember how within the Egyptian culture the priest was handed the letters through the god Hermes himself, the revealed words were received from above. These sign were revealed from the supersensible by the sensible. The signs were to reappear as something in the sense world which had come out of the super-sensible as a Christ impulse because the Christ impulse had to speak not merely of outer manifestations but the Christ figure had to represent the embodied Apollo. The Christ impulse had to present the Christ in such a way that it could be said: “In the beginning was the Word” which means that the sign originated in the heights of heaven, and has come down, “and the Word became flesh”.

Thus we need to bring together what lived in the signs as impulses in the 3rd post-Atlantic times with the Christ impulse living in the 4th post-Atlantic time. In Egypt during a relatively earlier time signs could be transformed into script; we see also in northern countries signs in the runes are charged with their own magic, and the rune priests who threw the runes tried to read them, tried to recognise what revelations the runes revealed from spiritual heights. Thus we see the influence of the runes in the 3rd post-Atlantean time, runes which can be found way back in all the centuries before Christendom. This propagated and streamed together with the naturalistic, Hellenic presentation, then already presented out of nature by spiritually beautiful people. Both streams merge. This we can see in the motif (666) as coming together. This is most important here: the grasping of one over the other, the flowing together of the 3rd and 4th post-Atlantean epochs.

Look at the next motif, the “Presentation of the Offerings of the Kings”:

The other longitudinal side of the same sarcophagus
The other longitudinal side of the same sarcophagus

... we see how the expression of the linear lives beside the naturalistic reality.

Let us look at the next sarcophagus motif:

Sarkophagus, Rome
Sarkophagus (Rome, Lateran-Museum)

Once again we have something else, despite the succession of the figures which mainly present a biblical scene, although we have the figures simply in a row we see how an attempt was made in the movement of the linear quality of the figures, how the spatial aspect is expressed. So this again is done in the other way (like 664).

The following motif is from the sarcophagus of the grave of Galla Placidia:

Sarkophagus, Rome
Sarcophagus in Ravenna, Mausoleum.

Here the spatial aspect is expressed to a strong degree yet we only see the same thing we've often encountered before (664, 666), the secret of multiples of five you see expressed here, in the centre is the Lamb this time—one could say the Lamb is supported by others—and once again the plants close off the periphery. In the most diverse ways the spatial artistic element of the 3rd Post-Atlantean time will support Christianity, and again penetrate it, as a support for Christianity. All that comes as sarcophagus art.

I ask you to really hold on to the idea that the basis of these signs was allowed to flow into Christianity, secretively: you have the pentagonal, you have the triangle in the centre, again a sign; besides this you have the line as I explored earlier. Why did Christianity allow these signs to flow into it? Because they saw magic within the signs, magical effects which did not only happen in the naturalistic area where it became blurred, but worked through the supersensible; within the signs a supersensible expression came about.

The next motif:

Sarcophagus in Ravenna - side
Sarcophagus in Ravenna - detail
Sarcophagus in Ravenna - end
Sarcophagus in Ravenna, Saint Apollinaire in Classe.

Here we see the signs again mixed in a particular way with the naturalistic elements: the monogram of Christ in the centre and the two animal figures which you have seen already, on both sides. However, the plant motifs are designed in multiples. Above you can see the sign applied. Here you have signs and naturalistic depictions intermingled, the signs as magic, the signs which originate from the same world if they are depicted meaningfully, which the dead enter at the portal of death. One felt something like this: out of the world into which the dead enter at the portal of death these signs come, they are transformed into script. The naturalistic element however exists there where humanity lives between birth and death.

The next motif is the Miracle of the multiplication of Bread:

Sarcophagus in Arles - front
Sarcophagus in Arles - detail
Sarcophagus front angle, 4th Century (Museum of Arles)

Here in contrast is another way (663, 338) where the mere architectural has inserted the signs.

The following is not a sarcophagus motif but is an ivory carving.

Byzantine Emperor
Relief 6th Century—Byzantine Emperor, part of a diptych, central panel, relief (Paris, Louvre)

With this I want to make a definite point regarding the way the material was worked in the same way it had remained in the art of the 4th post-Atlantean epoch. The manner in which it was created out of the ivory as relief art during the first Christian centuries was a capability of the 4th post-Atlantean time when naturalism was expressed artistically.

The following motif is likewise an ivory carving:

Ivory relief of Mary and the Child
Ivory relief of Mary and the Child (Berlin, Kaiser Friedrich Museum)

Here you already see likewise more signs complimenting the lines as well as the figures and images being applied to the imagery, you can clearly see how it is possible to fill to a certain extent the area into which the figures are threaded, pulled in, how they can be expanded as geometrical figures.

These are, one could say, the backbones which Christianity has brought in the form of the symbolic art of the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch and which we see appearing everywhere.

I have another example out of the Dome in Ravenna:

Sarcophagus of the holy Rinaldus
Sarcophagus of the holy Rinaldus

... in which I can show how completely the motifs are converted by the application of the signs. On the left at the top we have the Christ monogram, below left and right we again have geometrical and figurative motifs, above in a similar fashion the Christ monogram, a simple motif, symmetrical left and right. We can, if we get a bit of help from our imagination, see how a real evolution has taken place from the first to the second motif. Just imagine in the top left under the curvature, the Chi (X) and the Rho (P), the Christ monogram simplified, think of the Chi crossbars simplified and then you arrive at the central motif, top right, as the monogram forming the cross. Imagine the growing together of the monogram at the top left, with the wreath, a mere plant motive of creeper with leaves, and you will come to the animal motif on the left and right. Simultaneously you could imagine the top right motif in a simplified and more elevated configuration as the evolution of the left motif. In the same way the right sided monogram can be a forerunner of the left. Just imagine for a moment the left palm of the monogram configured in these entanglements around the monogram, consider how the left motif is similarly growing here as is apparent in our (Goetheanum) Building, where column motifs develop out of one another; consider the simplified geometric forms more organically depicted, then you have the right side motif as it develops from the left one.

When one goes back into the mysteries of the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch, you find spread all over Europe, from the north and even into America—because there has always been a connection between Scandinavia and America which was only lost for a short while, a few centuries before America was discovered by Spain, much earlier one always sailed from Scandinavia to America; they lost their connection for a short while and it was only re-established after Columbus rediscovered it—one finds, spread out over southern Europe, over North Africa, over familiar regions of Asia, the front area of Asia in particular in the 3rd post-Atlantean epoch of the Mysteries, afterwards some latecomers—one finds the real mystery centres of earlier, of the third post-Atlantean epoch. Here magic and signs were spoken about in particular. What Egyptian mythology related in regard to the priesthood of Hermes are the outer exoteric echoes of the esoteric elements in the Mysteries regarding the magic of signs, which was learnt in northern lands as the magic of the runes. This was the magic which came, on the one side, from a spiritual side, from magic which was used to try and form signs which came forth purely out of the spiritual realm and to some extent permeate this realm of signs by human will in order to create particular signs into which the forces of the supernatural would be poured.

This was not the only place where magic was searched for. It is very significant that magic was looked for on the other side, one could say, in the supernatural. Isn't it true that the naturalistic as well as art was simultaneously spiritual for the Greeks? In supernatural signs magic was searched for which merely lay within the signs themselves. However, magic was also sought in sub-nature. Besides the mysteries which speaks about the runes and signs in olden times, there were other mysteries which spoke about other riddles regarding sub-nature. This sub-nature one discovers in quite particular products when one looks for them mainly under the surface of the earth. If one goes above then one meets the gods in the heights who give sense to the signs, where the supersensible works as magic, then it is possible to grasp it in the sensual sense and unite it artistically. If one goes however into sub-nature, into the inner earth, one finds a kind of magic held there.

Among the manifold magical things, one sought in particular for the identification of two riddles. If we today express the knowledge of these two riddles, we could say that in the secret mysteries the riddle of gold was well kept, as it is sought in the veins of the earth, and also the riddle of gemstones. This sounds extraordinary but it really correlates historic fact. The magic of the signs was particularly connected to the church. In the 3rd post-Atlantean time they sought to incorporate magic into the signs. The magic of gold—where in particular it is formed as it appears in nature—and then the magic of gemstones which bring light into what had been dark, where light is held in something material, material which was held in darkness—this didn't enter into the priesthood but gave itself into the profaneness of humankind who stood outside the church.

So it happened that out of certain impulses which were very, very old—when liberated town culture established itself in art which I have just recently explained, as everywhere the liberated town teachings developed, that these liberated town developments came to the surface -the joy of gemstones, the joy of gold, the delight in gold processing and the delight in precious stone application came through as waves in the spiritual life. Just as the church wanted to bring signs out of the heights of heaven so from the depths of the earth came the secret of gold and the secret of the gemstones as part of the liberated town culture. Not just by coincidence, but through deep historic necessity the art of the goldsmith developed and I would like to say, only as an annexure to the goldsmith art, other metal art grew out of the desires of town culture, by applying gemstones, because gold and gemstones contained magic, a magic from below in nature that should be loosened and spread before the senses.

Still today an echo of this urban working with gold and gemstones can be seen in art, as founded by the Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim. In Hildesheim, situated in the midst of northern Europe's centre one sees many such works of art—otherwise also available but particularly concentrated there—where gemstones are incorporated into the most delicate artistic metallic works of art.

Bernward of Hildesheim

The Bernward Cross
The Bernward Cross (Hildesheim, Church of Magdalene)
The Bernward Cross -rear
The Bernward Cross, rear view
The Bernward Chandelier
The Bernward Chandelier (Hildesheim, Church of Magdalene)
Cover to one of the Gospels
Cover to one of the Gospels (Hildesheim, Dome)

In Hildesheim it comes across to one as phenomenally important in its ancient form. It spread out, and actually this which I have pointed out as appearing and blossoming particularly because Central European impulses are also found in Italian cities. Basically the art of the goldsmith in Florence and what was designed by later goldsmiths to become the great art in the arena of sculptural relief and sculpture as such, dates back to this same origin. These things are interlinked in the most manifold ways.

Now consider the following. I had said that in the 9th Century when the church of Rome and the papacy had a different understanding than later, of what actually had to happen in the western world, from a certain viewpoint I represented this, how from the 9th Century onward forces in Rome, which one could say rose from below and became valid, how these laws from Rome became systemized just like laws originating from the spiritual world should have been included. On the one side Rome can seem thus: from the South rose the magic and sign world which came from above but with a focus towards the North where liberated town culture was being developed, focussing towards the North where joy grew in the secret of gold, in the secret of gemstones. However, this northern influence had already produced something out of its old mysteries, which necessarily had connections through the mysteries to, on the one side, the mystery of gemstones—this we can leave out of the game today—and on the other side, connections to the mystery of gold. Christianity didn't simply develop out of a single impulse and impulses also worked against Christianity. Just as it was opposed in the South by the magic of signs, so in the North it was opposed by the world of Central European legends and out of the North incorporated by the great gold mystery, as illustrated.

With the gold mystery the figure of Siegfried is connected, who looted gold and perished through the tragedy of gold. Everything which is connected to the Siegfried figure is related to the mystery of gold. The theme that gold and its magic only belong to the supersensible world is like a red thread throughout the Nibelungenlied, gold is not to be dedicated to the sense world.

If one considers it in this way, then your mind understands the deepest mystery of gold. What did Siegfried's friend tell him? What does the Nibelungenlied say? What is its great teaching? Offer the gold to the dead! Leave it to the supersensible realm; in the sensible world it makes mischief.

That was the teaching which propagated through Christianity in the northern countries. This is what was understood in Rome during the great synthesis taking place between Roman elements of the 9th Century in the northern European areas when within art it united with what rose from the one side out of signs and on the other side from symbols added into the gold and gemstone work. How beautiful this confluence of symbol-rich art and gold-gemstone art is during the 8, 9, 10, 11, 12th centuries. Everywhere we see this ancient Christian art of symbols. By connecting other impulses, we see the incorporation of the symbols into the working of the gold and gems.

This was now systematically sought in Rome, but was also prepared for in Europe. As a result in the early days we see, rising from the south, the Christian traditions in a form that even in a non-pictorial, purely by word-of-mouth form, the symbols moved and worked. The heathens coming from the North were heralds of everything worldly, embellished, and ornamental, linking the magic of the symbols to the sub-nature. By associating the cross of the South with the gold and gems of the North which originated in the heathen mysteries, just like the symbol of the cross itself out of the mysteries is applied to the Mystery of Golgotha, so we see three impulses combining: the naturalistic depiction of spiritualised nature taking the Greek power of form from the 4th post-Atlantean epoch, and the other two impulses: the symbol of the magic in signs, and the magic of sub-nature, of gold and gems.

Yes, to find the preparation of ancient times in the historic development of becoming, the further back we need to go. Our time is already in the epoch in which, I might say, everything battles with the human being, in order for him to learn and not remain sleepy by gazing into the present, but that lively impulses of evolution are really grasped, otherwise he might nevermore be forced to see how chaotic the present has become.

Today I have the opportunity, but in the near future this opportunity might not be so, to show you how, by the art influenced by the South being brought towards the North, that a particularly strong motif is expressed by the merging of the animalistic and human. In earlier time this started to appear and later became seen as the interworking of darkness and light. Out of the figurative dark animalistic realm the bright human form rises in the relationship of the dragon with Michael, and so on, also seen in other compilations of the animal and human. This becomes the light-dark artistic expression later. All these things are interconnected. Much, very much has to be spoken about if one wants to show the artistic expression of this interworking between the olden and newer times, this penetration of the naturalistic heathen impulses with the Christian impulses, which however, to be valid, has to renew the old magical motifs, now to have this magic in the old heathen sense undressed and lifted up into the real spiritual world.

This was known particularly in the 9, 10, 11, 12, 13th centuries. It was then known that the ancient heathen elements had become obsolete, but lots remained behind—yet these elements had become old—and that the young Christianity of that time had to work into this, was known. This we meet in literature, in art, in the creation of legends, everywhere. I have already often pointed this out, how present time humanity has become completely lost to the idea of spirituality working in outer reality. In the 5th post-Atlantean time when materialism is written on people's banners, this idea has nearly become lost completely. People are unable to imagine the streaming in of the spiritual, of the meaningful elements in pure naturalism, in pure matter. As a result, the gradual dying of the heathen and the gradual becoming of the Christ impulse in European culture is considered, at best, in abstract terms. In the 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13th centuries this was not the case. Then one presented it, if a representation was wanted at all, in such a way that the soul and outer corporeality were considered simultaneously as outside of the human being in history and in natural events. Everywhere one looks at the physical geographical surroundings something spiritual is simultaneously expressed. Hence much in the prophetic line came to be seen in these ideas.

People at present, if they do not only want to have superficial feelings but have a heart for the monstrous events taking place in our time, cannot today think of the Nibelungen legend without seeing prophetic depths within it. Whoever understands the Nibelungen legend in its depths, feel prepared for all the terrible events which flash through the present. By thinking in the same way in which thoughts are shaped in the Nibelungenlied, one thinks in a prophetic manner because then thoughts are formed through the mystery of gold. Hagan allowing the Nibelungen treasure, the gold treasure, to sink into the Rhine, was a prophetic idea at the time the Nibelungen saga was created and is experienced as deeply tragic in view of the future, on all that the Rhine will become as a cause for antagonistic impulses against the future. At that time the outer geographic natural world was not regarded as soulless, but was seen in connection with the soul, in every breath of wind was a soul quality, in every flowing stream something of a soul. At that time, it was also really known in what sense the purely materialistic reference meant regarding “the old Rhine River”. What is the Rhine actually in a materialistic sense? It is the water of the Rhine. What flows in it these days will in future be somewhere else. The water of the Rhine is actually not really something one can call the old Rhine, and one does not usually think of the mere coincidence of the earth. All that is matter flows on, it doesn't remain. In olden times external matter was given no thought, other than everything being an illusion; it was not believed that external events were merely embedded in the flow of what was described as naturalistic. Whatever was external was simultaneously a soul expression permeating physical existence. For this reason and particularly during this time it was a necessity to allow the old heathendom to dissolve and allow the new introduction of the Christian impulse—that was necessary in Europe in the later centuries—there people tried to think soulfully about geography, making geography plausible to the soul, the heart, to the mind.

Let us look at the example of the Odilienberg there in the Vosges and see the Christian monastery of Odile, to whose father, the pagan Duke, she was born blind; we see on this site the pagan walls of the Christian monastery. These pagan walls are nothing other than the remainders of old pagan mysteries. We see a merging of dying paganism and the rise of the Christ impulse at this geographic location. We see this expressed in the myth with remnants of the own pagan ancestry imposed by Odile being blind but who becomes inwardly, spiritually seeing through the Priest of Regensburg, through a Christ impulse. We see a working together in Regensburg a blossoming later as in the great fruitfulness of Albertus Magnus, we see it blooming, we see it instilling the Christ impulse in the eyes of Odile whose pagan ancestors had blinded her. We see geographically at this place the telescoping of the Christian light into the old pagan darkness. We see this as the basis imposed by Rome: take up the gold, but bring the gold as offering from the realms of the supersensible. Let the gold enter into that, of which the Cross is a sign! In our time we see by contrast, the flood of gold taken up by the senses as it was brought into expression in the old heathen legends.

We see how time takes a stand of opposition to the supersensible light contrasted by the gold. Siegfried was drawn to Isenland to fetch the Nibelungen gold. The Nibelungen gold he brought was offered to the Christ impulse. This Christ impulse dared not turn pagan again!

Oh, one could use many, many fiery words, as human words are, to really depict the terrible sense of this time. This time is filled with signs. During this time human ears unfortunately wanted to hear very little. The first year of chaos arrived - and it was believed that it would soon be the past. They didn't want to listen to the deep powers moving within this chaos - also into the second, the third year—and also now. Firstly, when this adored gold can be eroded, will people have ears to hear that no ordinary tools can be found which are so needed during this time, tools brought over from the past, but that it is only possible with the forces of renewal brought about from within the flowing Christ impulse, which in many cases had already been forgotten as Christ impulses. In no other way could these things improve than if as many people as possible decided to learn from the spirit.

Let us look for once at the manner in which earlier humanity comprehended things, even thinking of the direction of the wind not in a materialistic sense but that the windsock was inspired, ensouled by the region with, on the one side, the Odilienberg and on the other side, Regensburg. It was the same with other places.

Learn once again how humanity experienced not mere air moving over the earth but that there is spirit above the earth, spirit which must be searched for; that beneath the earth there is not only stuff which they could take out with the aid of material tools, but that which was to be unearthed from the sub nature had to be offered up to the super-sensory. To understand mankind again, that is the mystery of gold! Not only spiritual science teaches this but this can also be learnt through the real understanding of the history of art in a spiritual sense. Oh, how terrible it is to see how the present day humanity wait day after day and do not want to understand the necessity to grasp the new; that they make no progress through old, worn-out imaginations. More about this again at another time.

12. Altchristliche Plastik, Sarkophage und Reliefe Bernward Von Hildesheim

Nachklänge dreier Hauptimpulse des dritten und vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraums, zusammenwachsend in der Zeit der Städtekultur zur Gold-Edelsteinkunst und fortwirkend im fünften Zeitraum:

Ich werde heute einige Betrachtungen einfügen, die so, wie sie heute gegeben werden sollen, in einem loseren Zusammenhang werden zu stehen scheinen mit den fortlaufenden Auseinandersetzungen, die ich in diesen Wochen hier gebe. Allein, trotz der aphoristischen Form, in der ich heute sprechen werde, ist das, was ich heute meine, dennoch ein Stück zu den fortlaufenden Betrachtungen, und ich denke dann in der nächsten Zeit, wenn dann noch Vorträge möglich sein sollten, zurückzukommen auf mancherlei, was angeschlagen worden ist in diesen Betrachtungen, um dann zu kommen zu einer Gipfelung, zu einem Weltanschauungs-Tableau so, wie ich glaube, daß es in der Gegenwart notwendig ist, wenigstens wo man kann, es vor die Menschen hinzustellen.

Ich möchte heute erst durch ein paar Bilder, dann durch ein paar Betrachtungen, die ich nicht durch Bilder unterstützen kann, weil ich die Bilder nicht hier habe, zeigen, wie innerhalb des Werdeganges, innerhalb der Evolution Europas im Laufe, man kann sagen der letzten zwei bis drei Jahrtausende zusammengewirkt haben die mannigfaltigsten Impulse, Impulse namentlich dreifacher Art. Es sind natürlich in Wirklichkeit eine unendliche Fülle von Impulsen; allein es genügt schon, wenn man für bestimmte Elemente der Wirklichkeit die nächstliegenden Impulse ins Auge faßt.

Wir leben in der fünften nachatlantischen Zeit. Wir stehen in demjenigen Zeitalter dieser fünften nachatlantischen Zeit, in dem sich äußerlich ausprägt vieles von dem, was an Antagonismen, an Kampfimpulsen in diesem fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum zutage treten wird. Wir leben auch innerhalb von vielem, was die Menschheit ermahnen sollte, immer wachsamer und wachsamer zu sein auf das, was vor sich geht. Denn man kann sagen: kaum eine Zeit in der weltgeschichtlichen Entwickelung, soweit diese verfolgt werden kann, mahnte so sehr zur Wachsamkeit. In keinem aber hat sich die Menschheit so sehr schläfrig erwiesen wie in unserem. In diese fünfte nachatlantische Zeit mit ihren ganz besonderen Impulsen, die wir ja zum Teil gut kennen aus unseren anthroposophischen Betrachtungen, spielen herein die Nachklänge des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, aber auch noch die Nachklänge des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes. Nun können wiir innerhalb alles dessen, was da brodelt und spielt im gegenwärtigen Geschehen, Verschiedenes unterscheiden; aber wir werden uns heute eben auf die drei hauptsächlichsten Impulse, die die Nachklänge sind des dritten und vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, und auf die gegenwärtig wirkenden des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraumes von einem gewissen Gesichtspunkte aus beschränken.

Im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum hat sich ja ganz besonders geltend gemacht - und hier kommt es uns bei diesen Betrachtungen auf die künstlerische Entwickelung an -, es hat sich insbesondere geltend gemacht auf dem Gebiete der künstlerischen Entwickelung die Darstellung desjenigen, was der Mensch in sich selber finden kann. Der Grieche und nach ihm der Römer, sie waren bestrebt, das im Raum und in der Zeit darzustellen, was der Mensch in sich selber als ganzer Mensch erlebt. Wir wissen, warum das so ist; wir haben das öfter dargestellt. In den anderen Kulturformen des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit, kommt das auch zum Ausdruck; aber insbesondere tritt es uns auch entgegen bei der Kunst. Daher steht in diesem Zeitalter innerhalb der griechischen Kunst die Darstellung des Menschen, des idealisierten, des typisierten Menschen so ganz besonders hoch. Man kann sagen: Das Höchste, was Sinneswelt hervorbringen kann, das Höchste, was Sinneswelt aus sich herausarbeiten kann, den schönen Menschen, im Raum sich ausdehnend in schönen Formen, wandelnd in der Zeit, in schönen Bewegungen im weitesten Sinne des Wortes — das Griechentum suchte ihn darzustellen. Nicht eine andere Zeit in der Erdenentwickelung kann ein Ähnliches anstreben; denn für jede Zeit in der Erdenentwickelung sind besondere Impulse da.

Nun schiebt sich aber fortwährend in diese Darstellung der schönen Menschlichkeit im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum das hinein, was Nachklang ist des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes. Das ist nicht auf ein gewisses Territorium beschränkt, sondern das ist über die Kulturwelt des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes ausgedehnt, so daß man sagen kann: Was im dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum besonders wirksam geworden ist, das bleibt wirksam im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, und bleibt auch noch wirksam, obwohl nur schwach anklingend, im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum.

Das Christentum, der Christus-Impuls, als er sich ausbreitete, mußte mit diesen Faktoren, mit diesem Ineinanderspielen der Impulse rechnen. Nicht konnte der dritte nachatlantische Zeitraum in der Kunst ebenso Impulse entfalten, die sich ganz auf dem physischen Plan befinden, wie der vierte nachatlantische Zeitraum. Denn eben dem vierten war es ganz besonders gegönnt, das herauszugestalten, was die physische Welt im schönen Menschen hervorbringt, in der Schönheit des Menschen hervorbringt. Der dritte nachatlantische Zeitraum mußte mehr, wenn auch atavistisch, verinnerlichte Impulse heraussetzen. Dafür aber mußte in einem gewissen Sinne das Christentum zurückgreifen auf diesen Impuls des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes. Und so sehen wir denn, daß, als der Christus-Impuls sich durch die Welt ausdehnt, künstlerisch die Darstellung der Schönheit des Menschen zurückgeht und etwas einschlägt, was wie eine Art Erneuerung der Impulse des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes ist.

Denn dieses Griechentum, das es in der Kunst eben zu solcher Blüte gebracht hat, dieses Griechentum, ganz im Stil und Sinn des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, es mußte sich vorzugsweise darauf beschränken, darzustellen alles Wachsende, alles Blühende, alles Gedeihende. Schönheit war bei den Griechen nie Schmuck. Den Begriff des Schmückens hat der Grieche nicht gekannt. Er hat dafür den Begriff gehabt des Herauswachsens des Lebendigen aus dem Gedeihen. Daß man etwas anbringen kann, um eine Sache auszuschmücken, das ist etwas, was erst später wieder in die Welt gekommen ist, nämlich durch die fortlaufende Kulturentwickelung. Ein Begriff, der dem Griechentum so fern wie möglich war, ist der, welcher sich in das Wort «elegant» einschließt. Eleganz kannten die Griechen nicht; Eleganz, welche das Lebendige mit dem Schmückenden überzieht, um es nach außen «scheinen» zu lassen, das kannten die Griechen nicht. Die Griechen kannten nur Formen, nur Ausdrücke, welche aus dem Lebendigen selber hervorgehen.

Das Christentum mußte mit seinen Impulsen hineinstellen in diese Welt, in die das Griechentum vorzugsweise das Gedeihende, das Wachsende, das Lebenfördernde hineingestellt hat, den Tod. Das Kreuz von Golgatha mußte dem Apollo gegenübergestellt werden. Ja, das war eine große Arbeit der Menschheit, eine große künstlerische Arbeit der Menschheit: entgegenzuarbeiten dasjenige, was der Tod, das heißt die jenseitige Welt, geben kann, nachdem das Griechentum die diesseitige Welt zur höchsten Blüte des sensualistischen Ideales herausgearbeitet hatte.

Das zeigt sich auch im Nebeneinanderstehen desjenigen, was künstlerisch zum Ausdruck kommt. Das zeigt sich, wenn man sieht, wie das künstlerische Können in der Formung des schönen, des wachsenden, blühenden, jugendlichen, gedeihenden Menschen zum Ausdruck kommt. Darin hat es ja das künstlerische Können der griechisch-lateinischen Zeit besonders weit gebracht. Man kann auch sehen, wie das Griechische noch hineinwächst in die ersten christlichen künstlerischen Schöpfungen, wie aber zugleich diese künstlerischen Schöpfungen ringen dann, das, was nicht sich in die Sinneswelt hereinbannen läßt, künstlerisch zu bewältigen. Daher sehen wir, wie die Vollkommenheit in der Darstellung von Jugend, Lebendigkeit, Gedeihen sich hinstellt neben die noch ungeschickten Darstellungen des Todes, der die Ewigkeit, die Unendlichkeit in sich schließt und das Tor zu ihr ist.

Ich habe zwei Motive zusammengestellt aus der altchristlichen Kunst der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, die Ihnen das, was ich damit meine, veranschaulichen sollen, zuerst die Darstellung des «Guten Hirten»,

661 Der gute Hirte, Statuette, 3. Jh.

eine Plastik, die sich im Lateran befindet, an der Sie sehen können, wie das künstlerische Vermögen, das Wachsende, Blühende, Gedeihende darzustellen, das Lebendige, wie das hineinwächst in die christliche Kunst; wenn man auch eigentlich die Jesusgestalt mit dem «Guten Hirten» meint. Die griechische Kunst, sie war dem Leben gewidmet, sie war dem gewidmet, was sich aus der Sinnenwelt herausarbeitet bis herauf zum Menschen, der die höchste Stufe des Lebens darstellt, aber im Tode ergreift er ein Bewußtsein, das ihm allein den Zugang gibt zur Unendlichkeit, zur Ewigkeit, zum Übersinnlichen. Wir sehen, wie sich anpassen will das, was früher nur Apollo, Pallas Athene, Aphrodite dargestellt hat, was dargestellt hat eben das Jugendlich-Blühende, Wachsende, Gedeihende, wie das hineinwachsen will in ein anderes, auffassen will noch dasjenige, was hinstrebt durch die künstlerische Bewältigung des Todes nach dem Unendlichen, nach dem Übersinnlichen in einer solchen Gestalt. Es ist der Nachklang der Kunst, die aus der Sinnlichkeit heraus arbeitete und zur besonderen Blüte gekommen ist im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraume.

Und nun fassen wir, aus fast derselben Zeit stammend, ein anderes Bildwerk - aus Holz geschnitzt - ins Auge, eine Darstellung des Kreuzes von Golgatha:

662 Kreuzigungsrelief an der Holztür von Santa Sabina, Rom, 5. Jh.

Christus am Kreuze, zwischen den beiden Schächern. Sehen wir uns an, wie ungeschickt das da neben dem ersten (661) aussieht. Was als das Mysterium des Christentums hereingekommen ist, das kann noch nicht künstlerisch bezwungen werden; das hat noch eine jahrhundertelange Arbeit vor sich. In den allerersten Jahrhunderten des Christentums tritt uns erst eine so ungeschickte Darstellung des Mittelpunkts-Mysteriums des Christentums entgegen.

Man kann schon sagen, obwohl man diese Dinge nicht im Sinne einer falschen Asketik oder einer falschen Sinnlichkeits-Feindschaft auffassen muß: Der Blick, der Seelenblick der ersten christlichen Zeit war hin gerichtet nach dem Geheimnis des Todes, das sich Ja in seiner übersinnlichen Geltung enthüllen sollte durch die Erkenntnis des Mysteriums von Golgatha. Indem man sich verbunden glaubte mit dem Mysterium von Golgatha, glaubte man auch hineinzuwachsen in das, was man zu fühlen und zu empfinden hatte, um hinter das Tor des Todes nach der ewigen Geltung der Menschenseele zu sehen. Kein Wunder daher, daß auf dem Gebiete der mannigfaltigsten Kulturformen der Kultus des Todes in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten bei den fühlenden Christen ganz besonders zu beobachten ist. Und so sehen wir denn diesen Duktus, den ich dadurch habe zum Ausdruck bringen wollen, daß ich Ihnen den Guten Hirten (661) unmittelbar zusammenstellte mit dieser «Darstellung des Mysteriums von Golgatha» (662). So sehen wir denn diesen Duktus des künstlerischen Schaffens in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten besonders auch in den Reliefplastiken und überhaupt Plastiken, welche wir an Sarkophagen finden. Den Toten, den Überresten der Toten, der Erinnerungen an die Toten, die in den Sarkophag gefaßt werden, beizugeben, was mit dem Mysterium des Todes zusammenhing, das war ein tiefes Bedürfnis der ersten fühlenden Christen. Die Geheimnisse, die die Bibel darstellt im Alten und Neuen Testament, das war es, was man insbesondere gern an den Wänden der Sarkophage zum Ausdruck brachte. Die Sarkophag-Kunst in den ersten christlichen Jahrhunderten besonders zu studieren, heißt, sich überhaupt zu vertiefen in dasjenige, was das Christentum tat, um gewissermaßen das Mysterium des Todes auch da, wo es sich in der Wirklichkeit zeigt - am Sarkophag -, künstlerisch auszudrücken, um zusammenzubringen dieses Mysterium des Todes mit demjenigen, was Kunde, Offenbarung des ewigen Lebens sein sollte: mit den biblischen Geheimnissen.

So sehen wir zum Beispiel hier einen Sarkophag der ersten christlichen Kunst:

663 Sarkophag eines Ehepaares, Frontseite, 4. Jh.

In der Mitte oben das Ehepaar, dem der Sarkophag gewidmet ist, in Porträts angebracht; dann zwei Reihen oben und unten biblische Szenen des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Es beginnt, wie Sie sehen, links oben mit der Auferweckung des Lazarus. Sie sehen dann weiter fortlaufend, rechts von der Muschelrundung, die Opferung des Isaak; weiter fortlaufend kann man erkennen den Verrat des Petrus. Sie sehen dann unten rechts zum Beispiel - es sind lauter biblische Figuren des Alten und Neuen Testamentes - das Quellenwunder des Moses. Und so haben Sie lauter biblische Figuren - es ist hier leider etwas zu klein -, oben und unten Szenen aus der Bibel. Wir sehen, das, was die griechische Kunst bis zur Vollendung geschaffen hat, die freistehende menschliche Figur, das muß hier hineingepreßt werden in das, was Wirklichkeit ist, aber Wirklichkeit, die Diesseits und Jenseits miteinander verbindet. Und so sehen wir aufgereiht gewissermaßen die Figuren. Wir sehen dadurch die freie Gestaltung beeinträchtigt selbstverständlich; dieses beeinträchtigte Kompositionelle ist es, auf das wir ganz besonders das Augenmerk richten wollen. Und wir haben gerade an diesem Beispiel einer Sarkophag-Ausgestaltung, eines Herausarbeitens des Materials in Formen, ein Beispiel, wie die ganze Komposition hineingepreßt wird. Also bitte, fassen wir das gut auf: Die ganze Komposition wird hineingepreßt, wird hineingestaltet in menschliche Bildung. Überall haben wir menschliche Gestaltung: Moses, Petrus, den Herrn selber, Lazarus, der auferweckt wird, Jonas dort in der Mitte; also wir haben die Komposition, möglichst zurücktretend die Raumausgestaltung, das Geometrisch-Figurale zurücktretend gegenüber der Ausgestaltung der menschlichen Gestalt. Das bitte ich Sie ganz besonders zu berücksichtigen; denn wir werden sehen, daß bei dem nächsten Sarkophag ganz andere Dinge mitspielen. Schon hier sehen Sie, daß nicht alles kompositionell gewissermaßen hineingepreßt wird in menschliche Bildungen und diese nur hintereinander aufgereiht werden, sondern Sie sehen in der Mitte unten, in der Jonas-Szene, schon die Komposition stark hervortreten.

664 Sarkophag des hl. Rinaldus, Frontseite, 5. Jh.

Die Mittelfigur: der Christus. Beachten Sie, wie die beiden anderen Figuren sich so herstellen, und dahinter die Pflanzenmotive zu beiden Seiten.

Erinnern Sie sich an den allerersten Vortrag, den ich hier in Dornach gehalten habe, wo ich versuchte zu zeigen das Motiv des Akanthusblattes, wie das nicht aus der Nachahmung der Natur entstanden ist, sondern aus der geometrischen Form heraus, aus dem Verständnis der Linienführung heraus und erst später, wie ich gezeigt habe, sich angepaßt hat an das naturalistische Akanthusblatt. So sehen wir, wie hier (664) die Linien und Linien-Verhältnisse eine Art von Hauptsache bilden und wie gewissermaßen das Bildnerische, dasjenige, worinnen es das Griechentum zur höchsten Blüte gebracht hat, zurücktritt, gewissermaßen hineingefädelt wird in das Kompositionelle. Wir können sagen: Wir haben hier außen vertikale Linien, dann zwei gegeneinander geneigte schiefe Linien und eine Mitte. Wenn wir aufzeichnen würden diese Linien, so würden wir den Raumgedanken haben:

02

Dann setzen wir in diese Linien hinein zwei Pflanzenmotive und zwei gewissermaßen in Ehrfurcht gegen die Mitte zuströmende Gestalten:

03

Wir sehen, daß hier, wir könnten sagen das symbolische Zeichen sich verbindet mit demjenigen, was naturalistisch allein nachgeahmt werden kann, weil es selber im Naturalismus das Idealistische birgt: Die menschliche Figur oder überhaupt das Organisch-Wesenhafte und das Zeichen, das geht hier ineinander, so daß man es kaum voll unterscheiden kann. Wir werden sehen, daß noch anderes, ganz anderes uns entgegentritt bei anderen SarkophagMotiven, zum Beispiel bei dem dritten Sarkophag:

666 Sarkophag des Exarchen Isaak, Rückseite, 4. Jh.

Hier haben Sie schon etwas anderes. Hier haben Sie allerdings auch die Pflanzenmotive; Sie haben dieselben Linien — jetzt nicht mit menschlichen Wesen - ausgefüllt mit tierischen Wesen. Sie haben das Mittelmotiv; aber das Mittelmotiv ist selbst symbolisch; das Mittelmotiv ist ein Zeichen, das Monogramm Christi, Chi (X) und Rho (P); also Christus, als Lebensrad aufgefaßt, in der Mitte. Eigentlich räumlich, kompositionell ist dieses Sarkophag-Motiv dasselbe wie das vorhergehende. Wir haben statt der Christus-Figur in der Mitte das Christus-Monogramm; statt der beiden Menschen, die ehrfurchtsvoll sich nahen, die Tiere; wir haben an den Seiten die Pflanzenmotive. Aber wir sehen merkwürdigerweise das Zeichen hier noch völliger ausgebildet.

Solchen Monogramm-Darstellungen liegt immer eine alte Anschauung zugrunde, die natürlich, wenn man sie heute ausspricht, etwas grotesk erscheint; aber sie liegt doch dem zugrunde. Sie müssen sich klar darüber sein, daß man eben früher aus der atavistisch-gnostischen Weisheit manches gewußt hat, was eigentlich erst ganz zugrunde gegangen ist im 18. Jahrhundert, manches sogar erst im 19. Jahrhundert. Wenn Sie diese Darstellung (666) nehmen, so werden Sie leicht finden, daß Sie, trotzdem es natürlich in die Zeichnung, in das Kunstwerk hineingegangen ist, haben: zunächst den Stein als solchen physisch; die Pflanzenmotive links und rechts - ätherisch; das Tiermotiv astralisch; und das Monogramm des Christus in dem Zirkel - das Einwohnen des Christus in dem Ich.

Wenn wir solche Zeichen ins Auge fassen und das, was an dem Bildnerischen, an dem Naturalistisch-Bildnerischen erscheint als solche Zeichen, dann haben wir das, was hereinspielt in diesen vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum aus dem dritten. Denn was war das tiefste Eigentümliche des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes? — Da, wo er so richtig durch seine eigenen Impulse wirkte, dieser dritte nachatlantische Zeitraum, da war es ihm hauptsächlich darum zu tun, das Zeichen zu finden, das Zeichen, welches Zauber wirkt. Fassen Sie das wohl auf: das Zeichen, welches Zauber wirkt. Das Zeichen ist es ja, aus dem die Schrift entsteht. Erinnern Sie sich, wie innerhalb der ägyptischen Kultur der Priester durch den Gott Hermes selber die Buchstaben, die Worte als von oben herab geoffenbart empfängt. Das Zeichen ist es, durch das das Übersinnliche hereinspielt in das Sinnliche. Das Zeichen muß wiedererscheinen als das, was in die Sinneswelt hereinwirkt aus dem Übersinnlichen, als der Christus-Impuls kommt. Denn der ChristusImpuls muß selber sprechen nicht bloß von dem, was äußerlich auszugestalten ist; der Christus-Impuls kann nicht bloß die Christus-Figur hinstellen wie den verkörperten Apollo, der Christus-Impuls muß den Christus so hinstellen, daß er sagen kann: «Im Urbeginne war das Wort», das heißt dasjenige, was im Zeichen aus himmlischen Höhen heruntergekommen ist, «und das Wort ist Fleisch geworden».

So muß sich verbinden das, was im Zeichen lebt als der Impuls des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, der noch hereinragt in den vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum, mit dem Christus-Impuls. So wie wir in Ägypten finden, daß sich in verhältnismäßig früher Zeit das Zeichen zur Schrift umgestaltet, so sehen wir auch in den nordischen Ländern das Zeichen in den Runen noch mit seinem Zauber behaftet, und der Runen-Priester, der die Runen wirft, er versucht in dem, was das Zeichen enthüllt, zu erkennen, was sich aus geistigen Höhen offenbart. Da sehen wir auch im Norden den dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum tätig, und wir würden Runen weit, weit zurück finden in all den Jahrhunderten vor dem Christentum. Das pflanzt sich fort, das strömt zusammen mit dem, was aus dem Griechentum heraus in der naturalistischen Darstellung des schon von der Natur spirttualisierten schönen Menschen gegeben ist. Beide Dinge strömen zusammen. Und in dem Motiv (666) können wir sie zusammenströmen sehen. Das ist das Bedeutungsvolle: dieses Übereinandergreifen, dieses Zusammenfließen des dritten und vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes.

Wenn Sie das nächste Motiv, die «Darbringung des Opfers der Könige» sich ansehen,

667 Sarkophag des Exarchen Isaak, Frontseite, 4. Jh.

so werden Sie sehen, wie da Linienausgestaltung lebt neben der Darstellung

des Naturalistisch-Wirklichen.

Wir wollen nun das nächste Sarkophag-Motiv betrachten:

668 Sarkophag, Frontseite, 5. Jh.

Da haben wir wiederum das andere: Obwohl in der Aneinanderreihung dieser Figuren, die uns ja hauptsächlich darstellen wiederum biblische Szenen, obwohl wir da wiederum Figuren einfach aneinandergereiht haben, so sehen wir doch, daß versucht ist, in der Bewegung der Figuren wiederum Linienhaftes, Raumhaftes zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Also das ist wiederum die andere Art (wie 664).

Das nächste Motiv ist von einem Sarkophag aus dem Grab der Galla Placidia:

669 Sog. Constantius-Sarkophag, Frontseite, 5. Jh.

Hier sehen Sie wiederum das Raumhafte in stärkerem Maße ausgeprägt, nur sehen Sie das, was uns schon öfter jetzt entgegengetreten ist (664, 666), das Geheimnis der Fünffaltigkeit, das sehen Sie hier dadurch zum Ausdruck gebracht, daß in der Mitte das Lamm diesmal ist, ich möchte sagen von den Lammesgenossen unterstützt, wiederum mit dem Pflanzenmotiv nach außen schließend. In der verschiedensten Weise sollte die Raumzeichen-Kunst des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes dem Christentum dienen, wieder hereingreifen, um das Christentum unterstützen zu können. Und das alles als Sarkophag-Kunst.

Ich bitte Sie, wirklich festzuhalten den Grund, warum das Christentum hereinfließen ließ das, was das Zeichen ist, denn es ist das Zeichen hineingeheimnißt: Sie haben die Fünfheit, Sie haben hier in der Mitte das Dreieck, also wiederum ein Zeichen; Sie haben außerdem die Linien so, wie ich das früher auseinandergesetzt habe. Warum das Christentum das Zeichen hereinfließen ließ? -— Weil man im Zeichen sah den Zauber, Zauberwirkung, die nicht bloß durch dasjenige geschieht, was im Naturalistischen verfließt, sondern die dadurch übersinnlich wirkt, daß im Zeichen das Übersinnliche zum Ausdruck kommt. Der Mensch hat heruntergeholt in dem Zeichen das, was nicht zum Ausdruck bringen kann die bloß äußerlich naturalistische Form.

Das nächste Motiv:

670 Sarkophag des Erzbischofs Theodorus, Frontseite, 6. Jh.

Hier sehen Sie das Zeichen mit dem Naturalistischen wiederum ganz besonders vermischt: das Monogramm Christi in der Mitte, die beiden Tiergestalten, die Sie schon früher gesehen haben, zu beiden Seiten. Dann sehen Sie aber das Pflanzenmotiv wie ausgestaltet, wie vervielfältigt, und Sie sehen oben die Zeichen verwendet. Sie sehen also Zeichen und naturalistische Darstellung ineinander verfließen; das Zeichen als Zauber, das Zeichen, welches aus derselben Welt kommt, wenn es sinnvoll dargestellt wird, in die der Tote hineingeht aus der Pforte des Todes. So ungefähr fühlte man: Aus der Welt, in die der Tote durch die Pforte des Todes hineingeht, kommt das Zeichen, das sich dann zur Schrift umgestaltet. Das Naturalistische aber lebt da, wo der Mensch lebt zwischen Geburt und Tod.

Das nächste Motiv ist das Wunder der Brotvermehrung:

671 Sarkophag, Frontseite, 4. Jh.

Hier wiederum die andere Art (663, 668), wo bloß das Architektonische in das Zeichen hineingelegt ist.

Nun, das nächste Motiv ist nicht ein Sarkophag-Motiv, sondern das ist eine Elfenbeinschnitzerei:

672 Byzantinischer Kaiser, Teil des Barberini-Diptychons, 6. Jh.

Durch das will ich besonders anschaulich machen, wie da aus dem Stoff heraus gearbeitet wird in einer solchen Art, wie das geblieben ist als Kunst des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes. Wie das aus dem Stoff heraus gearbeitet wird in der Reliefkunst der Elfenbeinschnitzerei der ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, das vermag den Naturalismus des vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, den künstlerischen Naturalismus zum Ausdruck zu bringen.

Das nächste Motiv ist ebenfalls eine Elfenbeinschnitzerei:

673 Maria mit dem Kinde, rechter Flügel eines Elfenbeindiptychons, 6. Jh.

Hier sehen Sie schon wiederum mehr von dem Zeichen darinnen, wenn auch zur Ausfüllung der Linien eben das Figurale, das Bildnerische verwendet ist; aber Sie sehen wohl deutlich genug, wie man gewissermaßen ausfüllen konnte das, worin die Figuren eingefädelt sind, eingereiht sind, wie man das durch geometrische Figuren ausfüllen konnte.

Das sind, ich möchte sagen die Grundgerüste, die sich das Christentum geholt hat aus der Zeichen-Kunst des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, und die wir überall auftauchen sehen.

Ich habe noch ein Beispiel aus dem Dom in Ravenna,

665 Sarkophag des hl. Rinaldus, Schmalseite, 5. Jh.

an dem ich Ihnen zeigen kann, wie nun wieder völlig die Motive übergeführt sind in die Verwendung des Zeichens. Wir haben links oben wiederum das Monogramm Christi, wir haben hier unten links und rechts wiederum geometrische und figurale Motive, oben in ähnlicher Weise das Monogramm Christi, ein einfaches Motiv, symmetrisch nach links und rechts. Wir werden, wenn Sie Ihre Phantasie ein wenig zu Hilfe nehmen, hierinnen sehen, wie eine wirkliche Evolution vom ersten zum zweiten Motiv stattfindet. Denken Sie sich oben links im Rundbogen das Chi (X) und das Rho (P), das Monogramm Christi, vereinfacht; denken Sie sich die beiden Balken des Chi vereinfacht, so bekommen Sie dieses mittlere Motiv oben rechts, das kreuzförmige Monogramm. Denken Sie sich zusammenwachsend, was links oben um das Monogramm geschlungen ist, den Kranz, mit dem bloßen Pflanzenmotiv, der Ranke mit den Blättern, so bekommen Sie rechts oben das Tiermotiv links und rechts. Sie können sich gleichsam als eine vereinfachte und doch höhere Ausgestaltung oben das rechte Motiv aus dem linken Motiv hervorgehend sehr gut vorstellen. — Ebenso können Sie unten das rechte Monogramm aus dem linken hervorgehend sehen. Denken Sie sich einmal unten links die Palme des Monogramms ausgestaltet in diese Verschlingungen, die Sie hier um das Monogramm herum haben; denken Sie sich das linke Motiv so ähnlich hier wachsend, wie das in unserem Bau der Fall ist, wo ein Säulenmotiv aus dem anderen herauswächst, denken Sie sich die vereinfachten geometrischen Formen organisch mehr ausgestaltet, so haben Sie das rechte Motiv aus dem linken sich entwickelnd.

Wenn man zurückgeht in die Mysterien des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes, so findet man [sie] überall über Europa zerstreut bis nach Norden hinauf, auch nach Amerika hinein - denn es war ja immer eine Verbindung zwischen Skandinavien und Amerika, die nur ein paar Jahrhunderte, bevor Amerika dann entdeckt worden ist von Spanien aus, verlorengegangen ist. Von Skandinavien fuhr man immer nach Amerika hinüber früher; erst im 13. Jahrhundert ist die Verbindung verloren gegangen für kurze Zeit, bis sie dann von Kolumbus wiederum gefunden worden ist. Man findet [also] ausgebreitet über Südeuropa, über Nordafrika, über den bekannten Teil von Asien, den vorderen Teil von Asien überall im dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraum die Mysterien — später die Nachzügler -, früher die echten Mysterienstätten des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes. Da hat man insbesondere gesprochen von dem Zauber der Zeichen. Was die ägyptische Mythologie erzählt über die Beziehungen der Priesterschaft zu Hermes, sind ja nur äußerliche exoterische Nachklänge dessen, was esoterisch in den Mysterien über den Zauber der Zeichen, was in nordischen Ländern über den Zauber der Runen gelehrt worden ist. Das war der Zauber, der da gekommen ist von der einen Seite her, von der geistigen Seite her, der Zauber, den man dadurch zu bewirken gesucht hat, daß man Zeichen formte, rein aus dem Geistigen heraus Zeichen formte, gewissermaßen in den Raum die Zeichen durch die menschliche Willkür hineinversetzte, aber so, daß sich eben dadurch, daß man bestimmte Zeichen machte, die Kraft des übersinnlichen in die Zeichen hinein ergoß.

Das war aber nicht das einzige, wo man Zauber suchte. Und das ist sehr bedeutsam, daß man den Zauber auf der einen Seite suchte, ich möchte sagen im Übernaturalistischen. Nicht wahr, das Naturalistische war das Griechische, das zugleich spiritualistisch war in der griechischen Kunst. Im übernaturalistischen Zeichen suchte man den Zauber, der eben bloß im Zeichen lag. Aber unternaturalistisch suchte man auch den Zauber. Und außer den Mysterien, welche von den Runen, welche von den Zeichen sprachen in alten Zeiten, gab es andere Mysterien, welche von anderen Rätseln sprachen: von dem unternaturalistischen Zauber, von jenem Zauber, den man entdeckt, wenn man ganz besondere Produkte, die unter der Oberfläche der Erde zu finden sind hauptsächlich, wenn man diese Produkte ins Auge faßt. Geht man nach oben, so kommen einem die Götter der Höhe entgegen, die einem den Sinn der Zeichen geben, in denen das Übersinnliche als Zauber wirkt, so daß es erfassen kann das Sinnliche, sich künstlerisch mit ihm vereinigen kann. Geht man aber ins Unternaturalistische, ins Innere der Erde, so findet man das, was da den Zauber enthält.

Unter den mannigfaltigen Zaubern suchte man ganz besonders zu erkennen zwei Rätsel. Wenn wir heute aussprechen wollten die Lehre von diesen zwei Rätseln, müßten wir sagen: In geheimen Mysterien wurde besonders gepflegt das Rätsel des Goldes, wie es sich in den Adern der Erde findet, und das Rätsel des Edelsteins. So sonderbar das klingt, den wirklichen historischen Tatsachen entspricht es. Den Zauber des Zeichens hat sich insbesondere die Kirche angeeignet. Sie suchte aus den Mysterien des dritten nachatlantischen Zeitraumes zu übernehmen den Zauber des Zeichens. Der Zauber des Goldes - da also, wo sich zur besonderen Materie gestaltet dasjenige, was in der Natur vorhanden ist - und der Zauber des Edelsteins — da, wo sich aufhellt dasjenige, was sonst dunkel den Raum ausfüllt, da, wo Licht wird innerhalb des Materiellen, in dem, was sonst als Finsternis waltet im Materiellen -, das war es, dem sich nun nicht die Priesterschaft hingab, sondern dem sich hingab die profane Menschheit, die außerhalb der Kirche stehende Menschheit.

Und so kam es, daß aus gewissen Impulsen, die sehr, sehr alt sind - als die Freie-Städte-Kultur sich begründete in der Art, wie ich das neulich ausgeführt habe, als überall die Freien-Städte-Bildungen entstanden -, daß in diesen Freien-Städte-Bildungen an die Oberfläche kamen, wie durch Wogen des geistigen Lebens an die Oberfläche kamen, die Freude am Edelstein, die Freude am Gold, die Freude an der Bearbeitung des Goldes, die Freude an der Verwendung des Edelsteines. So wie aus Himmelshöhen herunter die Kirche das Zeichen bringen wollte, so wollte aus den Tiefen der Erde heraus dasjenige, was dann Freie-Städte-Kultur geworden ist, das Geheimnis des Goldes, das Geheimnis des Edelsteines bringen. Nicht ein bloßer Zufall, sondern eine tiefe historische Notwendigkeit ist es, daß aus der Städtekultur heraus sich die Goldschmiedekunst entwickelt hat und, ich möchte sagen nur wie ein Annex der Goldschmiedekunst, die andere metallische Kunst, daß sich aber auch die Sehnsucht aus der Städtekultur heraus ergeben hat, den Edelstein zu verwenden, weil Gold und Edelstein den Zauber enthalten, weil der Zauber von unten dem Naturalistischen, das sich vor den Sinnen ausbreitete, entwunden werden sollte.

Heute ist noch der Nachklang dieses städtischen Arbeitens mit Gold und Edelstein schön zu beobachten in der Kunst, die der Bischof Bernward in Hildesheim begründet hat. In Hildesheim, in der Mitte des nördlichen Mitteleuropas, sehen wir zahlreiche solche Kunstwerke - es sind sonst auch welche vorhanden, aber dort sind sie besonders konzentriert -, wo Edelsteine in feingeartetes metallisches Kunstwerk hineingearbeitet sind:

Bernward von Hildesheim

674” Das Bernwardkreuz

675” Das Bernwardkreuz, Rückseite

676° Die Bernwardleuchter

677* Einband zu einem Evangeliar

In Hildesheim tritt es, ich möchte sagen urphänomenal bedeutsam einem entgegen. Aber es breitete sich aus; und eigentlich tritt einem dasselbe, was insbesondere in Mitteleuropa blüht aus den Impulsen heraus, die ich eben dargelegt habe, dann auch in den italienischen Städten entgegen. Denn im Grunde genommen geht ja auch in Florenz die Goldschmiedekunst, das, was ausgestaltet worden ist durch die späteren Goldschmiede und was dann die große Kunst geworden ist auf dem Gebiete der Relief-Plastik und der Plastik überhaupt, das geht ja auf denselben Ursprung zurück. Die Dinge sind ja in der mannigfaltigsten Weise miteinander verknüpft.

Nun aber denken Sie an das Folgende. Ich habe gesagt, wie im 9. Jahrhundert, da die Kirche von Rom aus das Papsttum noch anders verstanden hat als später, was da eigentlich im Abendland zu geschehen hatte. Von gewissen Gesichtspunkten aus habe ich dargestellt, wie vom 9. Jahrhundert an von Rom aus die Kräfte, die in Europa, ich möchte sagen von unten herauf sich geltend machen, wie diese von Rom aus systematisiert werden, wie sie in die Gesetze, die man aus der geistigen Welt bekam, eingefaßßt werden sollten. Und da kann man sehen auf der einen Seite Rom: im Süden aufgehend den Zauber der Zeichenwelt, die von oben kommt, aber hin gerichtet den Blick nach dem Norden, wo sich das freie Städtetum bildet, hin gerichtet den Blick nach Norden, wo gedeiht die Freude am Geheimnis des Goldes, am Geheimnis des Edelsteines. Aber dieser Norden hat schon aus seinen alten Mysterien heraus etwas vorgebildet, was notwendigerweise zusammenhängen muß mit diesem Mysterium, etwas, was zusammenhängt auf der einen Seite mit dem Mysterium des Edelsteines - das wollen wir heute aus dem Spiel lassen —, auf der andern Seite, was zusammenhängt mit dem Mysterium des Goldes. Denn das Christentum ist nicht bloß als ein Impuls entstanden; dem Christentum ist auch entgegengearbeitet worden. Wie ihm im Süden entgegengearbeitet worden ist mit dem Zauber des Zeichens, so ist ihm im Norden entgegengearbeitet worden, indem man in der Sagenwelt Mitteleuropas und des Nordens das große Goldes-Mysterium verkörpert, veranschaulicht hat.

Und mit dem Goldes-Mysterium hängt zusammen die Gestalt des Siegfried, der das Gold erbeutet hat, aber an der TIragik des Goldes zugrunde geht. Alles, was sich im Nibelungenliede anknüpft an die Siegfried-Gestalt, hängt mit dem Mysterium des Goldes zusammen. Denn es durchzieht den Sinn des Nibelungenliedes wie ein roter Faden, daß das Gold mit seinem Zauber der übersinnlichen Welt allein gehört, nicht der sinnlichen gewidmet werden muß.

Wenn man es so faßt, so faßt man für das Gemüt am tiefsten das Mysterium des Goldes. Denn was sagt die Kunde von Siegfried? Was sagt das Nibelungenlied? Was enthält es für eine große Lehre? - Opfert das Gold den Toten! Laßt es im übersinnlichen Reich; denn im sinnlichen Reiche stiftet es Unheil.

Das war die Lehre, die dem Christentum vorangegangen ist in nordischen Ländern. Das hat man in Rom verstanden, als die große Synthesis stattfand zwischen dem, was römisch war im 9. Jahrhundert und dem nördlicher gelegenen Europäischen, als auch künstlerisch vereinigt wurde dasjenige, was aus dem Zeichen heraus auf der einen Seite arbeiten konnte, was auf der andern Seite in das Zeichen hineinfügte das gearbeitete Gold und den Edelstein. Schön ist es, zusammenfließen zu sehen in den Zeiten des 8., 9., 10., 11., 12. Jahrhunderts die Zeichen-Kunst mit der Gold- und Edelstein-Kunst. Hier sehen wir überall drinnen in dieser altchristlichen Kunst das Zeichen. Dadurch, daß sich die anderen Impulse damit verbinden, sehen wir hineinwachsen in das Zeichen das gearbeitete Gold und den Edelstein.

Das ist nun wirklich von Rom aus systematisch angestrebt worden. Das war aber auch vorbereitet in Europa. Denn in den ersten Zeiten sehen wir vom Süden heraufkommend die christlichen Überlieferungen in einer solchen Form, daß selbst in dem Unbildlichen, bloß durch das Wort Mitgeteilten, das Zeichen wirkt und webt. Das Heidnische kommt vom Norden entgegen so, daß man darbringen will das, was weltlich ist, darbringen will das Schmükkende, das Zierende, das, was den Zauber des Unternaturalistischen enthält, dem Zeichen. Und indem sich mit dem Kreuze aus dem Süden verband das Schmückende von Gold und Edelstein des Nordens, das aus den alten heidnischen Mysterien herkam, wie ja auch das Zeichen des Kreuzes selber aus den Mysterien für das Mysterium von Golgatha verwendet worden ist, sehen wir die drei Impulse zusammenwachsen: Darstellung, naturalistisch, der spiritualisierten Natur, indem man die griechische Gestaltungskraft im vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraum nimmt; dann die zwei andern Impulse, das Zeichen, den Zauber des Zeichens; den Zauber des Untermateriellen in Gold und Edelstein.

Ja, lange sind vorbereitet im geschichtlichen Werden die Dinge, die später hervortreten. Unsere Zeit ist schon die Epoche, in welcher, ich möchte sagen alles schreit zu dem Menschen, daß er lernen möge, nicht bloß schläfrig in die Gegenwart hineinzuschauen, sondern die in der Evolution lebendigen Impulse wirklich zu fassen; denn sonst wird er nimmermehr bezwingen, was zum Chaos in der Gegenwart geworden ist.

Ich habe heute nicht die Möglichkeit, aber in der nächsten Zeit wird sich vielleicht diese Möglichkeit ergeben, Ihnen zu zeigen, wie, indem die Kunst vom Süden nach dem Norden weiter hinaufdringt, ein Motiv besonders stark zur Ausgestaltung kommt: das ist das Zusammenfügen des Tierischen mit dem Menschlichen. So tritt in der früheren Zeit auf dasjenige, was später Zusammenwirkung der Finsternis mit dem Lichte ist. Aus dem figuralen finsteren Tierischen hebt sich das helle Menschliche ab in der Besiegung des Drachens durch Michael und so weiter, auch in anderen Zusammenfügungen des Tierischen mit dem Menschlichen. Das wird später zur Hell-DunkelKunst. Alle diese Dinge hängen zusammen. Und viel, viel müßte geredet werden, wenn man zeigen wollte, wie sich auch künstlerisch zum Ausdruck bringt dieses Ineinanderarbeiten der alten Zeit mit der neuen Zeit, dieses Durchdringen der heidnischen naturalistischen Impulse mit den christlichen Impulsen, die aber, um Geltung zu haben, wieder erneuern müssen die alten Zaubermotive, nur jetzt des Zaubers im alten heidnischen Sinne entkleidet und heraufgehoben in die wahre spirituelle Welt.

Das wußte man insbesondere in jenen Jahrhunderten, dem 9., 10., 11., 12., 13, Jahrhundert. Man wußte dazumal, daß das alte Heidnische alt geworden ist — vieles war davon noch geblieben, aber alt geworden war es - und daß das junge Christliche sich hineinarbeiten muß, das wußte man. Das tritt uns entgegen in Literatur, in Kunst, in der Sagenbildung, allüberall. Ich habe schon öfter darauf aufmerksam gemacht, wie den Menschen der Gegenwart fast ganz verlorengegangen ist das Zusammendenken des Geistigen mit dem Äußerlich-Wirklichen. Im fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraum, der den Materialismus auf seine Fahne geschrieben hat, ist ja das fast ganz verlorengegangen. Man kann sich nicht mehr vorstellen das Hineinströmen des Spirituellen, des Bedeutungsvollen in das rein Naturalistische, in das rein Materielle. Daher stellt man heute auch möglichst abstrakt dar das allmähliche Hinsterben des Heidnischen und das allmähliche Werden der Christusimpulse in der europäischen Kultur. Im 9., 10., 11., 12., 13. Jahrhundert war das nicht so. Da stellte man, wenn man so etwas darstellen wollte, es so dar, daß man etwa Seele und äußere Leiblichkeit auch außerhalb des Menschen im geschichtlichen und natürlichen Geschehen sich dachte, zusammendenken konnte. Überall, wo man hinsah, sah man in dem, was geographisch um einen lag, zu gleicher Zeit Geistiges ausgeprägt. Dafür hatte man auch viel Prophetisches in diesen Vorstellungen darinnen.

Man kann heute in unserer Zeit, wenn man nicht oberflächlich empfinden will, sondern wenn man ein Herz hat für das Ungeheuerliche, das in unserer Zeit vorgeht, man kann heute nicht denken an die Nibelungensage, ohne das tief Prophetische ins Auge zu fassen, das in der Nibelungensage liegt. Wer die Nibelungensage in ihren Tiefen versteht, fühlt in ihr vorbereitet alles, was an furchtbaren Ereignissen die Gegenwart durchzuckt. Denn, indem man so dachte, wie man die Gedanken in das Nibelungenlied prägte, dachte man noch prophetisch, weil man aus dem Mysterium des Goldes heraus dachte. Daß Hagen den Nibelungenschatz, den Goldesschatz, das Gold in den Rhein versenken läßt, das ist eine prophetische Vorstellung und wurde in der Zeit, als die Nibelungensage ausgebildet wurde, nie anders empfunden als tief tragisch mit dem Hinblick auf die Zukunft, auf all das, was der Rhein sein wird an Anlaß zu antagonistischen Impulsen gegen die Zukunft hin. Denn man dachte dazumal noch nicht das äußerlich Geographisch-Naturalistische seelenlos, sondern man dachte es im Zusammenhang mit dem Seelischen: in jedem Windhauch ein Seelisches, in jedem Flußlauf ein Seelisches. Man möchte sonst ja auch wirklich wissen, welchen Sinn die rein materielle Bezeichnung haben soll: «Der alte Rhein». Was ist denn eigentlich der Rhein im materalistischen . Sinne? - Es ist das Wasser des Rheins. Was da in diesen Tagen fließt, wird ja wohl in der nächsten Zeit schon woanders sein. Das Wasser des Rheins ist es wohl jedenfalls nicht, zu dem man als von dem alten Rhein sprechen kann; und an die bloße Ausfügung der Erde denkt man auch gewöhnlich nicht. Was materiell ist, das fließt vorüber, das bleibt nicht. In alten Zeiten dachte man auch nicht an dieses äußerlich Materielle, das ja ohnedies nur als eine Illusion da ist; man dachte auch nicht äußere Ereignisse bloß in die Strömung, die man als die naturalistische bezeichnen kann, eingefügt. Was äußerlich war, war zugleich gedacht als Ausdruck für Seelisches, das alles materielle Dasein durchwebt. Und so versuchte man insbesondere in der Zeit, in welcher noch nötig war, das alte Heidentum ablösen zu lassen von dem neueintretenden christlichen Impulse - und das war ja in Europa noch in späten Jahrhunderten notwendig -, da versuchte man auch das Geographische seelisch zu denken, plausibel zu machen den Seelen, den Herzen, den Gemütern das Geographische seelisch.

Wir blicken zum Beispiel hin auf den Odilienberg und sehen da in den Vogesen das christliche Kloster von Odilia begründet, die von ihrem Vater, dem heidnischen Herzog geblendet worden ist; wir sehen an der Stätte der heidnischen Mauern das christliche Kloster. Diese heidnischen Mauern sind aber nichts anderes als die Überreste alter heidnischer Mysterien. Wir sehen dort zusammenfließen an einem geographischen Punkte absterbendes Heidentum mit aufkommendem Christus-Impuls. Wir sehen das ausgedrückt in der Mythe über die von heidnischer Seite, von ihrer eigenen heidnischen Vorfahrenschaft verhängten Blendung der Odilie, die aber innerlich geistig sehend gemacht wird von dem Priester aus Regensburg, von dem Christus-Impuls. Wir sehen zusammenwirken, was in Regensburg später christlich geblüht hat, was in Albertus Magnus später die großen Früchte getragen hat, wir sehen es da blühend; wir sehen es einträufelnd den Christus-Impuls in das Auge der Odilie, die von heidnischen Vorfahren geblendet worden ist. Wir sehen geographisch an diesen Punkt sich ineinanderschieben dasjenige, was christliches Licht ist und die alte heidnische Finsternis. Wir sehen das auf dem Boden, für den verhängt wurde von Rom aus: Nehmet das Gold, aber bringt das Gold dar denjenigen Reichen, die die Reiche des Übersinnlichen sind. Faßt das Gold hinein in das, wofür das Kreuz das Zeichen ist! - In unserer Zeit sehen wir demgegenüber den Fluß des Goldes ganz in dem Sinne aufgefaßt, wie es in der alten heidnischen nordischen Sage zum Ausdruck gebracht ist.

Wir sehen die Zeit sich stellen gegen das, was als übersinnliches Licht dem Golde sich gegenübergestellt hat. Nach Isenland ist Siegfried gezogen, um aus dem Nibelungenlande das Gold zu holen. Was er als Gold vom Nibelungenlande gebracht hat, das wurde geopfert dem Christus-Impulse. Dieser Christus-Impuls darf nicht verleugnet werden; dieser Christus-Impuls darf nicht wiederum verheidnischt werden!

Oh, könnte man mit viel, viel feurigeren Worten reden, als Menschenworte sind, um den furchtbaren Sinn dieser Zeit so recht zu treffen! Denn in dieser Zeit sprechen so viele Zeichen. Und in dieser Zeit wollen Menschenohren leider so wenig hören. Es kam das erste Jahr dieses furchtbaren Chaos — die Menschen stellten sich vor: es wird schon bald vorübergehen. Sie wollten nicht hören, daß tiefe Kräfte walten in diesem Chaos - auch im zweiten und dritten Jahr, und auch jetzt. Und erst wenn das angebetete Gold angefressen werden wird, werden die Menschen Ohren haben, um zu hören, daß nicht mit den gewöhnlichen Mitteln das getroffen werden kann, was dieser Zeit nötig ist, nicht mit den Mitteln, die von alten Zeiten herübergekommen sind, sondern einzig und allein mit Erneuerung dessen, was aus dem Christus-Impuls fließt, aber in vieler Beziehung gerade als Christus-Impuls vergessen worden ist. Nicht anders können die Dinge besser werden, als wenn möglichst viele Menschen sich entschließen, etwas zu lernen, zu lernen vom Geiste. Denn seit dem Heraufkommen des fünften nachatlantischen Zeitraumes ist man immer weiter und weiter in der Verleugnung des Geistes gekommen.

Sehen wir vor allen Dingen einmal, wie die Menschheit früher verstanden hat, früher selbst nicht bloß Windrichtungen nicht materialistisch zu denken, sondern die Windrose beseelt zu denken; beseelt zu denken die Gegend, wo auf der einen Seite der Odilienberg, auf der anderen Seite Regensburg ist. Und so war es auch mit den anderen Orten.

Lerne die Menschheit wiederum fühlen, daß über dem Erdboden nicht bloß Luft, sondern über dem Erdboden Geist ist, der gesucht werden muß; daß unter dem Erdboden nicht bloß das ist, was man von ihm zu holen hat, um damit materielle Werkzeuge zu machen, sondern daß dasjenige, was als Unternaturalistisches gewonnen wird, geopfert werden muß dem Übersinnlichen. Verstehe die Menschheit wiederum, daß es ein Mysterium des Goldes gibt! Das lehrt nicht nur Geisteswissenschaft, sondern das lehrt auch ein wirklich im spiritualistischen Sinne verstandener Verlauf der Kunst. Oh, es ist furchtbar, mitanzusehen, wie die gegenwärtige Menschheit von Tag zu Tag wartet und nicht verstehen will, daß Neues zu begreifen ist, daß man mit den alten, abgebrauchten Vorstellungen nicht weiterkommt! Davon dann ein anderes Mal mehr.

12. Early Christian Sculpture, Sarcophagi, and Reliefs by Bernward of Hildesheim

Echoes of three main impulses from the third and fourth post-Atlantean periods, converging in the era of urban culture to form gold and gemstone art, and continuing to have an effect in the fifth period:

Today I will add a few observations which, as they are to be given today, will seem to be loosely connected with the ongoing discussions I have been presenting here in recent weeks. However, despite the aphoristic form in which I will speak today, what I mean today is nevertheless part of the ongoing reflections, and I think that in the near future, if lectures are still possible, I will return to some of the points that have been raised in these reflections, in order to arrive at a culmination, at a worldview tableau, as I believe is necessary in the present, at least where it is possible to present it to people.

Today, I would like to show, first through a few images, then through a few reflections that I cannot support with images because I do not have the images here, how, within the course of European history, within the course of European evolution over the last two to three millennia, one might say, the most diverse impulses, impulses of three kinds in particular, have interacted. In reality, of course, there is an infinite abundance of impulses; but it is sufficient to consider the most obvious impulses for certain elements of reality.

We are living in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. We are in the age of this fifth post-Atlantean epoch in which much of what will come to light in terms of antagonisms and impulses of struggle in this fifth post-Atlantean period will manifest itself externally. We also live amid many things that should admonish humanity to be ever more vigilant about what is happening. For it can be said that hardly any other period in world history, as far as it can be traced, has called for such vigilance. But in none has humanity proved so sleepy as in ours. In this fifth post-Atlantic period, with its very special impulses, which we know well in part from our anthroposophical considerations, the echoes of the fourth post-Atlantic period come into play, but also the echoes of the third post-Atlantic period. Now, within all that is bubbling and playing out in current events, we can distinguish various things; but today we will limit ourselves to the three main impulses that are the echoes of the third and fourth post-Atlantean periods, and to those currently active in the fifth post-Atlantean period from a certain point of view.

In the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, the following became particularly apparent – and here we are concerned with artistic development in these considerations – the representation of what human beings can find within themselves became particularly prominent in the field of artistic development. The Greeks, and after them the Romans, strove to represent in space and time what human beings experience within themselves as whole human beings. We know why this is so; we have described it many times. This is also expressed in the other cultural forms of the fourth post-Atlantean period, the Greco-Latin period, but it is particularly evident in art. That is why the representation of the human being, the idealized, typified human being, is so highly valued in Greek art of this period. One could say that the highest thing the sensory world can produce, the highest thing the sensory world can bring forth from itself, the beautiful human being, expanding in space in beautiful forms, moving in time, in beautiful movements in the broadest sense of the word — Greek culture sought to depict this. No other period in the development of the earth can aspire to anything similar, for each period in the development of the earth has its own special impulses.

However, in the fourth post-Atlantic period, this representation of beautiful humanity is constantly being influenced by echoes of the third post-Atlantic period. This is not limited to a certain territory, but extends across the cultural world of the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, so that one can say: what became particularly effective in the third post-Atlantean epoch remains effective in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, and also remains effective, albeit only faintly, in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch.

Christianity, the Christ impulse, as it spread, had to reckon with these factors, with this interplay of impulses. The third post-Atlantean epoch could not develop impulses in art that were entirely on the physical plane, as the fourth post-Atlantean epoch did. For it was precisely the fourth period that was particularly gifted with the ability to bring out what the physical world produces in beautiful human beings, in the beauty of human beings. The third post-Atlantic period had to emphasize more internalized impulses, even if these were atavistic. But in a certain sense, Christianity had to fall back on this impulse of the third post-Atlantean period. And so we see that as the Christ impulse spreads throughout the world, the artistic representation of human beauty recedes and something strikes that is like a kind of renewal of the impulses of the third post-Atlantean period.

For this Greek culture, which brought art to such a flowering, this Greek culture, entirely in the style and spirit of the fourth post-Atlantic epoch, had to confine itself primarily to depicting everything that grows, everything that blossoms, everything that flourishes. Beauty was never adornment for the Greeks. The Greeks did not know the concept of adornment. Instead, they had the concept of the living growing out of prosperity. The idea that something can be added to decorate something else is something that only came into the world later, namely through the ongoing development of culture. A concept that was as far removed from Greek culture as possible is that which is contained in the word “elegant.” The Greeks did not know elegance; elegance, which covers the living with decoration in order to make it “shine” outwardly, was unknown to the Greeks. The Greeks knew only forms, only expressions that emerged from the living itself.

Christianity had to bring its impulses into this world, into which Greek culture had primarily brought that which flourishes, grows, and promotes life: death. The cross of Golgotha had to be set against Apollo. Yes, that was a great work of humanity, a great artistic work of humanity: to counteract what death, that is, the otherworld, can give, after Greek culture had worked out the this-world to the highest flowering of the sensualistic ideal.

This is also evident in the juxtaposition of what is expressed artistically. It is evident when one sees how artistic skill is expressed in the shaping of the beautiful, growing, blossoming, youthful, thriving human being. In this respect, the artistic skill of the Greco-Latin period has come a long way. One can also see how Greek culture continues to grow into the first Christian artistic creations, but at the same time how these artistic creations struggle to artistically master that which cannot be captured in the sensory world. Therefore, we see how perfection in the representation of youth, vitality, and prosperity stands alongside the still clumsy representations of death, which encompasses eternity and infinity and is the gateway to it.

I have compiled two motifs from early Christian art of the first Christian centuries to illustrate what I mean by this, first the depiction of the “Good Shepherd,”

661 The Good Shepherd, statuette, 3rd century

a sculpture located in the Lateran, where you can see how the artistic ability to depict growth, blossoming, flourishing, life, how it grows into Christian art; even though one actually means the figure of Jesus with the “Good Shepherd.” Greek art was dedicated to life, to what emerges from the sensory world up to the human being, who represents the highest level of life, but in death he grasps a consciousness that alone gives him access to infinity, to eternity, to the supernatural. We see how what was previously represented only by Apollo, Pallas Athena, and Aphrodite, what represented youthfulness, blossoming, growing, and flourishing, wants to adapt, wants to grow into something else, wants to grasp what strives for the infinite, for the supernatural in such a form through the artistic mastery of death. It is the echo of art that worked out of sensuality and came to particular fruition in the fourth post-Atlantean epoch.

And now we look at another work of art, carved from wood, from almost the same period, a representation of the cross of Golgotha:

662 Crucifixion relief on the wooden door of Santa Sabina, Rome, 5th century.

Christ on the cross, between the two thieves. Let us see how clumsy it looks next to the first one (661). What has come in as the mystery of Christianity cannot yet be conquered artistically; it still has centuries of work ahead of it. In the very first centuries of Christianity, we are confronted with such a clumsy representation of the central mystery of Christianity.

One can already say, although one must not understand these things in the sense of a false asceticism or a false hostility to sensuality: the gaze, the soul's gaze of the early Christian era was directed toward the mystery of death, which was to reveal itself in its supersensible validity through the knowledge of the mystery of Golgotha. By feeling connected to the mystery of Golgotha, people also believed that they were growing into what they had to feel and sense in order to see beyond the gate of death to the eternal validity of the human soul. It is therefore no wonder that in the first Christian centuries, the cult of death was particularly evident among sensitive Christians in the most diverse cultural forms. And so we see this trend, which I have tried to express by placing The Good Shepherd (661) directly alongside this “Representation of the Mystery of Golgotha” (662). We see this trend in artistic creation in the early Christian centuries particularly in the relief sculptures and sculptures in general that we find on sarcophagi. To add to the dead, the remains of the dead, the memories of the dead, which are enclosed in the sarcophagus, something connected with the mystery of death was a deep need of the first sensitive Christians. The mysteries presented in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible were what people particularly liked to express on the walls of sarcophagi. To study the art of sarcophagi in the early Christian centuries in particular means delving deeply into what Christianity did to express the mystery of death artistically, even where it manifests itself in reality—on the sarcophagus—in order to bring together this mystery of death with what was to be the message, the revelation of eternal life: with the biblical mysteries.

Here, for example, we see a sarcophagus from early Christian art:

663 Sarcophagus of a married couple, front, 4th century.

In the center at the top are portraits of the married couple to whom the sarcophagus is dedicated; then two rows above and below depict biblical scenes from the Old and New Testaments. As you can see, it begins at the top left with the raising of Lazarus. You then see, to the right of the curved shell, the sacrifice of Isaac; further on, you can see Peter's betrayal. Then, at the bottom right, for example—there are only biblical figures from the Old and New Testaments—you see Moses' miracle of the spring. And so you have only biblical figures — unfortunately, it is a little too small here — scenes from the Bible at the top and bottom. We see that what Greek art has created to perfection, the free-standing human figure, must be pressed into what is reality here, but a reality that connects this world and the hereafter. And so we see the figures lined up, as it were. We see, of course, that this impairs the free design; it is this impaired composition that we want to focus on in particular. And we have, in this example of a sarcophagus design, of carving the material into shapes, an example of how the entire composition is pressed into it. So please, let us understand this well: The entire composition is pressed in, is shaped into human form. Everywhere we have human form: Moses, Peter, the Lord himself, Lazarus being raised from the dead, Jonah there in the middle; so we have the composition, with the spatial design receding as much as possible, the geometric-figurative receding in favor of the design of the human form. I ask you to pay particular attention to this, because we will see that completely different things come into play with the next sarcophagus. Already here you can see that not everything is compositionally pressed into human formations and that these are only lined up one after the other, but you can already see the composition strongly emerging in the middle at the bottom, in the Jonah scene.

664 Sarcophagus of St. Rinaldus, front, 5th century.

The central figure: Christ. Notice how the other two figures are positioned, and behind them the plant motifs on both sides.

Remember the very first lecture I gave here in Dornach, where I tried to show that the motif of the acanthus leaf did not arise from the imitation of nature, but from geometric form, from an understanding of lines, and only later, as I showed, did it adapt to the naturalistic acanthus leaf. So we see how here (664) the lines and line relationships form a kind of main element and how, in a sense, the pictorial, that in which Greek culture reached its highest flowering, recedes, is threaded, as it were, into the compositional. We can say: here we have vertical lines on the outside, then two slanted lines inclined towards each other and a center. If we were to draw these lines, we would have the idea of space:

02

Then we place two plant motifs and two figures flowing toward the center in reverence, as it were, into these lines:

03

We see that here, we could say, the symbolic sign is connected with that which can only be imitated naturalistically, because it itself contains the idealistic in naturalism: the human figure, or indeed the organic-essential, and the sign merge here, so that it is almost impossible to distinguish between them completely. We will see that something else, something quite different, confronts us in other sarcophagus motifs, for example in the third sarcophagus:

666 Sarcophagus of Exarch Isaac, reverse side, 4th century.

Here you have something different. Here, too, you have the plant motifs; you have the same lines—now filled with animal beings instead of human beings. You have the central motif, but the central motif itself is symbolic; the central motif is a sign, the monogram of Christ, Chi (X) and Rho (P); that is, Christ, conceived as the wheel of life, in the center. In terms of space and composition, this sarcophagus motif is actually the same as the previous one. Instead of the figure of Christ in the center, we have the monogram of Christ; instead of the two people approaching each other reverently, we have the animals; we have the plant motifs on the sides. But strangely enough, we see the sign here in even more complete form.

Such monogram representations are always based on an ancient view, which of course seems somewhat grotesque when expressed today, but it is nevertheless the basis. You must be aware that in the past, people knew many things from atavistic Gnostic wisdom that was only completely lost in the 18th century, and some things even as late as the 19th century. If you take this depiction (666), you will easily find that, even though it has naturally entered into the drawing, into the work of art, you have: first of all, the stone as such, physically; the plant motifs on the left and right – ethereal; the animal motif – astral; and the monogram of Christ in the circle – the indwelling of Christ in the I.

When we consider such signs and what appears as such signs in the pictorial, in the naturalistic-pictorial, then we have what comes into play in this fourth post-Atlantean period from the third. For what was the most profound characteristic of the third post-Atlantean epoch? Where this third post-Atlantean epoch truly worked through its own impulses, its main concern was to find the sign, the sign that works magic. Understand this well: the sign that works magic. It is the sign from which writing arises. Remember how, within Egyptian culture, the priest receives the letters, the words, as revealed from above by the god Hermes himself. It is the sign through which the supersensible plays into the sensible. The sign must reappear as that which works into the sensory world from the supersensible, as the Christ impulse comes. For the Christ impulse must itself speak not only of what is to be shaped outwardly; the Christ impulse cannot merely set up the Christ figure like the embodied Apollo; the Christ impulse must set up Christ in such a way that it can say: “In the beginning was the Word,” that is, that which has come down from heavenly heights in the sign, “and the Word became flesh.”

Thus, that which lives in the sign as the impulse of the third post-Atlantean epoch, which still extends into the fourth post-Atlantean epoch, must be connected with the Christ impulse. Just as we find in Egypt that the sign was transformed into writing at a relatively early stage, so we also see in the Nordic countries that the sign is still imbued with magic in the runes, and the rune priest who casts the runes tries to recognize in what the sign reveals what is revealed from spiritual heights. Here, too, we see the third post-Atlantean epoch at work in the North, and we would find runes far, far back in all the centuries before Christianity. This continues, flowing together with what is given in the naturalistic representation of the beautiful human being, already spiritualized by nature, which comes from Greek culture. Both things flow together. And in motif (666) we can see them flowing together. This is what is significant: this overlapping, this flowing together of the third and fourth post-Atlantean periods.

If you look at the next motif, the “Offering of the Sacrifice of the Kings,”

667 Sarcophagus of Exarch Isaac, front, 4th century

you will see how the line design lives alongside the depiction

of the naturalistic-realistic.

Let us now look at the next sarcophagus motif:

668 Sarcophagus, front, 5th century.

Here we have the other approach: although the sequence of figures mainly depicts biblical scenes, and although the figures are simply lined up next to each other, we can see that an attempt has been made to express linearity and spatiality in the movement of the figures. So this is the other approach (as in 664).

The next motif is from a sarcophagus from the tomb of Galla Placidia:

669 So-called Constantius sarcophagus, front, 5th century.

Here you can see the spatial aspect expressed to a greater extent, but you also see what we have encountered several times now (664, 666), the mystery of the fivefold nature, which is expressed here by the fact that this time the lamb is in the center, supported, I would say, by the lamb's companions, again with the plant motif closing inwards. In a variety of ways, the spatial symbolism of the third post-Atlantean period was intended to serve Christianity, to intervene again in order to support Christianity. And all this as sarcophagus art.

I ask you to really grasp the reason why Christianity allowed the symbol to flow in, because it is the symbol that is mysteriously hidden within it: you have the fivefold, you have the triangle here in the center, which is again a symbol; you also have the lines, as I explained earlier. Why did Christianity allow the symbol to flow in? — Because people saw in the symbol the magic, the magical effect, which does not merely occur through what flows in the naturalistic, but which has a supersensible effect in that the supersensible is expressed in the symbol. In the symbol, man has brought down what cannot be expressed by the merely outward naturalistic form.

The next motif:

670 Sarcophagus of Archbishop Theodorus, front, 6th century.

Here you can see the symbol mixed with naturalistic elements in a very special way: the monogram of Christ in the middle, the two animal figures you have seen before on either side. But then you see the plant motif as if it were embellished, as if it were multiplied, and you see the symbols used at the top. So you see symbols and naturalistic representations merging into one another; the symbol as magic, the symbol that comes from the same world, when it is meaningfully represented, into which the dead person enters through the gate of death. This is roughly how it was felt: from the world into which the dead person enters through the gate of death comes the symbol, which is then transformed into writing. But the naturalistic lives where man lives between birth and death.

The next motif is the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves:

671 Sarcophagus, front, 4th century.

Here again is the other type (663, 668), where only the architectural elements are incorporated into the symbol.

Now, the next motif is not a sarcophagus motif, but an ivory carving:

672 Byzantine emperor, part of the Barberini diptych, 6th century.

With this, I want to illustrate particularly clearly how the material is worked in such a way that it has remained as the art of the fourth post-Atlantic period. How it is worked in the relief art of ivory carving of the first Christian centuries is capable of expressing the naturalism of the fourth post-Atlantic period, the artistic naturalism.

The next motif is also an ivory carving:

673 Mary with the Child, right wing of an ivory diptych, 6th century.

Here you can see more of the symbolism again, even though the lines are filled in with figurative, pictorial elements; but you can see clearly enough how it was possible to fill in, so to speak, the space in which the figures are threaded, arranged, how it was possible to fill it in with geometric figures.

These are, I would say, the basic structures that Christianity took from the art of symbols of the third post-Atlantean period, and which we see appearing everywhere.

I have another example from the cathedral in Ravenna,

665 Sarcophagus of St. Rinaldus, narrow side, 5th century.

which I can use to show you how the motifs have once again been completely transferred into the use of the symbol. At the top left we again have the monogram of Christ, at the bottom left and right we again have geometric and figural motifs, and at the top, in a similar way, the monogram of Christ, a simple motif, symmetrical to the left and right. If you use your imagination a little, you will see how a real evolution takes place from the first to the second motif. Imagine the Chi (X) and the Rho (P), the monogram of Christ, simplified in the round arch at the top left; imagine the two bars of the Chi simplified, and you get this middle motif at the top right, the cross-shaped monogram. Imagine the wreath entwined around the monogram at the top left, with the simple plant motif, the vine with the leaves, growing together, and you will see the animal motif at the top right on the left and right. You can easily imagine the right motif emerging from the left motif at the top as a simplified yet higher design. — Similarly, you can see the right monogram emerging from the left one at the bottom. Imagine the palm tree of the monogram at the bottom left designed in these intertwining patterns that you have here around the monogram; imagine the left motif growing here in a similar way to how it is in our building, where one column motif grows out of the other; imagine the simplified geometric shapes as being more organically designed, and you will have the right motif developing from the left.

If you go back to the mysteries of the third post-Atlantean period, you will find [them] scattered all over Europe, up to the north, and even into America—because there was always a connection between Scandinavia and America, which was only lost a few centuries before America was discovered by Spain. In the past, people always sailed from Scandinavia to America; it was not until the 13th century that the connection was lost for a short time, until it was rediscovered by Columbus. So, spread across southern Europe, North Africa, the known part of Asia, the front part of Asia, everywhere in the third post-Atlantean period, one finds the mysteries — later the stragglers — formerly the genuine mystery centers of the third post-Atlantean period. There, one spoke in particular of the magic of signs. What Egyptian mythology tells us about the relationship between the priesthood and Hermes is only an external, exoteric echo of what was taught esoterically in the mysteries about the magic of signs, and in the Nordic countries about the magic of runes. This was the magic that came from one side, from the spiritual side, the magic that people sought to bring about by forming signs, forming signs purely out of the spiritual, placing the signs in space, as it were, through human will, but in such a way that, precisely by making certain signs, the power of the supersensible poured into the signs.

But that was not the only place where magic was sought. And it is very significant that magic was sought on the one hand, I would say, in the supernatural. True, the naturalistic was the Greek, which was at the same time spiritualistic in Greek art. In the supernatural sign, magic was sought that lay solely in the sign. But magic was also sought in the subnatural. And apart from the mysteries, which spoke of the runes, which spoke of the signs in ancient times, there were other mysteries that spoke of other riddles: of the subnaturalistic magic, of that magic that one discovers when one looks at very special products, which are mainly found beneath the surface of the earth, when one looks at these products. If one goes upwards, one encounters the gods of the heights, who give one the meaning of the signs in which the supersensible works as magic, so that it can grasp the sensual and unite with it artistically. But if one goes into the subnaturalistic, into the interior of the earth, one finds what contains the magic.

Among the manifold spells, two mysteries in particular were sought to be understood. If we wanted to express the teaching of these two mysteries today, we would have to say: In secret mysteries, the mystery of gold, as found in the veins of the earth, and the mystery of the precious stone were particularly cultivated. As strange as this may sound, it corresponds to the real historical facts. The magic of the sign was appropriated in particular by the Church. It sought to take over the magic of the sign from the mysteries of the third post-Atlantean period. The magic of gold — where that which is present in nature is transformed into a special substance — and the magic of precious stones — where that which otherwise fills space in darkness is illuminated, where light becomes visible within the material world, in that which otherwise reigns as darkness in the material world — this was what the priesthood did not devote itself to, but to which profane humanity, humanity outside the church, devoted itself.

And so it came about that from certain impulses that are very, very old — when the Free City culture was founded in the way I explained recently, when Free City formations arose everywhere — that in these Free City formations came to the surface, as if through waves of spiritual life, the joy of gemstones, the joy of gold, the joy of working with gold, the joy of using gemstones. Just as the Church wanted to bring the sign down from the heights of heaven, so what then became the culture of the free cities wanted to bring the mystery of gold, the mystery of gemstones, up from the depths of the earth. It is not mere coincidence, but a profound historical necessity that the art of goldsmithing developed out of city culture and, I would say only as an annex to the goldsmith's art, the other metallic art, but also that the longing to use precious stones arose from urban culture, because gold and precious stones contain magic, because the magic from below was to be wrested from the naturalistic, which spread out before the senses.

Today, the echoes of this urban work with gold and precious stones can still be beautifully observed in the art that Bishop Bernward established in Hildesheim. In Hildesheim, in the middle of northern Central Europe, we see numerous such works of art—there are others elsewhere, but they are particularly concentrated there—where gemstones are worked into finely crafted metallic works of art:

Bernward of Hildesheim

674” The Bernward Cross

675” The Bernward Cross, reverse side

676° The Bernward Candlesticks

677* Cover of a Gospel book

In Hildesheim, it strikes one as, I would say, phenomenally significant. But it spread; and in fact, the same thing that flourished in Central Europe in particular as a result of the impulses I have just described can also be found in Italian cities. For, basically, the art of goldsmithing in Florence, which was developed by later goldsmiths and which then became a great art in the field of relief sculpture and sculpture in general, also has the same origin. Things are connected in the most diverse ways.

But now consider the following. I have said that in the 9th century, the Church of Rome understood the papacy differently than it did later, in terms of what was actually to happen in the West. From certain points of view, I have described how, from the 9th century onwards, the forces that were asserting themselves in Europe, I would say from below, were systematized from Rome, how they were to be incorporated into the laws that were received from the spiritual world. And there we can see Rome on the one hand: in the south, the magic of the world of symbols arising from above, but with its gaze directed toward the north, where free city-states are forming, toward the north, where the joy of the mystery of gold, the mystery of precious stones, is flourishing. But this north has already prefigured something from its ancient mysteries that must necessarily be connected with this mystery, something that is connected on the one hand with the mystery of the gemstone — which we will leave out of the picture today — and on the other hand with the mystery of gold. For Christianity did not arise merely as an impulse; Christianity was also opposed. Just as it was opposed in the south with the magic of the sign, so it was opposed in the north by embodying and illustrating the great mystery of gold in the legends of Central Europe and the north.

And connected with the mystery of gold is the figure of Siegfried, who captured the gold but perished because of its tragedy. Everything in the Nibelungenlied that is connected with the figure of Siegfried is related to the mystery of gold. For it runs through the meaning of the Nibelungenlied like a red thread that gold, with its magic, belongs solely to the supersensible world and must not be devoted to the sensual world.

If one understands it in this way, one grasps the mystery of gold most deeply in one's mind. For what does the story of Siegfried say? What does the Nibelungenlied say? What great lesson does it contain? Sacrifice the gold to the dead! Leave it in the supernatural realm, for in the sensual realm it causes mischief.

That was the lesson that preceded Christianity in the Nordic countries. This was understood in Rome when the great synthesis took place between what was Roman in the 9th century and what was northern European, when what could work from the sign on the one hand was also artistically united with what on the other hand was incorporated into the sign: the worked gold and precious stones. It is beautiful to see the art of symbols flowing together with the art of gold and precious stones in the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th centuries. Here we see the symbol everywhere in this early Christian art. As the other impulses connect with it, we see the worked gold and precious stones growing into the symbol.

This was really systematically pursued from Rome. But it was also prepared in Europe. For in the early days, we see Christian traditions coming up from the south in such a form that even in the non-figurative, communicated only through the word, the sign works and weaves. The pagan comes from the north in such a way that one wants to offer up what is worldly, to offer up what is decorative, what is ornamental, what contains the magic of the supernatural, to the symbol. And as the cross from the south was combined with the adornments of gold and precious stones from the north, which came from the ancient pagan mysteries, just as the sign of the cross itself was used from the mysteries for the mystery of Golgotha, we see the three impulses growing together: the naturalistic representation of spiritualized nature, taking the Greek creative power in the fourth post-Atlantean period; then the two other impulses, the sign, the magic of the sign; the magic of the sub-material in gold and precious stones.

Yes, the things that later come to the fore are long prepared in historical development. Our time is already the epoch in which, I would say, everything cries out to human beings that they should learn not only to look sleepily into the present, but to really grasp the impulses that are alive in evolution; for otherwise they will never overcome what has become chaos in the present.

I do not have the opportunity today, but in the near future this opportunity may arise to show you how, as art advances from south to north, one motif becomes particularly prominent: the merging of the animal with the human. Thus, in earlier times, what later becomes the interaction of darkness with light appears. The bright human element stands out from the dark animalistic figures in Michael's defeat of the dragon and so on, as well as in other combinations of the animalistic with the human. This later becomes chiaroscuro art. All these things are connected. And much, much would have to be said if one wanted to show how this interworking of the old time with the new time, this interpenetration of pagan naturalistic impulses with Christian impulses, is also expressed artistically, but in order to be valid, the old magical motifs must be renewed, only now stripped of magic in the old pagan sense and elevated to the true spiritual world.

This was particularly well known in the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. People knew at that time that the old paganism had grown old — much of it still remained, but it had grown old — and that the young Christianity had to work its way into it. We encounter this in literature, in art, in the formation of legends, everywhere. I have often pointed out how people today have almost completely lost the ability to think of the spiritual together with the external reality. In the fifth post-Atlantean period, which has materialism written on its banner, this has almost completely been lost. It is no longer possible to imagine the influx of the spiritual, the meaningful, into the purely naturalistic, the purely material. That is why today we represent the gradual dying away of paganism and the gradual emergence of the Christ impulse in European culture as abstractly as possible. In the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th centuries, this was not the case. If one wanted to depict something like this, one did so in such a way that one could conceive of the soul and external physicality outside of human beings in historical and natural events. Everywhere one looked, one saw the spiritual expressed in one's geographical surroundings. These ideas also contained a great deal of prophecy.

Today, if one does not want to be superficial, but has a heart for the monstrous things that are happening in our time, one cannot think of the Nibelungen saga without considering the deeply prophetic nature of the Nibelungen saga. Those who understand the Nibelungen saga in its depths feel in it everything that is preparing for the terrible events that are shaking the present. For in thinking as the thoughts in the Nibelungenlied were shaped, people were still thinking prophetically, because they were thinking out of the mystery of gold. The fact that Hagen has the Nibelung treasure, the gold treasure, sunk into the Rhine is a prophetic idea and, at the time when the Nibelungen saga was formed, was never perceived as anything other than deeply tragic with regard to the future, to all that the Rhine would become in terms of antagonistic impulses against the future. For at that time, people did not yet think of the external geographical-naturalistic as soulless, but thought of it in connection with the spiritual: in every breath of wind a spiritual element, in every river course a spiritual element. Otherwise, one would really like to know what meaning the purely material designation “the old Rhine” is supposed to have. What is the Rhine in a materialistic sense? It is the water of the Rhine. What flows there today will probably be somewhere else in the near future. In any case, it is certainly not the water of the Rhine that one can refer to as the old Rhine; and one does not usually think of the mere accumulation of earth. What is material flows past, it does not remain. In ancient times, people did not think about this external materiality, which is only an illusion anyway; nor did they think of external events as merely part of the flow that can be described as naturalistic. What was external was also thought of as an expression of the spiritual, which permeates all material existence. And so, especially in the period when it was still necessary to replace the old paganism with the new Christian impulse – and this was still necessary in Europe in the late centuries – people tried to think of geography in spiritual terms, to make it plausible to the souls, hearts, and minds of people.

We look, for example, at Mont Sainte-Odile and see there in the Vosges Mountains the Christian monastery founded by Odilia, who was blinded by her father, the pagan duke; we see the Christian monastery on the site of the pagan walls. But these pagan walls are nothing other than the remains of ancient pagan mysteries. There, at a geographical point, we see dying paganism converging with the emerging Christ impulse. We see this expressed in the myth about Odilia's blindness, imposed by her own pagan ancestors, but who is made spiritually sighted by the priest from Regensburg, by the Christ impulse. We see the interaction of what later flourished as Christianity in Regensburg, what later bore great fruit in Albertus Magnus; we see it flourishing there; we see it instilling the Christ impulse into the eyes of Odilia, who had been blinded by her pagan ancestors. We see what is Christian light and the old pagan darkness merging geographically at this point. We see this on the ground for which it was decreed from Rome: Take the gold, but offer the gold to those realms that are the realms of the supersensible. Grasp the gold in that for which the cross is the sign! In our time, on the other hand, we see the flow of gold understood entirely in the sense expressed in the old pagan Norse legend.

We see the time setting itself against what has been opposed to gold as supersensible light. Siegfried went to Isenland to fetch the gold from the land of the Nibelungs. What he brought back as gold from the land of the Nibelungs was sacrificed to the Christ impulse. This Christ impulse must not be denied; this Christ impulse must not be paganized again!

Oh, if only we could speak with words much, much more fiery than human words to truly convey the terrible meaning of this time! For in this time so many signs speak. And in this time, unfortunately, human ears want to hear so little. The first year of this terrible chaos came — people imagined it would soon pass. They did not want to hear that deep forces are at work in this chaos — also in the second and third years, and even now. And only when the adored gold is corroded will people have ears to hear that what is needed in this time cannot be achieved by ordinary means, not by the means that have come down from ancient times, but solely by renewing what flows from the Christ impulse, but in many respects has been forgotten precisely as the Christ impulse. Things cannot improve unless as many people as possible decide to learn something, to learn from the spirit. For since the advent of the fifth post-Atlantean epoch, people have gone further and further in their denial of the spirit.

Let us first of all see how humanity used to understand, not only to think of wind directions in a non-materialistic way, but to think of the wind rose as animated; to think of the area where Odilienberg is on one side and Regensburg on the other as animated. And so it was with the other places as well.

Let humanity learn once again to feel that above the earth there is not only air, but also spirit that must be sought; that beneath the earth there is not only what can be extracted from it to make material tools, but that what is gained as subnatural must be sacrificed to the supersensible. Let humanity understand once again that there is a mystery of gold! This is taught not only by spiritual science, but also by a truly spiritualistic understanding of the development of art. Oh, it is terrible to see how the present humanity waits from day to day and does not want to understand that there is something new to grasp, that one cannot make progress with the old, worn-out ideas! More on that another time.