Deeper Insights into Education
GA 302a
16 October 1923 evening, Stuttgart
III. A Comprehensive Knowledge of Man as the Source of Imagination in the Teacher
What I wish to offer you in these lectures is intended essentially as an impulse toward the inner enrichment of the teacher's profession. In continuation of what I said this afternoon, I would like to add the following. You see, we must bring our knowledge of the human being to the point where we really can know in detail what is going on in the human being in his ordinary activity in the world. I have shown you that the first form of activity we perceive in the human being is the one in which he moves his limbs. Now we must pose the question: what actually moves his limbs? What force is at work when a man walks or does something with his arms? What is it? Now, the materialistic view will simply be that it is man himself, and, thinking about man in this way, that it is a piece of the cosmos consisting of blood, bones, and so on, described as man, that moves the limbs! This is the true initiator of action! Fundamentally, there is no sense in putting it like that, since man himself is the object in movement, is that which is moved. If we ask who is the actual subject, who is moving the arm or the leg, then we arrive at something spiritual, certainly not material. We are forced to say to ourselves that it is the spiritual itself that must bring physical forces, forces that usually we designate as physical, into action. Our leg must be moved by something spiritual just as, for example, we say that a piece of wood is moved by us from one place to another.
Here, however, we come to something remarkable that generally receives little attention, because a great illusion prevails regarding it. Our human movement is really a magical effect, because in it something is set in motion by the spirit. Our movement as a human being is in truth a magical effect, and our view of man is entirely incorrect if we do not associate the magical element with the movements he makes. The will—that is to say, something purely spiritual—must intervene in physical activity; these are in truth magical effects. When you walk, an inner magician, something essential, is working within you. How does this happen? The fact that we are physical human beings, made up of bones, blood, and so forth, does not make us into moving human beings; at best it is able to make us inert beings, beings who lie permanently in bed. If we are to be able to move, the will must be directly active. Materialistic science simplifies things by theorizing about the motor nerves and the like. That is nonsense. In actual fact we have in human movement a magical effect, a direct intervention of the spirit into the bodily movements. How is this possible? This will become clear in the following.
I pointed out to you this afternoon that as the life process in man passes from the rhythmic system to the metabolic-limb system, what comes out of carbon has an affinity for what comes out of nitrogen, and there arises a continual tendency in the human being to create combinations of carbon and nitrogen. This tendency exists, and we shall never become clear about the digestive process itself, and especially the excretory process, if this tendency toward the combination of carbon and nitrogen is not kept in mind. This tendency finally leads to the formation of cyanic acid. As a matter of fact, there exists from above downward in the human being a continual tendency to produce cyanic acid, or at any rate, cyanides. There is really no commonly accepted expression for what happens here.
What happens only goes so far as just to reach the point of coming into being, and then it is immediately arrested by the secretions, particularly of the gall bladder. Thus, downward in the human being, there is this continual tendency to create cyanide combinations that are arrested in their status nascendi by gall secretions. To create cyanide combinations in man, however, means to destroy him; the speediest method of destroying the human form [Gestalt] is to permeate it with cyanide. This tendency exists particularly in the direction of the metabolic-limb system; the human organism continually wants to create cyanide combinations, which are in turn immediately broken up. At this moment between the coming into being and the immediate dissolution of the cyanide compounds, the will lays hold of the muscular system. In the paralyzing of this process lies the possibility for the will to take hold so that man can move. From above downward there is always a tendency in the human being to destroy organic substance through a kind of poisoning. This is continually on the point of beginning, and we would not be able to move, we could never achieve any freeing of the will, if this continual tendency to destroy ourselves were not present. Thus, to express it in a grotesque way, from above downward we have this continual tendency to make ourselves into ghosts and thereby to move by magical means. We must not limit our gaze to the physical body with the movements of man but must turn to his will, to the calling forth of spatial movements by purely magical means.
You see, therefore, every time the human being brings himself into movement, he is faced with the responsibility of intervening in the processes that are the actual processes of illness and death. On the other hand, we have the task of knowing that this process of illness is opposed by the health-bringing process, of which I spoke this afternoon. For everything that occurs in the processes in lower man there is a corresponding process above. Carbon has the tendency to form nitrogen compounds downward but upward it has the tendency to form oxygen compounds. Early alchemists called carbon “The Stone of the Wise,” which is nothing other than carbon fully understood. Upward it has the tendency to form oxygen compounds, acids or oxides. These stimulate the thoughts, and whenever we vitally occupy a child we stimulate the formation of carbon compounds and therewith the activity of thinking. Whenever we guide a child into some form of action while he is thinking, we call forth a state of balance between the formation of carbonic and cyanic acids. In human life everything actually depends upon symmetry being produced between these two things.
If a human being is occupied only with intellectual work, the process of the formation of carbonic acid is too strongly stimulated in him; the upper organism is saturated with carbonic acid. Now a proper, intelligently conducted musical education counteracts this excessive formation of the carbonic acid and enables the human being to bring again some activity, inner activity at least, into the carbonic acid process. By arranging a schedule so that the teaching of music, for example, is interspersed among the other subjects, we actually penetrate directly into the processes of illness and health in the human organism. I am not telling you these things today simply for the sake of the subject matter, although I believe they are among the most interesting things that could be found in physiology, for it is only in this way that we can see clearly into the living activity of the substances and forces within the being of man. Processes of illness and health are continually taking place in the human organism, and everything a person does or is guided to do has its effect upon these processes. From this knowledge must be created a feeling of responsibility and a true consciousness of one's purpose as teacher. We must realize, in all humility, the importance of our profession, that we help to orient what are in the most eminent sense cosmic processes. In fact, as teachers we are coworkers in the actual guidance of the world. It is the particular value of these things for our whole life of feeling [Gemüt] and for consciousness that I wish to stress today.
By fully penetrating this, every one of our actions will take on extraordinary importance. Think how often I have said that a person will completely misapprehend the whole of human evolution if he persists in trivial pictorial instructions [Anschauungsunterricht] and never attempts to introduce to a child more than he can already understand; he fails to realize that a great deal of what is taught a child in his eighth or ninth year will be accepted only if the child feels himself in the presence of a beloved teacher, confronted by an obvious authority. The teacher should represent to the child the whole world of truth, beauty, and goodness. What the teacher takes to be beautiful or true or good should be so for the pupil. This obvious authority, during the period between the change of teeth and puberty, must be the basis of all the teaching. A child does not always understand the things that he accepts under the influence of this authority but accepts them because he loves the teacher. What he has accepted will then emerge in later life, say in his thirty-fifth year, and signify an essential enlivening of the whole inner being of man. Anyone who says that one should merely teach children trivial mental conceptions has no real insight into human nature, nor does he know what a vital force it is when in his thirty-fifth year a person can call up something he once accepted simply through love for his teacher. Now you can see the inner significance of what I have been saying. The process in man that is the equilibrium between the carbon and the cyanide processes is essentially supported, made essentially more vital by the fact that something of this condition remains deeply embedded in human nature in the same way that something that we may have accepted in love in our eighth or ninth year remains hidden and is understood only decades later. What occurs between receptivity and understanding, what lies directly in the soul in the process of balance between the lower and upper man, together with the corresponding action of carbon, has enormous influence.
Of course, you cannot apply these things in detail in your methods of teaching, but you can go into the classroom supported by this knowledge of man and apply one aspect or another in various realms of your teaching; if one has acquired this knowledge, a definite result will follow. One can distinguish between those who have knowledge that is inwardly mobile or inwardly immobile. One who simply knows how diamonds, graphite, and coal appear in nature outside the human being, and goes no further than that, will not teach in a very lively way. If one knows, however, that the carbon in coal, in graphite, and so on, also lives within man as a substance metamorphosed; that on the one side it acts only in death-bringing compounds and on the other only in compounds of resurrection; if one speaks not only of the metamorphoses of carbon, which in the various stages of the earth's evolution produced diamond, coal, and graphite; if one realizes that there are different kinds of metamorphosis of carbon in man, which can become inwardly alive, can be spiritualized, can mediate between death and life; if one understands this, one has in this understanding an immediate source of inspiration. If you can understand this, you will find the right method of teaching in school; it is essential for the right method to occur to you; you should not stand in the classroom with such a sour look that anyone can tell from your expression that you stand before the children in a morose, surly mood. Such a mood is impossible if you possess an inwardly mobile, creative knowledge. Then, in all humility, you will realize the importance of the work, and this will reveal itself even in your facial expression while teaching. Your expression is then naturally illuminated by the etheric and astral and unites with that which is outer form to create a whole.
The face of a teacher has three main nuances of expression, with any number of intermediate stages. There is the face with which he meets ordinary people, when he forgets that he is a teacher and simply engages in natural conversation; there is the face he has when he has finished his lesson and leaves the classroom; and there is the face he has in the classroom. We may often be ashamed of human nature when we see the difference in the face of a teacher when he is going into his classroom and when he leaves it. These things are connected with the whole consciousness of the teacher. Perhaps it may comfort you a little if I say that every face becomes twice as beautiful under the influence of an active, vital knowledge than it is otherwise, but the knowledge must do its work, the knowledge must live, and the faces of the teachers should always be alive, inwardly expressive, especially when the lessons are actually being given. In what I am telling you, the important thing is not that you should know these things but that they should work on your life of feeling [Gemüt], strengthening you, giving you the vigor to spiritualize your profession.
Teachers ought to be conscious, especially nowadays, of their great social task, and they should ponder a great deal about this task. The teacher, above all others, should be deeply permeated by awareness of the great needs of modern civilization.
I will give you an example of what is needed in order to adopt the right attitude in our civilization today. You have all heard of Mahatma Gandhi who, since the war, or really since 1914, has set a movement going for the liberation of India from English rule. Gandhi's activities began first in South Africa with the aim of helping the Indians who were living there under appalling conditions and for whose emancipation he did a great deal before 1914. Then he went to India itself and instituted a movement for liberation in the life there. I shall speak today only of what took place when the final verdict was passed on Mahatma Gandhi and omit the court proceedings leading up to it. I would like to speak only of the last act in the drama, as it were, between him and his judge. Gandhi had been accused of stirring up the Indian people against British rule in order to make India independent. Being a lawyer, he conducted his own defense and had not the slightest doubt that he would have to be condemned. In his speech—I cannot quote the actual words—he spoke more or less to the following effect, “My Lords, I beg of you to condemn me in accordance with the full strength of the law. I am perfectly aware that in the eyes of British law in India my crime is the gravest one imaginable. I do not plead any mitigating circumstances; I beg of you to condemn me with the full strength of the law. I affirm, moreover, that my condemnation is required not only in obedience to the principles of outer justice but to the principles of expediency of the British Government. For if I were to be acquitted I should feel it incumbent upon me to continue to propagate the movement, and millions of Indians would join it. My acquittal would lead to results that I regard as my duty.”
The contents of this speech are very characteristic of that which lives and weaves in our time. Gandhi says that he must of necessity be condemned and declares that it is his duty to continue the activity for which he is to be condemned. The judge replied, “Mahatma Gandhi, you have rendered my task of sentencing you immeasurably easier, because you have made it clear that I must of necessity condemn you. It is obvious that you have transgressed against British law, but you and all those present here will realize how hard it will be for me to sentence you. It is clear that a large portion of the Indian people looks upon you as a saint, as one who has taken up his task in obedience to the highest duties devolving upon humanity. The judgment I shall pass on you will be looked upon by the majority of the Indian people as the condemnation of a human being who has devoted himself to the highest service of humanity. Clearly, however, British law must in all severity be put into effect against you. You would regard it as your duty, if you were acquitted, to continue tomorrow what you were doing yesterday. We on our side have to regard it as our most solemn duty to make that impossible. I condemn you in the full consciousness that my sentence will in turn be condemned by millions. I condemn you while admiring your actions, but condemn you I must.” Gandhi's sentence was six years at hard labor.
You could hardly find a more striking example of what is characteristic of our times. We have two levels of actuality before us. Below is the level of truth, the level where the accused declares that if he is acquitted, it will be his solemn duty to continue what he must define as criminal in face of outer law. On the level of truth, also, we have the judge's statement that he admires the one whom, out of duty to his Government, he sentences to six years' hard labor. Above, at the level of facts, you have what the accused in this case, because he is a great soul, defined as crime: the crime that is his duty and that he would at once continue were he to be acquitted. Whereas on the one level you have the admiration of the judge for a great human being, on the other you have the passing of judgment and its outer justification. You have truths below, facts above, which have nothing to do with one another. They touch on one another at only one point, at the point where they confront each other in statement and counter-statement.
Here, my dear friends, you have a most striking example of the fact that nowadays we have a level of truth and a level of untruth. The level of untruth, however, is in public events, and at no point are the two levels in touch with each other. We must keep this clearly in mind, because it is intimately bound up with the whole life of spirit of our times. An example as striking as this reveals things that occur everywhere but are usually less obvious and startling. We must achieve first, however, a real consciousness of what has come to pass in the present in order to put truth in the place of what is happening in the present. We simply must find the true path. Naturally, it is not a matter of overturning everything or of engaging in false radicalism, which leads only to destruction, but of seeing what one can do. We have to find the way to a clear insight and then work in the area where our efforts can be most fruitful.
The most fruitful sphere of activity of all is that of education. There, even if education is controlled by dictatorial rules and standards, the teacher can let what he gains from a true feeling for his profession flow into the lessons he gives. He must, however, have a knowledge of man that will imbue life and spirit into what is otherwise dead knowledge, and, on the other hand, have an enthusiasm arising from a really free and open-minded conception of what life actually is today. You must be clear that in outer life you are at the level above, but as a teacher confronting children it is possible to maintain the level below. It is not by practicing an educational method based on clichés, but by acquiring real enthusiasm for your profession, the consciousness of your profession, that you can emancipate yourselves from the constraints in educational activity and be inspired by the majesty contained in a true knowledge of man. It is sometimes a very bitter experience to speak to anthroposophists, for example, and be compelled to say things that—though not in the bad sense- turn upside down what people have learned and then to find that no attention is paid to what has been said. If you grasped the full weight of what I said in the lecture yesterday [Rudolf Steiner, “The Michael Inspiration, Spiritual Milestones in the Course of the Year,” The Festivals and Their Meaning, London, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1981.] about meteoric iron, for instance, you might well be astonished at the indifference with which such a matter is received. I can understand this in the case of people who have not learned anything but in the case of those who are conversant with the scientific concepts about iron, it is incomprehensible. But the world is like that today.
That is not, however, how the world should be in the head and especially in the heart of the teacher and educator. He must be filled with the consciousness that all the knowledge acquired through modern science is dead knowledge, out of which we must create something living, and the only sort of knowledge that we can use in school arises from this enthusiasm. If you are permeated on the one side with the enthusiasm kindled by such a knowledge of man, and, on the other, with the consciousness of the necessity to put truth in place of the lies that are accepted today—you can find no more impressive example than the legal case I just described to you—if you realize this necessity with your whole being and know that it is the teacher's task to find the right direction through recognition of this necessity, and of the appalling crudities inherent in what appears to be truth in public life today, then something happens within the human being that colors every sphere. You will become a different kind of eurythmy teacher, a different kind of art teacher, a different kind of mathematics teacher. In every sphere you will become different if you are permeated in the real sense by this consciousness. Everything is established by this enthusiasm. This is not the time to talk about the niceties of this or that method. We must bring life into the world, which through its dead intellectualism is faced with the danger of falling still further into death.
Basically, we have fallen out of the habit of being inwardly incensed by things as they are. If you merely pull a long face, however, about things that ought to be rejected in our civilization, you certainly will not be able to educate. That is why it is so necessary from time to time to speak of things in such a way that they can really take hold of our feeling [Gemüt]. If you go away from these lectures with nothing more than the feeling that there has to be a change in the spiritual factors governing the world today, then you will have grasped my aim in giving them.
The dragon takes on the most diverse forms; he takes on every possible form. Those that arise from human emotions are harmful enough but not nearly as harmful as the form the dragon acquires from the dead and deadening knowledge prevailing today. There the dragon becomes especially horrible. One might almost say that the correct symbol for institutions of higher education today would be a thick black pall hung somewhere on the wall of every lecture room. Then one would realize that behind it there is something that must not be shown, because to do so would throw a strange light on what goes on in these lecture rooms! Behind the black pall there should be a picture of Michael's battle with the dragon, the battle with deadening intellectualism. What I have said today shows you how the struggle between Michael and the dragon should live in teachers. What I wanted to present to you is this: we must come to be aware of this battle of Michael as a reality to us in order to celebrate Michaelmas in the right way. No one is more called to play a part in inaugurating the Michael festival in the right way than the teacher. The teacher should unite himself with Michael in a particularly close way, for to live in these times means simply to crawl into the dragon and further the old intellectual operation. To live in the truth means to unite oneself with Michael. We must unite ourselves with Michael whenever we enter the classroom; only through this can we bring with us the necessary strength. Verily, Michael is strong! If we understand Michael's struggle with the dragon in a particular sphere, we are working for the healing of humanity in the future. If I had been asked to give these lectures a title, I would have had to say: Michael's Struggle with the Dragon, presented for the teachers at the Waldorf School. One should not speak about the possibility of celebrating a Michael festival now but rather give thought to introducing into the most diverse spheres of life the kind of consciousness with which a Michael festival could be connected. If you can make these things come alive in your hearts, to permeate your souls with them; if you can bring this consciousness with you into the classroom and sustain it there in complete tranquility, without any element of agitation or high-sounding phrases; if you can let yourselves be inspired to unpretentious action through what can be kindled in your consciousness by surrender to these necessities, then you will enter into the alliance with Michael, as is essential for the teacher and educator.
Dritter Vortrag
Was ich Ihnen in diesen Tagen geben will, soll im wesentlichen eine Anregung zur innerlichen Durchdringung des Lehr- und Erzieherberufes sein, und da möchte ich - anknüpfend an das heute nachmittag Gesagte — das Folgende vor Sie hinstellen. Sehen Sie, wir müssen die Menschenerkenntnis so weit treiben, daß wir wirklich im einzelnen wissen können, was mit dem Menschen geschieht, wenn er sich in der Welt umtut. Ich habe Ihnen gesagt, die erste Tätigkeit, die wir am Menschen wahrnehmen, ist die, wenn er seine Gliedmaßen bewegt. Nun müssen wir die Frage aufwerfen: Was bewegt denn eigentlich die Gliedmaßen? Was ist das Tätige, wenn zum Beispiel der Mensch geht, oder wenn der Mensch mit seinen Armen irgend etwas verrichtet? Was ist das Tätige dabei? Nicht wahr, die materialistische Anschauung wird einfach sagen: Der Mensch selbst ist das - und wird dabei denken an das im Menschen, woran eben die materialistische Anschauung denken kann. Dieses Stück Kosmos aus Blut, Knochen und so weiter, das man als den Menschen beschreibt, das bewegt die Glieder! Das ist der eigentliche Akteur! Aber das hat im Grunde genommen gar keinen Sinn; denn das ist das Objekt der Bewegung, das ist dasjenige, was bewegt wird. Und wenn wir fragen: Wer ist das eigentliche Subjekt dabei, wer bewegt das Bein, den Arm? -, dann kommen wir nicht auf Materielles, dann kommen wir gerade auf Geistiges. Dann kommen wir dazu, uns zu sagen: Es muß das Geistige selbst physische Kräfte, Kräfte, die wir sonst als physische Kräfte bezeichnen, in Aktion bringen. Es muß unser Bein geradeso durch ein Geistiges bewegt werden können, wie durch uns, sagen wir ein Stück Holz, das wir von einem Ort zum anderen legen, bewegt wird.
Aber da kommen wir auf etwas ganz Merkwürdiges, das eigentlich gewöhnlich nicht bedacht wird, weil darüber eine große Illusion herrscht. Unsere menschliche Bewegung ist eigentlich eine magische Wirkung, die darin besteht, daß durch den Geist etwas in Bewegung gesetzt wird. Tatsächlich ist unsere Bewegung als Mensch eine magische Wirkung, und wir sehen den Menschen ganz und gar nicht richtig an, wenn wir ihn als bewegten Menschen nicht auf magische Art bewegt denken. Es muß der Wille, ein rein Geistiges, eingreifen in die physische Aktivität. Das sind magische Wirkungen. Wenn Sie gehen, wirkt der innere Magier, der ist etwas ganz Wesentliches. Wie kommt das zustande? Dadurch, daß wir physische Menschen sind aus Knochen, Blut und so weiter, sind wir noch kein bewegter Mensch, dadurch könnten wir höchstens ein ruhender, ein ewig im Bette liegender Mensch sein; aber wir könnten kein bewegter Mensch sein. Denn da muß der Wille unmittelbar tätig sein. Die materialistische Wissenschaft macht es sich leicht, wenn sie die Theorie aufstellt: das sind die motorischen Nerven und so weiter. Das ist Unsinn. In Wirklichkeit liegt hier in der menschlichen Bewegung eine magische Wirkung vor, ein unmittelbares Eingreifen des Geistes in die körperlichen Bewegungen. Wie ist das möglich? Das wird auf folgende Weise herbeigeführt.
Ich habe schon heute Nachmittag angedeutet: Wenn der Mensch lebt vom rhythmischen System hin zum Gliedmaßen-Stoffwechselsystem, dann erweist dasjenige, was aus dem Kohlenstoff wird, seine Verwandtschaft mit dem, was aus dem Stickstoff wird, und es entsteht fortwährend die Tendenz, in der menschlichen Wesenheit nach unten hin Verbindungen zu schaffen von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff. Diese Tendenz besteht. Man wird früher auch den Verdauungsprozeß selbst und namentlich den Ausscheidungsprozeß nicht durchsichtig bekommen, wenn man nicht die Tendenz der Verbindung des Kohlenstoffes mit dem Stickstoff ins Auge faßt. Diese Tendenz zur Verbindung von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff führt zuletzt zur Bildung von Zyansäure, und tatsächlich besteht im Menschen nach unten fortwährend die Tendenz, Zyansäure zu erzeugen oder zyansaure Salze zu erzeugen. Wir haben nicht einmal einen ordentlichen Ausdruck für das, was da entsteht. -— Was da entsteht, wird nur so weit getrieben, daß es gerade bis zu dem Punkt kommt, anzufangen zu entstehen, dann wird es, durch die Absonderungen der Galle namentlich, sofort aufgehoben. So daß wir nach unten gehend im Menschen eine Tendenz haben, Zyanverbindungen zu schaffen, die im Status nascendi aufgehoben werden durch die Gallenabsonderungen. Nun bedeutet aber Zyanverbindungen im Menschen schaffen, den Menschen zerstören. Es ist die schnellste Methode, wodurch man die Menschengestalt zerstören kann, wenn man sie mit Zyan durchdringt. Diese Tendenz besteht namentlich nach dem Gliedmaßen-Stoffwechselsystem hin. Fortwährend will der menschliche Organismus Zyanverbindungen schaffen, die gleich wieder zerstört werden. Aber in diesem Moment zwischen dem Entstehen und dem sogleich Aufgelöstwerden der Zyansäureverbindungen ergreift der Wille das Muskelsystem. - Im Paralysieren dieses Prozesses liegt die Möglichkeit für den Willen, einzugreifen, so daß der Mensch sich bewegen kann. Es liegt fortwährend im Menschen nach unten gehend die Tendenz, die organische Substanz zu zerstören durch eine Vergiftung. Sie ist fortwährend im Anfang und wir könnten uns nicht bewegen, wir könnten nicht zum Freiwerden des Willens gelangen, wenn wir nicht fortwährend die Tendenz hätten, uns zu zerstören. So daß wir, wenn wir es grotesk ausdrücken wollen, nach unten hin fortwährend die Tendenz haben, uns zum Gespenst zu machen und uns dadurch auf magische Weise bewegen. Wir dürfen nicht auf den physischen Körper schauen beim Herumgehen des Menschen, sondern auf seinen Willen, auf das Hervorrufen von räumlichen Bewegungen auf rein magische Weise.
So sehen Sie, daß wir eigentlich jedesmal, wenn wir den Menschen in Bewegung bringen, vor der Verantwortung stehen, in die Prozesse einzugreifen, die eigentlich Todes-, Erkrankungsprozesse sind. Wir haben daher die Aufgabe, auf der anderen Seite auch wieder zu wissen, daß diesem Erkrankungsprozeß gegenübersteht der Gesundungsprozeß, und der liegt in dem, was ich schon heute nachmittag erwähnt habe: Es muß jederzeit einem Vorgang im unteren Menschen ein entsprechender Prozeß im oberen gegenüberstehen. Hat der Kohlenstoff die Tendenz, nach unten Stickstoffverbindungen zu bilden, so hat er nach oben die Tendenz, Sauerstoffverbindungen zu bilden. Die früheren Alchimisten nannten ihn den «Stein der Weisen», das ist nichts anderes als der voll verstandene Kohlenstoff. Er hat nach oben die Tendenz, Sauerstoffverbindungen zu erzeugen, Sauerstoffsäuren oder sauerstoffsaure Salze. Die aber regen den Gedanken an, und jedesmal wenn wir bildhaft lebendig das Kind beschäftigen, regen wir die Kohlensäurebildung und damit das Denken an. Jedesmal, wenn wir das Kind anleiten, gleichzeitig während des Denkens etwas zu tun, rufen wir einen Gleichgewichtszustand herbei zwischen der Kohlensäurebildung und der Zyanerzeugung; und darauf kommt im menschlichen Leben eigentlich alles an, daß diese zwei Dinge im Gleichmaß erzeugt werden.
Wenn zum Beispiel der Mensch nur intellektuell beschäftigt wird, so wird eigentlich sein Kohlensäurebildungsprozeß zu stark angetrieben. Es entsteht eine Übersättigung des oberen Organismus mit Kohlensäure. Nun wirkt eine richtige, taktvoll geleitete musikalische Erziehung gegen das übermäßige Erzeugen dieses Kohlensäureprozesses, macht den Menschen wieder geeignet, Tätigkeit, wenigstens innere Tätigkeit einzufügen in den Kohlensäureprozeß. Wir greifen in der Tat, wenn wir einen Lehrplan machen und zum Beispiel Musikunterricht und anderen Unterricht verteilen, wir greifen in Erkrankungs- und Gesundungsprozesse des menschlichen Organismus unmittelbar ein. Ich sage Ihnen diese Dinge heute nicht bloß um der Materie willen, die ich Ihnen auseinandersetze, obwohl ich glaube, daß diese Dinge zu den allerinteressantesten gehören, zu denen man in der Physiologie kommen kann, denn dadurch sieht man erst hinein in das lebendige Leben und Treiben dessen, was die Stoffe und Kräfte im menschlichen Inneren sind. Im menschlichen Organismus findet fortwährend Kränkung und Heilung statt, und alles, was er tut, wozu er angeleitet wird, greift ein in diesen Prozeß der Kränkung und Heilung. So muß man aus diesem Wissen heraus das Verantwortungsgefühl und das rechte Bewußtsein dessen, was man ist als Lehrer und Erzieher, schöpfen, muß sich in aller Bescheidenheit im Lehrerberuf wichtig zu nehmen wissen, muß wissen, daß man sich hineinstellt in die Orientierung eines im eminentesten Sinne kosmischen Prozesses, daß man Mitschöpfer an der eigentlichen Weltregierung wird, indem man Erzieher wird. Auf den Gemütswert, den so etwas für das Bewußtsein hat, möchte ich heute besonderen Wert legen.
Dann, wenn man dies durchschaut, wird einem jede einzelne Handhabung außerordentlich wichtig sein. Denken Sie, wie oft ich gesagt habe, derjenige verkennt die ganze menschliche Entwickelung, der nur immer trivialen Anschauungsunterricht treiben will und dem Kinde nichts weiter beibringen will, als was es schon versteht; denn er sieht nicht ein, daß manches, was man einem Kinde im 8., 9. Lebensjahr beibringt, nur angenommen wird von dem Kind, wenn sich das Kind einem geliebten Lehrer gegenübersieht, auf eine selbstverständliche Autorität hin, weil der Lehrer dem Kind repräsentieren soll die ganze Welt von Wahrheit, Schönheit und Güte. Was der Lehrer für schön hält, soll dem Schüler schön sein, was der Lehrer für gut hält, soll den Schülern gut sein, was der Lehrer für wahr hält, soll dem Schüler wahr sein. Auf diese selbstverständliche Autorität zwischen dem Lebensalter vom Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife muß alles aufgebaut sein. Was man unter dem Impuls der selbstverständlichen Autorität aufnimmt, hat man nicht immer verstanden, sondern hat es aufgenommen, weil man den Lehrer liebt. Im späteren Alter, zum Beispiel im 35. Lebensjahr, kommt es dann herauf und bedeutet eine wesentliche Belebung des ganzen inneren Seins des Menschen. Derjenige, der sagt, man muß einem Kinde bloß triviale Anschauungsbilder beibringen, der sieht nicht hinein in die menschliche Natur, der weiß nicht, was es für eine vitale Kraft enthält, wenn der Mensch so etwas im 35. Jahr heraufholen kann, was er einst auf die Liebe zum Lehrer hin aufgenommen hat. Jetzt können Sie einsehen, was das für eine innere Bedeutung hat. Der Prozeß im Menschen, welcher der Ausgleich zwischen dem Kohlensäureund Zyanprozeß ist, wird wesentlich unterstützt, wesentlich belebt dadurch, daß so etwas in dem Zustand tief unten bleibt in der menschlichen Natur wie etwas, was man in Liebe aufgenommen hat im 8., 9. Jahr, das dann im Verborgenen sich hält und später, nach Jahrzehnten, verstanden wird. Was sich abspielt zwischen dem Aufnehmen und Verstandenwerden, was in der Seele unmittelbar in dem Gleichgewichtsprozeß zwischen unterem und oberem Menschen mit dem entsprechenden Verhalten des Kohlenstoffes steht, hat den allergrößten Einfluß.
Natürlich können Sie im einzelnen in den Methoden diese Dinge nicht anwenden; aber Sie selbst können, getragen von dieser Menschenerkenntnis, das Schulzimmer betreten und in dem einen oder anderen Gebiete des Unterrichtes das eine oder das andere wiederum benützen, und es kann dann benützt werden; denn wer ein solches Wissen hat, bei dem tritt schon eine bestimmte Folge ein. Man kann unterscheiden, ob einer ein innerlich bewegliches Wissen hat oder ein innerlich unbewegliches Wissen. Wer nur ein Wissen davon hat, daß es Diamanten, Graphit und Heizkohle gibt und dabei stehenbleibt, wie diese Dinge draußen in der außermenschlichen Natur sind, bei dem wird die Geschichte nicht sehr lebendig werden. Aber wer ein Wissen davon hat, daß der Kohlenstoff, der in der Kohle, im Graphit und so weiter ist, eigentlich da drinnen im Menschen lebt als ein so weit sich metamorphosierender Stoff, daß er nach der einen Seite hin nur in tötende Verbindungen, auf der anderen Seite nur in Auferstehungsverbindungen eingeht; wer also nicht nur davon redet, daß die Metamorphosen des Kohlenstoffes da sind, die durch die verschiedenen Lebensalter der Erde bedingt sind als Diamant, Kohle, Graphit, wer einen Sinn dafür hat, daß da noch ganz andere Metamorphosen da sind für den Kohlenstoff im Menschen, daß er innerlich lebendig wird, ja sich vergeistigt, daß er zwischen Tod und Leben vermitteln kann — wer das verstehen kann, der hat in diesem Verständnis einen unmittelbaren Quell der Inspiration. Wenn Sie das verstehen können, fällt Ihnen in der Schule die richtige Methode ein, und darauf kommt es an, daß einem die richtige Methode einfällt, nicht daß man durchsäuert im Schulzimmer drinnensteht, daß man es den Augen des Lehrers ansieht, daß er durchsäuert ist, daß er griesgrämig vor den Kindern steht. Das ist nicht möglich, wenn man ein innerlich bewegliches Wissen, schaffendes Wissen hat. Dann entsteht in aller Bescheidenheit das Wichtignehmen, das man nötig hat gerade zu dem Unterricht. Das wirkt bis in die Gesichtszüge des Unterrichtenden hinein. Natürlich sind die Gesichtszüge dann vom Ätherischen und Astralischen überstrahlt und verbinden sich mit dem, was äußere Form ist, zu einem Ganzen.
Das Gesicht des Menschen, wenn er ein Lehrer ist, hat drei Nuancen und alle Zwischenzustände dazu. Dasjenige Gesicht, mit dem er einem sonst im Leben begegnet, wenn er vergißt, daß er ein Lehrer ist und einfach mit einem sich unterhält, das Gesicht, das er hat, wenn er vom Unterricht los ist und aus dem Klassenzimmer tritt, und das Gesicht, das er hat, wenn er drinnensteht. Man schämt sich für die menschliche Natur manchmal, wenn man den großen Unterschied sieht im Antlitz des Lehrers, wenn er hineingeht in die Klasse, und dann, wenn er herausgeht. Das sind Dinge, die mit dem ganzen Bewußtsein des Lehrers zusammenhängen. Vielleicht tröstet Sie das ein bißchen, daß ich Ihnen sage: Jedes Gesicht wird unter dem Einfluß eines tätigen, eines vitalen Wissens doppelt so schön, als es sonst ist. Jedes Gesicht wird doppelt so schön, es ist so; aber es muß das Wissen wirken, es muß das Wissen leben, und Lehrergesichter sollten namentlich während des Unterrichtes immer leben, sollten von innen heraus viel sagen. Es kommt mir bei alledem, was ich Ihnen jetzt sage, nicht darauf an, daß Sie alle diese Dinge wissen, die ich Ihnen sage, sondern daß dies auf Ihr Gemüt wirkt und Sie stärkt und kräftigt in der Durchgeistigung Ihres Berufes, den Sie haben.
Der Lehrer sollte besonders heute sich seiner großen sozialen Aufgabe bewußt werden, sollte eigentlich über diese soziale Aufgabe viel meditieren. Denn wer anders als der Lehrer sollte es denn sein, der sich ganz durchdringt mit dem, was der heutigen Zivilisation notwendig ist?
Ich will Ihnen heute ein naheliegendes Beispiel sagen von dem, was man braucht, um sich in der richtigen Weise in die Gegenwartszivilisation hineinzustellen. Sie haben gehört von dem Mahatma Gandhi, der in den letzten Jahren seit dem Krieg, eigentlich schon seit 1914, in Indien eine Bewegung ins Leben gerufen hat, die man die indische Befreiungsbewegung von der englischen Herrschaft nennen kann. Dieser Mann hat zuerst in Südafrika seine Tätigkeit entfaltet zugunsten der dort lebendenden Inder, die eigentlich in einer furchtbaren Lage waren und für deren Befreiung er viel getan hat bis 1914. Dann ist er nach Indien selbst gegangen und hat dort die Freiheitsbewegung ins Leben gerufen. Ich will heute nur reden über die Szenen der letzten Verurteilung des Mahatma Gandhi, und auch da nicht über die vorhergehende Gerichtsverhandlung, sondern nur über das, was sich als letzter Akt abgespielt hat zwischen ihm und seinem Richter. Mahatma Gandhi war angeklagt, das indische Volk aufzuwiegeln gegen die englische Weltherrschaft, Indien unabhängig zu machen. Da er Advokat ist, hat er seine eigene Verteidigung übernommen, und es war ja gar kein Zweifel für ihn, daß er verurteilt werden mußte. Er hielt zunächst seine Verteidigungsrede — ich kann sie nicht wörtlich zitieren -, sie lautete etwa so: Meine Herren Richter, ich bitte, mich nach der ganzen Strenge des Gesetzes zu verurteilen. Ich bin mir vollständig bewußt dessen, daß ich vor der englischen Gesetzgebung in Indien ein Verbrecher bin, daß ich also unbedingt verurteilt werden muß, und daß im Sinne der englischen Gesetzgebung mein Verbrechen das denkbar größte ist. Ich bitte nicht um mildernde Umstände, ich bitte, mich ohne mildernde Umstände nach der ganzen Strenge des Gesetzes zu verurteilen. Ich bemerke außerdem noch, daß nicht nur die Gründe der äußeren Justiz dafür sprechen, daß ich verurteilt werde, sondern es spricht auch der Nützlichkeitsstandpunkt der englischen Regierung dafür. Denn wenn ich freigelassen würde, würde ich mich veranlaßt sehen, die Bewegung fortzusetzen und Millionen Inder würden sich anschließen. Das würde zu einem Resultat führen, das ich als im Sinne meiner Pflicht gelegen ansehe.
Nehmen Sie den Inhalt dieser Rede, so haben Sie damit schon etwas, was sehr bezeichnend ist für das, was in unserer Zeit lebt und webt. Der Mann bezeichnet es also als eine Notwendigkeit, verurteilt zu werden, erklärt es als seine Pflicht, seine Tätigkeit wieder fortzusetzen, für die er verurteilt werden wird. Der Richter erwidert darauf: Mahatma Gandhi, Sie haben mir die Fällung des Urteilsspruches außerordentlich erleichtert; denn dadurch geht hervor, daß ich in die Notwendigkeit versetzt werde, Sie zu verurteilen. Es ist selbstverständlich, daß Sie sich vergangen haben gegen das englische Gesetz, aber Sie und alle Anwesenden werden einsehen, wie schwer es mir wird, Sie zu verurteilen; denn es ist klar, daß ein großer Teil des indischen Volkes Sie ansieht als einen Heiligen, als einen Menschen, der seine Aufgabe gegenüber den höchsten Pflichten der Menschheit ergriffen hat, und daß der Urteilsspruch, den ich fällen werde, von einem großen Teil der Inder angesehen werden wird wie die Verurteilung eines Menschen, der sich in den höchsten Dienst der Menschheit gestellt hat. Aber es muß die ganze Schärfe des englischen Gesetzes selbstverständlich angewendet werden. Sie müßten es als Ihre Pflicht ansehen, wenn Sie freigelassen würden, morgen das fortzusetzen, was Sie gestern getan haben. Wir müssen es als unsere ernste Pflicht ansehen, das unmöglich zu machen. Ich verurteile Sie selbstverständlich in dem Bewußtsein, daß mein Urteilsspruch von Millionen von Menschen verurteilt wird. Ich verurteile Sie in Bewunderung Ihrer Taten, aber ich muß Sie verurteilen. — Sechs Jahre schweren Kerkers war der Urteilsspruch.
Man kann das, was in der Gegenwart lebt und webt, nicht eklatanter charakterisieren. Zwei Niveaus des Seins hat man vor sich, unten das Niveau der Wahrheit, das Niveau, wo der Angeklagte erklärt, es ist seine heilige Pflicht, wenn er freigelassen wird, das fortzusetzen, was er gegenüber dem äußerlichen Gesetz als Verbrechen definieren muß. Wir haben unten das Niveau der Wahrheit in der Aussage des Richters, daß er den bewundere, den er aus der Pflicht gegen seine Regierung zu sechs Jahren schweren Kerkers verurteilt. Sie haben oben auf dem Niveau dessen, was geschieht, dasjenige, was der Angeklagte in diesem Falle, weil er eine große Seele ist, als Verbrechen bezeichnet. Das Verbrechen, das seine Pflicht ist, das er auch sofort fortsetzen würde, wenn er freigelassen würde. Während Sie unten die Bewunderung des Richters für einen großen Menschen haben, haben Sie oben die Fällung des Urteilsspruches und dessen äußere Rechtfertigung. Sie haben unten Wahrheiten und oben Tatsachen, die nichts miteinander zu tun haben. Sie berühren sich in keinem Punkt, nur in dem Punkt, daß man sie in Rede und Gegenrede einander gegenüberstellt.
Ja, meine lieben Freunde, da tritt an einem eklatanten Punkt das zutage, daß wir heute das Niveau der Wahrheit haben und das Niveau der Unwahrheit. Aber das Niveau der Unwahrheit im öffentlichen Geschehen. Und beide berühren sich in keinem Punkte. Das müssen wir uns vor Augen stellen; denn das hängt innig zusammen mit dem, was das ganze Geistesleben unserer Zeit bedeutet. An einem solchen eklatanten Punkte zeigt sich, was sonst überall weniger eklatant, weniger auffallend da ist. Aber wir müssen erst ein richtiges Bewußtsein von dem erzielen, was zu geschehen hat in der Gegenwart, um die Wahrheit an die Stelle desjenigen zu setzen, was gegenwärtig geschieht. Nur muß man den richtigen Weg finden, um natürlich nicht alles umzuwerfen, um nicht in irgendeinem falschen Radikalismus, der zu nichts führt als zur Zerstörung, dasjenige zu sehen, was man tun kann. Man muß die Möglichkeit finden, eine klare Einsicht zu haben, und dann an demjenigen Punkt wirken, wo in fruchtbarer Weise gewirkt werden kann.
Und am fruchtbarsten kann gewirkt werden gerade auf dem Gebiete des Unterrichts und der Erziehung. Da kann selbst, wenn wir in einem ganz tyrannisch geführten Unterricht stehen, der Lehrer einfließen lassen das, was ihm aus einem richtigen Erzieher- und Unterrichterberuf kommt; aber er muß Begeisterung haben aus einer Menschenerkenntnis, die totes Wissen belebt, und auf der anderen Seite Enthusiasmus, der hervorgeht aus einer wirklich unbefangenen Auffassung desjenigen, was heute im Leben eigentlich da ist. Man muß sich klar sein: äußerlich im Leben steht man auf dem Niveau oben; aber als Lehrer dem Kinde gegenüber ist es möglich, das Niveau unten einzuhalten. Aber nicht dadurch, daß man phrasenhafte Pädagogik treibt, sondern dadurch, daß man enthusiasmiert werden kann in bezug auf seinen Beruf, in bezug auf das Bewußtsein seines Berufes, daß man emanzipiert werden kann von demjenigen, was Zwangsmäßiges ist in der Erziehertätigkeit und enthusiasmiert durch dasjenige, was einem als Grandioses in der Menschenerkenntnis entgegentritt. Wirklich, es ist manchmal etwas ungeheuer Schmerzliches, wenn man heute zum Beispiel zu Anthroposophen redet und eigentlich gezwungen ist, den Leuten lauter Dinge zu sagen, die, ich meine das nicht im schlimmen Sinne, doch die Welt auf den Kopf stellen in bezug auf das, was die Menschen gelernt haben, und es wird gar nicht aufgepaßt. Wenn man das ganze Schwergewicht dessen erfaßt, was es heißt, über so etwas wie, sagen wir zum Beispiel, das meteorische Eisen so zu reden, wie das gestern geschehen ist, so ist man erstaunt, mit welcher Gleichgültigkeit so etwas hingenommen wird. Von denjenigen, die nichts gelernt haben, begreife ich es; von denjenigen, die die wissenschaftlichen Begriffe über das Eisen aufgenommen haben, begreift man es nicht. Aber so ist die Welt einmal heute.
Aber so darf die Welt nicht sein im Kopf und namentlich im Herzen des Erziehers und Unterrichters. Der muß impulsiert sein von dem Bewußtsein: alles Wissen, in das wir hineingekommen sind durch das neuere Wissen, ist totes Wissen; und wir müssen aus dem Tod heraus ein Lebendiges schaffen, und nur dieses können wir in der Schule brauchen, was aus diesem Enthusiasmus heraus kommt. Wenn Sie durchdrungen sind auf der einen Seite von dem, was Ihnen aufgehen kann durch eine solche Menschenerkenntnis, auf der anderen Seite von dem Bewußtsein der Notwendigkeit, daß Wahrheit gesetzt werden muß anstelle der Lüge, was anerkannt ist - denn man kann es nicht in grandioserer Weise anerkennen, wie in der Gerichtsverhandlung, die ich Ihnen geschildert habe -, wenn man durchdrungen ist von dieser Notwendigkeit und weiß, daß es vor allem Aufgabe des Lehrers ist, sich die Richtung zu geben aus einer Erkenntnis dieser Notwendigkeit heraus, aus einer Erkenntnis des Krassen, das darin liegt, wie heute im öffentlichen Leben Wahrheit aussieht, dann geht etwas im Menschen vor, was auf alle Gebiete abfärbt. Sie werden ein anderer Eurythmielehrer, anderer Kunsthistoriker, ein anderer Mathematiklehrer, auf jedem Gebiet werden Sie anders, wenn $ie in realem Sinn durchzogen sind von diesem Bewußtsein. Auf diesen Enthusiasmus kommt alles an. Es ist nicht die Zeit, wo man sich knifflig über Finessen dieser oder jener Methode zu unterhalten hat; wir müssen Leben in die Welt bringen, die vor der Gefahr steht, sich durch ihr Totes, Intellektualistisches weiter zu töten.
Man hat sich im Grunde genommen abgewöhnt, innerlich entsetzt zu sein über die Dinge, die da sind. Aber mit dem bloß ein gelangweiltes Gesicht machen gegenüber den Dingen, die abgewiesen werden müssen in unserer Zeit der Zivilisation, mit dem kann man ganz gewiß nicht erziehen. Das ist es, was so notwendig macht, eben von Zeit zu Zeit auch einmal Dinge zu besprechen, die aus einer solchen Ecke herauskommen, daß sie unser Gemüt ergreifen können. Wenn Sie nur von diesen Betrachtungen mit dem Gefühl weggehen heute: Es muß das, was geistig heute die Welt regiert, anders werden -, dann haben Sie das, was ich eigentlich mit diesen Vorträgen meine.
Der Drache hat die verschiedenste Gestalt; der Drache hat alle möglichen Gestalten. Die von menschlichen Emotionen kommenden sind schädlich genug, aber die sind nicht so schädlich wie diejenige Gestalt, die der Drache von dem toten, von dem ertötenden Wissen der Gegenwart bekommt. Da wird der Drache ganz besonders scheußlich, und eigentlich möchte man sagen, das eigentliche Symbolum der heutigen höheren Lehranstalten müßte sein: ein dickes schwarzes Tuch, und das müßte im Grunde genommen in jedem Hörsaal irgendwo an der Wand hängen. Man wüßte, dahinter ist etwas, aber das darf keinem Menschen gezeigt werden, weil damit ein merkwürdiges Licht geworfen würde auf das, was da getrieben wird. Und hinter dem schwarzen Tuch müßte das Bild des Kampfes des Michael mit dem Drachen sein. Der Kampf mit der ertötenden Intellektualität. Das, was heute gesagt ist, ist die Form, wie heute der Streit Michaels mit dem Drachen unter Lehrern und Erziehern leben soll. Das ist, was ich Ihnen darstellen wollte; wir müssen dahin kommen, diesen Michaels-Streit wieder als eine Realität vor uns hinzustellen, um das Michaels-Fest in der richtigen Weise begehen zu können. Und niemand ist eigentlich mehr berufen, in dieses Herbeiführen des Michaels-Festes in der rechten Weise einzugreifen als gerade der Lehrer und Erzieher. Er muß sich ganz besonders verbinden mit dem Michael; denn zeitgemäß heute leben, heißt, in den Drachen hineinkriechen und den alten intellektuellen Betrieb fortsetzen. In der Wahrheit leben, heißt, sich mit dem Michael verbinden. Dem Michael müssen wir uns verbinden, wenn wir in das Schulzimmer eintreten; den nur dadurch können wir die nötige Stärke hineinbringen. Und Michael ist stark. Verstehen wir den Streit Michaels mit dem Drachen auf einem besonderen Gebiete, dann wirken wir zum Heile der Menschheit in der Zukunft. So daß ich, wenn ich diesen Betrachtungen hätte einen Titel geben sollen, hätte sagen müssen: Der Streit des Michael mit dem Drachen, dargestellt für die Waldorfschul-Lehrerschaft. - Man sollte gar nicht sprechen von der Möglichkeit, jetzt schon irgendwelche Michaels-Feste zu begehen, sondern nur daran denken: wie führt man auf den verschiedensten Gebieten des Lebens ein solches Bewußtsein herbei, daß ein Michaels-Fest angeknüpft werden kann. Wenn man in der Tat in der Lage ist, dasjenige, was in dieser Weise innerlich herzlich uns durchdringt, uns seelenvoll machen kann, wenn man das wieder in voller Ruhe in das Schulzimmer hineinträgt und drinnen hält in voller Ruhe, nicht in zappelnder Agitation, nicht in renommierenden, phrasenhaften Reden, aber im einzelnen an anspruchslosem Tun sich begeistern läßt von dem, was im Bewußtsein entfacht werden kann durch die Hingabe an diese Notwendigkeit, dann schließt man das Bündnis mit dem Michael, wie es notwendig ist für den Lehrer und Erzieher. Ich möchte es in einer Formel, in die es sich selber schließt, bringen zu Ihrer Meditation, kann es Ihnen aber erst morgen in die Schule hinaufbringen.
Third Lecture
What I want to give you these days is essentially a stimulus for inner penetration of the teaching and educating profession, and I would like to present the following to you, following on from what was said this afternoon. You see, we must advance our knowledge of human beings to such an extent that we can really know in detail what happens to a person when they move around in the world. I have told you that the first activity we perceive in human beings is when they move their limbs. Now we must ask the question: what actually moves the limbs? What is the active force when, for example, a person walks or when a person does something with their arms? What is the active force involved? The materialistic view will simply say: it is the person themselves — and will think of that part of the person which the materialistic view is capable of thinking about. This piece of the cosmos made of blood, bones, and so on, which is described as the person, moves the limbs! That is the real actor! But that makes no sense at all, because that is the object of the movement, that is what is being moved. And when we ask: Who is the real subject here, who moves the leg, the arm? – then we do not come to the material, then we come precisely to the spiritual. Then we come to say to ourselves: it must be the spiritual itself that sets physical forces in motion, forces that we otherwise call physical forces. Our leg must be able to be moved by a spiritual force in the same way that we move, say, a piece of wood from one place to another.
But here we come to something very strange that is not usually considered because there is a great illusion about it. Our human movement is actually a magical effect that consists of something being set in motion by the spirit. In fact, our movement as human beings is a magical effect, and we do not see human beings correctly at all if we do not think of them as moving human beings in a magical way. The will, a purely spiritual force, must intervene in physical activity. These are magical effects. When you walk, the inner magician is at work, which is something very essential. How does this come about? The fact that we are physical human beings made of bones, blood, and so on does not make us moving human beings; at most, it could make us resting human beings, eternally lying in bed; but we could not be moving human beings. For the will must be directly active. Materialistic science takes the easy way out when it puts forward the theory: these are the motor nerves and so on. That is nonsense. In reality, there is a magical effect at work here in human movement, a direct intervention of the spirit in physical movements. How is that possible? It is brought about in the following way.
I already hinted at this this afternoon: when the human being lives from the rhythmic system to the limb-metabolism system, then what becomes of the carbon proves its relationship to what becomes of the nitrogen, and there is a constant tendency in the human being to create downward connections between carbon and nitrogen. This tendency exists. In the past, it was not possible to understand the digestive process itself, and in particular the excretory process, unless one took into account the tendency of carbon to combine with nitrogen. This tendency to combine carbon and nitrogen ultimately leads to the formation of hydrocyanic acid, and in fact there is a constant downward tendency in human beings to produce hydrocyanic acid or hydrocyanic salts. We do not even have a proper term for what is produced. What is created is only driven to the point where it begins to form, then it is immediately eliminated, namely through the secretion of bile. So that, going downwards in humans, we have a tendency to create cyanide compounds, which are eliminated in their nascent state by bile secretions. But creating cyanide compounds in humans means destroying humans. The fastest way to destroy the human form is to saturate it with cyanide. This tendency exists particularly in the limb metabolism system. The human organism constantly wants to create cyanide compounds, which are immediately destroyed again. But in this moment between the formation and immediate dissolution of the cyanide compounds, the will takes hold of the muscular system. In paralyzing this process lies the possibility for the will to intervene so that the human being can move. There is a constant downward tendency in humans to destroy organic substance through poisoning. It is constantly at work, and we would not be able to move, we would not be able to free our will, if we did not constantly have the tendency to destroy ourselves. So that, to put it grotesquely, we constantly have the tendency to turn ourselves into ghosts and thereby move ourselves in a magical way. We must not look at the physical body when a person walks around, but at their will, at the evocation of spatial movements in a purely magical way.
So you see that every time we set a person in motion, we are faced with the responsibility of intervening in processes that are actually processes of death and disease. We therefore have the task of knowing, on the other hand, that this process of illness is counterbalanced by the process of healing, and that lies in what I already mentioned this afternoon: at any given moment, a process in the lower human being must be counterbalanced by a corresponding process in the upper human being. If carbon has a tendency to form nitrogen compounds below, it has a tendency to form oxygen compounds above. The alchemists of old called it the “philosopher's stone,” which is nothing other than carbon fully understood. It has a tendency to produce oxygen compounds, oxygen acids, or oxygen-acid salts above. But these stimulate thought, and every time we engage the child in vivid imagery, we stimulate the formation of carbonic acid and thus thinking. Every time we instruct the child to do something while thinking, we bring about a state of equilibrium between the formation of carbonic acid and the production of cyanide; and in human life, everything actually depends on these two things being produced in equal measure.
If, for example, a person is only intellectually engaged, their carbon dioxide production process is actually driven too strongly. This results in an oversaturation of the upper organism with carbon dioxide. Now, a proper, tactfully conducted musical education counteracts the excessive production of this carbon dioxide process, making the person once again capable of incorporating activity, at least inner activity, into the carbon dioxide process. In fact, when we draw up a curriculum and distribute music lessons and other lessons, for example, we are directly intervening in the processes of illness and recovery in the human organism. I am not telling you these things today merely for the sake of the subject matter I am discussing, although I believe that these things are among the most interesting that one can encounter in physiology, because they allow us to see into the living life and activity of the substances and forces within the human being. In the human organism, injury and healing are constantly taking place, and everything it does, everything it is guided to do, intervenes in this process of injury and healing. Based on this knowledge, one must draw a sense of responsibility and the right awareness of what one is as a teacher and educator, one must know how to take oneself seriously in all modesty in the teaching profession, one must know that one is placing oneself in the orientation of a cosmic process in the most eminent sense, that one becomes a co-creator in the actual world government by becoming an educator. Today, I would like to place particular emphasis on the emotional value that something like this has for consciousness.
Once you understand this, every single action will become extremely important. Think how often I have said that anyone who only wants to give trivial visual lessons and teach children nothing more than what they already understand misunderstands the whole of human development, because they do not realize that some of what you teach a child in the 8th 9th year of life is only accepted by the child when the child is faced with a beloved teacher, with a natural authority, because the teacher should represent to the child the whole world of truth, beauty, and goodness. What the teacher considers beautiful should be beautiful to the student, what the teacher considers good should be good to the student, what the teacher considers true should be true to the student. Everything must be built on this natural authority between the ages of tooth replacement and sexual maturity. What one absorbs under the impulse of natural authority is not always understood, but is absorbed because one loves the teacher. At a later age, for example at the age of 35, it then comes to the fore and means a significant revitalization of the whole inner being of the human being. Those who say that children should only be taught trivial visual images do not understand human nature; they do not know what vital power is contained in the fact that at the age of 35, people can bring up something they once absorbed out of love for their teacher. Now you can see what inner significance this has. The process in human beings, which is the balance between the carbon dioxide and cyanide processes, is significantly supported and enlivened by the fact that something like this remains deep down in human nature, like something that was absorbed with love in the 8th or 9th year, which then remains hidden and is understood later, after decades. What takes place between acceptance and understanding, what in the soul is directly related to the balancing process between the lower and upper human beings with the corresponding behavior of carbon, has the greatest influence.
Of course, you cannot apply these things in detail in the methods; but you yourself, supported by this knowledge of human nature, can enter the classroom and use one or the other in one or the other area of teaching, and it can then be used; for whoever has such knowledge will already experience a certain effect. One can distinguish whether someone has an inner, flexible knowledge or an inner, inflexible knowledge. Those who only have the knowledge that diamonds, graphite, and coal exist and remain stuck with how these things are outside in nature, outside of humanity, will not find the story very vivid. But those who have knowledge that the carbon in coal, graphite, and so on actually lives within human beings as a substance that undergoes such extensive metamorphosis that, on the one hand, it enters only into deadly compounds and, on the other hand, only into resurrection compounds; who therefore does not just talk about the metamorphoses of carbon that are conditioned by the different ages of the earth as diamond, coal, graphite, but who also has a sense that there are completely different metamorphoses for carbon in human beings, that it becomes alive internally, even spiritualized, that it can mediate between death and life — those who can understand this have a direct source of inspiration in this understanding. If you can understand this, the right method will occur to you in school, and what matters is that the right method occurs to you, not that you stand in the classroom sour-faced, that you can see in the teacher's eyes that he is sour-faced, that he stands before the children in a bad mood. That is not possible if you have an inner, flexible knowledge, a creative knowledge. Then, in all modesty, the importance that is necessary for teaching arises. This has an effect on the facial features of the teacher. Of course, the facial features are then outshone by the etheric and astral and combine with the outer form to form a whole.
The face of a person who is a teacher has three nuances and all the states in between. The face with which he or she encounters you in everyday life, when he or she forgets that he or she is a teacher and simply talks to you; the face he or she has when he or she is finished teaching and steps out of the classroom; and the face he or she has when he or she is standing inside. One is sometimes ashamed of human nature when one sees the great difference in the teacher's face when he enters the classroom and then when he leaves. These are things that are connected with the teacher's whole consciousness. Perhaps it will comfort you a little when I tell you that every face becomes twice as beautiful as it otherwise is under the influence of active, vital knowledge. Every face becomes twice as beautiful, that is true; but the knowledge must be effective, the knowledge must be alive, and teachers' faces should always be alive, especially during class, and should say a lot from within. In all that I am saying to you now, it is not important that you know all these things that I am telling you, but that this has an effect on your mind and strengthens and fortifies you in the spiritualization of your profession. Teachers, especially today, should be aware of their great social responsibility and should meditate deeply on this social responsibility. For who else but teachers should be thoroughly imbued with what is necessary for today's civilization?
Today I want to give you an obvious example of what is needed to position oneself correctly in contemporary civilization. You have heard of Mahatma Gandhi, who in recent years since the war, actually since 1914, has started a movement in India that can be called the Indian liberation movement from English rule. This man first developed his activities in South Africa on behalf of the Indians living there, who were actually in a terrible situation and for whose liberation he did a great deal until 1914. Then he went to India himself and started the freedom movement there. Today, I want to talk only about the scenes of Mahatma Gandhi's final conviction, and even then, not about the preceding court proceedings, but only about what took place as the final act between him and his judge. Mahatma Gandhi was accused of inciting the Indian people to rise up against British world domination and make India independent. As he is a lawyer, he took on his own defense, and there was no doubt in his mind that he would be convicted. He first made his defense speech—I cannot quote it verbatim—it went something like this: Your Honors, I ask that you sentence me to the full extent of the law. I am fully aware that I am a criminal under English law in India, that I must therefore be convicted, and that under English law my crime is the greatest conceivable. I do not ask for mitigating circumstances; I ask that I be sentenced to the full extent of the law without mitigating circumstances. I would also like to point out that it is not only the reasons of external justice that argue in favor of my being sentenced, but also the practical considerations of the British government. For if I were to be released, I would feel compelled to continue the movement, and millions of Indians would join me. This would lead to a result that I consider to be in accordance with my duty.
If you take the content of this speech, you already have something that is very characteristic of what is alive and well in our time. The man therefore describes it as a necessity to be convicted, declaring it his duty to continue his activities, for which he will be convicted. The judge replies: Mahatma Gandhi, you have made it extremely easy for me to pass sentence, for it is clear that I am compelled to condemn you. It goes without saying that you have broken English law, but you and everyone present will understand how difficult it is for me to condemn you; for it is clear that a large part of the Indian people regard you as a saint, as a man who has taken on the highest duties of humanity, and that the sentence I will pass will be regarded by a large part of the Indian people as the condemnation of a man who has placed himself in the highest service of humanity. But the full severity of English law must, of course, be applied. You would consider it your duty, if you were released, to continue tomorrow what you did yesterday. We must consider it our solemn duty to make that impossible. I condemn you, of course, in the knowledge that my verdict will be condemned by millions of people. I condemn you in admiration of your deeds, but I must condemn you. — The verdict was six years in a harsh prison.
One cannot characterize what lives and breathes in the present more strikingly. Two levels of being are before us: below, the level of truth, the level where the defendant declares that it is his sacred duty, if he is released, to continue what he must define as a crime in relation to external law. Below, we have the level of truth in the judge's statement that he admires the man whom he sentences to six years in prison for his duty to his government. Above, at the level of what is happening, you have what the defendant in this case, because he is a great soul, defines as a crime. The crime that is his duty, which he would continue immediately if he were released. While you have the judge's admiration for a great man at the bottom, you have the passing of the sentence and its external justification at the top. You have truths at the bottom and facts at the top that have nothing to do with each other. They do not touch on any point, except that they are juxtaposed in speech and counter-speech.
Yes, my dear friends, at a striking point it becomes apparent that today we have the level of truth and the level of untruth. But the level of untruth in public affairs. And the two do not touch on any point. We must keep this in mind, for it is closely connected with what the whole spiritual life of our time means. At such a striking point, what is otherwise less striking and less noticeable everywhere else becomes apparent. But we must first achieve a proper awareness of what needs to happen in the present in order to replace what is currently happening with the truth. But we must find the right way, so as not to overturn everything, of course, and not to see what can be done in terms of some false radicalism that leads to nothing but destruction. We must find the possibility of having a clear insight and then work at the point where we can have a fruitful effect.
And the most fruitful work can be done precisely in the field of teaching and education. Even if we are in a very tyrannically run classroom, the teacher can bring in what comes from a proper teaching and educating profession; but he must have enthusiasm based on a knowledge of human nature that enlivens dead knowledge, and on the other hand, enthusiasm that arises from a truly unbiased view of what actually exists in life today. One must be clear: outwardly in life, one stands at the level above; but as a teacher facing the child, it is possible to maintain the level below. But not by engaging in rhetorical pedagogy, but by being enthusiastic about one's profession, about the consciousness of one's profession, by being emancipated from what is coercive in the work of an educator and enthusiastic about what is magnificent in the knowledge of human nature. Really, it is sometimes tremendously painful when, for example, one talks to anthroposophists today and is actually forced to tell people things that, I don't mean this in a bad way, turn the world upside down in relation to what people have learned, and no one pays any attention. When you grasp the full weight of what it means to talk about something like, say, meteoric iron, as happened yesterday, you are amazed at the indifference with which such things are accepted. I understand this from those who have learned nothing, but I do not understand it from those who have absorbed the scientific concepts about iron. But that is the way the world is today.
But the world must not be like this in the mind and especially in the heart of the educator and teacher. They must be driven by the awareness that all knowledge we have gained through modern science is dead knowledge, and we must create something alive out of this death, and only what comes out of this enthusiasm can we use in school. If you are imbued, on the one hand, with what you can learn from such knowledge of human nature and, on the other hand, with the awareness of the necessity of replacing lies with truth, which is recognized—for there is no more grandiose way of recognizing this than in the court case I have described to you— if you are imbued with this necessity and know that it is above all the task of the teacher to set the direction based on an awareness of this necessity, based on an awareness of the stark contrast between this and what truth looks like in public life today, then something happens within the human being that rubs off on all areas. You will become a different eurythmy teacher, a different art historian, a different math teacher; you will become different in every field if you are truly imbued with this awareness. Everything depends on this enthusiasm. This is not the time to engage in tricky discussions about the finer points of this or that method; we must bring life into a world that is in danger of killing itself further through its dead, intellectualistic nature.
Basically, we have lost the habit of being inwardly horrified by the things that are out there. But simply putting on a bored face in response to the things that must be rejected in our age of civilization is certainly not the way to educate people. That is why it is so necessary to discuss from time to time things that come from such a corner that they can touch our hearts. If you leave these reflections today with the feeling that what governs the world spiritually today must change, then you have understood what I actually mean with these lectures.
The dragon takes many different forms; the dragon has all kinds of forms. Those that come from human emotions are harmful enough, but they are not as harmful as the form that the dragon takes from the dead, from the deadly knowledge of the present. This makes the dragon particularly hideous, and one would actually like to say that the real symbol of today's higher educational institutions should be a thick black cloth, which should basically hang somewhere on the wall in every lecture hall. One would know that there is something behind it, but it must not be shown to anyone, because it would cast a strange light on what is going on there. And behind the black cloth there should be the image of Michael's battle with the dragon. The battle with deadly intellectualism. What has been said today is the form in which Michael's struggle with the dragon should live on among teachers and educators today. That is what I wanted to present to you; we must come to the point where we can once again present Michael's struggle as a reality in order to celebrate Michaelmas in the right way. And no one is more called upon to intervene in bringing about the Michael festival in the right way than the teacher and educator. They must connect themselves especially with Michael; for to live in keeping with the times today means to crawl into the dragon and continue the old intellectual activity. To live in truth means to connect with Michael. We must connect with Michael when we enter the classroom; only then can we bring in the necessary strength. And Michael is strong. If we understand Michael's battle with the dragon in a particular area, then we are working for the good of humanity in the future. So if I had to give these reflections a title, I would have to say: Michael's battle with the dragon, presented for Waldorf school teachers. We should not even talk about the possibility of celebrating any Michaelmas festivals at this stage, but only think about how to bring about such an awareness in the most diverse areas of life that a Michaelmas festival can be established. If we are indeed able to take what penetrates us so deeply in this way and makes us soulful, if we can carry this back into the classroom in complete calm and keep it there in complete calm, not in fidgety agitation, not in grandiose, phrase-laden speeches, but in individual, unassuming action, allowing oneself to be inspired by what can be kindled in consciousness through devotion to this necessity, then one forms the alliance with Michael that is necessary for the teacher and educator. I would like to present it to you for meditation in a formula that encapsulates it, but I can only bring it to the school tomorrow.