The Gospel of St. Mark
GA 139
16 September 1912, Basel
Lecture II
If you recollect what was to a certain extent the climax and principal goal of our last lecture, you will be able to place before your souls how completely different the human entity was as regards his innermost self before the Mystery of Golgotha from what it was after that event. I did not try to put general characteristics before you, but examples from spiritual science, examples that showed us souls of olden times and souls belonging to modern times, characteristic examples by means of which we can see how certain souls of former times appear again, transformed and metamorphosed. The reason for such a great change will become evident only from the study of the whole course of these lectures. But at present one thing only may be pointed out by way of introduction, which has often been referred to in our lectures when they touched on similar subjects, namely, that the full consciousness of the human ego, which it is the mission of the earth planet to develop and bring to expression, actually made its appearance only through the Mystery of Golgotha.
It is not perhaps quite accurate, though not far wrong, to say that if we go very far back in evolution, human souls were not yet truly individualized; they were still entangled in the group-soul nature. This was particularly the case with the more prominent among them, so we may say that such natures as Hector or Empedocles were typical group-soul representatives of their entire human community. Hector grew out of the soul of Troy. He stands as an image of the group soul of the Trojan people in a particular form, specialized but nevertheless just as rooted in the group soul as Empedocles. When they were reincarnated in the post-Christian era, they had to face the necessity of experiencing the ego-consciousness. This passing over from the group-soul nature to the experience of the individual soul causes a mighty leap forward. It causes souls so firmly embedded in the group-soul nature as Hector to appear like Hamlet, i.e. wavering and uncertain, as though incapable of dealing with life. On the other hand it causes a soul like that of Empedocles, when it reappears in post-Christian times as the soul of the Faust of the sixteenth century, to become a kind of adventurer who is brought into various situations from which he was only with difficulty able to extricate himself, and who is misunderstood by his contemporaries and even by posterity.
Indeed, it has often been emphasized that in developments such as those here referred to, all that has taken place since the Mystery of Golgotha is not particularly meaningful. As yet everything is only at the beginning; only during the future evolution of the earth will the great impulses that may be ascribed to Christianity make themselves felt. Over and over again we must emphasize the fact that Christianity is only at the beginning of its great development. If we wish to play a part in this great development, we must enter with understanding into the ever increasing progress of the revelations and impulses which originated with the founding of Christianity. Above all we are required to learn something in the immediate future; for it does not take much clairvoyance to see clearly that if we wish for something definite to enable us to make a good beginning in the direction of an advanced and progressive understanding of Christianity, we must learn to read the Bible in quite a new way. There are at present many hindrances in the way, partly because of the fact that in wide circles biblical study is still carried on in a sugary and sentimental manner. The Bible is not made use of as a book of knowledge, but as a book of common use for all kinds of personal situations. If anyone has need of it for his own personal encouragement, he will bury himself in one or the other chapter of the Bible and allow it to work on him. This seldom results in anything more than a personal relationship to the Bible. On the other hand, the scholarship of the last decades, indeed that of virtually the whole nineteenth century, increased the difficulty of really understanding the Bible by tearing it apart, declaring that the New Testament is composed of all kinds of different things that were later combined, and that the Old Testament also was composed of many different parts which must have been brought together at different times. According to this view, the Bible is made up of mere fragments which may easily produce the impression of an aggregate, presumably stitched together in the course of time. This kind of scholarship has become popular; very many people, for example, hold that the Old Testament is combined out of many single parts. This opinion disturbs the serious reading of the Bible that must come in the near future. When such a serious way of reading the Bible is adopted, all that is to be said about its secrets from the anthroposophical viewpoint will be much better understood.
For example, we must learn to take as a whole the Old Testament from the beginning up to the point where the ordinary editions of the Bible end. We must not let ourselves be led astray by all that may be said against the unity of the Old Testament. Then, if we do not merely read it in a one-sided way seeking for personal edification, and do not read one part or another from any particular point of view, but allow the Old Testament, just as it is, to influence us as a whole, combining our consideration of the contents with all that must come into the world precisely from our anthroposophical development of the last few years—if we unite all this with a certain artistic spiritual feeling so that we gradually come to see the artistic sequence, how the threads interweave and are disentangled, not as if it had been composed in an external kind of way, but with deep artistry, then we shall gradually perceive what a mighty, inwardly spiritual dramatic power lies in the whole structure and composition of the Old Testament. Only then do we appreciate the glorious tableau as a uniform whole, and we shall no longer believe that one piece in the middle comes from one source and one from another. We shall then perceive the unitary spirit of the Bible. We shall see how from the first day of creation the continuity of progress is under the control of this unitary spirit from the time of the patriarchs through the time of the judges, and through that of the great Jewish prophets and kings until the whole soars to a wonderful dramatic culmination in the book of the Maccabees,1The two books of the Maccabees are to be found in the Apocrypha, but not in the King James Version of the Bible. The heroic deeds of Judas Maccabaeus are recorded in Book 1, and the story of the martyrdom of the sons of the widow in Book 2. in the sons of Mattathias, the brothers of Judas who fought against the king of Antioch. In the whole there lives an inner dramatic force that reaches a certain culminating point at the end. We shall then feel that it is not a mere phrase when we say that a man who is equipped with the occult method of observation is seized by a peculiar feeling when he comes to the end of the Old Testament and has in front of him the seven sons of the Maccabean mother and the five sons of Mattathias. Five sons of Mattathias, with the seven sons of the Maccabean mother making the remarkable number twelve, a number we notice everywhere when we are led into the secrets of evolution.
The number twelve appears at the end of the Old Testament as the culminating point of the whole dramatic presentation. First this feeling comes upon us when the seven sons of the Maccabees die a martyr's death, how one by one they rise up and one by one are martyred. Observe the inner dramatic power shown here, how the first victim only hints at what comes to full expression in the seventh in his belief in the immortality of the soul, how he hurls these words at the king, “You reprobate, you refuse to hear anything about the Awakener of my soul.” (II Maccabees, Chap. 7.) If we allow the dramatic crescendo of power from son to son to affect us, we shall see what forces are contained in the Bible. If we compare the sugary sentimental method of study prevalent hitherto with this dramatic, artistic penetration, the Bible is of itself able to arouse religious ardor. Here, through the Bible, art becomes religion. And then we begin to notice very remarkable things. Most of you may perhaps remember, for it happened in this very place, that when I gave here the course on St. Luke's Gospel the whole magnificent figure of Christ Jesus sprang forth from the fusion of the two souls, the souls of the two Jesus children. The soul of the one was none other than the soul of Zarathustra, the founder of Zoroastrianism. You may still have before your spiritual eyes the fact that in the Jesus boy described in the Gospel of St. Matthew is the reincarnated Zarathustra.
What kind of fact do we have here? We have the founder of Zoroastrianism, the great initiate of antiquity, of the primeval Persian civilization, who passed through human evolution up to a certain point and appeared again among the ancient Hebrew people. Through the soul of Zarathustra, we have a transition from the ancient Persian to the element of the ancient Hebrew people. Yes indeed, the external, that which takes place in the history of the world and in human life, is really only the manifestation, the externalization of inner spiritual processes and of inner spiritual forces. What external history relates can therefore be studied by considering it as an expression of the inward and spiritual, of the facts which move in the spiritual realm. Let us place before our souls the fact that Zarathustra passed over from Persia into the old Hebrew element. Now let us consider the Old Testament—we really only need to study the headings of the chapters. That the matter stands with Zarathustra as I then related is the result of clairvoyant research: it results if we follow his soul backward in time. Now let us contrast this result not only with the way the Bible represents it, but also with the results of external investigation.
The ancient Hebrew people founded their kingdom in Palestine. That original kingdom was divided. First it passed into Assyrian captivity, then into the Babylonian. The ancient Hebrew people were subjugated by the Persians. What does all this mean? World historical facts do indeed have a meaning; they correspond with inner processes, spiritual soul-processes. Why did all this take place? Why were the ancient Hebrew people guided in such a way that they passed over into the Chaldean, into the Assyrian-Babylonian element, and were set free again by Alexander the Great?2The Israelites in Babylon were of course allowed by Cyrus to go home after his conquest of that city, and his Persian successors followed the same policy (II Chron. 36:22, Ezra 1. See also the rest of the book of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai, especially for the rebuilding of the temple). However, if the paragraph is taken as a whole, it seems evident that Steiner was thinking of the general dispersion of the Jews in the Hellenistic world in the centuries following the conquests of Alexander, a dispersion that in the end provided a suitable milieu for the reborn Zarathustra. As far as is known to history, Alexander himself did not play any significant part in the liberation of the Jews. (Editorial note.) To put it briefly, it is because this was merely the external transition of Zarathustra from the Persian to the Jewish element. The Jews brought him to themselves. They were guided to him, even being subjugated by the Persian element, because Zarathustra wanted to come to them. External history is a wonderful counterpart of these processes, and anyone who observes these things from the point of view of spiritual science knows that external history was only the body for the transition of the Zarathustra element from the old Persian element, which at first actually included the old Hebrew element. Then, when the latter had been sufficiently permeated by the Persian element, it was lifted out of it again by Alexander the Great. What then remained was the milieu necessary for Zarathustra; it had passed over from one people to another.
When we glance over this whole age—we can naturally emphasize only a few single points—we see it reaching its apex in the old Hebrew history, through the period of the kings, the prophets, the Babylonian captivity, and the Persian conquest up to the time of the Maccabees. If then we really wish to understand the Gospel of St. Mark, which is ushered in by one of the prophetic sayings of Isaiah, we cannot fail to be struck by the element of the Jewish prophets. Starting from Elijah, who reincarnated as John the Baptist, we could say that these prophets appear to us in their wonderful grandeur. Let us leave out of consideration for the moment Elijah and his reincarnation as the Baptist, and consider the names of the intervening prophets. Here we must say that what we have obtained from spiritual science allows us to observe these Jewish prophets in a very special way. When we speak of the great spiritual leaders of the earth in ancient times, to whom do we refer? To the initiates, the initiated ones. We know that these initiates attained their spiritual height precisely because they went through the various stages of consecration. They raised themselves stage by stage by means of cognition to spiritual vision, and thus to union with the true spiritual impulses in the world. In this way they were able to embody in the life of the physical plane the impulses they themselves received in the spiritual world. When we meet with an initiate of the Persian, Indian, or Egyptian people our first question is, “How did he ascend the ladder of initiation within his own national environment? How did he become a leader, and thus a spiritual guide of his people?”
This question is everywhere justifiable, except when we come to the prophets. At the present time, there is certainly a sort of theosophical tendency to mix everything together and speak about the prophets in the same way as we speak of other initiates. But nothing can be known by doing this. Let us take the Bible (and recent historical research shows that the Bible is a true and not an untrue document); consider the prophets from Isaiah to Malachi, through Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, and study what it relates of these figures. You will find that you cannot bring these prophets into the general scheme of initiation. Where does the Bible relate that the Jewish prophets went through the same kind of initiation as other initiates belonging to different peoples? It is said they appeared when the voice of God stirred in their souls, enabling them to see in a different way from ordinary men, making it possible for them to make indications as to the future course of the destiny of their people and the future course of the world's history. Such indications were wrung from the souls of the prophets with elemental force. It is not related of them, in the same way as it is related of other prophets, how they went through their initiation. The spiritual vision of the Jewish prophets seems, so to speak, to spring from their own genius, and this they relate to their own people and to humanity. It was in this same way that they avowed their prophesies and acknowledged their prophetic gifts. Just consider how a prophet, when he has something to announce, always makes a point of proclaiming that God has communicated through some mediator what is to happen—or else that it came to him like a direct elemental truth. This gives rise to the question, leaving Elijah and his reincarnation as the Baptist out of consideration, “What position do these Jewish prophetic figures occupy, who externally are placed side by side with the initiates of other nations?” If you investigate the souls of these prophets in the light of spiritual science or occultism, you come to something very remarkable. If you make the effort to compare what history and religious tradition relate with what I am about to communicate to you as the result of my spiritual investigation, you will be able to verify this.
We find that the souls of the Hebrew prophets are reincarnations of initiates who had lived in other nations, and who had attained certain stages of initiation. When we trace backward one of these prophets, we arrive at some other people and find an initiated soul who remained a long time with this people. This soul then went through the portal of death and was reincarnated in the Jewish people. If we wish to find the earlier incarnations of the souls of Jeremiah, Isaiah, Daniel, and so on, we must seek them among other peoples. Trivially speaking, it is as though there were a gradual assembling of the initiates of other peoples among the Jewish people, where these initiates appear in the form of prophets. This is why these prophets appear in such a way that their gift of prophecy appears to proceed elementally from out of their own inner being. It is a memory of what they acquired here or there as initiates. All this emerges, but not always in the harmonious form it had in earlier incarnations, for a soul that had been incarnated in a Persian or Egyptian body would first have to accustom itself to the bodily nature of the Jewish people. Something of what was certainly in this soul could not come forth in this incarnation. For it is not always the case that what a man has formerly acquired reappears in him as he progresses from incarnation to incarnation. Indeed, through the difficulties caused by the bodily nature, it may come forth in an inharmonious way, in a chaotic manner.
Thus we see that the Jewish prophets gave their people many spiritual impulses, which are often disarrayed, but nonetheless grandiose recollections of former incarnations. That is the peculiarity to be observed in the Jewish prophets. Why is this? It is because in fact the whole evolution of humanity had to go through this passageway, so that what was achieved in its parts over the whole world should be brought together in one focal point, to be born again from out of the blood of the people of the Old Testament. So we find in the history of the old Hebrew people, as in that of no other, something that may be found also in tribes but not in peoples that had already become nations—a state of homogenity, the emphasizing of the descent of the blood through the generations. All that belongs to the world-historical mission of the Old Testament people depends upon the continuity of the stream of blood through the generations. Hence anyone who had a full right to belong to the Jewish people was always called a “son of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,” meaning a son of that element that first appeared in the blood of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. It was in the blood that flowed through this people that the elements of initiation of other peoples were to reincarnate. Like rays of light coming from different sides, streaming in and uniting in the center, the incarnating rays of the various peoples were collected together as in one central point in the blood of the old Hebrew people. The psychical element of human evolution had once to pass through that experience. It is extremely important to keep these occult facts in mind, for only thus can we understand how such a Gospel as that of St. Mark is from its beginning based upon the element of the Old Testament.
But now what occurs at this gathering, as we might call it, of the initiation elements of the various peoples in this one center? We have yet to see why it took place. But if we now take the whole dramatic progress of the Old Testament into consideration, we shall see how the thought of immortality is gradually developed in the Old Testament through the taking up of the initiation elements of the different peoples and how it appears at its very summit precisely in the sons of the Maccabees. But we must now allow this to influence our souls in its full original significance, enabling us to envision the consciousness man then had of his connection with the spiritual world. I wish to draw your attention to one thing. Try to follow up the passages in the Old Testament where reference is made to the divine element shining into human life. How often it is related, for example in the Book of Tobit (Tobit, Chapter 5), when something or other is about to happen—as when Tobit sends his son to carry out some business or other—the archangel Raphael appears to him in an apparently human form.3The reference is to the wonderful journey by Tobias, the son of Tobit, who goes to a far land to bring back a wife after he has freed her from a demon. He does this with the aid of Raphael who also shows him how to cure his father of blindness. In another passage other beings of the higher hierarchies appear. Here we have the divine spiritual element playing into the world of man in such a way that man sees the divine spiritual element as something external, met with in the outer world. In the Book of Tobit, Raphael confronts the person he has to lead in just the same way as one man encounters another when he approaches him externally. We shall often see if we study the Old Testament that connections with the spiritual world are regulated in this manner, and very many passages in the Old Testament refer to something of this kind. But as we proceed, we observe a great dramatic progression, finally reaching the culminating point of that progression in the martyrdom of the seven sons of the Maccabees who speak out of their souls of a uniting, a reawakening of their souls in the divine element. The inner certainty of soul about their own inner immortality meets us in the sons of the Maccabees and also in Judas and his brothers who were to defend their people against the king of Antioch. There is an increased inner understanding of the divine spiritual element, and the dramatic progress becomes ever greater as we follow the Old Testament from the appearance of God to Moses in the burning bush, in which we see God approaching man externally, to the inner certitude springing up in the souls of the sons of the Maccabees, who are convinced that if they die here they will be reawakened in the kingdom of their God through what lives within them.
This shows a mighty progression, revealing an inner unity in the Old Testament. Nothing is said at the beginning of the Old Testament concerning the consciousness of being accepted by God, of being taken away from the earth and being part of the Divinity. Nor are we told whether this member of the human soul that is taken up by God and embodied in the divine world is really raised. But the whole progress was so guided that the consciousness develops more and more, so that the human soul through its very essence grows into the spiritual element. From a state of passivity toward the God Yahweh or Jehovah, there gradually comes into being an active inner consciousness of the soul about its own nature. This increases page by page all through the Old Testament, though it was only by slow degrees that during its progress the thought of immortality was born. Strange to say, the same progress may also be observed in the succession of the prophets. Just observe how the stories and predictions of each successive prophet become more and more spiritual; here again we find the dramatic element of a wonderful intensification. The further we go back into the past, the more do the stories told relate to the external. The more we advance in time, the more we discover the inner force, the inner certainty and feeling of unity with the divine spiritual, referred to also by the prophets. Thus there is a continual enhancement until the Old Testament leads on to the beginning of the story of the New Testament, and the Gospel of St. Mark is directly linked with all this.
For at the very beginning, the Gospel tells us that it intends to interpret the event of Christ Jesus entirely in the sense of the old prophets, so that it is possible to understand the appearance of Christ Jesus by keeping before us the words of Malachi and Isaiah respectively, “Behold I send my messenger before you who is to prepare the way. Hear how there is a cry in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way of the Lord and make his paths level.’ ” Thus there is a prevailing tone running through the history of the Old Testament pointing to the appearance of Christ Jesus. It is further related in St. Mark's Gospel—indeed we may distinctly hear it in the words if we so desire. In the same way that the ancient prophets spoke, so essentially does the Baptist speak. How comprehensive and grandiose is this figure of the Baptist if we interpret him in the way the ancient prophets spoke of a divine messenger, of one who in the solitude would show the path that Christ Jesus had to pursue in cosmic evolution. Mark's Gospel then goes on to say, “Thus does John the Baptist appear in the solitude and proclaim baptism for the recognition of human sinfulness.” For in this way should the words rightly be translated. So it is said, “Direct your gaze to the old prophetic nature, which has now entered into a new relation with the Divinity and experienced a new belief in immortality. And then behold the figure of the Baptist, how he appeared and spoke of the kind of development through which we may recognize the sinfulness of man.” Thus is the Baptist directly referred to as a great figure.
But how about the wonderful figure of Christ Jesus Himself? Nowhere else in the world is He presented in so simple and at the same time so grand and dramatic an ascending gradation as in Mark's Gospel. Direct your spiritual gaze at this in the right way. What are we told at the beginning of the Gospel? We are particularly told to turn our attention to the figure of the Baptist. You can understand him only when you take into account the Jewish prophets, whose voice has become alive in him. The whole Jewish nation went up to be baptized by him. This means that there were many among them who recognized that the old prophets spoke through John the Baptist. That is stated at the beginning of the Gospel. We see John standing before us, we hear the voice of the old prophets coming to life in him, and we see the people going out to him and recognizing him as a prophet come to life again. Let us confine ourselves for the moment to the Mark Gospel. Now the figure of Christ Jesus Himself appears. Let us now also leave out of account the so-called baptism in the Jordan, and what happens after that, including the temptation, and fix our attention on the dramatic intensification we meet with in the Mark Gospel.
After the Baptist is introduced to us, and we are shown how the people regard him and his mission, Christ Jesus is Himself introduced. But in what manner? At first we are told only that He is there, that He is recognized not only by men, but He is also recognized by beings other than man. That is the point to be borne in mind. Around Him are those who wish to be healed from their demonic possession, those in whom demons are active. Around Him stand men in whom not merely human souls are living, but who are possessed by super-sensible spirits who work through them. And in a significant passage we are told that these spirits recognize Christ Jesus. Of the Baptist we are told that men recognized him and went out to be baptized by him. But Christ is recognized by the super-sensible spirits, so that He has to command them not to speak of Him. Beings from the super-sensible world recognize Him, so it is said; that being is entering who is not only recognized by men, but His appearance is recognized and considered dangerous by super-sensible beings. That is the glorious climax confronting us directly in the beginning of the Gospel of Mark. On the one side is John the Baptist, recognized and honored by men; and on the other He who is recognized and feared by super-sensible beings—who nevertheless have something to do with the earth—so that they realize that now they must leave. Nowhere else is such an upward dramatic progression presented with such simplicity.
If we keep this in sight, we feel certain things as necessary which usually simply pass unobserved by human souls. Let me draw your attention to a particular passage which, because of the greatness and simplicity of Mark's Gospel, may best be observed in this Gospel. Recall the passage in which the choosing of the Twelve is spoken of at the beginning of the Gospel, and how, when the naming is referred to, it is said that He called two of His apostles the “sons of thunder” (Mark 3:17). That is a fact that must not pass unnoticed; we must pay attention to it if we wish to understand the Gospel. Why does He call them “sons of thunder?” Because He wishes to implant into them an element that is not of the earth so that they may become His servants. This element comes from outside the earth because this is the Gospel that comes from the world of angels and archangels. It is something new; it is no longer enough to speak of man. He speaks now of a heavenly super-sensible element, the ego, and it is necessary to emphasize this. He calls them sons of thunder to show that those who are His followers are related to the celestial element. The nearest world connected with our own is the elemental world, through which what plays into our world can first be explained. Christ gives names to His disciples which indicate that our world borders on a super-sensible one. He gives them names in accordance with the characteristics of the elemental world. It is just the same as when He calls Peter the “rock-man” (Mark 3:16). This again refers to the super-sensible. Thus through the whole Gospel the entrance of the angelic as an impulse from the spiritual world is proclaimed.
In order to understand this we only need to read correctly, and assume that the Gospel is at the same time a book from which the deepest wisdom can be drawn. All the progress that has been made consists in this: souls are becoming individualized. They are connected with the super-sensible world not only indirectly through their group-soul nature, but they are also connected with it through the element of the individual soul. He who so stands before humanity that He is recognized by the beings of earth and is also recognized by super-sensible beings needs the best element of human nature to enable Him to sink something of the super-sensible into the souls of those who are to serve Him. He requires such men as have themselves made the furthest progress in their souls according to the old way. It is extremely interesting to follow the soul-development of those whom Christ Jesus gathered around Him; the Twelve whom He particularly called to be His own, who, in all their simplicity, as we might say, passed in the grandest way through the development which, as I tried to show you yesterday, is gained by human souls in widely varied incarnations.
A man must first become accustomed to being a specific individuality. This he cannot easily do when he is transferred from the element of the nation in which his soul had taken root into a condition of being dependent upon himself alone. The Twelve were deeply rooted in a nationality which had constituted itself in the grandest form. They stood there as if they were naked souls, simple souls, when Christ found them again. There had been a quite abnormal interval between their incarnations. The gaze of Christ Jesus could rest upon the Twelve, the reincarnated souls of those who had been the seven sons of the Maccabean and the five sons of Mattathias, Judas and his brothers; it was of these that the apostolate was formed. They were thrown into the element of fishermen and simple folk. But at a time when the Jewish element had reached its culminating point they had been permeated by the consciousness that this element was then at the peak of its strength, but strength only—whereas, when the group formed itself around Christ, this element appeared in individualized form. We might conceive that someone who was a complete unbeliever might look upon the appearance of the seven and the five at the end of the Old Testament, and their reappearance at the beginning of the New Testament, as nothing but an artistic progression. If we take it as a purely artistic composition, we may be moved by its simplicity and the artistic greatness of the Bible, quite apart from the fact that the Twelve are the five sons of Mattathias and the seven sons of the Maccabean mother. And we must learn to take the Bible also as a work of art. Then only shall we develop a feeling for the artistic element in it, and acquire a feeling for the realities from which it springs.
Now perhaps your attention may be called to something else. Among the five sons of Mattathias is one who is already called Judas in the Old Testament. He was the one who at that time fought more bravely than all the others for his own people. In his whole soul he was dedicated to his people, and it was he who was successful in forming an alliance with the Romans against King Antiochus of Syria (I Maccabees, Chap. 8). This Judas is the same who later had to undergo the test of the betrayal, because he who was most intimately bound up with the old specifically Hebrew element, could not at once find the transition into the Christian element, needing the severe testing of the betrayal. Again, if we look at the purely artistic aspect, how wonderfully do the two figures stand out: the grand figure of the Judas in the last chapters of the Old Testament and the Judas of the New Testament. It is remarkable that in this symptomatic process, the Judas of the Old Testament concluded an alliance with the Romans, prefiguring all that happened later, namely the path that Christianity took through the Roman Empire, so that it could enter into the world. If I could add to this something that can also be known but that cannot be given in a lecture to an audience as large as this, you would see that it was precisely through a later reincarnation of Judas that the fusion of the Roman with the Christian element occurred. The reincarnated Judas was the first who, as we might say, had the great success of spreading Romanized Christianity in the world. The treaty concluded by the Judas of the Old Testament with the Romans was the prophetic foreshadowing of what was later accomplished by another man, who is recognized by occultists as the reincarnation of that Judas who had to go through the severe soul-testing of the betrayal. What through his later influence appears as Christianity within Romanism and Romanism within Christianity is like a renewal of the alliance concluded between the Old Testament Judas and the Romans, but transferred into the spiritual.
When we have such things as these before us, we gradually come to the conclusion that, considered spiritually and leaving everything else aside, human evolution is itself the greatest work of art that has ever existed; only we must have the vision to see it. Ought it therefore to be regarded as so unreasonable to look at the human soul in this way? I think if we contemplate one or the other of these dramas with their clear raveling and unraveling, while lacking the capacity for perceiving its structure, we shall see nothing but a sequence of events following one after another. External history is written somewhat in this way. Seen thus, human evolution does not appear as a work of art; nothing emerges but a succession of events. But mankind is now at a turning point when it must interpret the inner progressive shaping of events, their raveling and unraveling in the evolution of humanity. Then it will appear that the evolution of humanity clearly and distinctly shows how individual figures appear at definite times and give impulses while entangling or unraveling the plot. We only learn to understand how man is inserted into human evolution when we come to know the course of history in this way. But because it is all raised from the condition of a mere joining together to that of an organism, and then to more than an organism, everything must really be put in its proper place and the distinctions made that in other domains are taken for granted. It would not occur to any astronomer to equate the sun to the other planets. He would as a matter of course keep it separate and single it out as a separate entity within the planetary system. In the same way, a man who sees into human evolution places a “sun” as a matter of course among the great leaders of humanity. Just as it would be utter nonsense to speak of the sun of our planetary system as being on a par with Venus, Jupiter, or Mars, so it would be nonsense to speak of Christ in the same way as the Boddhisattvas or other leaders of humanity. This should be so obvious that the very idea of a reincarnation of Christ would be ridiculous, and such an assertion could not be made if things were simply looked at as they are. But it is necessary really to go into the questions and grasp them in their proper form, and not to accept the dogma of any sectarian belief. When we speak of Christology in a true cosmological sense, it is not necessary to show a preference for the Christian above any other religion. That would be the same as if some religion in its sacred writings stated that the sun was the same as the other planets, and then someone came along and said, “No, we must place the sun higher than the other planets, and some people opposed this by saying, “But this is favoritism toward the sun!” This is not favoritism, it is only recognizing the truth.
So it is also in the case of Christianity. It is simply a question of recognizing the truth, a truth that every religion on the earth today could accept if it chose to do so. If other religions are in earnest in their tolerance for all other religious creeds and do not use that tolerance as a pretense, they will not object that the West has not adopted a national god, but a God in whom no nationality plays a part, a God who is a cosmic being. The Indians speak of their national gods. As a matter of course their ideas differ from those of people who have not adopted a Germanic national god, but accept as a God a Being who was, to be sure, never incarnated in their own land, but in a distant land and in a different nation. We might perhaps speak of a Western-Christian principle in opposition to an Indian-Eastern one, if we wished to put Wotan above Krishna. But that is not the case with Christ. From the beginning He belonged to no nation but stood for the truth of the most beautiful of the spiritual scientific principles, “to recognize the truth without distinction of color, race, nationality, etc.”
We must acquire the capacity to look at these things objectively. Only when we recognize the Gospels by recognizing what underlies them shall we truly understand them. From what has been said today about the Mark Gospel in its sublime simplicity and its dramatic crescendo from the person of John the Baptist to that of Christ Jesus, we can see what this Gospel actually contains.
Zweiter Vortrag
Wenn Sie sich erinnern, was gewissermaßen der Hauptpunkt und das Hauptziel der gestrigen Auseinandersetzungen war, so werden Sie sich vor die Seele rücken können, wie ganz anders die menschliche Wesenheit sich darlebt in bezug auf ihr Innerstes in der Zeit vor dem Mysterium von Golgatha und in der Zeit nach demselben. Ich versuchte nicht, eine Charakteristik anzuführen, sondern ich gab Ihnen Beispiele aus der Geisteswissenschaft, solche Beispiele, die uns Seelen zeigen der alten Zeit und Seelen der neuen Zeit, charakteristische Beispiele, an denen wir wahrnehmen können, wie bestimmte Seelen aus früheren Zeiten in der neuen Zeit sich umgeändert, metamorphosiert wieder darstellen. Welches der Grund zu einer solchen gewaltigen Umwandlung ist, wird uns erst aus dem ganzen Sinn dieses Vortragszyklus hervorgehen.
Jetzt darf nur vielleicht einleitend auf das eine hingewiesen werden, was öfter schon in unseren Betrachtungen, die ähnliche Gegenstände berührten, erwähnt worden ist: daß das Bewußtwerden, das volle Bewußtwerden des menschlichen Ich, zu dessen Ausbildung und Ausprägung die Mission des Erdplaneten da ist, eigentlich erst durch das Mysterium von Golgatha eingetreten ist. Es ist nicht genau, aber annähernd genau gesprochen, daß, wenn wir sehr weit in der Menschheitsentwickelung zurückgehen, wir finden, wie die Menschenseelen eigentlich noch nicht individualisiert sind, sondern noch in der Gruppenseelenhaftigkeit befangen sind. Dieses Befangensein in der Gruppenseelenhaftigkeit ist gerade bei den hervorragenderen Gestalten der Fall, so daß man sagen kann: Ein Hektor, ein Empedokles sind typische gruppenseelenhafte Vertreter ihrer ganzen Menschengemeinschaft; Hektor, herausgewachsen aus dem, was die Seele von Troja ist, ein Abbild der Gruppenseele des trojanischen Volkes in einer ganz bestimmten Form, gewiß spezialisiert, aber ebenso in der Gruppenseele wurzelnd wie Empedokles. Wenn sie in der nachchristlichen Zeit wieder inkarniert werden, so sind sie dann vor die Notwendigkeit gestellt, dasIch-Bewußtsein auszuleben. Das Übergehen von der Gruppenseelenhaftigkeit zu dem Ausleben der Individualseele ist es, was einen so gewaltigen Ruck nach vorwärts gibt. Und das macht, daß Seelen, die so fest geschlossen dastehen wie zum Beispiel Hektor, in der nachchristlichen Zeit wankend erscheinen, als ob sie dem Leben nicht gewachsen seien, wie zum Beispiel die Seele des Hamlet, und daß auf der anderen Seite eine Seele wie die des Empedokles, die in der nachchristlichen Zeit als die Seele des Faust des 16. Jahrhunderts wiedererscheint, scheinbar eine Art von Abenteurer wird und in mancherlei Lagen gebracht wird, aus denen sie sich sehr schwer herausfinden kann, und die von den Mitmenschen, ja von der ganzen Nachwelt mißverstanden wird.
Es ist ja öfter betont worden, daß für eine solche Entwickelung, wie sie eben angedeutet worden ist, das, was seit dem Verlauf des Mysteriums von Golgatha bis heute bereits geschehen ist, noch nichts Besonderes bedeutet. Das ist alles erst im Anfange, und mit der Zukunft der Erdenentwickelung werden erst die großen Impulse, die man dem Christentum zuschreiben kann, herauskommen. Es muß immer wieder und wieder betont werden: das Christentum steht erst im Anfange seiner großen Entwickelung. Aber will man sich hineinstellen in diese große Entwickelung, so muß man mit seinem Verständnisse mitgehen mit dem immer weiteren Fortschreiten der Offenbarungen, der Impulse, die mit der Begründung des Christentums ihren Anfang genommen haben.
Vor allem wird man in der nächsten Zeit etwas lernen müssen - und es bedarf nicht viel Hellsehens dazu, um sich darüber klar zu werden, daß man etwas ganz Bestimmtes lernen muß, etwas, das einen guten Anfang für ein fortgeschrittenes Verständnis des Christentums bilden wird —, man wird lernen müssen, die Bibel in einer ganz neuen Weise zu lesen. Heute gibt es noch viele Hindernisse dafür. Teilweise ist daran schuld der Umstand, daß ja noch immer das Bibelverständnis in weiten Kreisen in einer etwas süßlich-sentimentalen Art getrieben wird, daß die Bibel nicht zu einem Erkenntnisbuch, sondern zu einem Gebrauchsbuch für alle möglichen persönlichen Seelenlagen benutzt wird. Wenn jemand für seine persönlichen Lebenslagen etwas aufmunterungsbedürftig ist, so vertieft er sich in das eine oder andere Kapitel der Bibel, läßt das eine oder andere auf sich wirken, und nur selten kommt er über ein persönliches Verhältnis zur Bibel hinaus. Auf der anderen Seite hat die Gelehrsamkeit in den letzten Jahrzehnten — eigentlich durch das ganze 19. Jahrhundert hindurch — das wirkliche Verständnis der Bibel sehr erschwert, indem sie dieselbe zerrissen hat und behauptet hat, daß zum Beispiel das Neue Testament aus allen möglichen Dingen zusammengestellt sei, welche dann später zusammengetragen sein sollen, und daß ebenso auch das Alte Testament eine Zusammenfügung sei aus ganz verschiedenen Dingen, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten zusammengekommen sein sollen. Dadurch hätte man in der Bibel lauter Fragmente, die sehr leicht den Eindruck machen, daß sie ein Aggregat, eine Zusammenfügung darstellen, daß sie «zusammengenäht» worden wären im Laufe der Zeit.
Solche Gelehrsamkeit wird populär, und sie ist heute schon populär geworden. Es ist schon bei sehr vielen Leuten eine Ansicht geworden, daß zum Beispiel das Alte Testament aus vielen einzelnen Teilen zusammengefügt ist. Diese Ansicht aber stört das, was als ein wirkliches ernstes Bibellesen der nächsten Zukunft kommen muß. Wenn dieses Bibellesen eintreten wird, dann wird man vieles, was auch vom anthroposophischen Gesichtspunkte aus über die Geheimnisse der Bibel zu sagen sein wird, viel besser noch verstehen. Man wird zum Beispiel lernen müssen, alles bis dahin, wo das Alte Testament in den gebräuchlichen Bibelausgaben schließt, als etwas Ganzes zu nehmen. Man wird sich nicht beirren lassen dürfen durch alles, was gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Alten Testamentes eingewendet werden kann. Und wenn man nicht einseitig vorgeht von dem Standpunkte aus, daß man persönliche Erbauung sucht, daß man dieses oder jenes von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus liest, sondern wenn man einmal das Alte Testament, wie man es hat, als Ganzes auf sich wirken lassen wird und verbinden wird den Blick auf das Inhaltliche mit dem, was, wie Sie durch unsere geisteswissenschaftliche Entwickelung der letzten Jahre hinlänglich haben sehen können, gerade durch die Geisteswissenschaft in die Welt kommen wird, wenn man damit verbinden wird, aber geistig, einen gewissen spirituell-künstlerischen Sinn, so daß man darauf ausgehen wird, zu sehen, wie die Dinge aufeinander künstlerisch folgen, wie sie künstlerisch komponiert sind, wie sich die Fäden verschlingen und lösen, nicht so sehr im äußerlich kompositionellen Sinne, sondern wenn man auch das tief Künstlerische anwenden wird auf so etwas, wie es das Alte Testament ist, erst dann wird man darauf kommen, welche ungeheure dramatische Kraft, welche innerliche, spirituell-dramatische Kraft in der Komposition und in dem Aufbau des ganzen Alten Testamentes eigentlich liegt. Erst dann wird man das herrliche dramatische Tableau als eine Einheitlichkeit, als ein Ganzes übersehen und nicht mehr glauben, es sei ein Stück in der Mitte von dorther, ein anderes Stück von woanders herrührend, sondern dann wird man den einheitlichen Geist in der Bibel erblicken.
Man wird sehen, daß es ein ganz von einheitlichem Geiste beherrschtes Fortschreiten ist von der Zeit der ersten Schöpfungsgeschichte an durch die Patriarchenzeit hindurch, durch die Zeit der Richter, durch die Zeit der jüdischen Könige hindurch, bis alles in einem wunderbaren dramatischen Gipfelpunkte zusammenläuft in dem Buche der Makkabäer, in den Söhnen des Mattathias, den Brüdern des Judas, die gegen den König Antiochus von Syrien kämpfen. Darin ist eine innere dramatische Kraft. Da ist ein gewisser Kulminationspunkt dann am Schlusse erlangt. Und man wird fühlen, daß es nicht eine bloße Redensart, eine Phrase ist, daß den, der ausgerüstet ist mit der okkulten Betrachtungsweise, ein besonderes Gefühl beschleicht, wenn er an das Ende dieses Buches kommt, dort sieben Söhne der Makkabäermutter vor sich hat und fünf Söhne des Mattathias. Fünf Söhne des Mattathias und sieben Söhne der Makkabäermutter, das gibt eine merkwürdige Zwölfzahl, eine Zwölfzahl, die uns auch sonst begegnet, wo wir in die Geheimnisse der Evolution eingeführt werden. Die Zwölfzahl am Ende des Alten Testamentes, in einem Kulminationspunkt dargestellt! Zunächst kann es uns als eine Empfindung beschleichen, wenn die sieben Makkabäersöhne den Märtyrertod sterben. Wie sie nach und nach gemartert werden, wie sie sich aber nach und nach erheben - lesen Sie, welche innere Dramatik darin ist! -, wie zuerst der erste nur hindeutet auf das, was zuletzt in dem siebenten zum Ausdruck kommt als das Bekenntnis der Unsterblichkeit der Seele, wie er so dem Könige entgegenschleudert das Wort: Du Ruchloser, du willst ja nichts wissen von dem Auferwecker meiner Seele! diese dramatische Steigerung von Sohn zu Sohn lasse man auf sich wirken, und man wird sehen, welche Kräfte in der Bibel enthalten sind (2. Makk. 7). Wenn man gegenüber der bisher süßlich-sentimentalen Art der Betrachtung diese dramatisch-künstlerische Durchdringung ins Auge faßt, dann gestaltet sich uns die Bibel von selber zu dem, was zugleich religiöse Inbrunst bringen wird. Da wird Kunst zur Religion durch die Bibel. Und dann wird man beginnen, ganz eigentümliche Dinge zu bemerken.
Vielleicht erinnern sich die meisten von Ihnen, weil es ja auch an diesem Orte geschildert worden ist, daß bei der Betrachtung des Lukas-Evangeliums von mir dargestellt worden ist, wie eigentlich die ganze grandiose Gestalt des Christus Jesus herausgewachsen ist aus dem Zusammengehen von zwei Seelen, der Seelen zweier Jesusknaben. Die Seele des einen war ja keine andere als die des Zarathustra, des Begründers des Zarathustrismus; so daß Sie vielleicht noch vor Ihrem geistigen Auge diese Tatsache haben, daß mit jenem Jesusknaben, der durch das Matthäus-Evangelium geschildert wird, zunächst der wiederverkörperte Zarathustra gemeint ist. Die Seele des Zarathustra lebte in diesem Jesusknaben.
Was liegt da eigentlich für eine Tatsache vor? Wir haben den Begründer des Zarathustrismus, den großen Eingeweihten der Vorzeit, der urpersischen Kultur, der, hindurchgehend durch die Menschheitsentwickelung bis zu einem bestimmten Punkt, dann wiedererscheint innerhalb des althebräischen Volkes: den Übergang haben wir von dem Urpersertum zu dem Element des althebräischen Volkes auf dem Umwege durch die Seele des Zarathustra. Ja, das Äußere, was in der Weltgeschichte geschieht, was im Menschenleben geschieht, es ist im Grunde genommen nur die Offenbarung, die Äußerung der inneren geistigen Vorgänge, der inneren geistigen Kräfte; so daß man in Wahrheit das, was die äußere Geschichte erzählt, studieren kann, indem man es als einen Ausdruck des inneren Geistigen betrachtet, der Tatsachen, die sich im Geistigen bewegen.
Lassen wir das vor unsere Seele hingestellt sein: der Zarathustra geht aus dem Persertum in das althebräische Element über. Und jetzt — man braucht nur die Überschriften der Kapitel des Alten Testamentes zu nehmen - betrachte man einmal das Alte Testament. Daß es sich mit Zarathustra so verhält, wie ich es damals erzählt habe, ist ein Ergebnis hellseherischer Forschung; das ergibt sich, wenn man die Zarathustra-Seele verfolgt. Aber jetzt stelle man diesem Resultat gegenüber nicht nur die Bibel, wie in ihr dargestellt wird, sondern auch das, was durch die äußere Forschung belegt wird.
Das althebräische Volk begründet sein Reich in Palästina. Das ursprüngliche Reich trennt sich. Es kommt zuerst zur assyrischen, dann zur babylonischen Gefangenschaft. Es kommt zur Unterwerfung des althebräischen Volkes durch die Perser. Was heißt denn das alles? Ja, weltgeschichtliche Tatsachen haben eben einen Sinn. Sie folgen den inneren Vorgängen, folgen den geistig-seelischen Vorgängen. Warum ist das alles geschehen? Warum werden die althebräischen Völker so geführt, daß sie von Palästina aus in das chaldäische, in das assyrisch-babylonische, in das persische Element hineingeführt werden und dann wieder von Alexander dem Großen befreit werden? Wenn man es trocken aussprechen will, kann man sagen, daß es nur der äußere Übergang ist des Zarathustra aus dem Persertum in das jüdische Element. Sie haben ihn sich geholt, die Juden; sie sind zu ihm geführt worden bis zur Unterwerfung unter das persische Element, weil Zarathustra zu ihnen kommen wollte. Die äußere Geschichte ist ein wunderbarer Abdruck dieser Vorgänge. Und wer die Sache geisteswissenschaftlich betrachtet, der weiß, daß die äußere Geschichte nur der Körper ist für den Übergang des Zarathustra von dem persischen Element, das im Grunde genommen zuerst umspannt das althebräische Element. Und dann, nachdem dieses genugsam von dem persischen Element umspannt war, wurde es herausgenommen von Alexander dem Großen, und was nun blieb, war das Milieu, das für Zarathustra notwendig war. Das ging über von dem einen Volksstamm zum anderen.
Wenn wir — wir können natürlich nur einzelne Punkte herausheben einen Blick werfen auf die ganze Zeit, wie sie sich zugespitzt hat in der althebräischen Geschichte durch die Zeit der Könige, durch die Zeit der Propheten, der babylonischen Gefangenschaft, der persischen Eroberung bis herein in die Makkabäerzeit, dann fällt uns ja gerade, wenn wir das Verständnis des Markus-Evangeliums suchen, das gleich eingeleitet wird mit einem Jesajas-Ausspruch als Prophetenausspruch, das Element der jüdischen Propheten in die Augen. Man möchte sagen, von Elias ausgehend, dessen Wiederverkörperung der Täufer Johannes ist, treten uns die Propheten in einer wunderbaren Größe entgegen.
Lassen wir vorläufig den Elias und dessen Wiederverkörperung im Täufer unberücksichtigt, und betrachten wir die Namen der dazwischenliegenden Propheten. Da müssen wir sagen: Mit dem, was wir durch die Geisteswissenschaft gewonnen haben, läßt sich in ganz eigenartiger Weise dieses jüdische Prophetentum betrachten. Wovon reden wir denn eigentlich, wenn wir von den großen geistigen Führern des Erdkreises der alten Zeiten sprechen? Von den Initiierten, von den Eingeweihten. Wir wissen, daß diese Eingeweihten zu ihrer geistigen Höhe dadurch gekommen sind, daß sie die verschiedenen Weihestufen durchgemacht hatten, daß sie sich von Stufe zu Stufe emporgearbeitet haben durch Erkenntnis zum spirituellen Schauen, daß sie dadurch zur Vereinigung mit den in der Welt wirkenden spirituellen Impulsen gekommen sind und dadurch die Impulse, die sie selbst in der geistigen Welt empfingen, einverleibten dem Leben auf dem physischen Plan. Wenn wir daher einem Eingeweihten des persischen, des indischen oder des ägyptischen Volkes begegnen, werden wir zunächst fragen: Wie ist innerhalb dieses Volkskreises, innerhalb dieses Volksstammes der Betreffende hinaufgestiegen die Leiter der Einweihung? Wie ist er zum Führer und damit zum geistigen Leiter seines Volkes geworden? Diese Frage ist überall berechtigt, nur nicht, wenn wir uns den Propheten gegenüberstellen. Es gibt zwar eine Art theosophischer Richtung, die alles gern in einen Topf zusammenwirft und von den Propheten der alten Hebräer so sprechen will wie von den Eingeweihten der anderen Völker; aber dadurch erkennt man nichts.
Man braucht nur die Bibel zu nehmen, und gerade die neuere historische Forschung ergibt ja, daß sie nicht ein untreues, sondern ein treues Dokument ist, und braucht nur die Propheten anzusehen von Jesajas bis zu Maleachi, durch Jeremias, Ezechiel, Daniel hindurch, braucht nur einzugehen auf das, was die Bibel über diese Gestalten sagt, dann wird man sehen, daß man sie nicht in dem allgemeinen Schema der Initiation unterbringen kann. Wo wird denn erzählt, daß die jüdischen Propheten denselben Initiationsweg durchgemacht hätten wie die anderen Eingeweihten der übrigen Völker? Es wird gesagt, sie traten auf, indem sich die Stimme Gottes in ihrer Seele regte, die sie befähigte, anderes zu schauen als der gewöhnliche Mensch, die sie befähigte, Angaben zu machen über den künftigen Verlauf der Geschicke ihres Volkes, auch über den künftigen Verlauf der Weltgeschichte. Das entrang sich elementar der Seele der Propheten. Nicht in derselben Weise wird erzählt, daß sie die Einweihung durchmachten, wie bei den anderen Propheten, bei denen man nachweisen kann, wie diese die Einweihung durchmachten. Die jüdischen Propheten treten so auf, daß wie aus einer Genialität heraus ihr geistiges Schauen dasteht, dasjenige dasteht, was sie ihrem Volke, was sie der Menschheit zu sagen haben. Und so ist auch ihre Art, wie sie sich auf ihre prophetische Stimme und auf ihre prophetischen Gaben berufen. Sehen Sie nur einmal, wie ein Prophet, wenn er etwas zu sagen hat, davon spricht, daß der Gott es ihm mitgeteilt hat durch seine Mittler, oder daß es gekommen ist wie eine unmittelbare elementarische Wahrheit. Das gibt Veranlassung zu fragen: Wie verhält es sich mit diesen jüdischen Prophetengestalten, die äußerlich neben die Eingeweihten der anderen Völker zu stellen sind, wenn wir von Elias und seiner Wiederverkörperung, dem Täufer, absehen wollen? Wenn man geisteswissenschaftlich, okkult die Seelen dieser Propheten untersucht, da kommt man auf etwas sehr Merkwürdiges. Versuchen Sie, mit dem, was ich Ihnen jetzt als ein geisteswissenschaftliches Forschungsresultat mitteile, alles das prüfend zu vergleichen, was die Geschichte und die religiöse Überlieferung über diese Gestalten gibt, so werden Sie schon die Bestätigung finden.
Wenn man die Seelen der jüdischen Propheten verfolgt, so findet man, daß sie Wiederverkörperungen sind von Eingeweihten, die bei anderen Völkern eingeweiht waren und dort schon gewisse Stufen der Einweihung erstiegen hatten. Wenn wir also einen der jüdischen Propheten zurückverfolgen, so kommen wir zu anderen Völkern. Dort finden wir eine Initiiertenseele, die lange bei diesem Volke geblieben war; sie ging dann durch die Pforte des Todes und wurde wiederverkörpert bei dem jüdischen Volke. Und alle die einzelnen Gestalten Jeremias, Jesajas, Daniel und so weiter —, wir müssen sie, wenn wir ihre Seelen in früheren Verkörperungen finden wollen, bei anderen Völkern suchen. Es ist wirklich, trivial gesprochen, so wie ein Nach-und-nach-sich-Versammeln der Eingeweihten der anderen Völker bei dem jüdischen Volke, wo die Eingeweihten in der Gestalt der Propheten auftreten. Dann aber ist es erklärlich, daß die Propheten so erscheinen, daß ihre Prophetengabe wie ein elementarisches Hervortreten ihres Innern erscheint. Es ist die Erinnerung an das, was sie sich als Eingeweihte da oder dort erworben haben. Das tritt heraus, tritt aber auch heraus so, daß es nicht immer jene klare harmonische Form zeigen muß, die es in früheren Inkarnationen gehabt hat. Denn es wird die Seele, die in einem persischen oder ägyptischen Leibe inkarniert war, sich erst anbequemen müssen der Körperlichkeit des jüdischen Volkes. Da wird manches nicht herauskommen können, was früher schon in ihr darinnen war. Denn es ist nicht so, daß, wenn der Mensch fortschreitet von Inkarnation zu Inkarnation, immer auch das in ihm vorhanden ist, was früher vorhanden war, sondern es kann etwas, was früher schon da war, durch die Schwierigkeiten, welche die Körperlichkeit macht, unharmonisch erscheinen, kann chaotisch erscheinen.
So sehen wir, wie die jüdischen Propheten ihrem Volke eine Summe von spirituellen Impulsen gaben, die oft ungeordnete, aber grandiose Wiedererinnerungen sind der früheren Initiation. Das ist das Eigentümliche, was uns bei diesen jüdischen Propheten entgegentritt. Und warum geschieht dies? Aus keinem anderen Grunde geschieht es, als weil in der Tat die ganze Menschheitsentwickelung diesen Durchgangspunkt nehmen mußte, weil das, was zerstreut errungen worden war, gesammelt werden sollte wie in einem Brennpunkt und wiedergeboren werden sollte aus dem Blut des alttestamentlichen Volkes heraus. Daher wird überall in der Geschichte des althebräischen Volkes wie bei keinem anderen Volke - nur bei Stämmen war das der Fall, aber nicht bei Völkern, die schon «Völker» geworden waren — die Zusammengehörigkeit, das Rinnen des Blutes durch die Generationen betont. Alles, was die weltgeschichtliche Mission des alttestamentlichen Volkes ist, beruht auf der Kontinuierlichkeit des Rinnens des Blutes durch die Generationen. Deshalb wird der, welcher vollgültig dem jüdischen Volke angehören soll, immer genannt ein Sohn Abrahams, Isaaks und Jakobs, das heißt desjenigen Elementes, das sich zuerst im Blute bei Abraham, Isaak und Jakob gezeigt hat. Dieses durchrinnende Blut war es, in das sich hineininkarnieren sollten die Initiationselemente der verschiedenen anderen Völker. Wie Strahlen, die von verschiedenen Seiten kommen und sich in einem Mittelpunkte vereinigen, so sammelten sich die Initiationsstrahlen der verschiedenen Völker wie in einem Mittelpunkte in dem Blute des althebräischen Volkes. Da mußte das Psychische der Menschheitsevolution einmal hindurchgehen. Es ist wichtig, daß wir diese okkulte Tatsache ins Auge fassen; denn nur dann versteht man, wie sich so etwas wie das Markus-Evangelium gleich bei seinem Anfange auf das Element des Alten Testamentes gründet.
Was geschieht nun aber bei diesem Sammeln der Initiationselemente der verschiedenen Völker in diesem einen Zentrum? Wir werden schon noch sehen, warum es geschieht. Aber wenn man nun den ganzen dramatischen Fortgang des Alten Testamentes wieder nimmt, wird man merken, wie durch dieses Aufnehmen des Initiationselementes der verschiedenen Völker sich nach und nach innerhalb der Entwickelung des Alten Testamentes herausbildet der Unsterblichkeitsgedanke, der auf seiner Höhe eben gerade bei den Makkabäersöhnen erscheint. Aber wir müssen ihn nun, man möchte sagen, in seiner ganzen ursprünglichen Bedeutung einmal auf unsere Seele wirken lassen, so wirken lassen, daß wir dabei das Bewußtsein des Menschen ins Auge fassen von seinem Verhältnisse zur geistigen Welt.
Ich mache Sie auf eines aufmerksam. Versuchen Sie, im Alten Testament die Stellen zu verfolgen, wo die Rede davon ist, daß das göttliche Element in das Menschenleben hereinleuchtet. Wie oft wird erzählt, zum Beispiel bei Tobias: Wenn irgend etwas geschehen soll, wenn beispielsweise Tobias seinen Sohn aussendet, um irgendein Geschäft zu vollziehen, da kommt zu ihm in scheinbar menschlicher Gestalt der Erzengel Raphael (Tob. 5). An einer anderen Stelle kommen andere übersinnliche Wesenheiten der höheren Hierarchien. Es ist ein Hereinspielen des göttlich-geistigen Elementes in die Menschenwelt, ein Hereinspielen, das so geschieht, daß der Mensch das göttlich-geistige Element klar als ein Äußeres hat, daß es ihm entgegenttritt in der Außenwelt. Raphael tritt in dem Buche Tobias dem, den er führen soll, so entgegen, wie ein Mensch dem anderen entgegentritt, indem er äußerlich an ihn herankommt. Wir werden vielfach sehen, wenn wir das Alte Testament durchgehen, daß die Beziehungen zur geistigen Welt so geregelt werden. Der Stellen im Alten Testament, wo von solchen Dingen die Rede ist, sind sehr viele. Aber wir sehen in seinem Verlauf einen ganz dramatischen Fortgang. Und ein Höhepunkt dieses dramatischen Fortschrittes tritt uns endlich entgegen in dem Märtyrertode der sieben Makkabäersöhne, die von dem Vereinigtsein, ja von dem Auferwecktsein ihrer Seelen in dem göttlichen Elemente aus ihren Seelen heraus sprechen. Eine innere Gewißheit der Seelen von ihrer inneren Unsterblichkeit tritt uns bei den Makkabäersöhnen und auch beiden Brüdern des Judas Makkabäus entgegen, die noch in der letzten Zeit ihr Volk verteidigen gegen den König Antiochus von Syrien. Immer innerlicher wird es ergriffen, das spirituelle Element. Und der dramatische Fortschritt wird erst recht ein großer, wenn wir das Alte Testament verfolgen von dem Erscheinen des Gottes in dem brennenden Dornbusch bei Moses, wo wir sehen, wie das Eigentümliche des Herankommens des Gottes ein Äußerliches ist, bis zu dem, was hervorsprudelt aus den Makkabäersöhnen als innere Gewißheit, daß, wenn sie hier sterben, sie auferweckt sein werden im Reiche ihres Gottes durch das, was in ihnen lebt.
Das ist ein gewaltiger Fortgang, der ein einheitliches Inneres im Alten Testament verrät. In dieser Art wird aus dem Bewußtsein, von Gott hingenommen zu werden, gleichsam von Gott von der Erde weggenommen zu werden und ein Glied in der Gottheit zu sein, von dem Alten Testamente in seinem Anfange nichts darüber gesagt, ob dieses Glied der Menschenseele, das von der Gottheit aufgenommen und der göttlichen Welt einverleibt wird, dann wirklich auferweckt wird. Es wird aber der ganze Fortgang so durchgeführt, daß das Bewußtsein immer mehr und mehr erwächst, daß die Menschenseele durch das, was sie ist, doch hineinwächst in das geistige Element. Aus einem Sich-passiv-Verhalten zu dem Gotte Jahve oder Jehova wird allmählich ein aktives inneres Bewußtsein der Seele von ihrem Wesen. Das geht als eine von Seite zu Seite sich treibende Steigerung durch das Alte Testament. Der Unsterblichkeitsgedanke wird geboren, aber nach und nach erst geboren im Fortgang des Alten Testamentes.
Und derselbe Fortschritt ist merkwürdigerweise auch im Prophetentum. Sehen Sie, wie die Gesichte und die Verheißungen jedes folgenden Propheten immer innerlicher und innerlicher werden: wieder so ein dramatisches Element von wunderbarer Steigerung! Je weiter in die Vergangenheit wir zurückgehen, desto mehr wird gesprochen von Gesichten, die sich auf den äußeren Verlauf beziehen; und je mehr wir fortgehen in der Zeit, desto mehr wird von der inneren Kraft, von der inneren Zuversicht und dem Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl mit dem Geistig-Göttlichen auch von den Propheten gesprochen.
So steigert es sich allmählich, bis uns das Alte Testament heranführt zu dem Beginn des Neuen Testamentes. Und das Markus-Evangelium knüpft ja direkt an alle diese Verhältnisse an. Denn das MarkusEvangelium sagt gleich an seinem Beginn, daß es das Ereignis des Christus Jesus ganz in dem Sinne des alten Prophetentums auffassen will, daß man gleichsam verstehen kann die Erscheinung des Christus Jesus, wenn man die Worte des Propheten Maleachi, beziehungsweise des Propheten Jesajas ins Auge faßt: «Siehe, ich sende meinen Boten vor dir her, der soll dir den Weg bereiten. Hört, wie es ruft in der Wüste: bereitet den Weg des Herrn, macht eben seine Pfade. » (1, 2-3.) Dadurch wird wie in einem Grundton, der durch die Geschichte des Alten Testamentes hindurchgeht, auf das Erscheinen des Christus Jesus hingewiesen. Und weiter wird gesagt im Markus-Evangelium - man hört es aus den Worten ganz deutlich heraus, wenn man nur will -: Ja, wie die ProPheten gesprochen haben, spricht im Grunde genommen jetzt wieder einer, der Täufer. - Und wie geschlossen, wie großartig steht die Gestalt des Täufers da, wenn wir sie so charakterisiert auffassen: Die alten Propheten sprachen von einem Gottesboten, sprachen davon, wie er in der Einsamkeit den Weg zeigen wird, den der Christus Jesus durch die Weltentwickelung zu machen hat.
Dann fährt das Markus-Evangelium fort: «So trat auf Johannes der Täufer in der Einsamkeit und verkündete die Taufe zur Erkenntnis der menschlichen Sündenhaftigkeit» (1, 4); denn so muß man die Worte, wenn man sie sachgemäß wiedergeben will, übersetzen. Also es wird gesagt: Richtet hin den Blick auf das alte Prophetentum, das sich hineingelebt hat in ein neues Verhältnis zu der Gottheit, in einen neuen Unsterblichkeitsglauben, und schaut an die Gestalt Johannes des Täufers, wie er auftrat und sprach von der Art der Entwickelung, durch die man des Menschen Sündenhaftigkeit erkennt. Dadurch wird gleichfalls als auf eine große Gestalt bei diesem Täufer hingewiesen.
Dann aber die wunderbare Gestalt des Christus Jesus selber, wie wird sie uns im Markus-Evangelium mit einer, man darf sagen, nirgends sonst in der Welt so einfach und so grandios zugleich gegebenen dramatischen Steigerung vorgeführt! Ich bitte, so recht den seelischen Blick darauf zu richten. Was wird gesagt? Etwa so wird gesprochen: Richtet hin den Blick auf die Gestalt des Täufers; ihr werdet ihn nur verstehen, wenn ihr die Gestalten der alten jüdischen Propheten berücksichtigt, deren Stimme in ihm lebendig geworden ist. Zu ihm ging hinaus das ganze jüdische Volk, um sich von ihm taufen zu lassen; das heißt, es gab viele, die erkannten, daß aus Johannes dem Täufer das alte Prophetentum sprach. Das wird gleich im Beginne des Markus-Evangeliums gesagt. Wir sehen vor uns stehen Johannes den Täufer, sehen in ihm lebendig werden die Stimme des alten Prophetentums, sehen zu ihm das Volk hinauswandern und sehen, wie er — bleiben wir innerhalb des Markus-Evangeliums zunächst stehen - von den Menschen erkannt wird als der wiedererstandene Prophet. Das ist das erste. Und nun tritt ein die Gestalt des Christus Jesus selber. Wir wollen zunächst die sogenannte Johannes-Taufe im Jordan unberücksichtigt lassen, wollen ihn unberücksichtigt lassen nach der JohannesTaufe und auch noch nach der Versuchungsgeschichte und wollen die so grandiose dramatische Steigerung, die uns gerade im MarkusEvangelium entgegentritt, ins Auge fassen.
Nachdem der Täufer vorgeführt ist und gezeigt ist, wie sich die Menschen zu ihm und seiner Mission stellen, wird der Christus Jesus selber vorgeführt. Aber wie? Zunächst wird er so hingestellt, daß ex da ist; aber ihn erkennen nicht bloß die Menschen, ihn erkennen auch andere Wesen. Darauf kommt es an. Da sind um ihn herum Menschen, die geheilt werden wollen von dem Dämonismus, in denen Dämonen wirken. Da stehen die Menschen herum, die nicht bloß von Menschenseelen bewohnt sind, sondern die besessen sind von übersinnlichen Geistern, die durch sie wirken. Und nun wird an einer bedeutungsvollen Stelle gesagt, diese Geister erkennen den Christus Jesus (1, 23-26). Den Täufer erkennen die Menschen und gehen hinaus und lassen sich von ihm taufen. Die übersinnlichen Geister erkennen den Christus, so daß er ihnen gebieten muß, nicht von ihm zu sprechen. Ihn erkennen die Wesen, die von der übersinnlichen Welt sind. Es wird also gesagt: Da tritt ein Wesen herein, das nicht bloß von den Menschen erkannt wird, sondern das in seinem Auftreten erkannt wird und für gefährlich gehalten wird von übersinnlichen Wesenheiten. Das ist die grandiose Steigerung, die uns gleich im Beginne des Markus-Evangeliums entgegentritt: auf der einen Seite Johannes der Täufer, der von den Menschen erkannt und verehrt wird, und auf der anderen Seite der, welcher von übersinnlichen Wesenheiten, die aber mit der Erde etwas zu tun haben, erkannt und gefürchtet wird, so daß sie erkennen, sie müssen jetzt abziehen. Das ist der Christus Jesus. In einer solchen Einfachheit gibt es nirgends sonst eine solche dramatische Steigerung. Wenn man dies ins Auge faßt, empfindet man gewisse Dinge als notwendig, die sonst an den Menschenseelen einfach vorbeigehen. Da mache ich Sie nur auf eine einzige Stelle aufmerksam, die — weil das Markus-Evangelium so einfach und so groß ist - im Markus-Evangelium am meisten auffallen kann. Erinnern Sie sich, wie da, wo gleich im Beginne des Markus-Evangeliums von der Bestellung der Zwölf geredet wird und wo die Rede ist von der Namengebung, wie er da zwei von seinen Aposteln die «Donnerssöhne » nennt (3, 17). Das ist nicht etwas, über das man einfach hinweglesen darf; das ist etwas, was man wohl beachten muß, wenn man das Evangelium verstehen will. Warum nennt er sie die Donnerssöhne? Weil er, damit sie seine Diener werden, ein Element in sie verpflanzen will, das nicht von der Erde ist, das von außerhalb der Erde herkommt, weil es das Evangelium aus den Reichen der Angeloi und Archangeloi ist, weil es ein ganz Neues ist und weil es nicht mehr genügt, bloß von den Menschen zu sprechen, sondern von einem himmlischen, überirdischen Element, dem Ich, und weil es notwendig ist, dies zu betonen. Er nennt sie Donnerssöhne, um zu zeigen, daß auch die Seinigen eine Beziehung zu dem überirdischen Element haben. Die nächste Welt, die an die unsrige angeknüpft ist, ist die elementarische Welt, durch die erst erklärlich wird, was in unsere Welt hereinspielt. Und der Christus gibt seinen Jüngern Namen, durch die gesagt wird, daß unsere Welt an eine nächste übersinnlicheangrenzt. Er gibt ihnen die Beinamen von den Eigenschaften der elementarischen Welt. Dasselbe ist der Fall, wenn er Simon den «Felsenmann » nennt (3, 16). Wieder ist dabei auf ein Übersinnliches hingewiesen. So wird durch das ganze Evangelium angekündigt das Hereintreten des «Angelium», der Impulse aus der geistigen Welt.
Um das zu verstehen, braucht man nur richtig zu lesen, braucht man nur die Voraussetzung zu machen, daß das Evangelium zugleich ein Buch ist, aus dem die tiefste Weisheit herauszuholen ist. Der ganze Fortschritt, der gemacht worden ist, besteht darin, daß die Seelen individualisiert werden, daß sie nicht mehr bloß auf dem Umwege durch die Gruppenseelenhaftigkeit, sondern durch das Element der Individualseele ihre Beziehung zur übersinnlichen Welt haben. Und der, welcher so vor die Menschheit hintritt, daß er innerhalb der Erdenwesen erkannt wird, aber auch erkannt wird von den übersinnlichen Wesenheiten, er bedarf, um hineinzuversenken in die Seelen deter, die ihm dienen sollen, etwas von einem übersinnlichen Element, dazu des besten Menschenelementes. Derjenigen Menschen bedarf er, die es nach der alten Art in ihren Seelen selbst schon am weitesten gebracht haben.
Es ist im höchsten Sinne interessant, den seelischen Werdegang derjenigen zu verfolgen, die der Christus Jesus um sich versammelt, die er beruft zu seinen Zwölfen, die, man möchte sagen, wenn sie einem in ihrer Einfachheit entgegentreten, am allergrandiosesten das durchgemacht haben, was ich Ihnen gestern zeigen wollte bei mehr auseinanderliegenden Inkarnationen von Menschenseelen. Der Mensch muß sich erst hineinfinden in das Individuelle. Er kann da zunächst sich selber schwer zurechtfinden, wenn er von dem, was in seiner Seele im Element des Volkstums gewurzelt hat, versetzt wird in das Auf-sich-selbst-Gestelltsein. Die Zwölf waren es. Sie wurzelten tief in einem Volkstum, das sich gerade wieder in der grandiosesten Weise als Volkstum erfaßt hatte. Und sie waren wie mit nackter Seele, mit einfacher Seele dastehend, als der Christus sie wiederfand. Man hat es dabei mit ganz unregelmäßigen Zwischenzeiten zwischen den Inkarnationen zu tun. Richten konnte sich der Blick des Christus auf die Zwölf: Diejenigen Seelen erschienen wieder, die in den sieben Makkabäersöhnen (see 207) und in den fünf Söhnen des Mattathias, in Judas und seinen Brüdern, verkörpert waren; daraus setzte sich das Apostolat zusammen. Sie waren hineingeworfen in das Element der Fischer und der einfachen Leute; aber sie waren in der Zeit, als das jüdische Element zu einem Kulminationspunkt hinaufgestiegen war, von dem Bewußtsein durchdrungen, daß dieses Element zu dieser Zeit höchste Kraft war, aber nur Kraft, während es jetzt individualisiert auftrat, als es sich um den Christus herumgruppierte.
Man könnte sich vorstellen, daß jemand ein ganz Ungläubiger wäre und nur künstlerisch das ins Auge fassen wollte, wie am Ende des Alten Testamentes Sieben und Fünf auftreten und wie Zwölf wieder am Anfange des Neuen Testamentes zu finden sind. Wenn man dies rein als künstlerisch-kompositionelles Element nimmt, kann man schon von der Einfachheit und der künstlerischen Größe des Bibelbuches ergriffen sein, ganz abgesehen davon, daß die Zwölf sich zusammensetzen aus den fünf Söhnen des Mattathias und den sieben Söhnen der Makkabäermutter.* Man wird lernen müssen, die Bibel auch als Kunstwerk zu nehmen; dann wird einem erst das Gefühl für die Größe aufgehen, die in die Bibel als Kunstwerk hineingelegt ist. Und man wird ein Gefühl dafür erhalten, worauf sich das, was da künstlerisch hineingelegt ist, eben beziehen muß.
Nun darf vielleicht noch auf eines aufmerksam gemacht werden. Unter den fünf Söhnen des Mattathias ist einer, der schon im Alten Testament Judas heißt. Er ist damals derjenige, welcher am kräftigsten kämpft für sein Volk, der ganz und gar mit seiner Seele seinem Volkstum hingegeben ist, und dem es auch gelingt, einen Bund mit den Römern zu schließen gegen den König Antiochus von Syrien (1. Makk. 8). Dieser Judas ist derselbe, welcher später die Prüfung durchzumachen hat, den Verrat zu begehen, weil er, der am allerinnigsten verbunden ist mit dem spezifisch althebräischen Element, nicht gleich den Übergang zu dem christlichen Element finden kann und erst die harte Prüfung braucht durch den Verrat. Es steht, wenn man wieder das rein Künstlerisch-Kompositionelle betrachtet, ganz wunderbar da die, man möchte sagen, grandiose Gestalt des Judas in den letzten Kapiteln des Alten Testamentes und die Gestalt des Judas im Neuen Testament. Und merkwürdig ist in diesem symptomatischen Vorgang, daß der Judas des Alten Testamentes einen Bund mit den Römern schließt, alles das vorbildet, was später geschehen ist, nämlich den Weg, den das Christentum genommen hat durch das Römertum, um in die Welt einzutreten. Das ist, möchte man sagen, die weitere Ausgestaltung. Und wenn ich hinzufügen würde, was auch gewußt werden kann, was aber doch nicht in einem Vortrage vor einem so großen Zuhörerkreise gesagt werden kann, so würden Sie sehen, wie eigentlich gerade durch die spätere Wiederverkörperung dieses Judas die Verschmelzung geschieht des römischen Elementes mit dem christlichen Element und wie der wiederverkörperte Judas der erste ist, der sozusagen den großen Erfolg hat in der Ausbreitung des romanisierten Christentums, und wie der Bündnisabschluß des Judas des Alten Testamentes mit den Römern die prophetische Vortatsache ist dessen, was ein Späterer tut, der dem Okkultisten wiedererscheint als der wiederverkörperte Judas, der da durchgehen mußte durch die harte Seelenprüfung des Verrates. Und was sich dann durch sein späteres Wirken zeigt als Christentum im Römertum und Römertum im Christentum zugleich, das erscheint wie eine ins Geistige umgesetzte Erneuerung des Bündnisses des alttestamentlichen Judas mit den Römern.
Wenn man solche Dinge vor sich hat, kommt man nach und nach zu der Einsicht: Geistig betrachtet, ist, von allem übrigen abgesehen, das größte Kunstwerk, das jemals gewesen ist, die menschliche Evolution selber. Man muß nur den Blick dafür haben. Aber sollte es denn gar so unbegründet sein, diesen Blick für die Menschenseele zu fordern? Ich denke, wenn jemand das eine oder das andere Drama sieht, das eine durchsichtige dramatische Schürzung und Lösung hat, so kann er, wenn er nicht die Fähigkeit hat, den Aufbau zu durchschauen, in dem Drama nur eine Aufeinanderfolge von Vorgängen sehen, die man hintereinander beschreiben kann. So ungefähr macht es die äußere Weltgeschichte. Da kommt allerdings aus der Menschheitsgeschichte kein Kunstwerk zustande, sondern nur ein Hintereinanderauftreten von Vorgängen. Jetzt aber ist die Menschheit schon an dem Wendepunkt, wo das eintreten muß, die innere fortschreitende Gestaltung der Vorgänge, ihre Verwicklung und Lösung in der Menschheitsevolution aufzufassen. Dann wird sich herausstellen, daß die Menschheitsevolution selber uns zeigt, wie an diesem Punkt, wie an jenem Punkte die individuellen Gestalten auftreten, Impulse geben, Knoten schürzen, Knoten lösen. Und man lernt erst das Hineingestelltsein des Menschen in die Menschheitsevolution erkennen, wenn man so den geschichtlichen Hergang kennt.
Dann aber muß man, weil das Ganze aus dem Zustande der reinen Zusammenfügung zu einem Organismus und zu mehr als einem Organismus erhoben wird, wirklich jedes an seine Stelle stellen und den Unterschied machen, den auf anderen Gebieten die Menschen für selbstverständlich halten. Denn keinem Astronomen wird es einfallen, die Sonne den übrigen Planeten gleichzustellen. Es ist ihm eine Selbstverständlichkeit, daß er die Sonne herausgliedert und als ein Monon gegenüber den Planeten hinstellt. So ist es dem, der die Menschheitsentwickelung durchschaut, selbstverständlich, eine «Sonne» hineinzustellen unter die großen Führer der Menschheit. Und wie es ein völliges Unding wäre, von der Sonne unseres Planetensystems so zu sprechen wie von dem Jupiter, Mars und so weiter, so ist es ein Unding, von dem Christus so zu sprechen wie von den Bodhisattvas und den anderen Menschheitsführern. Das sollte so selbstverständlich sein, daß jede Wiederverkörperung des Christus als etwas Absurdes erscheint, als etwas, was gar nicht gesagt werden kann, wenn man sich die Dinge nur ganz einfach vor Augen stellt. Aber es ist notwendig, daß man auch wirklich auf die Sachen eingeht, sie wirklich in ihrer wahren Gestalt erfaßt und sie nicht als dieses oder jenes Dogma, als diesen oder jenen Sektenglauben hinstellt. Es ist nicht notwendig, wenn man im wirklichen, kosmologischen Sinne von einer Christologie spricht, von einer Bevorzugung des Christentums vor einer anderen Religion zu sprechen. Das wäre so, wie wenn irgendwo eine Religion in ihren heiligen Schriften hätte, daß die Sonne ein Planet sei wie die übrigen Planeten, und dann jemand auftreten würde und sagen: Man muß die Sonne herausheben aus der Zahl der Planeten - und es würden sich nun die übrigen dagegen auflehnen und sagen: Ja, das ist aber eine Bevorzugung der Sonne! Das ist es gar nicht, sondern nur eine Anerkennung der Wahrheit selber.
Und so ist es mit dem Christentum. Es ist lediglich eine Anerkennung der Wahrheit, einer solchen Wahrheit, die heute jede Religion auf der Erde annehmen kann, wenn sie nur will. Und wenn andere Religionen es ernst nehmen mit dem gleichmäßigen Geltenlassen aller Religionsbekenntnisse, wenn sie nicht dieses gleichmäßige Geltenlassen nur zu einem Aushängeschild benutzen, dann werden sie auch keinen Anstoß daran nehmen, daß das Abendland nicht einen Nationalgott angenommen hat, sondern einen Gott, der zunächst mit einer Nationalität gar nichts zu tun hat, der eine kosmische Wesenheit ist. Die Inder sprechen von ihren Nationalgöttern. Es ist ganz selbstverständlich, daß sie anders sprechen müssen als die Menschen, die nicht einen germanischen Nationalgott angenommen haben und geltend machen, sondern die eine Wesenheit, die sich wahrhaftig nicht auf ihrem Boden verkörpert hat, in ihren Mittelpunkt stellen, die fern von ihnen bei einem anderen Volke verkörpert war. Von einem Entgegensetzen des christlich-abendländischen Prinzips gegenüber einem indisch-morgenländischen könnte man dann sprechen, wenn jemand zum Beispiel Wotan über Krishna stellen wollte. Bei dem Christus ist es aber gar nicht so. Er ist von allem Anfang an gar nicht einem Volke angehörig, sondern er verwirklicht das, was das Schönste ist in dem geisteswissenschaftlichen Prinzip: die Wahrheit anzuerkennen ohne Unterschied von Farbe, Rasse, Stamm und so weiter.
Diese Dinge objektiv zu betrachten, das ist es, wozu wir uns durchringen müssen. Und wenn wir die Evangelien dadurch erkennen, daß wir das erkennen, was ihnen zugrunde liegt, dann werden wir sie erst in Wahrheit verstehen. An dem, was heute gesagt worden ist über das Markus-Evangelium in seiner erhabenen Einfachheit und dramatischen Steigerung von der Persönlichkeit Johannes des Täufers zu der des Christus Jesus, kann man sehen, was eigentlich dieses Evangelium enthält.
Second Lecture
If you remember what was, in a sense, the main point and the main goal of yesterday's discussion, you will be able to see how differently the human being lives in relation to its innermost being in the time before the Mystery of Golgotha and in the time after it. I did not attempt to give a characterization, but rather I gave you examples from spiritual science, examples that show us souls of the old time and souls of the new time, characteristic examples in which we can perceive how certain souls from earlier times have changed and metamorphosed in the new time. The reason for such a tremendous transformation will only become clear to us from the overall meaning of this series of lectures.
Now, perhaps, we may begin by pointing out something that has already been mentioned several times in our considerations on similar subjects: that the becoming conscious, the full consciousness of the human I, whose development and formation is the mission of the Earth, actually only came about through the Mystery of Golgotha. It is not exact, but approximately exact, to say that if we go back very far in human evolution, we find that human souls are not yet individualized, but are still caught up in group soulhood. This being caught up in group soulhood is particularly the case with the more outstanding figures, so that one can say: A Hector, an Empedocles, are typical group-soul representatives of their entire human community; Hector, who grew out of what the soul of Troy is, is a reflection of the group soul of the Trojan people in a very specific form, certainly specialized, but just as rooted in the group soul as Empedocles. When they are reincarnated in the post-Christian era, they are then faced with the necessity of living out their ego-consciousness. The transition from group soulhood to the living out of the individual soul is what gives such a tremendous jolt forward. And this causes souls that are as firmly closed as, for example, Hector, to appear wavering in post-Christian times, as if they were not up to life, as, for example, the soul of Hamlet, and that, on the other hand, a soul like that of Empedocles, which reappears in the post-Christian era as the soul of Faust in the 16th century, apparently becomes a kind of adventurer and is placed in various situations from which it is very difficult to escape, and is misunderstood by his fellow human beings, indeed by the whole of posterity.
It has often been emphasized that for such a development as has just been indicated, what has already happened since the course of the Mystery of Golgotha until today does not yet mean anything special. This is all only the beginning, and with the future of Earth's development, the great impulses that can be attributed to Christianity will only come to light. It must be emphasized again and again: Christianity is only at the beginning of its great development. But if one wants to place oneself within this great development, one must follow with one's understanding the ever-increasing progress of the revelations, the impulses that began with the founding of Christianity.
Above all, we will have to learn something in the near future—and it does not take much clairvoyance to realize that we must learn something very specific, something that will form a good starting point for an advanced understanding of Christianity—we will have to learn to read the Bible in a completely new way. Today, there are still many obstacles to this. This is partly due to the fact that, in many circles, the Bible is still understood in a somewhat saccharine, sentimental way, so that it is used not as a book of knowledge but as a handbook for all kinds of personal moods. When someone needs encouragement in their personal circumstances, they immerse themselves in one chapter or another of the Bible, let one passage or another sink in, and only rarely do they go beyond a personal relationship with the Bible. On the other hand, scholarship in recent decades — actually throughout the entire 19th century — has made a real understanding of the Bible very difficult by tearing it apart and claiming, for example, that the New Testament was compiled from all sorts of things that were later collected, and that the Old Testament was also a compilation of very different things that came together at different times. This would mean that the Bible consists of nothing but fragments, which very easily give the impression that it is an aggregate, a compilation, that it has been “stitched together” over time.
Such scholarship is becoming popular, and has already become popular today. It has already become the view of many people that, for example, the Old Testament is composed of many individual parts. But this view disturbs what must come in the near future as a truly serious reading of the Bible. When this reading of the Bible comes about, much of what can be said about the mysteries of the Bible from an anthroposophical point of view will be much better understood. For example, we will have to learn to take everything up to the point where the Old Testament ends in the usual editions of the Bible as a whole. One must not allow oneself to be misled by everything that can be objected to against the unity of the Old Testament. And if one does not proceed one-sidedly from the standpoint of seeking personal edification, of reading this or that from this point of view, but once one has allowed the Old Testament, as it is, to work on oneself as a whole and has connected the view of the content with what what, as you have been able to see sufficiently through our spiritual scientific development of recent years, will come into the world precisely through spiritual science, when one connects this, but spiritually, with a certain spiritual-artistic sense, so that one will set out to see how things follow each other artistically, how they are artistically composed, how the threads intertwine and untangle, not so much in the external compositional sense, but when one also applies the deeply artistic to something like the Old Testament, only then will one realize what tremendous dramatic power, what inner, spiritual-dramatic power actually lies in the composition and structure of the entire Old Testament. Only then will one see the magnificent dramatic tableau as a unity, as a whole, and no longer believe that one piece comes from the middle, another from somewhere else, but then one will see the unified spirit in the Bible.
One will see that it is a progression dominated by a completely uniform spirit from the time of the first creation story through the patriarchal period, through the time of the judges, through the time of the Jewish kings, until everything converges in a wonderful dramatic climax in the Book of Maccabees, in the sons of Mattathias, the brothers of Judas, who fight against King Antiochus of Syria. There is an inner dramatic force in this. A certain culmination point is then reached at the end. And one will feel that it is not mere rhetoric, a phrase, that those who are equipped with occult insight are overcome by a special feeling when they come to the end of this book and find themselves faced with the seven sons of the Maccabean mother and the five sons of Mattathias. Five sons of Mattathias and seven sons of the Maccabean mother—this gives us a remarkable number of twelve, a number that we also encounter elsewhere when we are introduced to the mysteries of evolution. The number twelve at the end of the Old Testament, represented at a culminating point! At first, we may feel a sense of unease when the seven sons of the Maccabees die a martyr's death. How they are tortured one after the other, but how they gradually rise up—read about the inner drama!—how the first one only hints at what is finally expressed in the seventh as the confession of the immortality of the soul, how he hurls the words at the king: You wicked man, you want to know nothing of the one who raises my soul! Let this dramatic intensification from son to son sink in, and you will see what powers are contained in the Bible (2 Macc. 7). When one considers this dramatic and artistic insight in contrast to the previously sweet and sentimental way of looking at things, the Bible reveals itself to us as something that will bring religious fervor. Through the Bible, art becomes religion. And then one begins to notice very peculiar things.
Most of you may remember, because it has also been described here, that in my commentary on the Gospel of Luke I explained how the entire magnificent figure of Christ Jesus actually grew out of the union of two souls, the souls of two boys named Jesus. The soul of one was none other than that of Zarathustra, the founder of Zarathustrianism, so that you may still have this fact in your mind's eye: that the boy Jesus described in the Gospel of Matthew is initially meant to be the reincarnated Zarathustra. The soul of Zarathustra lived in this boy Jesus.
What is the actual fact here? We have the founder of Zarathustrianism, the great initiate of ancient times, of the original Persian culture, who, passing through human evolution to a certain point, then reappears within the ancient Hebrew people: we have the transition from the original Persian culture to the element of the ancient Hebrew people via the detour through the soul of Zarathustra. Yes, the external events that occur in world history, that occur in human life, are basically only the revelation, the expression of inner spiritual processes, of inner spiritual forces; so that in truth, one can study what external history tells us by considering it as an expression of the inner spiritual, of facts that move in the spiritual realm.
Let us keep this in mind: Zarathustra passes from Persianism into the ancient Hebrew element. And now — one need only take the headings of the chapters of the Old Testament — consider the Old Testament. That Zarathustra behaves as I have described is the result of clairvoyant research; it emerges when one traces the soul of Zarathustra. But now let us compare this result not only with the Bible as it is presented there, but also with what is proven by external research.
The ancient Hebrew people established their empire in Palestine. The original empire split up. First came the Assyrian captivity, then the Babylonian captivity. The ancient Hebrew people were subjugated by the Persians. What does all this mean? Yes, world-historical facts have a meaning. They follow inner processes, they follow spiritual and soul processes. Why did all this happen? Why were the ancient Hebrew peoples led in such a way that they were led out of Palestine into the Chaldean, Assyrian-Babylonian, and Persian elements, and then liberated again by Alexander the Great? To put it bluntly, one could say that it is only the external transition of Zarathustra from Persianism to the Jewish element. The Jews brought him to themselves; they were led to him until they submitted to the Persian element because Zarathustra wanted to come to them. External history is a wonderful reflection of these processes. And anyone who looks at the matter from a spiritual-scientific point of view knows that the outer history is only the body for the transition of Zarathustra from the Persian element, which basically first encompasses the ancient Hebrew element. And then, after this had been sufficiently encompassed by the Persian element, it was taken out by Alexander the Great, and what remained was the milieu that was necessary for Zarathustra. This passed from one tribe to another.
If we — we can of course only highlight individual points — take a look at the whole period as it came to a head in ancient Hebrew history through the time of the kings, through the time of the prophets, the Babylonian captivity, the Persian conquest, up to the Maccabean period, then it strikes us, if we seek an understanding of the Gospel of Mark, which begins with a saying of Isaiah as a prophetic utterance, the element of the Jewish prophets. One might say that, starting with Elijah, whose reincarnation is John the Baptist, the prophets appear to us in wonderful grandeur.
Let us leave Elijah and his reincarnation in John the Baptist aside for the moment and consider the names of the prophets in between. We must say that with what we have gained through spiritual science, this Jewish prophethood can be viewed in a very peculiar way. What are we actually talking about when we speak of the great spiritual leaders of the earth in ancient times? We are talking about the initiates, the initiates. We know that these initiates attained their spiritual height by passing through various stages of initiation, by working their way up from stage to stage through knowledge to spiritual vision, that they thereby attained union with the spiritual impulses working in the world and thus incorporated the impulses they themselves received in the spiritual world into life on the physical plane. When we encounter an initiate of the Persian, Indian, or Egyptian people, we will therefore first ask: How did this person ascend the ladder of initiation within this circle of people, within this tribe? How did he become the leader and thus the spiritual guide of his people? This question is justified everywhere, except when we are dealing with prophets. There is a kind of theosophical movement that likes to lump everything together and speak of the prophets of the ancient Hebrews in the same way as the initiates of other peoples, but this leads to no understanding.
One need only take the Bible, and recent historical research shows that it is not an untrustworthy document, but a faithful one. and one need only look at the prophets from Isaiah to Malachi, through Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, one need only consider what the Bible says about these figures, and one will see that they cannot be placed in the general scheme of initiation. Where is it said that the Jewish prophets underwent the same initiation as the other initiates of the other peoples? It is said that they appeared when the voice of God stirred in their souls, enabling them to see things that ordinary people could not see, enabling them to give information about the future course of their people's destiny, and also about the future course of world history. This sprang elementarily from the souls of the prophets. It is not said that they underwent the same initiation as the other prophets, in whose case it can be proven how they underwent initiation. The Jewish prophets appear in such a way that their spiritual vision stands out as if from a kind of genius, that which they have to say to their people, to humanity. And so it is also their way of referring to their prophetic voice and their prophetic gifts. Just look at how a prophet, when he has something to say, speaks of it as having been communicated to him by God through his intermediaries, or as having come to him as an immediate, elementary truth. This gives rise to the question: What about these Jewish prophet figures, who outwardly can be placed alongside the initiates of other peoples, if we want to disregard Elijah and his reincarnation, John the Baptist? If one investigates the souls of these prophets spiritually, occultly, one comes upon something very remarkable. Try to compare everything that history and religious tradition tell us about these figures with what I am now telling you as the result of spiritual scientific research, and you will find confirmation.
If one traces the souls of the Jewish prophets, one finds that they are reincarnations of initiates who were initiated among other peoples and had already ascended certain stages of initiation there. So when we trace one of the Jewish prophets back, we come to other peoples. There we find an initiated soul that had remained with this people for a long time; it then passed through the gate of death and was reincarnated among the Jewish people. And all the individual figures of Jeremiah, Isaiah, Daniel, and so on—if we want to find their souls in earlier incarnations, we must look for them among other peoples. Trivially speaking, it is really like a gradual gathering of the initiates of other peoples among the Jewish people, where the initiates appear in the form of prophets. But then it is understandable that the prophets appear in such a way that their prophetic gift seems like an elemental emergence of their inner being. It is the memory of what they acquired as initiates here or there. This emerges, but it also emerges in such a way that it does not always have to show the clear, harmonious form it had in previous incarnations. For the soul that was incarnated in a Persian or Egyptian body will first have to adapt to the physicality of the Jewish people. Some things that were already within them will not be able to come out. For it is not the case that when a person progresses from incarnation to incarnation, what was present in them before is always present, but something that was already there before may appear disharmonious or chaotic due to the difficulties caused by physicality.
Thus we see how the Jewish prophets gave their people a sum of spiritual impulses that are often disordered but grandiose recollections of earlier initiation. This is the peculiar thing that strikes us about these Jewish prophets. And why does this happen? It happens for no other reason than that the entire development of humanity had to pass through this point, because what had been achieved in a scattered manner had to be gathered together as in a focal point and reborn from the blood of the Old Testament people. That is why, throughout the history of the ancient Hebrew people, as in no other people—only in tribes was this the case, but not in peoples who had already become “nations”—the sense of belonging together, the flow of blood through the generations, is emphasized. Everything that constitutes the world-historical mission of the Old Testament people is based on the continuity of the flow of blood through the generations. That is why those who are to belong fully to the Jewish people are always called sons of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, that is, of that element which first manifested itself in the blood of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It was into this flowing blood that the initiatory elements of the various other peoples were to incarnate. Like rays coming from different directions and converging at a center, the initiatory rays of the various peoples gathered as if at a center in the blood of the ancient Hebrew people. The psychic element of human evolution had to pass through this once. It is important that we grasp this occult fact, for only then can we understand how something like the Gospel of Mark is based on the element of the Old Testament right from the beginning.
But what happens when the initiation elements of the various peoples gather in this one center? We will see why this happens. But if we now take up again the whole dramatic course of the Old Testament, we will notice how, through this absorption of the initiation elements of the various peoples, the idea of immortality gradually emerges within the development of the Old Testament, reaching its height precisely with the sons of Maccabeus. But we must now, so to speak, allow it to work on our souls in all its original meaning, so that we may grasp the consciousness of the human being in its relationship to the spiritual world.
I would like to draw your attention to something. Try to find the passages in the Old Testament where it is said that the divine element shines into human life. How often is it told, for example in the story of Tobias: when something is to happen, when Tobias sends his son out to do some business, the archangel Raphael comes to him in seemingly human form (Tob. 5). In another passage, other supernatural beings from the higher hierarchies appear. It is an interplay of the divine-spiritual element in the human world, an interplay that happens in such a way that the human being clearly perceives the divine-spiritual element as something external, something that confronts him in the outer world. In the Book of Tobit, Raphael approaches the one he is to guide in the same way that one human being approaches another, by coming up to him outwardly. We will see many times as we go through the Old Testament that relations with the spiritual world are regulated in this way. There are many passages in the Old Testament where such things are mentioned. But we see a very dramatic progression in its course. And a climax of this dramatic progression finally confronts us in the martyrdom of the seven sons of Maccabeus, who speak of the unity, indeed of the resurrection of their souls in the divine element from their souls. An inner certainty of the souls of their inner immortality confronts us in the sons of Maccabeus and also in the two brothers of Judas Maccabeus, who in the last days defend their people against King Antiochus of Syria. The spiritual element becomes increasingly inner. And the dramatic progression becomes even greater when we follow the Old Testament from the appearance of God in the burning bush to Moses, where we see how the peculiarity of God's approach is external, to what springs forth from the sons of Maccabeus as an inner certainty that if they die here, they will be raised in the kingdom of their God through what lives in them.
This is a tremendous advance that reveals a unified inner life in the Old Testament. In this way, the consciousness of being accepted by God, of being taken away from the earth by God, as it were, and of being a member of the Godhead, is mentioned in the Old Testament in its beginning, but nothing is said about whether this member of the human soul, which is taken up by the Godhead and incorporated into the divine world, is then really resurrected. However, the whole process is carried out in such a way that the awareness grows more and more that the human soul, through what it is, nevertheless grows into the spiritual element. From a passive attitude toward the God Yahweh or Jehovah, an active inner awareness of the soul's nature gradually emerges. This proceeds as an intensification driving from page to page through the Old Testament. The idea of immortality is born, but only gradually, in the course of the Old Testament.
And the same progress is strangely enough also found in prophecy. See how the visions and promises of each successive prophet become more and more inward: again such a dramatic element of wonderful intensification! The further back we go into the past, the more there is talk of visions that refer to external events; and the further we go forward in time, the more the prophets speak of inner strength, inner confidence, and a sense of belonging to the spiritual-divine.
Thus it gradually intensifies until the Old Testament brings us to the beginning of the New Testament. And the Gospel of Mark ties in directly with all these circumstances. For the Gospel of Mark says right at the beginning that it wants to understand the event of Christ Jesus entirely in the sense of the old prophecies, so that one can understand the appearance of Christ Jesus, as it were, if one considers the words of the prophet Malachi or the prophet Isaiah: “Behold, I send my messenger before you, who will prepare your way. Listen to the voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make straight his paths.” (1:2-3) This points to the appearance of Christ Jesus like a keynote running through the history of the Old Testament. And further on in the Gospel of Mark it says—you can hear it clearly in the words, if you want to— Yes, as the prophets have spoken, so now, in essence, one speaks again, the Baptist. And how unified, how magnificent is the figure of the Baptist when we understand him in this way: The ancient prophets spoke of a messenger of God, spoke of how he would show the way in solitude that Christ Jesus must take through world evolution.
Then the Gospel of Mark continues: “So John the Baptist appeared in the wilderness and proclaimed a baptism for the forgiveness of sins” (1:4); for that is how the words must be translated if one wants to render them accurately. So it is said: Turn your gaze to the ancient prophethood, which has lived itself into a new relationship with the Godhead, into a new belief in immortality, and look at the figure of John the Baptist, how he appeared and spoke of the kind of development through which one recognizes the sinfulness of man. This also points to a great figure in this baptizer.
But then the wonderful figure of Christ Jesus himself, how is he presented to us in the Gospel of Mark with a dramatic crescendo that is, one might say, nowhere else in the world so simple and so grandiose at the same time! I ask you to really focus your spiritual gaze on this. What is said? Something like this is said: Look at the figure of the Baptist; you will only understand him if you consider the figures of the ancient Jewish prophets, whose voice has become alive in him. All the Jewish people went out to him to be baptized by him; that is, there were many who recognized that the ancient prophecies were speaking through John the Baptist. This is said right at the beginning of the Gospel of Mark. We see John the Baptist standing before us, we see the voice of the ancient prophets coming to life in him, we see the people going out to him, and we see how he—let us remain within the Gospel of Mark for now—is recognized by the people as the resurrected prophet. That is the first thing. And now the figure of Christ Jesus himself appears. Let us first disregard the so-called baptism of John in the Jordan, let us disregard him after the baptism of John and also after the story of the temptation, and let us consider the grandiose dramatic climax that confronts us in the Gospel of Mark.
After the Baptist is presented and it is shown how people relate to him and his mission, Christ Jesus himself is presented. But how? At first he is presented in such a way that he is simply there; but it is not only people who recognize him, other beings recognize him too. That is what matters. There are people around him who want to be healed of demonism, in whom demons are at work. There are people standing around who are not merely inhabited by human souls, but who are possessed by supernatural spirits working through them. And now, at a significant point, it is said that these spirits recognize Christ Jesus (1:23-26). People recognize the Baptist and go out and let themselves be baptized by him. The supernatural spirits recognize Christ, so that he must command them not to speak of him. He is recognized by beings who are from the supernatural world. So it is said: A being enters who is not merely recognized by humans, but who is recognized in his appearance and considered dangerous by supernatural beings. This is the grandiose intensification that confronts us right at the beginning of the Gospel of Mark: on the one hand, John the Baptist, who is recognized and revered by people, and on the other hand, the one who is recognized and feared by supersensible beings who nevertheless have something to do with the earth, so that they recognize that they must now withdraw. This is Christ Jesus. Nowhere else is there such a dramatic intensification in such simplicity. When one considers this, one feels that certain things are necessary which would otherwise simply pass by the human soul. I would like to draw your attention to just one passage which, because the Gospel of Mark is so simple and so great, is perhaps the most striking in the Gospel of Mark. Remember how, right at the beginning of the Gospel of Mark, when it talks about the calling of the Twelve and the giving of names, he calls two of his apostles “sons of thunder” (3:17). This is not something that can simply be overlooked; it is something that must be taken into account if one wants to understand the Gospel. Why does he call them sons of thunder? Because he wants to implant in them, so that they may become his servants, an element that is not of this earth, that comes from outside the earth, because it is the Gospel from the realms of the angeloi and archangeloi, because it is something completely new, and because it is no longer enough to speak merely of human beings, but of a heavenly, super-earthly element, the I, and because it is necessary to emphasize this. He calls them sons of thunder to show that his own also have a relationship with the supernatural element. The next world, which is connected to ours, is the elemental world, through which only what plays into our world can be explained. And Christ gives his disciples names that indicate that our world borders on a next, supersensible world. He gives them epithets derived from the characteristics of the elemental world. The same is true when he calls Simon “the rock” (3:16). Again, this refers to something supersensible. Thus, throughout the Gospel, the coming of the “Angelium,” the impulses from the spiritual world, is announced.
To understand this, one need only read correctly, one need only assume that the Gospel is also a book from which the deepest wisdom can be gleaned. All the progress that has been made consists in the fact that souls have become individualized, that they no longer have their relationship to the supersensible world through the detour of group soulhood, but through the element of the individual soul. And he who stands before humanity in such a way that he is recognized within the earthly beings, but is also recognized by the supersensible beings, needs something of a supersensible element, and of the best human element, in order to sink into the souls of those who are to serve him. He needs those human beings who, in the old way, have already brought themselves furthest in their souls.
It is interesting in the highest sense to follow the spiritual development of those whom Christ Jesus gathered around him, whom he called to be his Twelve, who, one might say, when they appear to us in their simplicity, have undergone in the most grandiose way what I wanted to show you yesterday in the more widely scattered incarnations of human souls. Human beings must first find their way into the individual. At first, they find it difficult to find their way when they are transferred from what is rooted in their souls in the element of the folk culture to being left to their own devices. The Twelve were like that. They were deeply rooted in a folk culture that had just rediscovered itself in the most magnificent way. And they stood there with their souls laid bare, with simple souls, when Christ found them again. We are dealing here with very irregular intervals between incarnations. Christ's gaze could focus on the Twelve: those souls reappeared who had been embodied in the seven sons of Maccabeus (see 207) and in the five sons of Mattathias, in Judas and his brothers; these made up the apostolate. They were thrown into the element of fishermen and simple people; but at the time when the Jewish element had risen to a culmination point, they were imbued with the consciousness that this element was the highest power at that time, but only power, while it now appeared individualized as it grouped itself around Christ.
One could imagine that someone would be completely unbelieving and only want to consider artistically how seven and five appear at the end of the Old Testament and how twelve are found again at the beginning of the New Testament. If one takes this purely as an artistic-compositional element, one can already be moved by the simplicity and artistic greatness of the Bible, quite apart from the fact that the Twelve are composed of the five sons of Mattathias and the seven sons of the Maccabean mother. * We will have to learn to take the Bible as a work of art; only then will we begin to appreciate the greatness that is contained in the Bible as a work of art. And we will gain a sense of what the artistic elements in it must refer to.Now perhaps one more thing should be pointed out. Among the five sons of Mattathias is one who is already called Judas in the Old Testament. He is the one who fights most fiercely for his people, who is completely devoted to his people with all his soul, and who also succeeds in concluding an alliance with the Romans against King Antiochus of Syria (1 Macc. 8). This Judas is the same one who later has to undergo the ordeal of committing treason because he, who is most deeply connected to the specifically ancient Hebrew element, cannot immediately find his way to the Christian element and first needs to undergo the harsh trial of betrayal. From a purely artistic and compositional point of view, the grandiose figure of Judas in the last chapters of the Old Testament and the figure of Judas in the New Testament are wonderfully striking. And what is remarkable in this symptomatic process is that the Judas of the Old Testament makes a covenant with the Romans, foreshadowing everything that happened later, namely the path that Christianity took through Romanism in order to enter the world. This is, one might say, the further development. And if I were to add what can also be known, but cannot be said in a lecture before such a large audience, you would see how, precisely through the later reincarnation of this Judas, the fusion of the Roman element with the Christian element takes place, and how the reincarnated Judas is the first who, so to speak, has great success in spreading Romanized Christianity, and how the alliance between Judas of the Old Testament and the Romans is the prophetic precursor of what a later figure does, who reappears to the occultist as the reincarnated Judas, who had to go through the harsh soul trial of betrayal. And what then manifests itself through his later work as Christianity in Romanism and Romanism in Christianity at the same time appears as a renewal, translated into the spiritual realm, of the alliance of the Old Testament Judas with the Romans.
When one is confronted with such things, one gradually comes to the realization that, spiritually speaking, apart from everything else, the greatest work of art that has ever been is human evolution itself. One only needs to have the eyes to see it. But is it really so unreasonable to demand this insight into the human soul? I think that if someone sees one drama or another that has a transparent dramatic build-up and resolution, but lacks the ability to see through the structure, they will see in the drama only a sequence of events that can be described one after the other. This is roughly how external world history works. However, this does not result in a work of art, but only in a succession of events. Now, however, humanity has reached the turning point where it must understand the inner progressive formation of events, their entanglement and resolution in human evolution. Then it will become clear that human evolution itself shows us how, at this point and at that point, individual forms appear, give impulses, create knots, and untie knots. And one only learns to recognize the place of the human being in human evolution when one knows the historical process in this way.
But then, because the whole is raised from the state of pure aggregation to an organism and to more than one organism, one must really put everything in its place and make the distinction that people in other fields take for granted. For no astronomer would think of equating the sun with the other planets. It is self-evident to him that he singles out the sun and places it as a monon in relation to the planets. So it is self-evident to those who understand the evolution of humanity to place a “sun” among the great leaders of humanity. And just as it would be completely absurd to speak of the sun of our planetary system in the same way as we speak of Jupiter, Mars, and so on, so it is absurd to speak of Christ in the same way as we speak of the Bodhisattvas and other leaders of humanity. This should be so obvious that any reincarnation of Christ appears absurd, something that cannot be said at all if one simply looks at things in their simplest form. But it is necessary to really get into things, to really grasp them in their true form and not present them as this or that dogma, as this or that sectarian belief. When speaking of Christology in the real, cosmological sense, it is not necessary to speak of Christianity being preferred over other religions. That would be like if a religion had in its holy scriptures that the sun is a planet like the other planets, and then someone came along and said: The sun must be removed from the number of planets—and the others would then rebel and say: Yes, but that is giving preference to the sun! That is not the case at all, but only a recognition of the truth itself.
And so it is with Christianity. It is merely a recognition of the truth, a truth that every religion on earth can accept today if it only wants to. And if other religions take the equal validity of all religious beliefs seriously, if they do not use this equal validity merely as a figurehead, then they will not take offense at the fact that the West has not accepted a national god, but a God who initially has nothing to do with any nationality, who is a cosmic being. The Indians speak of their national gods. It is quite natural that they must speak differently from people who have not adopted and asserted a Germanic national god, but who place at their center a being that has truly not been embodied on their soil, but was embodied far away from them in another people. One could speak of an opposition between the Christian-Western principle and an Indian-Eastern principle if, for example, someone wanted to place Wotan above Krishna. But this is not the case with Christ. From the very beginning, he does not belong to any one people, but realizes what is most beautiful in the spiritual-scientific principle: to recognize the truth without distinction of color, race, tribe, and so on.
We must bring ourselves to look at these things objectively. And when we recognize the Gospels by recognizing what lies at their foundation, then we will understand them in truth. From what has been said today about the Gospel of Mark, in its sublime simplicity and dramatic rise from the personality of John the Baptist to that of Christ Jesus, we can see what this Gospel actually contains.