Meditatively Acquired Knowledge of Man
GA 302a
21 September 1920, Stuttgart
III. Spiritual Knowledge of Man as the Fount of Educational
It is essential, in life, that man's connections with his environment are properly regulated. Produce supplied by the outer world can be eaten and digested by us in a suitable way; but we would not be feeding ourselves properly if we were to imbibe produce that had already been partly digested by man. This shows you that the essential thing is that certain things should be taken in from outside in a particular form, and acquire their value for life by being worked on further by man himself.
The same thing applies at a higher level also, for example in the art of education. Here, the essential thing is to know what we ought to learn and what we ought to invent out of what we have learnt, when we are actually taking a lesson. If you study education as a science, consisting of all kinds of principles and formulated statements, that is roughly the same, in terms of education, as choosing to eat food already partly digested by man. But if you undertake a study of the being of man, and learn to understand the human being in this way, what you are then receiving corresponds to food in its natural form. And then, when we are giving the lesson, from out of this knowledge of man there will arise in us, in a very individual form, the art of education itself. This has actually to be invented by the teacher every moment of the time. I want to put this point as an introduction to today's talk.
In teaching and education two elements interweave in a remarkable way. I would like to call one of them the musical element, the element of sound that we hear, and the other one can be called the pictorial element, the element we see. Other sense qualities are intermingled with what we hear on the one hand and see on the other, of course, and in certain circumstances these can be of secondary importance for the lesson, but they are not as important as seeing and hearing.
Now is is essential that we really understand these processes right down to the point where we understand what is actually going on in the body. You will know that nowadays external science sees a difference between man's so-called sensory nerves, that apparently run from the senses to the brain or the central organ, conveying perception and mental imagery, and his motor nerves, that apparently run from the central organ to the organs of movement and set them in motion. You will realise that from the standpoint of initiation science we have to challenge this classification. There is absolutely no such difference between the so-called sensory nerves and the motor nerves. Both are one and the same, and the motor nerves do not really perform any function other than perceiving the moving limb and the actual process of movement the moment it happens; they have nothing to do with actually giving the impulse of will. So we can say that we have nerves that run from our periphery more towards the centre, and we also have nerves that run from the centre to the ends of the organs of movement. But they are basically the same nerve strands, .and the essential thing is only that there is an interruption between these uniform nerves; that is, the soul streaming through the sensory nerves to the centre for instance, undergoes a break, as it were, at the centre, and has to jump across, without however becoming any different, to the so-called motor nerve, which also does not alter in any respect, but is exactly the same as the sensory nerve—just like, say, an electric spark or an electric current that jumps across a switch-board when transmission is interrupted. It is just that the motor nerve has the capacity to perceive the process of movement and the moving limb. But there is something that gives us the possibility of looking very closely into this whole organic process where soul currents and bodily processes interwork.
Let us begin by supposing we are living in the perception of a picture, in the perception of something that is principally conveyed by the organ of sight, a drawing, a form of any kind living in our environment, that is, anything that becomes the property of our soul because we have eyes. We must now distinguish three very distinctly different inner activities. Firstly perception as such. This perception as such actually takes place within the organ of sight.
Secondly we have to distinguish understanding. And here we have to be clear about the fact that all understanding is conveyed by man's rhythmic system, not by his system of nerves and senses. Perception, alone, is conveyed by the nerve-senses system, and we only understand a picture process, for example, because the rhythmical process regulated by the heart and the lungs proceeds through the brain fluid to the brain. The vibrations going on in the brain receive their stimulus in man's rhythmic system, and it is these vibrations that are the actual bodily conveyers of understanding. We can understand, because we breathe.
You can see how frequently these things are misinterpreted by physiology today! The belief is that understanding has something to do with man's nervous system. Yet in reality it is due to the rhythmic system receiving and assimilating what we perceive and visualise. Through this fact though, that the rhythmic system is connected with understanding, understanding becomes intimately connected with man's feeling. And whoever looks at himself very closely will see the connections between understanding and actual feeling. Actually we have to see the truth of something we understand before we can agree with it. For it is our rhythmic system that supplies the meeting place for our understanding of knowledge and the soul's element of feeling.
Then there is a third element, which is the absorbing of information so that our memory can retain it. Thus with each process of this kind we have to distinguish perception, understanding, and sufficient assimilation for the memory to retain it. And this third element is connected with the metabolic system. Those very delicate inner processes of metabolism going on in the organism are connected with memory, and we should pay attention to these, for as teachers we have particular reason to know about them. Notice what a different kind of memory pale children have compared with children who have nice rosy cheeks, or how different with regard to memory the various human races are. Everything of this kind is dependent on the delicate organisation and processes of the metabolism. And we can, for example, strengthen the memory of a pale child if, as teachers, we are in the position to see that he gets some sound sleep, so that the delicate processes in his metabolism receive more stimulation. And another way of helping his memory would be to bring about a rhythm for him, in our teaching, between just listening and working on his own. Now supposing you let the child listen too much. He will manage to perceive, and he will also understand at a pinch, because he is breathing all the time and therefore keeping his brain fluid moving; but the will of the child will not be sufficiently exerted. The will, as you know, is connected with the metabolism. So if you let the child get too much into the habit of watching and listening do not let him do enough work by himself, you will not be able to educate and teach him well—because inner assimilation is connected with the metabolism and the will, and the will is not being active enough. Therefore you have to find the right rhythm between listening and watching and working individually. For retention will not be good unless the will works into the metabolism and stimulates the memory to assimilate. These are delicate physiological matters that spiritual science will gradually have to understand in great detail.
Whilst all this refers to experiencing the pictorial element conveyed by means of sight, it is different in the case of everything relating to the element of sound, to the more or less musical element; and I do not only mean the musical element that lives in music, which only serves as the clearest example, and applies par excellence, but I mean everything to do with what we hear, living more in language and so on. I am referring to all that, when 1 speak of the sounding element. And here—however paradoxical it may sound—it is exactly the opposite process of the one I have just described. The sense organisation in the ear is inwardly connected in a very delicate way with all the nerves that present-day physiology calls motor nerves, but which are in fact the same thing as sensory nerves; so that all we experience as audible is perceived by the nerve strands embedded in our limb organisation. Everything musical has to penetrate deep inside our organism first of all—and our ear nerves are organised for this—and in order to be perceived properly it has to seize hold of the nerves deep within our organism those nerves in which otherwise only the will is active. For those areas in the human organism that convey memory of pictorial expedience—convey the actual perception of musical experiences. So if you look for the area in the organism where the memory of visual perceptions is developed you will also find the nerves that convey the actual perception of sound. Here we see the reason why, for instance, Schopenhauer and others brought music into such intimate connection with the will. Musical perceptions are perceived in the same place as visual perceptions are remembered, namely in the realms of the will. The place where musical perceptions are understood is again the rhythmic system. That is what is so impressive about the human organism, that these things intertwine in such a remarkable way. Our perceptions of visual things meet with our perceptions of audible things and are interwoven in a common inner soul experience because they are both understood in the rhythmic system. Everything we perceive is understood in the rhythmic system. Visual perceptions are perceived by the separate head organism and audible perceptions by the whole limb organism. Visual perceptions stream into the organism; audible perceptions stream from the organism upwards. And you must now combine this with what I said in the first talk. You can do this very well if you feel it. Through the fact that both worlds meet in the rhythmic system something arises in our soul experience that is a combination of audible experiences and visual experiences. And the musical element, that is, everything we hear, is remembered in the same realm where visual things have their sense-nerve organs. These are at one and the same time the kind of organs that appear to be sense-nerve organs, and external physiology calls them that, yet in reality they are connected with the metabolism, and convey the delicate metabolism of the head realm and bring about musical memories. In the same realms in which perception of visual things take place musical memory, the remembering of everything audible, takes place. We remember what we hear in the same realm as we perceive what we see. We perceive what we hear in the same realm as we remember what we see. And both cross over like a lemniscate in the rhythmic system where they intermesh.
Anyone who has ever studied musical memory—and despite the fact that we all take it for granted, it is a wonderful and mysterious thing—will find how entirely different it is from the memory of visual perceptions. It is based on a particularly delicate organisation of the head metabolism, and although in its general character it is also related to the will, and therefore to the metabolism, it is situated in an entirely different realm of the body from the memory of visual perceptions, which is likewise connected with the will.
You see, if you reflect on these things, you will be impressed by how complicated the speech process is. Due to the rhythmic system being so intimately connected with the organs of speech, understanding only comes about when the speech process unfolds from within. But it comes about in a remarkable way, and to help you understand it fully perhaps I may remind you of Goethe's theory of colour. Quite apart from the fact that Goethe calls the red-yellow side of the spectrum warm and the blue-violet side cold, let us recall how he brings the perception of colour and the perception of sound closer together. According to him the red-yellow side of the spectrum 'sounds' different from the blue-violet side, as it were, and he connects it with major and minor, which is certainly a more inward aspect of tone experience. You can find this in those parts of his scientific works that were published in the Weimar edition, from his unprinted material, and which I included in the last volume of my Kuerschner edition. And we can certainly say that if we look into the inner man more in the style in which Goethe describes the theory of colour, we arrive at something remarkable. When we speak it is, as it were, the sound of speech that comes to life first within man. Indeed, the element of sound lives in speech, yet this sound is altered in a certain way. I would like to describe it by saying that the sound is mixed with something that 'dulls it down' when we speak. This is really not just a metaphor but something that has to do with real processes when we say that the actual tone is 'coloured' when we speak. The same thing happens within us as it does in the case ol external colour when we perceive it as having a 'tone'. We do not perceive the tone in the external colour either, but we hear something sounding forth from every colour, as it were. We do not see a colour when we say E or U any more than we hear the tones when we see yellow or blue. But we experience the same thing when we become aware of the sound of speech as we do when we experience the sound of colour. The world of sight and the world of sound overlap here. The colours we see in the world outside us have a pronounced visual nature and a subtle sound nature that enters into us in the way I described in a previous talk. Speech, coming from within us towards the surface, has a pronounced sound nature and a subtle colour nature in its various sounds, that comes to expression more in the child before the seventh year, as I told you previously. From this you see that colour is more pronounced in the outer world and sound more pronounced in man's inner world, and that cosmic music moves beneath the surface in the outer world, whereas beneath the surface of sound in man there hovers an astral element of hidden colour.
And if you properly understand the marvellous organism that comes forth from man as actual speech, you will feel, when you hear it, all the vibrations of the astral body within the colourful movements that pass directly into speech. They work in man in other ways, too, of course. But they get unusually excited, gather up in the area of the larynx where they receive impacts from the sun and the moon, and this brings about something like a play of forces in the astral body that come to external expression in the movements of the larynx. And now you have the possibility of having a picture of this at least: when you listen to any kind of language you are looking at the astral body which straight away passes its vibrations onto the etheric body, thus making the two bodies work more closely as one. Now if you draw this, you will get pure movement coming from the human organism, and you will obtain the kind of eurythmy that is always being carried out by the astral body and etheric body together, when a person speaks. Nothing is arbitrary, for you would solely be making visible what is continually happening invisibly.
Why do we do this nowadays? We do it because it lies within us that nowadays we have to do consciously what we used to do unconsciously; for man's whole evolution consists in gradually bringing down into the sense world what originally only existed spiritually in the supersensible. The Greeks, for instance, actually still thought with their souls; their thinking was still entirely of a soul nature, Modern man, especially since the middle of the fifteenth century, thinks with his brain. Materialism is actually a perfectly correct theory for modern man. For what was still soul experience for the Greeks has gradually imprinted itself into the brain. This is inherited in the brain from generation to generation, and modern man now thinks with imprints in the brain; he now thinks by means of material processes. This had to come. Only now we have to go up again; what has to be added to these processes is that man raises himself up to what comes from the supersensible world. Therefore we now have to do the opposite of the former imprinting of soul in the body, that is, we have to take hold, in freedom, of the spiritual supersensible element, through spiritual science. But this has to be consciously taken in hand, if human evolution is to continue. We have consciously to bring man's visible body into movement, just as it has been done for us up till now in the invisible realm, without our being conscious of it. Then we shall be consciously carrying on in the direction in which the gods worked when they imprinted thinking into the brain, if we make invisible eurythmy visible. If we did not do this, mankind would fall asleep. Although all kinds of things would flood into the human ego and astral body from the spiritual worlds, this would only happen during sleep, and on awakening these things would never get passed on to the physical body.
When people do eurythmy it does a service to both the audience and the eurythmists, for they all get something of importance from it. In the case of eurythmists, the eurythmic movements make their physical organisms receptive to the spiritual world, for the movements want to come down from there. By preparing themselves for this the eurythmists are, as it were, making themselves into organs for receiving processes from the spiritual world. In the case of the audience, the movements living in their astral body and ego are intensified, as it were. If after seeing a eurythmy performance you could wake up suddenly in the night you would see that you had got much more from it than if you had been to a concert and heard a sonata; eurythmy has an even stronger effect than that. It strengthens the soul by bringing it into living contact with the supersensible. But a certain healthy balance must be maintained. If you have too much of it, the soul has a restless night in the spiritual world when the person should be asleep, and this restlessness in the soul would be the counterpart of physical nervousness.
You can see these things as an indication that we should look at the marvellous construction of our human organisation and perceive more and more what it is really like. On the one hand our attention is drawn to the physical, where everything points to the fact that there is no part of our body without spirit in it, and on the other hand we see that the spiritual soul part has the urge not to remain separated from physical experience. And it is of special interest to let these things that I have spoken to you about again today work on you, and look to their educational value. Say for example you do a lively meditation on the whole life of the musical element in man in the will realm of things we see, and another one on the life of musical memories in the realm where we have perceptions of what we see—and vice versa, if you connect what is in the realm where we have perceptions of what we hear with what is in the realm where we remember what we see,—if you bring all these things together and meditate on them, you can be sure of one thing, and that is that the power of inventiveness you will need for teaching children will be sparked off in you.
Ideas like these on spiritual scientific education are all aimed at a better understanding of man. And if you meditate on them these things are bound to have an effect on you. You see, if for instance you eat a piece of bread and butter, it is in the first place a conscious process; but what happens after that, when the piece of bread and butter goes through the complicated process of digestion, you cannot have much influence on. The process takes place nevertheless, and is of great importance to your general well-being. Now if you work at the study of man like we have been doing, you experience it consciously to start with; yet if you subsequently meditate on it, an inner process of digestion goes on in your soul and spirit making a teacher and educator of you. Just as the metabolism makes you a living person, this meditative digesting of a true study of man makes you an educator. You simply encounter the child in an entirely different way when you experience the results of a real, anthroposophical study of man. What we become, what works in us and makes us teachers, comes into being through our working meditatively at this kind of study of man. And if we keep on returning to ideas like these, if only for five minutes a day, our whole inner life of soul will be brought into movement. We shall produce so many thoughts and feelings they will just pour out of us. If you meditate on the study of man in the evening, then next morning you will know in a flash 'Of course, you must now do this or that with Johnnie Smith'—or 'This girl lacks such and such,' and so on. That is, you will know what to do in any situation.
In our lives as human beings the important thing is to let inner and outer things work together in this way. You do not even need a lot of time for this. Once you have got the knack, in three seconds you can get an inner grasp of things that will often keep you going for a whole day's teaching. Time ceases to have any significance when it is a matter of bringing supersensible things to life. The spirit has different laws. Just as you can be thinking about something when you wake up that could have taken weeks to happen, yet it shot through your head in no time at all—what comes to you out of the spirit can stretch out in time. Just as everything contracts in a dream, things we receive from the spirit expand in time. So by doing a meditation like this, you can, if you are 40 or 45 years of age, carry out the whole inner transformation you need for your teaching, in five minutes, and you will be quite different in ordinary life than you were before.
Documents have been written about things of this kind of people who have experienced them. You have to understand these things. But you must also understand that the kind of thing experienced by a few individuals to a high degree, in a way that can throw light on the whole of life, must take place in miniature in the case of the teacher.
He must take in the study of man, understand the study of man through meditation, then remember the study of man, and the remembering will become vigorous life. It is not the usual kind of remembering, but a remembering that gives forth new, inner impulses. In this instance memory springs forth from the life of spirit, and what we call the third stage appears in our work; namely, following in the wake of meditative understanding comes a creative remembering which is at one and the same time a receiving from the spiritual world. Thus we start with a receiving or perceiving of the study of man, then comes an understanding, a meditative understanding of the study of man, that goes into its inner aspect where the study of man is received by the whole of our rhythmic system; and then comes a remembering of it out of the spirit. This means teaching creatively from out of the spirit; the art of education comes about. It must, be a conviction, a frame of mind.
You must see the human being in such a way that you constantly feel these three stages within you. And the more you come to the point of saying to yourself 'There is my external body, my skin, and that contains the power to receive the study of man, the power to understand the study of man in meditation, the power to be fructified by God in the remembering of the study of man'—the more you have this feeling within you, the more you will be a real teacher.
Dritter Vortrag
Im Leben kommt es darauf an, daß die Beziehungen des Menschen zu seiner Umwelt in der richtigen Weise geregelt werden. Man kann diejenigen Produkte, welche die Außenwelt liefert, in entsprechender Weise essen und verdauen; man würde sich aber nicht mehr gut ernähren, wenn man ein von Menschen bis zu einem gewissen Grade bereits verdautes Produkt als Speise aufnehmen würde. Das bezeugt Ihnen, daß es darauf ankommt, daß gewisse Dinge in einer bestimmten Form von außen aufgenommen werden und dadurch für das Leben ihre Bedeutung gewinnen, daß sie dann vom Menschen selbst weiter verarbeitet werden.
So ist es auf einem höheren Gebiete auch, zum Beispiel mit der Pädagogik, der Erziehungskunst. Es kommt bei der Erziehungskunst darauf an, was man lernen soll, und was man durch das Gelernte bei der Handhabung des Unterrichtes selbst eigentlich erst erfinden soll. Wenn man Pädagogik als Wissenschaft lernt, bestehend in allerlei Prinzipien und formulierten Sätzen, so bedeutet das für die Erziehungskunst ungefähr dasselbe, wie wenn man in bezug auf die Ernährung bis zu einem gewissen Grade von Menschen schon verdaute Nahrungsmittel sich zu seiner Ernährung auswählte. Wenn man dagegen Menschenkunde, die Erkenntnis vom Wesen des Menschen, lernend sich aneignet und so den Menschen verstehen lernt, dann nimmt man dasjenige auf, was dem entspricht, was die Natur als Nahrungsmittel gibt. Und im Handhaben des Unterrichtes erwacht uns dann aus dieser Menschenerkenntnis heraus immer ganz individuell die pädagogische Kunst selber. Die muß in jedem Augenblick durch den Lehrer im Grunde genommen erfunden werden. Das ist es, was ich gerade der heutigen Betrachtung vorausschicken möchte.
Im Unterricht und im Erziehen webt sich in einer merkwürdigen Weise dasjenige ineinander, was ich auf der einen Seite nennen möchte das Musikalische, das tonhafte Element der Welt, durch das Hören, und was auf der anderen Seite zu bezeichnen ist als das bildhafte Element der Welt, das sich kundgibt durch das Sehen. Natürlich mischen sich hinein in dasjenige, was durch das Hören auf der einen Seite, durch das Sehen auf der anderen Seite dem Menschen vermittelt wird, andere Sinnesqualitäten, die unter Umständen schon für den Unterricht dann auch eine sekundäre Bedeutung haben können, aber nicht dieselbe große Bedeutung haben wie Sehen und Hören.
Nun handelt es sich darum, daß wir bis in die Leiblichkeit hinein diese Vorgänge wirklich verstehen. Sie wissen, die äußere Wissenschaft unterscheidet heute am Menschen sogenannte Sinnesnerven, die von den Sinnen zum Gehirn beziehungsweise zu dem Zentralorgan gehen sollen und dort vermitteln sollen alles, was Wahrnehmen und Vorstellen ist, und sie unterscheidet von diesen Sinnesnerven die sogenannten motorischen Nerven, die von dem Zentralorgan aus zu den Bewegungsorganen hingehen sollen und die Bewegungsorgane in Bewegung setzen sollen. Sie wissen, daß wir vom Gesichtspunkte der Initiationswissenschaft aus diese Gliederung anfechten müssen. Es besteht absolut kein solcher Unterschied zwischen den sogenannten Sinnesnerven und den motorischen Nerven. Beide sind ein und desselben Wesens, und die motorischen Nerven dienen im wesentlichen zu nichts anderem als dazu, in dem Augenblick, wo wir uns bewegen sollen, das bewegende Organ und den Bewegungsvorgang selbst wahrzunehmen; sie haben nichts zu tun mit der Impulsierung des Willens als solchem. Daher werden wir also sagen können: Wir haben Nerven, welche von unserer Peripherie mehr gegen das Zentrum hingehen, und dann haben wir Nerven, die vom Zentrum aus zu den Enden der Bewegungsorgane verlaufen. Aber das sind im Grunde genommen einheitliche Nervenstränge, und das Wesentliche ist nur, daß diese einheitlichen Nervenstränge unterbrochen sind, daß also gewissermaßen der innervierende seelische Strom, der zum Beispiel von einem Sinnesnerven nach dem Zentrum geht, im Zentrum unterbrochen wird und nun überspringen muß, wodurch aber der innervierende Seelenstrom nichts anderes wird — wie etwa ein elektrischer Funke oder der elektrische Strom durch eine Umschaltungsstelle überspringt, wo die Übertragung unterbrochen ist -, auf den sogenannten motorischen Nerv, der aber in jeder Beziehung dadurch zu nichts anderem wird, der vielmehr genau dasselbe ist wie der Sinnesnerv. Er ist nur dazu veranlagt, den Bewegungsvorgang und das bewegende Organ selbst wahrzunehmen. Aber es gibt etwas, das uns besonders intim hineinschauen läßt in diesen ganzen organischen Vorgang, in dem ineinanderwirken die seelischen Strömungen und die leiblichen Vorgänge.
Nehmen wir einmal an, um davon auszugehen, wir leben in dem Wahrnehmen eines Bildes; wir leben also in dem Wahrnehmen von etwas, was vorzugsweise durch das Sehorgan vermittelt wird, einer Zeichnung, irgendeiner beliebigen Form, die in unserer Umgebung lebt, kurz von irgend etwas, was unser Seeleneigentum dadurch wird, daß wir Augen haben. Da müssen wir nun unterscheiden zwischen drei sehr scharf voneinander zu sondern den inneren Tätigkeiten: erstens dem Wahrnehmen als solchem. Dieses Wahrnehmen als solches spielt sich eigentlich im Sehorgan ab.
Dann haben wir davon zu unterscheiden das Verstehen. Und wir müssen uns hierbei über eines klar sein: alles Verstehen wird vermittelt durch das rhythmische System des Menschen, nicht durch das NervenSinnessystem. Durch das Nerven-Sinnessystem wird lediglich das Wahrnehmen vermittelt; und wir verstehen zum Beispiel irgendeinen Bildvorgang auch nur dadurch, daß sich der rhythmische Vorgang, der reguliert wird vom Herzen und von der Lunge, durch das Gehirnwasser in das Gehirn hinauf fortpflanzt. Jene Vibrationen im Gehirn, die dort vorgehen und die ihre Erregung im rhythmischen System des Menschen haben, vermitteln in Wahrheit körperlich das Verstehen. Verstehen können wir dadurch, daß wir atmen.
Sie sehen, wie falsch heute vielfach diese Dinge von der Physiologie angesehen werden! Das Verstehen, so glaubt man, hätte etwas zu tun mit dem Nervensystem des Menschen. In Wirklichkeit aber beruht es darauf, daß das rhythmische System dasjenige in Empfang nimmt, was von uns wahrgenommen und vorgestellt wird, und es weiter verarbeitet. Dadurch aber, daß das rhythmische System mit dem Verstehen zusammenhängt, kommt das Verstehen in enge Beziehung zum Fühlen des Menschen. Und wer intime Selbstwahrnehmung pflegt, wird sehen, welche Zusammenhänge bestehen zwischen dem Verstehen und dem eigentlichen Fühlen. Im Grunde genommen müssen wir die Wahrheit eines Verstandenen fühlen, wenn wir uns dazu bekennen wollen. Es treffen da eben in uns zusammen dasjenige, was vom verstehenden Erkennen kommt, mit dem Seelischen des Fühlens durch das rhythmische System.
Dann aber gibt es noch ein Drittes: das ist, die Sache so aufzunehmen, daß das Gedächtnis sie behalten kann. Wir haben also bei jedem solchen Vorgang zu unterscheiden: Wahrnehmen, Verstehen und soweit innerliches Verarbeiten des Verstandenen, daß das Gedächtnis es behalten kann. Und dieses Dritte ist nun verbunden mit dem Stoffwechselsystem. Jene feinsten inneren Stoffwechselvorgänge, die im Organismus vor sich gehen, auf die wir wohl zu achten haben, und die uns namentlich als Erzieher bekannt sein müssen, hängen mit dem Gedächtnis, mit dem Erinnerungsvermögen zusammen. Beobachten Sie nur einmal, wie unterschiedlich im Erinnern Kinder sind, die blaß sind, gegenüber solchen Kindern, die rotes, gutes Inkarnat haben; oder wie unterschiedlich in bezug auf das Erinnerungsvermögen die verschiedenen Menschenrassen voneinander sind. All das sind Dinge, die auf den feinsten Gliederungen und Vorgängen des Stoffwechsels beruhen. Und wenn wir zum Beispiel als Erzieher in der Lage sind, einem bläßlichen Kinde so beizukommen, daß wir ihm etwas gesunden Schlaf verschaffen, so daß es eine gewisse größere Erregung im Inneren für die feineren Vorgänge des Stoffwechsels hätte, so können wir damit seinem Gedächtnis gut aufhelfen. Aber auch dadurch können wir seinem Gedächtnis aufhelfen, daß wir als Lehrer uns bemühen, den rechten Pulsschlag zu halten zwischen dem bloßen Zuhören und dem Selbstarbeiten des Kindes. Nehmen Sie einmal an, Sie lassen das Kind zuviel zuhören; dann kommt es zwar zum Wahrnehmen und auch zur Not zum Verstehen, weil es ja fortwährend atmet und dadurch das Gehirnwasser in Regsamkeit hält; aber der Wille des Kindes wird zu wenig angespannt. Der Wille hängt nun, wie Sie wissen, mit dem Stoffwechsel zusammen. Wenn Sie also das Kind zu sehr an das Zuschauen und Hinhören sich gewöhnen lassen und es zu wenig selbst arbeiten lassen, so daß dadurch — weil das innere Verarbeiten mit dem Stoffwechsel und mit dem Willen zusammenhängt — der Wille zu wenig in Tätigkeit kommt, so werden Sie das Kind nicht gut erziehen und unterrichten können. Sie müssen also den richtigen Pulsschlag zwischen Zuhören und Zuschauen und eigener Arbeit finden. Denn das wird nicht gut bewahrt, was nicht im Menschen so verarbeitet wird, daß der Wille in den Stoffwechsel hinein arbeitet und dadurch das Erinnerungsvermögen angefeuert wird. Das sind feine Dinge in der Physiologie, die mit der Geisteswissenschaft allmählich sehr genau werden durchschaut werden müssen.
Während sich dies alles auf das bildliche, durch das Sehen vermittelte Erleben bezieht, ist es anders bei allem, wo Tönendes, mehr oder weniger Musikalisches in Betracht kommt; wobei ich nicht nur das in der Musik lebende Musikalische meine, das nur diese Dinge besonders anschaulich macht und wofür es allerdings vorzüglich gilt, sondern alles, was mit dem Hörbaren zusammenhängt, was mehr in der Sprache und so weiter lebt. Alles das meine ich, wenn ich jetzt vom Tönenden spreche. Da ist nun der Vorgang gegenüber dem, was ich eben geschildert habe - so paradox es klingt -, gerade der umgekehrte. Dasjenige, was im Ohr Sinnesorganisation ist, hängt in einer sehr feinen Weise innerlich mit allen den Nerven zusammen, welche die heutige Physiologie motorische nennt, die aber in Wirklichkeit dasselbe wie die Sinnesnerven sind; daß alles dasjenige, was von uns als Ertönendes erlebt wird, wahrgenommen wird durch die in unsere gliedliche Organisation eingebetteten Nervenstränge. Alles Musikalische muß zuerst tief in unseren Organismus eindringen —- und dazu sind die Nerven des Ohres schon organisiert —, muß zuerst tief in unsere ganze Organisation eindringen und muß dasjenige ergreifen, wohinein sonst nur der Wille wirkt in den Nerven, um in der richtigen Weise wahrgenommen zu werden. Denn diejenigen Territorien im menschlichen Organismus, die bei den bildhaften Erlebnissen die Erinnerung vermitteln, diese Territorien sind es, die beim Musikalischen, beim Hörbaren, die Wahrnehmung vermitteln. Suchen Sie also im Organismus diejenigen Partien, welche für die Gesichtswahrnehmungen das Gedächtnis ausbilden, so finden Sie in denselben Partien diejenigen Nerven, welche für die Hörwahrnehmung das Wahrnehmen selbst vermitteln. Darin liegt zum Beispiel der Grund, warum Schopenhauer und andere die Musik so eng mit dem Willen in Zusammenhang gebracht haben. Wo für die Sehvorstellungen erinnert wird, nämlich in den Willensbezirken, da wird wahrgenommen für die Gehörvorstellungen. Verstanden wird auch für die Gehörvorstellungen durch das rhythmische System. Und das ist das Bedeutsame in der menschlichen Organisation, daß sich die Dinge in einer so eigentümlichen Weise verschlingen. Unsere Bildvorstellungen kommen mit unseren Gehörvorstellungen zusammen und verweben sich zu einem gemeinsamen inneren Seelenleben dadurch, daß sowohl die Bildvorstellungen wie die Gehörvorstellungen durch das rhythmische System verstanden werden. Verstanden wird alles, was wir wahrnehmen, durch das rhythmische System. Wahrgenommen werden die Gesichtsvorstellungen durch den abgesonderten Kopforganismus, und wahrgenommen werden die Gehörvorstellungen durch den ganzen gliedlichen Organismus. Die Gesichtsvorstellungen haben eine Strömung nach dem Organismus hinein; die Gehörvorstellungen haben eine Strömung von dem Organismus aufwärts. Das müssen Sie nun zusammenbringen mit dem, was ich in der ersten Stunde gesagt habe. Das läßt sich sehr gut zusammenbringen, wenn man es empfindet. Und dadurch, daß sich beide Welten begegnen im rhythmischen System, entsteht dasjenige in unserem seelischen Erleben, was gemeinsam in sich schließt Gehörerlebnisse und Gesichtserlebnisse. Und erinnert wird das Musikalische, erinnert wird alles Hörbare nun in demselben Bezirk, wo das Sichtbare seine Sinnes-Nervenorgane hat. Das sind zu gleicher Zeit diejenigen Organe — Sinnes-Nervenorgane, scheinbar, so nennt sie die äußere Physiologie —, die wieder in Wirklichkeit solche Organe sind, die zusammenhängen mit dem Stoffwechsel, die den feineren Stoffwechsel des Kopfbezirkes vermitteln und durch den die musikalischen Erinnerungen zustande kommen. In denselben Bezirken, wo das Wahrnehmen für die Gesichtsvorstellungen zustande kommt, da kommt das musikalische Erinnern, überhaupt das Erinnern des Hörbaren zustande. In denselben Bezirken, in denen wir das Sichtbare wahrnehmen, erinnern wir uns des Hörbaren. In denselben Bezirken, in denen wir uns des Sichtbaren erinnern, nehmen wir das Hörbare wahr. Und die beiden überkreuzen sich wie eine Lemniskate im rhythmischen System, wo sie ineinander-, übereinandergreifen.
Wer jemals jenes, von dem Menschen so selbstverständlich genommene, aber so wunderbare und rätselvolle musikalische Erinnern, das musikalische Gedächtnis studiert hat, der wird finden, wie grundverschieden dieses musikalische Gedächtnis, das auf einer bestimmten feinen Organisation des Kopfstoffwechsels beruht, zwar dem allgemeinen Charakter nach auch mit dem Willen verwandt ist und dadurch mit dem Stoffwechsel, wie es aber in einem ganz anderen Bezirk des Leibes lokalisiert ist als das Erinnern der Gesichtsvorstellungen, das wieder mit dem Willen zusammenhängt.
Sehen Sie, wenn Sie diese Dinge in Erwägung ziehen, dann werden Sie das ganze Komplizierte des Sprachvorganges auch auf Ihre Seele wirken lassen können. Im Sprachvorgang haben wir von innen heraus wirkend etwas, worin sich dadurch, daß das rhythmische System so nahe mit dem Sprachorgan verbunden ist, erst das Verstehen auslebt. Aber es lebt sich in einer eigentümlichen Weise aus, und da darf ich Sie wohl, um diese Sache voll zum Verständnis zu bringen, an die Goethesche Farbenlehre erinnern. Denken Sie einmal daran, wie Goethe — abgesehen davon, daß er die rot-gelbe Seite der Farbenwelt die warme, und die blau-violette Seite die kalte nennt — nahe aneinanderrückt die Farbenwahrnehmung und die Tonwahrnehmung; wie er gewissermaßen in der rot-gelben Seite des Spektrums anders «tönen» sieht als in der blau-violetten Seite und wie er das zusammenbringt mit Dur und Moll, also mit gewiß schon intimeren Seiten der Tonerlebnisse. Man findet dies besonders in denjenigen Partien, die dann von seinen naturwissenschaftlichen Schriften aus dem ungedruckten Material in der Weimarischen Ausgabe veröffentlicht sind, und von mir in dem letzten Bande meiner Kürschnerschen Ausgabe dann nachgeholt sind. Und wir können uns schon sagen: Wenn wir das, was mehr in der Art des Beschreibens Goethe so in seiner Farbenlehre gibt, wenn wir das jetzt übertragen auf den inneren Menschen, so kommt etwas Besonderes heraus. Es ist gewissermaßen im Inneren des Menschen so, daß in dem Sprechen zunächst das Tönen lebt. Ja, es lebt im Sprechen das Tönen, aber dieses Tönen wird ja in einer gewissen Beziehung verändert. Ich möchte sagen, es wird dieses Tönen durchsetzt von etwas, was es «abstumpft» im Sprechen. Und es ist wirklich nicht bloß ein bildlicher Vergleich, sondern etwas, was mit realen Vorgängen zu tun hat, wenn wir sagen, der eigentliche Ton wird im Sprechen «gefärbt». Dasselbe, was, wenn wir die Farbe «tonlich» wahrnehmen, dann mit der äußeren Farbe geschieht — wir nehmen an der äußeren Farbe auch nicht den Ton wahr, aber wir hören gewissermaßen aus jeder Farbe etwas herausklingen -, dasselbe geschieht innerlich: wir sehen nicht eine Farbe, wenn wir I oder U sprechen, so wenig wie wir die Töne hören, wenn wir Gelb oder Blau sehen. Aber dasselbe Erlebnis, das wir haben, wenn wir die Farbe tönend erleben, haben wir, wenn wir den Ton aus der Sprache heraus lautend erleben. Da schieben sich ineinander Gesichtswelt und Tonwelt. Was wir draußen im Raume sehen als Farbe, das trägt einen ganz offenbaren Schaucharakter und einen intimen Toncharakter, der dann so in uns hineingeht, wie ich es in einer der vorhergehenden Stunden beschrieben habe. Was von innen als Sprache an die Oberfläche des Menschen kommt, trägt einen Toncharakter offenbar, aber einen intimen Farbencharakter im Lautieren, der sich wieder mehr so heraufarbeitet, wie ich das beschrieben habe mehr beim Menschen bis zum 7. Lebensjahre. Sie sehen daraus, daß in der Außenwelt das Farbige mehr offenbar gehalten wird, in der menschlichen Innenwelt mehr das Tönende offenbar gehalten wird, und daß unter dieser Oberfläche in der Außenwelt die Weltenmusik schwimmt; unter der Oberfläche des Tönenden im Inneren des Menschen schwimmt und bewegt sich ein geheimnisvoll-farbiges Astrales.
Und wenn Sie nun die eigentliche Sprache, diesen wunderbaren, sich vom Menschen absondernden Organismus richtig verstehen, dann fühlen Sie, indem die Sprache aus dem Menschen erklingt, zu gleicher Zeit die ganzen Vibrationen des astralischen Leibes, die da drinnen sind in den farbigen Schwingungen, die unmittelbar in die Sprache übergehen. Sonst wirken sie ja auch im Menschen, aber sie kommen in eine sonderbare Aufregung, konzentrieren sich zum Kehlkopf hin, bekommen ihre Einschläge von Sonne und Mond, und das gibt etwas wie ein Spiel im astralischen Leib, das sich äußerlich offenbart in den Bewegungen des Kehlkopfes. Und jetzt haben Sie die Möglichkeit, wenigstens als ein Bild vor Ihnen stehend: Sie hören irgendeiner Sprache zu, schauen den astralischen Leib an, der dann seine Vibrationen sogleich auf den Ätherleib überträgt, wodurch das Ganze noch intimer wirkt; Sie zeichnen nun das Ganze, dadurch bekommen Sie nur Bewegungen, die im menschlichen Organismus begründet sind, und Sie erhalten jene Eurythmie, die immer ausgeführt wird gemeinsam vom astralischen Leib und Ätherleib, wenn der Mensch spricht. Es ist keine Willkür möglich, sondern es wird dadurch lediglich in die Sichtbarkeit heruntergeholt, was sonst fortwährend unsichtbar geschieht.
Warum tun wir das gegenwärtig? Ja, wir tun es, weil es in uns liegt, gegenwärtig bewußt diejenigen Sachen machen zu müssen, die wir früher unbewußt gemacht haben; denn alle Entwickelung des Menschen besteht darin, daß nach und nach das erst bloß geistig existierende Übersinnliche sich ins Sinnliche herunterbewegt. Die Griechen zum Beispiel haben noch eigentlich mit der Seele gedacht; es war ihr Denken noch ganz seelisch. Die modernen Menschen, besonders seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, denken mit dem Gehirn. Der Materialismus ist eigentlich eine ganz richtige Theorie für den modernen Menschen. Denn was die Griechen noch in der Seele erlebten, das hat sich allmählich abgedrückt im Gehirn, das vererbt sich im Gehirn von Generation zu Generation, und die neueren Menschen denken schon mit den Abdrücken des Gehirns; sie denken schon durch materielle Vorgänge. Das mußte so kommen. Man muß nur wieder hinauf; man muß nur zu diesen Vorgängen hinzufügen das Sich-Erheben des Menschen zu denjenigen Ergebnissen, die aus der übersinnlichen Welt kommen. Daher müssen wir dem Hineinprägen des früheren Seelischen in den Leib jetzt den Gegenpol entgegenstellen, das freie Ergreifen des GeistigÜbersinnlichen durch die Geisteswissenschaft. Aber damit die Menschheitsentwickelung fortgehe, müssen wir dieses Hinuntertragen des Übersinnlichen in das Sinnliche bewußt in die Hand nehmen. Wir müssen den Körper des Menschen, diesen sinnlichen Körper, so in die sichtbare Beweglichkeit bewußt versetzen, wie es bisher nur im Unsichtbaren, unbewußt für uns, geschehen ist. Damit setzen wir dann den Weg der Götter bewußt fort, indem wir die Arbeit der Götter noch übernommen haben: die Einprägung des Denkens in das Gehirn, indem wir aus dem Übersinnlichen der Eurythmie, aus der übersinnlichen Eurythmie die sinnliche machen. Würden wir das nicht machen, so würde die Menschheit allmählich in ein seelisches Träumen verfallen; sie würde schlafend werden. Es würde so werden, daß zwar aus den geistigen Welten heraus allerlei in das menschliche Ich und in den astralischen Leib hineinfluten würde, aber das würde immer im Schlafzustande geschehen, und beim Erwachen würde es sich niemals auf den physischen Organismus übertragen.
Wenn die Menschen Eurythmie treiben, so ist es so, daß Eurythmisten und Zuschauern im Leben gedient wird; beide haben etwas Wesentliches davon. Bei denen, die selbst Eurythmisten sind, wird der physische Organismus durch die Bewegungen der Eurythmie zu einem geeigneten Aufnahmeorgan für die geistige Welt gemacht, weil die Bewegungen herunter wollen aus der geistigen Welt. Es werden gewissermaßen die Eurythmisten Aufnahmeorgane für Vorgänge der geistigen Welt, indem sie ihren Körper dafür vorbereiten. Bei denen, die Zuschauer in der Eurythmie sind, wird gewissermaßen, was an Bewegungen in bezug auf ihren astralischen Leib und ihr Ich lebt, durch die Bewegungen der Eurythmie intensiviert. Könnten Sie nach einer Eurythmieaufführung plötzlich in der Nacht aufwachen, dann würden Sie sehen, daß Sie noch viel mehr in sich haben als nach einer Sonate, wenn Sie ein Abendkonzert gehört haben und in der Nacht wieder aufwachen; das tritt bei der Eurythmie in noch stärkerem Maße auf. Das stärkt die Seele, indem es die Seele lebendig sich einleben läßt in das Übersinnliche. Es muß nur auch da eine gewisse Hygiene herrschen. Denn wenn es zuviel wird, so zappelt die Seele in der geistigen Welt des Nachts, wenn der Mensch schlafen soll, und dieses Zappeln würde im Seelischen drinnen das Gegenbild für die physische Nervosität sein.
Sie sehen, wie diese Dinge uns darauf hinweisen, immer realer und realer diesen wunderbaren Bau der menschlichen Organisation wahrzunehmen. Es zeigt sich uns auf der einen Seite herab ins Physische, wo alles darauf hinweist, daß nichts existiert in unserem Leibe, was nicht durchgeistigt ist, und auf der anderen Seite sehen wir das Geistig-Seelische, was darauf hinstrebt, daß nichts mehr im Menschen geistigseelisch ist, was nicht das physische Erleben verarbeitet. Und besonders interessant ist es, wenn man dann solche Dinge, wie ich sie heute wieder gesagt habe, auf sich wirken läßt und als Anregungen betrachtet. Wenn Sie zum Beispiel jetzt lebhafte Meditationsvorstellungen sich bilden über das ganze Leben des Musikalischen im Menschen in den Willensbezirken des Sichtbaren, und wieder über das gedächtnismäßige Erleben im Musikalischen, über das Leben der musikalischen Erinnerungen in den Vorstellungsbezirken des Sichtbaren - und umgekehrt, wenn Sie das, was in den Vorstellungsbezirken des Hörbaren ist, in Zusammenhang bringen mit dem, was in den Gedächtnisbezirken des Sichtbaren ist —, wenn Sie alle diese Dinge zusammenbringen und Meditationsvorstellungen sich daraus bilden, dann können Sie sicher sein, daß eines in Ihnen angeregt wird: eine tiefe Erfindungskraft, die Sie brauchen, wenn Sie erziehend dem Kinde gegenüberstehen.
Die Betrachtungen, die eine geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik so anstellt, wie wir sie angestellt haben, gehen alle darauf aus, den Menschen intimer kennenzulernen. Aber wenn Sie dann über diese Dinge meditierend nachdenken, so können Sie gar nicht anders als bewirken, daß diese Dinge in Ihnen weiterwirken. — Sehen Sie, wenn Sie zum Beispiel ein Butterbrot essen, so haben Sie es zunächst mit einem bewußten Vorgang zu tun; aber was dann weiter geschieht, wenn das Butterbrot den komplizierten Verdauungsprozeß durchmacht, so ist das etwas, worauf Sie nicht viel wirken können; aber dieser Prozeß geht vor sich, und Ihr allgemeines Leben hängt damit stark zusammen. Wenn Sie nun Menschenkunde studieren, wie wir es getan haben, so erleben Sie das zunächst bewußt; meditieren Sie nachher darüber, so geht ein innerer geistig-seelischer Verdauungsprozeß in Ihnen vor sich, und der macht Sie zum Erzieher und Unterrichter. Geradeso, wie Sie der Stoffwechsel zum sonst lebenden Menschen macht, so macht Sie dieses meditierende Verdauen einer wahren Menschenkunde zum Erzieher. Sie stehen eben einfach dem Kinde als Erzieher ganz anders gegenüber, wenn Sie das durchgemacht haben, was eben erst folgt aus einer wirklichen anthroposophischen Menschenkunde. Das, was wird aus uns, was in uns wirkt, wodurch wir Erzieher werden, das geht im meditierenden Erarbeiten einer solchen Menschenkunde vor sich. Und solche Betrachtungen wie die heutigen, wenn wir sie immer wieder und wieder in uns erwecken, wenn wir auch nur 5 Minuten am Tage darauf zurückkommen, sie bringen alles innere Seelenleben in Bewegung. Wir werden innerlich so gedanken- und empfindungsfruchtbare Menschen, daß alles nur so aus uns heraussprudelt. Abends meditieren Sie über Menschenkunde, und morgens quillt Ihnen heraus: Ja, mit dem Hans Müller mußt du jetzt dies oder jenes machen - oder: Bei diesem Mädchen fehlt es an dem und dem und so weiter. Kurz, Sie wissen, was Sie für den speziellen Fall anwenden müssen.
Es kommt im Menschenleben darauf an, daß man in dieser Weise das Innere mit dem Äußeren zusammenarbeiten läßt. Man braucht gar nicht einmal so viel Zeit dazu. Wenn Sie einmal dafür Force bekommen haben, dann können Sie innerlich in drei Sekunden erarbeiten, was Sie dann in der Sprache oft, wenn Sie es auf die Erziehung anwenden, für einen ganzen Tag versorgt. Da hört die Zeit auf ihre Bedeutung zu haben, wenn es sich darum handelt, das Übersinnliche zum Leben zu bringen. Der Geist hat eben andere Gesetze. Geradeso wie wenn Sie beim Aufwachen einen Gedanken haben können, dessen Zeitinhalt zum Beispiel Wochen in Anspruch nehmen kann - er ist Ihnen aber durch den Kopf geschossen in einer Zeit, die kaum anzugeben ist —, geradeso kann umgekehrt das, was Ihnen aus dem Geiste herausfließen kann, sich dann verlängern. Wie sich beim Traume alles zusammenzieht, so verlängert sich das, was uns aus dem Geiste erfließt. So können Sie jetzt durch ein solches meditierendes Sich-Hineinleben in die anthroposophische Menschenkunde es dahin bringen, daß Sie, wenn Sie im40.oder 45. Jahre sind, in fünf Minuten die ganze Umwandlung des inneren Menschen haben, die Sie für Ihren Unterricht brauchen, und die Sie dann im äußeren Leben zu etwas ganz anderem macht, als Sie früher gewesen sind.
Von solchen Dingen sprechen diejenigen Schriften, die von Menschen herrühren, welche so etwas erlebt haben. Man muß es verstehen. Man muß aber auch verstehen, daß dasjenige, was von einzelnen Individualitäten in einem ganz besonderen Maße erlebt wird und nun sein Licht auf das ganze Leben hinwerfen kann, beim Erzieher sich im kleinen abspielen muß.
Er muß Menschenkunde aufnehmen, Menschenkunde verstehen durch Meditieren, an Menschenkunde sich erinnern: da wird das Erinnern lebendiges Leben. Es ist nicht bloß ein Erinnern wie sonst, sondern ein Erinnern, welches neue innere Impulse aus sich heraustreibt. Da kommt die Erinnerung quellend aus dem geistigen Leben, und da überträgt sich in unser äußeres Arbeiten dasjenige, was als dritte Etappe kommt: Nach dem meditierenden Verstehen kommt das schaffende, das schöpferische Sich-Erinnern, das zugleich ein Aufnehmen aus der geistigen Welt ist. So also haben wir: Zuerst ein Aufnehmen oder Wahrnehmen der Menschenkunde, dann ein Verstehen, ein meditierendes Verstehen dieser Menschenkunde, indem wir in uns immer mehr hineingehen, innerlich hineingehen, wo die Menschenkunde empfangen wird von unserem ganzen rhythmischen System, und dann haben wir ein Erinnern der Menschenkunde aus dem Geistigen heraus. Das heißt: aus dem Geiste heraus pädagogisch schaffen, pädagogische Kunst werden. Gesinnung muß das werden, Seelenverfassung muß das werden.
So müssen Sie den Menschen anschauen, daß Sie auch da diese drei Etappen fortwährend in sich fühlen. Und je mehr Sie dazu kommen, sich zu sagen: Da ist mein äußerer Leib, da ist meine Haut; das umschließt in mir den die Menschenkunde Aufnehmenden, den die Menschenkunde meditierend Verstehenden, den von Gott durch das Erinnern der Menschenkunde Befruchteten — je mehr Sie dieses Gefühl in sich tragen, desto mehr sind Sie Erzieher und unterrichtender Erzieher.
Third Lecture
In life, it is important that people's relationships with their environment are regulated in the right way. One can eat and digest the products that the outside world provides in an appropriate manner; however, one would no longer be well nourished if one were to consume a product that has already been digested to a certain extent by humans. This proves that it is important for certain things to be absorbed from the outside in a specific form and thereby gain significance for life, so that they can then be further processed by humans themselves.
The same is true in a higher sphere, for example in pedagogy, the art of education. In the art of education, it depends on what one is to learn and what one is actually to invent through what one has learned in the handling of teaching itself. If one learns pedagogy as a science, consisting of all kinds of principles and formulated propositions, this means roughly the same thing for the art of education as if, with regard to nutrition, one chose foods that had already been digested to a certain degree by other people. If, on the other hand, you learn about human nature, the knowledge of the essence of human beings, and thus learn to understand people, then you take in what corresponds to what nature provides as nourishment. And in handling the teaching, the art of education itself awakens in us in a very individual way from this knowledge of human nature. It must be invented by the teacher at every moment. That is what I would like to preface today's reflection with.
In teaching and education, what I would like to call, on the one hand, the musical, the tonal element of the world, through hearing, and what, on the other hand, can be described as the pictorial element of the world, which manifests itself through seeing, are interwoven in a remarkable way. Of course, other sensory qualities are mixed in with what is conveyed to humans through hearing on the one hand and through seeing on the other, which may have a secondary significance for teaching, but do not have the same great significance as seeing and hearing.
Now it is a matter of really understanding these processes down to the physical level. You know that modern science distinguishes between the so-called sensory nerves, which are said to run from the senses to the brain or central organ, where they convey everything that is perceived and imagined, and the so-called motor nerves, which are said to run from the central organ to the organs of movement, setting them in motion. You know that from the point of view of initiatory science we must challenge this classification. There is absolutely no such difference between the so-called sensory nerves and the motor nerves. Both are of one and the same nature, and the motor nerves essentially serve no other purpose than to perceive the moving organ and the movement process itself at the moment when we are to move; they have nothing to do with the impulse of the will as such. Therefore, we can say that we have nerves that run from our periphery more toward the center, and then we have nerves that run from the center to the ends of the organs of movement. But these are basically uniform nerve strands, and the essential thing is only that these uniform nerve strands are interrupted, so that, in a sense, the innervating psychic current that goes, for example, from a sensory nerve to the center is interrupted in the center and must now jump over, whereby, however, the innervating psychic current becomes nothing other — just as an electric spark or electric current jumps through a switching point where the transmission is interrupted — to the so-called motor nerve, which, however, in every respect becomes nothing else, but is rather exactly the same as the sensory nerve. It is only predisposed to perceive the movement process and the moving organ itself. But there is something that allows us to look particularly closely into this whole organic process, in which the soul currents and the bodily processes interact.
Let us assume, for the sake of argument, that we live in the perception of an image; we therefore live in the perception of something that is primarily conveyed by the organ of sight, a drawing, any form that exists in our environment, in short, anything that becomes part of our soul because we have eyes. Here we must distinguish between three very distinct inner activities: first, perception as such. This perception as such actually takes place in the organ of sight.
Then we must distinguish this from understanding. And we must be clear about one thing here: all understanding is mediated by the rhythmic system of the human being, not by the nervous-sensory system. The nervous-sensory system merely mediates perception; and we understand, for example, any image process only because the rhythmic process, which is regulated by the heart and lungs, propagates through the cerebral fluid into the brain. Those vibrations in the brain, which take place there and which have their excitation in the rhythmic system of the human being, actually physically mediate understanding. We are able to understand through our breathing.
You can see how wrongly these things are often viewed by physiology today! It is believed that understanding has something to do with the human nervous system. In reality, however, it is based on the rhythmic system receiving what we perceive and imagine and processing it further. But because the rhythmic system is connected with understanding, understanding is closely related to human feeling. And those who cultivate intimate self-awareness will see the connections that exist between understanding and actual feeling. Basically, we must feel the truth of what we understand if we want to acknowledge it. What comes from understanding and what comes from feeling through the rhythmic system come together within us.
But then there is a third thing: to take in the matter in such a way that the memory can retain it. So in every such process we have to distinguish between: perception, understanding, and internal processing of what has been understood to such an extent that the memory can retain it. And this third aspect is connected with the metabolic system. Those most subtle internal metabolic processes that take place in the organism, to which we must pay attention, and which we as educators must be particularly aware of, are connected with memory, with the ability to remember. Just observe how different children who are pale are in their memory compared to children who have a red, healthy complexion; or how different the various human races are from each other in terms of their memory. All these things are based on the finest structures and processes of metabolism. And if, for example, as educators, we are able to help a pale child by ensuring that they get a good night's sleep, so that they have a certain greater inner stimulation for the finer processes of metabolism, we can thereby help their memory. But we can also help their memory by striving, as teachers, to maintain the right balance between mere listening and the child's own work. Suppose you let the child listen too much; then it will perceive and even understand, because it is constantly breathing and thus keeping the cerebral fluid active; but the child's will is not sufficiently engaged. As you know, the will is connected to the metabolism. So if you allow the child to become too accustomed to watching and listening and do not let them work enough themselves, so that — because internal processing is connected to the metabolism and the will — the will is not sufficiently engaged, you will not be able to educate and teach the child well. You must therefore find the right balance between listening and watching and working independently. For what is not processed in the human being in such a way that the will works into the metabolism and thereby stimulates the memory will not be well retained. These are subtle things in physiology, which must gradually be understood very precisely through spiritual science.
While all this relates to visual experience conveyed through sight, it is different for everything that involves sound, more or less musical; by which I mean not only the musical elements that live in music, which only make these things particularly vivid and for which it is indeed particularly applicable, but everything that is connected with the audible, which lives more in language and so on. I mean all of this when I now speak of sound. Here, the process is the exact opposite of what I have just described, as paradoxical as it may sound. What is sensory organization in the ear is internally connected in a very subtle way to all the nerves that modern physiology calls motor nerves, but which are in reality the same as the sensory nerves; that everything we experience as sound is perceived through the nerve strands embedded in our limbic organization. Everything musical must first penetrate deep into our organism — and the nerves of the ear are already organized for this — must first penetrate deep into our entire organism and must grasp that which otherwise only the will acts upon in the nerves in order to be perceived in the right way. For those areas of the human organism that convey memory in pictorial experiences are the same areas that convey perception in music and in what we hear. So if you look for the parts of the organism that form the memory for visual perceptions, you will find in the same parts the nerves that convey perception itself for auditory perception. This is the reason, for example, why Schopenhauer and others have so closely associated music with the will. Where visual images are remembered, namely in the areas of the will, auditory images are perceived. Auditory images are also understood through the rhythmic system. And that is what is significant in the human organism, that things are intertwined in such a peculiar way. Our visual images come together with our auditory images and interweave to form a common inner soul life, because both the visual images and the auditory images are understood by the rhythmic system. Everything we perceive is understood by the rhythmic system. The visual images are perceived by the separate head organism, and the auditory images are perceived by the whole limb organism. The visual images flow into the organism; the auditory images flow upward from the organism. You must now bring this together with what I said in the first lesson. This can be brought together very well if you feel it. And through the meeting of both worlds in the rhythmic system, something arises in our soul experience that encompasses both auditory and visual experiences. And the musical is remembered, everything audible is now remembered in the same area where the visible has its sensory nerve organs. These are at the same time those organs — sensory nerve organs, apparently, as external physiology calls them — which in reality are organs connected with metabolism, which mediate the finer metabolism of the head region and through which musical memories come into being. In the same regions where perception for visual images takes place, musical memory, indeed all memory of the audible, takes place. In the same regions where we perceive the visible, we remember the audible. In the same areas where we remember the visible, we perceive the audible. And the two intersect like a lemniscate in the rhythmic system, where they intertwine and overlap.
Anyone who has ever studied that musical memory, which people take for granted but which is so wonderful and mysterious, will find that this musical memory, which is based on a certain fine organization of the metabolism in the head, is fundamentally different from the general character of the will and thus from the metabolism, but is located in a completely different part of the body than the memory of visual images, which is again connected with the will.
You see, if you consider these things, you will be able to let the whole complexity of the speech process work on your soul. In the process of speech, we have something working from within, in which understanding first comes to life because the rhythmic system is so closely connected to the speech organ. But it comes to life in a peculiar way, and in order to fully understand this, I would like to remind you of Goethe's theory of colors. Think about how Goethe — apart from calling the red-yellow side of the color world warm and the blue-violet side cold — brings color perception and sound perception close together; how he sees the red-yellow side of the spectrum as “sounding” differently than the blue-violet side, and how he connects this with major and minor keys, i.e., with what are certainly more intimate aspects of tonal experience. This can be found particularly in those sections that were then published from his scientific writings from the unprinted material in the Weimar edition, and which I then included in the last volume of my Kürschner edition. And we can already say to ourselves: if we transfer what Goethe gives us in his theory of colors, which is more in the nature of a description, to the inner human being, something special emerges. In a sense, it is so within the human being that sound lives first in speech. Yes, sound lives in speech, but this sound is changed in a certain way. I would say that this sound is interspersed with something that “dulls” it in speech. And it is really not just a figurative comparison, but something that has to do with real processes when we say that the actual sound is “colored” in speech. The same thing that happens to the external color when we perceive color as “tonal” — we do not perceive the tone in the external color either, but we hear something resonating from each color, so to speak — the same thing happens internally: we do not see a color when we say I or U, just as we do not hear the tones when we see yellow or blue. But we have the same experience when we experience color as sound as we do when we experience sound from language as speech. The world of sight and the world of sound merge into one another. What we see outside in space as color has a very obvious visual character and an intimate tonal character, which then enters into us, as I described in one of the previous lessons. What comes to the surface of the human being from within as language has an obvious tonal character, but also an intimate color character in its articulation, which works its way up again, as I have described, more in humans up to the age of 7. You can see from this that in the outer world, color is more apparent, while in the inner world of the human being, sound is more apparent, and that beneath this surface in the outer world, the music of the worlds floats; beneath the surface of the sound within the human being, a mysterious, colorful astral world floats and moves.
And if you now understand the actual language, this wonderful organism that separates itself from the human being, then you feel, as the language sounds from the human being, at the same time all the vibrations of the astral body that are there inside in the colored vibrations that immediately merge into the language. Otherwise, they also have an effect on human beings, but they become strangely agitated, concentrate on the larynx, receive their impulses from the sun and moon, and this creates something like a play in the astral body, which manifests itself externally in the movements of the larynx. And now you have the opportunity, at least as an image standing before you: you listen to any language, look at the astral body, which then immediately transmits its vibrations to the etheric body, making the whole thing seem even more intimate; You now draw the whole thing, thereby obtaining only movements that are based in the human organism, and you obtain that eurythmy that is always performed jointly by the astral body and the etheric body when the human being speaks. No arbitrariness is possible; rather, what otherwise happens continuously and invisibly is merely brought down into visibility. Why are we doing this now? We are doing it because it is in our nature to consciously do those things that we used to do unconsciously; for all human development consists in the gradual descent of the supersensible, which initially existed only spiritually, into the sensory world. The Greeks, for example, still thought with their souls; their thinking was still entirely soul-based. Modern people, especially since the middle of the 15th century, think with their brains. Materialism is actually a very correct theory for modern people. For what the Greeks still experienced in the soul has gradually been imprinted in the brain, passed down from generation to generation, and newer people already think with the imprints of the brain; they already think through material processes. This had to happen. We just have to go back up; we just have to add to these processes the elevation of human beings to those results that come from the supersensible world. Therefore, we must now counterbalance the imprinting of the former soul into the body with its opposite pole, the free grasping of the spiritual-supersensible through spiritual science. But in order for human development to continue, we must consciously take charge of this carrying down of the supersensible into the sensible. We must consciously transfer the human body, this sensory body, into visible mobility, as has hitherto only happened in the invisible, unconsciously for us. In this way, we consciously continue the path of the gods by taking over the work of the gods: imprinting thought into the brain by making the supersensible eurythmy, the supersensible eurythmy, into the sensory eurythmy. If we did not do this, humanity would gradually fall into a spiritual dream; it would become asleep. It would be the case that all kinds of things would flow into the human ego and the astral body from the spiritual worlds, but this would always happen in a state of sleep, and upon awakening it would never be transferred to the physical organism.
When people practice eurythmy, it is the case that eurythmists and spectators are served in life; both gain something essential from it. For those who are eurythmists themselves, the physical organism is made into a suitable receptacle for the spiritual world through the movements of eurythmy, because the movements want to descend from the spiritual world. In a sense, eurythmists become receptacles for processes of the spiritual world by preparing their bodies for this. For those who are spectators of eurythmy, the movements that live in relation to their astral body and their ego are, in a sense, intensified by the movements of eurythmy. If you were to wake up suddenly in the night after a eurythmy performance, you would see that you have much more within you than after a sonata, if you have listened to an evening concert and wake up again in the night; this occurs to an even greater extent with eurythmy. It strengthens the soul by allowing the soul to become alive in the supersensible world. However, a certain hygiene must also prevail there. For if it becomes too much, the soul fidgets in the spiritual world at night, when the person should be sleeping, and this fidgeting would be the counterpart in the soul to physical nervousness.
You see how these things point us to perceive this wonderful structure of the human organization more and more realistically. On the one hand, we see the physical, where everything indicates that nothing exists in our body that is not spiritualized, and on the other hand, we see the spiritual-soul, which strives to ensure that nothing in the human being is spiritual-soul that does not process physical experience. And it is particularly interesting when you allow things like those I have said again today to sink in and consider them as suggestions. For example, if you now form vivid meditative images about the whole life of music in human beings in the will regions of the visible, and again about the memory experience in music, about the life of musical memories in the imagination regions of the visible — and vice versa, when you connect what is in the imaginative realms of the audible with what is in the memory realms of the visible — when you bring all these things together and form meditative ideas from them, then you can be sure that something will be stimulated in you: a deep creative power that you need when you are educating children.
The observations made by spiritual science pedagogy, as we have made them, are all aimed at getting to know human beings more intimately. But when you then meditate on these things, you cannot help but cause them to continue to work within you. — You see, when you eat a sandwich, for example, you are initially dealing with a conscious process; but what happens next, when the sandwich undergoes the complicated process of digestion, is something over which you have little control; yet this process takes place, and your general life is closely connected with it. When you study human science, as we have done, you initially experience it consciously; when you meditate on it afterwards, an inner spiritual-soul digestive process takes place within you, and this makes you an educator and teacher. Just as metabolism makes you a living human being, so this meditative digestion of true human science makes you an educator. You simply relate to the child as an educator in a completely different way when you have gone through what follows from a true anthroposophical study of the human being. What becomes of us, what works within us, what makes us educators, takes place in the meditative study of such a study of the human being. And reflections such as today's, when we awaken them again and again within ourselves, when we return to them even for just five minutes a day, set our whole inner soul life in motion. We become so fertile in thought and feeling that everything simply bubbles out of us. In the evening, you meditate on human nature, and in the morning it wells up within you: Yes, with Hans Müller you must now do this or that — or: This girl lacks this and that, and so on. In short, you know what you need to apply in each specific case.
In human life, it is important to allow the inner and outer worlds to work together in this way. It doesn't even take that much time. Once you have gained the strength to do this, you can work out internally in three seconds what will often last you a whole day in language when you apply it to education. Time ceases to have any meaning when it comes to bringing the supersensible to life. The spirit has different laws. Just as when you wake up you may have a thought whose temporal content may take weeks to unfold, but which flashed through your mind in a time that is difficult to specify, so, conversely, what flows out of your spirit can then be prolonged. Just as everything contracts in a dream, so what flows out of our spirit is prolonged. So now, through such meditative immersion in anthroposophical anthropology, you can bring yourself to the point where, when you are 40 or 45 years old, you will have in five minutes the whole transformation of the inner human being that you need for your teaching, and which will then make you something completely different in your outer life than you were before.
Such things are spoken of in the writings of people who have experienced them. One must understand this. But one must also understand that what is experienced by individual personalities to a very special degree and can now shed light on the whole of life must take place on a small scale in the educator.
They must take in knowledge of human nature, understand it through meditation, remember it: then remembering becomes living life. It is not just remembering as usual, but remembering that drives new inner impulses out of itself. There, memory springs from spiritual life, and there, what comes as the third stage is transferred into our outer work: after meditative understanding comes creative, creative remembering, which is at the same time a reception from the spiritual world. So we have: first, a reception or perception of human knowledge, then an understanding, a meditative understanding of this human knowledge, as we go deeper and deeper within ourselves, inwardly, where human knowledge is received by our entire rhythmic system, and then we have a remembrance of human knowledge from the spiritual realm. That means: creating educationally from the spirit, becoming educational art. This must become our attitude, this must become our state of mind.
You must look at human beings in such a way that you constantly feel these three stages within yourself. And the more you come to say to yourself: There is my outer body, there is my skin; this encloses within me the one who receives the study of humanity, the one who understands the study of humanity through meditation, the one who is fertilized by God through the memory of the study of humanity — the more you carry this feeling within you, the more you are an educator and a teaching educator.