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The Gospel of St. Mark
GA 139

17 September 1912, Basel

Lecture III

In the last lecture we pointed out the significance of the fact that the Gospel of St. Mark begins by introducing the grand figure of John the Baptist, who is contrasted in a marked manner with that of Christ Jesus Himself. If we allow Mark's Gospel to influence us in all its simplicity, we receive a significant impression of John the Baptist; but only when we consider the Baptist against the background of spiritual science does he appear, so to speak, in his full greatness. I have often pointed out that we must interpret the Baptist in the light of the Gospel itself, for we know that he is clearly described in it as a reincarnation of the prophet Elijah (cf. Matt. 11:14). According to spiritual science, if we wish to investigate the deeper causes of the founding of Christianity and of the Mystery of Golgotha, we must look for the figure of the Baptist against the background of the prophet Elijah. I shall only allude briefly here to the topic of the prophet Elijah since I took advantage of the opportunity provided by the last general meeting of the German section of the Theosophical Society in Berlin to speak more fully on this subject (Turning Points in Spiritual History, London, 1934, Lecture 5). All that spiritual science and occult research have to relate concerning the prophet Elijah is fully confirmed by what is contained in the Bible itself. But many passages will undoubtedly remain inexplicable if we read the chapters relating to him in the ordinary way. I will draw your attention only to one point.

We read in the Bible that Elijah challenged all the followers and peoples of King Ahab among whom he lived, and how he pitted himself against his opponents, the priests of Baal, setting up two altars and causing them to lay their sacrifice on one of them while he laid his own sacrifice on the other. He then showed the triviality of what his opponents had said about the priests of Baal because no spiritual greatness was manifested by the god Baal, whereas the greatness and significance of Yahweh or Jehovah appears at once in the case of the sacrifice of Elijah. This was a victory won by Elijah over the followers of Ahab. Then in a remarkable way we are told that Ahab had a neighbor called Naboth who was the owner of a vineyard. Ahab coveted this vineyard, but Naboth would not sell it to him because he regarded it as sacred since it was an inheritance from his father. The Bible then tells us of two facts. On the one side Jezebel, the Queen, was an enemy of Elijah and proclaims that she will have him put to death in the same way as his opponents, the priests of Baal, were put to death because of his victory at the altar. But according to the biblical account, Elijah's death was not brought about through Jezebel. Something else took place. Naboth, the king's neighbor, was summoned to a kind of penitential feast, to which other important persons of the state were also called, and on the occasion of this feast of penitence, he was murdered at the instigation of Jezebel (I Kings 21).

Now we might say that the Bible seems to relate that Naboth was murdered at the urging of Jezebel. Yet Jezebel does not announce that she intends to murder Naboth but rather Elijah. There is an evident discrepancy in the story. Now occult research begins and shows us the real facts in the case, that Elijah was a great spirit who roamed invisibly through the land of Ahab. But at times he entered into and penetrated the soul of Naboth. So Naboth is the physical personality of Elijah; when we speak of the personage of Naboth, we are speaking of the physical personage of Elijah. In the biblical sense, Elijah is the invisible figure, and Naboth his visible image in the physical world. All this I have shown in detail in my lecture entitled, “The Prophet Elijah in the Light of Spiritual Science.”1Berlin, December 14th, 1911. English translation in Turning Points in Spiritual History (London: Rudolf Steiner Publishing Co., 1934).

But if we wish to consider the whole spirit of Elijah's work, and the whole spirit of Elijah as it is presented in the Bible, and allow it to influence our souls, we may say that in Elijah we are confronted by the spirit of the whole ancient Hebrew people. All that lives and is interwoven in this people is encompassed within the spirit of Elijah. We may refer to him as the folk spirit of the ancient Hebrew folk. Spiritual science shows him to have been too great to dwell altogether in the soul of his earthly form, in the soul of Naboth. He hovered over him like a cloud; and he not only lived in Naboth but went around the whole country like an element of nature, active in rain and sunshine. This is revealed ever more clearly the more we go into the whole narrative, which begins by saying that drought and barrenness prevailed, but that through Elijah's relationship to the divine spiritual worlds the drought was ended and the needs of the land at that time were fulfilled. He worked as an element of nature, a law of nature itself. We could say that the best way to learn to recognize what worked in the soul of Elijah is to let the 104th Psalm influence us, with its description of how Yahweh or Jehovah works in all things as a nature-divinity. Of course Elijah is not to be identified with this divinity itself; he is the earthly image of that divinity, an earthly image which is at the same time the folk soul of the Hebrew people. Elijah was a kind of differentiation of Jehovah, an earthly Jehovah, or, as he is described in the Old Testament, the “countenance” of Jehovah.

If we look at it in this way, the fact becomes especially clear that the same spirit that lived in Elijah-Naboth now reappears as John the Baptist. How does he work in John?

According to the Bible, and especially as is shown in the Gospel of St. Mark, he works through what is called baptism. What in reality is baptism? Why was it administered by John the Baptist to those who allowed themselves to be baptized? Here we must examine what was the actual effect of baptism on those who were baptized. The candidates were immersed in water. Then there always followed what has often been described as happening when a man receives the shock of being threatened by death, for example by falling into the water and nearly drowning, or by nearly falling over a precipice. A loosening of the etheric body takes place; it partly leaves the physical body. As a consequence, something happens that always happens immediately after death, i.e., a kind of retrospect of the past life. That is a well known fact and has often been described even by the materialistic thinkers of the present time. Something similar took place during the baptism by John in the Jordan. The people were plunged into the water. This baptism was not like the usual baptism of today. The baptism of John caused the etheric bodies of the candidates to be loosened and they saw more than they could comprehend with their ordinary powers of understanding. They saw their life in the spirit and the influence of the spirit on this life. They saw also what the Baptist taught, that the old age was fulfilled and that a new age must begin. In the clairvoyant observation that was possible for them for a few seconds during the baptismal immersion they saw that mankind had come to a turning point in evolution, and that what humanity had possessed in former times when it was in a group-soul condition was now in the process of completely dying out; quite new conditions had to come in, and they saw this while in their liberated etheric body. A new impulse, new capacities, must come to humanity. The baptism of John was therefore a question of knowledge. “Transform your minds, but don't merely turn your gaze backwards as would still be possible. Turn your gaze now to something else, to the God who manifests in the human `I.' The kingdoms of the divine have approached you.” The Baptist did not only preach that; he made it manifest to them by bestowing the baptism on them in the Jordan. Those who had been baptized knew then as a result of their own clairvoyant observation, even though it lasted but a short time, that the words of the Baptist expressed a world-historical fact.

Only when we consider this connection does the spirit of Elijah, which also worked in John the Baptist, appear to us in the right light. Then we see that Elijah was the spirit of the old Jewish people. What kind of spirit was this? In a certain respect it was already the spirit of the “I.” However, it does not appear as the spirit of the individual human being but as the collective folk spirit of the whole people. That which later was to live in each individual man was, so to speak, still in Elijah the group soul of the ancient Hebrew people. That which was to descend as the individual soul into every individual human breast was at the beginning of the Johannine age still in the super-sensible world. It was not yet in every human breast, and it could not yet live in this way in Elijah. So it entered into the individual personality of Naboth but only by hovering over it. Yet in Elijah-Naboth it manifested itself more distinctly than it did in the individual members of the ancient Hebrew people. This spirit, hovering, as it were, over man and man's history, was now about to enter more and more into every bosom. This was the great fact now proclaimed by Elijah-John himself when he said, as he baptized the people, something like the following, “What until now was in the super-sensible worlds and worked from these worlds you must now take into your souls as impulses that have come from the kingdom of heaven right into the hearts of men.” The spirit of Elijah itself shows how in multiplied form it must enter human hearts, so that in the further course of world history they may gradually take up ever more and more of the Christ Impulse. The meaning of the baptism by John was that Elijah was ready to prepare the way for the Christ. This was contained in the deed of the baptism by John in the Jordan, “I will make a place for Him; I will prepare the way for Him into the hearts of men. I will no longer merely hover over men, but will enter into human hearts, so that He also can enter in.”

If this is so, what may we then expect? If it is so, there is nothing more natural than to expect something to come to light in John the Baptist that we have already observed in Elijah. It becomes clear how in this grand figure of the Baptist there is not only his individual personality at work, but something more than a personality, which hovers over the individuality like an aura but has an efficacy that transcends it, something alive like an atmosphere among those within whom the Baptist is working. Just as Elijah was active like an atmosphere, so we may expect that as John the Baptist he would again be active like an atmosphere. Indeed, we may expect something further, that this spiritual being of Elijah, now united with John the Baptist, would continue to work on spiritually even if the Baptist were no longer there, if he were away. What does this spiritual being desire? It wishes to prepare the way for the Christ! We can also say that the physical personality of the Baptist may perhaps have left, but his spiritual being like a spiritual atmosphere may remain in the region where he was formerly active, and this spiritual atmosphere actually prepares the very ground on which the Christ could now perform His deed. This is what indeed we might expect. It could perhaps be best expressed if we were to say, “John the Baptist has gone away but what he is as the Elijah-spirit remains, and in this Christ can work best. Here He can best pour forth His words, and in that atmosphere that has remained behind, the Elijah-atmosphere, He can best perform His deeds.” That we can expect. And what does Mark's Gospel tell us?

It is very characteristic that twice allusion is made in the Mark Gospel to what I have just indicated. The first time it is said that “immediately after the arrest of John, Jesus came to Galilee and there proclaimed the teaching of the kingdoms of the heavens.” (Mark 1:14.) John therefore was arrested, that is to say, his physical personality was then prevented from working actively. But the figure of Christ Jesus entered into the atmosphere created by him. And it is significant that the same thing occurs a second time in the Mark Gospel, and it is a grandiose fact that it should occur a second time. We must only read the Gospel in the right way. If we pass on to the sixth chapter we hear fully described how King Herod had John the Baptist beheaded. But it is strange how many assumptions were made, not only after the physical personality of John had been arrested, but when he had been removed through death. To some it seemed that the miraculous forces through which Christ Jesus Himself worked were due to the fact that Christ Jesus Himself was Elijah, or one of the prophets. But the tortured conscience of Herod arouses a strange foreboding in him. When he hears all that has occurred through Christ Jesus he says, “John, whom I beheaded, has been restored to life!” Herod feels that, though the physical personality of John had gone away, he is now all the more present! He feels that his atmosphere, his spirituality—which was none other than the spirituality of Elijah, is still there. His tormented conscience causes him to be aware that John the Baptist, that is, Elijah, is still there.

But then something strange happens. We are shown how, after John the Baptist had met his physical death, Christ Jesus came to the very neighborhood where John had worked. I want you to take particular notice of a remarkable passage and not to skim over it lightly, for the words of the Gospels are not written for rhetorical effect, nor journalistically. Something very significant is said here. Jesus Christ appears among the throng of followers and disciples of John the Baptist, and this fact is expressed in a sentence to which we must give careful attention: “And as Jesus came out He saw a great crowd,” by which could be meant only the disciples of John, “and He had compassion on them ...” (Mark 6:34.) Why compassion? Because they had lost their master, they were there without John, whose headless corpse we are told had been carried to his grave. But even more precisely is it said, “for they were like sheep who had lost their shepherd. And He began to teach them many things.” It cannot be indicated any more clearly how He teaches John's disciples. He teaches them because the spirit of Elijah, which is at the same time the spirit of John the Baptist, is still active among them. Thus it is again indicated with dramatic power in these significant passages of the Mark Gospel how the spirit of Christ Jesus entered into what had been prepared by the spirit of Elijah-John. Even so this is only one of the main points, around which many other significant things are grouped.

I will now call your attention to one thing more. I have several times pointed out how this spirit of Elijah or John continued to act in such a way as to impress its impulses into world history. And since we are all anthroposophists assembled together here, and able to enter into occult facts, it is permissible to discuss this subject here. I have often mentioned that the soul of Elijah-John appeared again in the painter Raphael.2Raphael. Raffaello Santi, 1483–1520, Italian painter, famous especially for his Madonnas and for his paintings in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican, especially The School of Athens and the Disputä. This is one of those facts that call attention to the metamorphoses of souls that take place under the impetus given by the Mystery of Golgotha. Because it was also necessary that in the post-Christian era such a soul should work in Raphael through the medium of a single personality; what in ancient times was so comprehensive and world encompassing now appears in such a different personality as that of Raphael. Can we not feel that the aura that hovered round Elijah-John is also present in Raphael? That in Raphael there were such similarities to these two others that we could even say that this element was too great to be able to enter into a single personality but hovered round it, so that the revelations received by this personality seemed like an illumination? Such was indeed the case with Raphael!

I could also say that there exists a proof of this fact, though it is a somewhat personal one, to which I already alluded in Munich.3... proof to which I already alluded in Munich. In a lecture of August 31, 1912, not translated, entitled, “Theosophy and the Spiritual Life of the Present.” I should like to refer to it again here, not for the purpose of bringing out the personality of John the Baptist, but the full being of Elijah-John. For this purpose I will venture to speak of the further progress of the soul of Elijah-John in Raphael. Anyone who wishes honestly and sincerely to investigate what Raphael really was is likely to have his feelings aroused in a very remarkable way.

I have drawn attention to the modern art historian Hermann Grimm,4Hermann Grimm, 1828–1901. The books on Raphael written by him appeared under the title Das Leben Raphael (The Life of Raphael) 1872, 1885 and 1896. Raphael als Weltmacht (Raphael as World Power) appears in his posthumously published Fragments, Vol. II. and have mentioned that he was able to produce a biography of Michelangelo with comparative facility, but that on three separate occasions he tried to prepare a kind of life of Raphael. And because Hermann Grimm was not a so-called “learned man”—such a man of course can do anything he sets out to do—but a universal man who threw his whole heart sincerely into whatever he wanted to investigate and understand, he was forced to admit that when he had finished what he had intended to be a life of Raphael it did not turn out to be a life of Raphael at all. So he had to begin to do it again and again, but he was never satisfied with his work. Shortly before his death he made one more attempt, which is included in his posthumous works. In this he tried to approach Raphael and understand him in the way his heart wished to understand him, and the title his new work was to bear was indeed characteristic of him. He proposed to call the book Raphael as World-Power. For it seemed to him that if one approaches Raphael honestly, he cannot be described in any way other than as a world-power, unless one fails to see through to what is actively at work in world history. It is very natural that a modern author should experience some discomfort in choosing his words if he is to write as freely and frankly as did the evangelists. Even the best writers of modern times are embarrassed if they set to work in this way, but the figures that have to be described often force them to use the appropriate words. So it is very remarkable how Hermann Grimm wrote about Raphael shortly before his death in the first chapters of his book. It is really as if one can sense in the heart of Hermann Grimm something of the circumstances surrounding such a figure as that of Elijah-John, when he said, “If by some miracle Michelangelo were called back from the dead to live among us, and I were to meet him, I would respectfully stand aside to let him pass by. But if Raphael were to come my way I would go up behind him to see if by chance I might hear a few words from his lips. In the case of Leonardo and Michelangelo we can confine ourselves to relating what they once were in their own time; but with Raphael one must begin with what he is to us today. A slight veil has been cast over the others, but not over Raphael. He belongs among those whose growth will continue for a long time yet. We may imagine that Raphael will present ever new riddles to future generations of humanity.” (Fragments, Vol. II, page 170.)

Hermann Grimm describes Raphael as a world-power, as a spirit striding on through centuries and millennia, as a spirit who could not be encompassed within one individual man. And we may read yet other words by Hermann Grimm, wrung from the honesty and sincerity of his soul. It seems as if he wanted to express that there is something about Raphael like a great aura enveloping him, just as the spirit of Elijah enveloped Naboth. Could this be expressed in any other way than in these words of Hermann Grimm, “Raphael is a citizen of world-history; he is like one of the four rivers which, according to the belief of the ancient world, flowed out of Paradise.” (Fragments, Vol. II, page 153.)

That might also have been written by an evangelist, and it might almost have been written of Elijah! Thus even a modern historian of art, if his feelings are honest and sincere, is able to feel something of the great cosmic impulses that live through the ages. Truly nothing further is required to understand spiritual science than to come close to the soul and spiritual needs of those men who strive longingly to discover the truth about the evolution of humanity.

So does John the Baptist stand before us, and it is good if we can feel him in this way when we read the opening words of the Mark Gospel, and again later in the sixth chapter. The Bible is unlike a book of modern scholarship in which it is clearly emphasized what people ought to read. The Bible conceals beneath the grandiose artistic and occult style many of the mysterious facts it wishes to proclaim. And it is precisely in relation to the facts in the story of John the Baptist that the artistic and occult style does indeed conceal such things. Here I want to draw your attention to something that you can perhaps experience as truth only through your life of feeling. If you admit that there can be truths other than rational ones you may be able to see that the Bible tells us how the spirit or soul of Elijah is related to the spirit or soul of John the Baptist. Let us as briefly as we can see how far this is the case by allowing ourselves to be affected by the description of Elijah as it appears in the Old Testament:

So Elijah arose and went toward Zaraphta. And when he came to the gate of the city, there was a widow woman gathering wood. And he called to her and said “Bring me, I pray thee, a little water in a pitcher that I may drink.” And as she was going to fetch it, he called out to her and said “Bring me also a mouthful of bread.”

And the woman said, “As sure as the Lord your God liveth I have no bread, only a handful of flour in a bin and a little oil in a cruse. And see, I have gathered a few pieces of wood, and I am about to go inside and I want to make them ready for me and my son that we may eat and then die.”

Elijah said to her, “Fear not, go in and do as you have said. But first make a small cake and bring it out for me. Then afterwards you can make something for you and your son. For thus says the Lord, ‘The flour in the bin shall not be consumed nor the oil cruse run dry until the day when the Lord makes it rain upon the earth.’ ”

So she went in and did as Elijah had said. And he ate, and so did her household for a time. The flour in the bin was not eaten up, and the oil cruse did not run dry, according to the word he had spoken through Elijah. (I Kings 17:10-16.)

What do we read in the story of Elijah? We read of the coming of Elijah to a widow, and of a marvellous increase of bread. Because the spirit of Elijah was there it came about that there was no want in spite of the shortage of bread. The bread increased—so we read—the moment Elijah came into the presence of the widow. What is described here as an increase in bread, as the giving of bread as a gift, comes about through the spirit of Elijah. We can say therefore that the fact shines out from the Old Testament that the increase of bread is effected through the appearance of Elijah.

Now let us turn to the sixth chapter of the Mark Gospel. Here we are told how Herod caused John to be beheaded, and how Christ Jesus then came to the group of John's followers.

And when He came out He saw a great crowd, and had compassion on them, for they were like sheep without a shepherd. And He began to teach them many things. And as it had become quite late His disciples came to Him and said, “This is a desolate place and it is already late. Let them go so that they may go to the farms and villages and buy themselves something to eat.” But He answered them, “You give them something to eat.” And they said to Him, “Should we go there and buy bread for two hundred denarii and give them something to eat?” He answered them, “How many loaves do you have? Go and look.” And after they had obtained the information they said, “Five loaves and two fishes.”

And he ordered them all to sit down on the green grass as if it had been a table. And they lay down as if for bed, by hundreds and by fifties. And he took the five loaves and the two fishes, looked up to heaven, blessed and broke the loaves and gave them to the disciples to set before them; in the same way he divided the two fishes among them. And they all ate and were satisfied. (Mark 6:34-42.)

You know the story; again there was an increase in bread brought about by the spirit of Elijah-John. The Bible does not actually speak “clearly” as we understand the word today, but it expresses what it has to say through its composition. Whoever understands how to value the truths of feeling will wish to let his feeling dwell on the passage where it is related how Elijah came to the widow and increased the bread, and where the reincarnated Elijah leaves his physical body and Christ Jesus brings about in a new form what is described as an increase of bread. Such are the inner developments, the inner correspondences in the Bible. They demonstrate how fundamentally empty the scholarship is that talks about a “compilation of biblical fragments,” but also how it is possible for us to recognize the one single spirit composing it throughout, irrespective of who this single spirit is. That is how the Baptist is presented to us.

Now it is very remarkable how the Baptist himself is again introduced into the work of Christ Jesus. On two occasions it is indicated to us that Christ Jesus really entered the aura of the Baptist just when the physical personage was withdrawing more and more into the background, finally leaving the physical plane altogether. But it is shown in very clear words precisely through the very simplicity of the Mark Gospel how through the entry of Christ Jesus into the element of Elijah-John a wholly new impulse enters the world. In order to understand this we must envisage the whole description given in the Gospel from the moment when Christ Jesus appears after the arrest of John the Baptist and speaks of the divine kingdom, to the passage where the murder of John by Herod is related, and continue on with the subsequent chapters. If we take all these stories down to the story of Herod and consider them in their true character we find that the intention of all of them is to reveal in a correct manner the qualities that are characteristic of Christ Jesus. Yesterday we spoke of His characteristic way of acting so that He is recognized also by the spirits which live in those possessed by demons. In other words, He is recognized by super-sensible beings and this is presented to us in a sharply accentuated manner. And then we are faced with the fact that that which lives in Christ Jesus is something in reality quite different from what dwelt in ElijahNaboth for the reason that the spirit of Elijah could not wholly enter into Naboth.

The purpose of the Gospel of St. Mark is to show us that the being of Christ entered fully into Jesus of Nazareth and entirely filled his earthly personality. What we recognize as the universal human ego was working in Him. What then is so terrible to the demons who were in possession of human beings when they were confronted by Christ Jesus? The devils are compelled to say to Him, “You are He who bears the God within You.” They recognize Him as a divine power in the human personality, thus compelling the demons to allow themselves to be recognized and to come forth from the human beings who were possessed through the power of what lives in the individual personality of man (Mark 1:24; 3:11; 5:7). This is why in the early chapters of the Mark Gospel the figure of Christ is worked out so carefully, making Him in a certain way a contrast to ElijahNaboth, and also to Elijah-John. For whereas that which was active in them could not wholly live in them, this activating quality was wholly contained within Christ Jesus. For this reason, although a cosmic principle lives in Him, Christ Jesus as an individual personality confronts other human beings quite individually, including those whom He heals.

It is true that at the present time people generally take descriptions that come from the past in a peculiar way. In particular many of the modern learned students of nature—monists, as they also call themselves—take these descriptions in a very peculiar way when they wish to present their conceptions of the world. We could characterize this attitude by saying that these learned savants and excellent natural philosophers are secretly of the opinion, though they might be too embarrassed to say so, that it would have been better if the Lord God had left the organizing of the world to them, for they would really have established it better.

Take, for example, the case of such a learned student of natural philosophy of our time who maintains that wisdom has come to mankind only in the last twenty years, while others believe it has only been during the last five years, and regard earlier ideas as mere superstition. Such a man would profoundly regret that at the time of Christ there was no modern school of scientific medicine with its various remedies. According to their notions it would have been much more clever if all these people, for example Simon Peter's mother-in-law and others, had been cured with the aid of modern medical remedies. To their minds he would have been a really perfect God if he had created the world in accordance with the conceptions of a modern knowledge of nature. He would not have allowed humanity to have been deprived so long of the knowledge of nature possessed by modern savants. The world as established by God is indeed bungled by comparison with what a modern natural scientist would have created. They are embarrassed to say it so openly, but it is possible to read between the lines. These things that whirr around in the minds of materialistic natural scientists should be called by their right names. If we could for once talk confidentially with one of these gentlemen we might hear him voice the opinion that it is hard to avoid being an atheist when one sees how little success God had at the time of Christ in curing human beings by the methods of modern natural science.

But one thing is not considered: that the word “evolution,” about which people speak so often, ought to be taken seriously and honestly. Everything about evolution must be understood if the world is to reach its goal, and it is pointless to go looking for a plan such as modern natural scientists would produce if they were able to create a world. Because they think in this way, men do not correctly realize that the whole constitution of man, the unity of the finer bodies of man, were formerly quite different. In earlier times nothing at all could have been achieved with the human personality through the methods of natural science. For then the etheric body was much more active, much stronger than it is today; hence the physical body could be worked on indirectly through the etheric body in a very different manner. To express it quite dryly, at that time there was quite a different effect when one healed by means of “feeling” from what it would be today. At that time feeling was poured out from one person into another. When the etheric body was really much stronger and still governed the physical body, psychospiritual methods of healing acted quite differently. Human beings were constitutionally different, so there had to be a different method for healing. If a natural scientist does not know this he will say, “We no longer believe in miracles, and what is said here about healing is really a question of miracles, and these we must leave out of consideration.” And if one is a modern enlightened theologian one is faced by a very special dilemma. He would like to be able to retain these ideas, but at the same time he is filled with the modern prejudice that there is no such thing as healing of this kind, and that such cures are necessarily miracles. Which leads on to the effort to make all kinds of explanations as to the possibility or impossibility of miracles. But one thing he does not know. Nothing described up to the sixth chapter of the Mark Gospel was at that time regarded as a miracle, any more than when today some function of the human organization is affected by one medicament or another. No one at that time would have thought of it as a miracle if someone stretched out his hand and said to a leper, “I will it, become clean.” The whole natural being of Christ Jesus that was poured forth here, was in itself the cure. It would no longer work today because the union between the physical and etheric body is quite different. In those days physicians usually healed in that way, so it was not something that should be particularly emphasized that Christ Jesus cured lepers through compassion and the laying on of hands. Such a thing was then a matter of course. What is worthy of note in this chapter is something quite different, and this we must picture to ourselves correctly.

Let us then first glance at the manner in which the great physicians and even the lesser ones were trained. They were trained in schools that were part of the mystery schools, and they were able to attain to powers that worked down through them from the super-sensible world. Such physicians were thus in a sense mediums for the transmission of super-sensible powers. Through their own mediumship these men transmitted super-sensible powers, and they had been trained for this in the medical mystery schools. When in this way a physician laid his hands on a person it was not his own powers that streamed down but powers from the super-sensible world. It was through his initiation in the mystery schools that he could become a channel for the working of super-sensible powers. It would not have seemed especially remarkable to a person of that time if he heard that a leper or someone suffering from a fever had been cured through such psychical processes. The significant aspect was not that someone appeared capable of curing in this way but that someone who had not been trained in a mystery school could heal in this manner, and that in the heart and soul of this man the power which earlier flowed from the higher worlds was present, and such powers had now become personal individual powers. The truth was to be made clear that the time was fulfilled, and that from now onward men were no longer to be channels for super-sensible forces, that this had come to an end. This had also become clear to those who had been baptized by John in the Jordan, that the old time was coming to an end and everything in the future must be done through the human “I,” through that which is to enter into the divine inner center of the human being. They recognized that now among the people there stands one who does out of His own self what others before had done with the help of beings who live in the super-sensible world and whose powers worked down on them.

So we by no means grasp the meaning of the Bible if we picture to ourselves the curative process as being something special. In the fading light of the era that was passing away, when such cures were possible, it is said that Christ performed cures during this era of the fading light, but that He healed with new forces which would be present from that time onward. Thus it is very clearly shown, with a clarity that cannot be obscured, that Christ Jesus works entirely from man to man. This is everywhere emphasized. It could scarcely be more clearly expressed than when Jesus comes in contact with a woman described in the fifth chapter of the Mark Gospel. He heals her because she approaches Him and touches His garment, and He feels that a current of force has gone out from Him. The whole story is related in such a way as to show that the woman draws near to Christ Jesus and takes hold of His garment. At first He does nothing else Himself, but she does something; she takes hold of His garment, whereupon a current of force leaves Him. How? Not in this instance because He has released it, but because she draws it forth, and He notices it only later. This is very clearly shown. And when He does notice it what does He say? “Daughter, your faith has aided you. Go in peace and be healed from your plague.”

He only then became aware Himself, as He stood there, how the divine kingdom was streaming into Him, and streamed out from Him again. He does not stand there before those who are to be cured as the healers of earlier times stood before those from whom they were to drive out their demons. Whether the sick person believed or did not believe, the power that streamed from the super-sensible worlds through the medium of the healer streamed into him. But now, when it depended on the ego, this ego had to participate in the process; everything now became individualized. The main point of this description was not that one could influence the body through the soul—in that epoch that would have been a matter of course—but that insofar as the new age was just beginning, one ego must henceforth be in direct relationship with another ego. In earlier times the spiritual lived in the higher worlds, and it hovered over the human being. Now the kingdoms of heaven came near and were to enter into the hearts of men, were to live within the hearts of men as in a center. That is the point. In a world view such as this the outer physical and the inner moral flowed together in a new way, in such a way that from the time of the founding of Christianity until today there could only be faith, which from now onward can become knowledge.

Let us take the case of a sick person in ancient times as he stood facing his physician who was to heal him in the way I have just described. Magical forces were brought down from the spiritual worlds through the medium of the physician who had been prepared for this in the mystery schools, and these forces streamed through the body of the physician into that of the patient. There was at that time no link with the moral element, for the whole process did not affect the ego. Morality had nothing to do with it, for the forces flowed down magically from the higher worlds. Now a new era begins, and the moral and the physical aspects of the healing worked together in a new way. Knowledge of this fact will enable us to understand another story.

Some days had passed when He came again to Capernaum. When it was reported that He was in the house many people gathered there, so that there was no longer any room for them, even in front of the door, and He preached the word to them. Then they came to Him with a paralytic carried by four men. And when they were unable to come close to Him because of the crowd, they removed the roof of the house where He was and let down the litter on which the paralytic was lying through the gap. And when Jesus saw their faith, He said to the paralytic, “Son, your sins are forgiven you.” (Mark 2:1-5.)

What would a physician have said in earlier times? What would the scribes and Pharisees have expected when a healing was to take place? They would have expected such a healer to have said, “The forces now pouring into you and into your paralyzed limbs will enable you to move.” But what did Christ say? “Your sins are forgiven you.” That is the moral element in which the ego participates. It was a language the Pharisees were incapable of understanding. They could not understand it; for someone to speak like this was a blasphemy to the Pharisees. Why? Because to their minds God could be spoken of only as living in the super-sensible worlds, and He works down from there; and sins could be forgiven only from the super-sensible worlds. They could not understand that forgiveness of sins had something to do with the person who healed. Therefore Christ went on further to say: “Which is it easier to say to the paralytic, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or ‘Stand up, take up your litter and walk?’ But so that you may know that the Son of Man has authority to forgive sins on earth” (turning to the paralytic) “I tell you to stand up, take up your litter and go home.” And at once he stood up, took his litter and went out in full view of everyone. (Mark 2:9-12.)

Christ combines the moral and magical elements in His healing, and in this way made the transition from the ego-less to the ego-filled condition, and this can be found in every single description. This is how these matters must be understood, for this is the way they are told. Now compare what spiritual science has to say with all that biblical commentaries have to say about the “forgiveness of sins.” You will find there the strangest explanations, but nowhere anything satisfying because it was not known what the Mystery of Golgotha actually was.

I said that it had to be taken on faith. Why on faith? Because the expression of the moral in the physical element is not developed in one incarnation. When we meet someone today we must not look upon a physical defect as the bringing together of the physical and moral elements within one incarnation. Only when we go beyond one individual incarnation do we find the connection between the moral and physical elements in his karma. Because karma was very little emphasized up to the present time or not at all we can now say, “Until now the connection between the moral and physical elements could be discerned only through faith.” But now, when we are approaching the Gospels in a spiritual scientific way, faith is replaced by knowledge. Christ Jesus stands here beside us as an enlightened one, telling us about karma, when He makes known, “This person I may cure, for I perceived from his personality that his karma is such that he may stand up and walk.”

In such a passage as this you can see how the Bible is to be understood only if it is provided with the means given by modern spiritual science. It is our task to show that in this book, this cosmic book, the profoundest wisdom concerning the evolution of man is truly embodied. Once we are able to grasp what cosmic processes unfold on the earth—and this we shall emphasize increasingly in the course of these particular lectures since the Mark Gospel especially points to them—then we shall discover that what can be said in connection with this Gospel in the future can in no way be offensive to any other of the world's creeds. True knowledge of the Bible will, because of its own inner strength, stand firmly on the ground of spiritual science, attaching equal value to all the religious creeds of the world. This is because true knowledge of the Bible, for the reasons given at the end of our last lecture, cannot be truthfully confined within one denomination or another, but must be universal. In this way the religions will be reconciled. What I was able to tell you in my first lecture about the Indian who gave the lecture, “Christ and Christianity,” seems like the beginning of such a reconciliation. This Indian, no doubt subject to all the prejudices of his nation, nevertheless looked up to Christ in an interdenominational sense. It will be the task of spiritual scientific activity within the different religious confessions to try to understand this figure of Christ. For it seems to me that the task of our spiritual movement must be to deepen the religious creeds so that the inner nature of the different religions can be understood and deepened.

I should like in this connection to indicate something I have often pictured for you in the past, e.g., how a Buddhist who is an anthroposophist would conduct himself in relation to an anthroposophist who is a Christian. The Buddhist would say, “Gautama Buddha, who after first being a Boddhisattva then became a Buddha, after his death reached such a height that he no longer needs to return to earth.” The Christian who is an anthroposophist would reply, “I understand, for if I find my way into your heart and believe what you believe, I myself believe that about your Buddha.” This is what it means to understand the religion of the other person, to bring oneself to the other's religion. The Christian who has become an anthroposophist can understand everything that the other man says.

And what would the Buddhist who has become an anthroposophist say in reply? He would say, “I am trying to grasp what the innermost core of Christianity is. That with Christ we do not have to do with a founder of religion but with something different. In the case of the Mystery of Golgotha we have to do with an impersonal fact. Jesus of Nazareth did not stand there as the founder of a new religion, but the Christ entered into him, and He died on the Cross, thus accomplishing the Mystery of Golgotha. What is really the issue is that the Mystery of Golgotha is a cosmic fact.” And the Buddhist will say, “In future I shall no longer misunderstand, now that I have grasped the essence of your religion, as you have grasped mine, which was the issue between us. I will never picture the Christ as someone who will be reincarnated. For you the central question is what happened there. And I should be speaking in a very odd manner if I were to say that Christianity could be improved upon in any respect—that if Christ Jesus had been better understood He would not have been crucified after three years, that a religious founder should have been treated differently, and the like. The point is precisely that Christ was crucified, and the crucial consequences of that death on the Cross. There is no point in thinking that an injustice occurred at that time and that Christianity today could be improved upon.” No Buddhist who is an anthroposophist could say anything else than, “As you truly strive to understand the essence of my religion, so will I truly strive to understand the essence of yours.”

And what would be the result if people of different religions were to understand each other in such a way that the Christian were to say to the Buddhist, “I believe in your Buddha just as you do,” and if the Buddhist were to say to the Christian, “I understand the Mystery of Golgotha in the same way you do?” If something like this were to become general among human beings, what would be the consequence? There would be peace, and mutual acceptance of all religions among men. And this must come. The anthroposophical movement must consist of a true mutual understanding of all religions. It would be contrary to the spirit of anthroposophy if a Christian who became an anthroposophist were to say to a Buddhist, “It is untrue that Gautama after he became a Buddha will no longer reincarnate. He must appear in the twentieth century again as a physical human being.” Whereupon the Buddhist would say, “Can your anthroposophy lead you only to deride my religion?” And as a result instead of peace discord would arise among the religions. In the same way a Christian would have to tell a Buddhist who insisted on speaking about the possible improvements in Christianity, “If you can maintain that the Mystery of Golgotha was a mistake, and that Christ could return in a physical body so that He could succeed better than before, then you are making no effort to understand my religion, you are deriding it.” It is no task of anthroposophy to deride any religion, old or new, that is worthy of respect. If this were the task of anthroposophy it would be founding a society on mutual derision, not on the understanding of the equality of all religions!

In order to understand the spirit and the occult core of anthroposophy we must write this in our souls. And we can do this in no better way than by extending the strength and love that are working in the Gospels to the understanding of all religions. The later lectures in this cycle will show us how this can be achieved most particularly in connection with the Gospel of St. Mark.

Dritter Vortrag

Im Beginne des Markus-Evangeliums werden wir hingeführt zu der großen Gestalt des Täufers. Wie bedeutsam auf der einen Seite Johannes der Täufer eingeführt wird durch das Markus-Evangelium, wie bedeutsam er kontrastiert wird mit dem Christus Jesus selber, darauf ist gestern schon hingewiesen worden. Man wird, wenn man das Markus-Evangelium in seiner Einfachheit auf sich wirken läßt, sogleich einen bedeutsamen Eindruck gewinnen von der Gestalt des Täufers. Gehen wir dann auf die geisteswissenschaftlichen Hintergründe dieser Gestalt ein, so erscheint uns der Täufer erst gewissermaßen in seiner vollen Größe. Es ist von mir des öfteren auseinandergesetzt worden, wie wir den Täufer, auch im Sinne des Evangeliums selber - denn wir wissen, daß dies im Evangelium deutlich ausgesprochen ist - als eine Wiederverkörperung des Propheten Elias aufzufassen haben (siehe Matth. 11, 14). Geisteswissenschaftlich werden wir daher, um so recht den tieferen Grund der Begründung des Christentums und des Mysteriums von Golgatha einzusehen, die Gestalt des Täufers eben auf dem Hintergrunde dessen zu sehen haben, was uns im Propheten Elias entgegentritt. An dieser Stelle soll nur kurz angedeutet werden, um was es sich da handelt; denn ich habe gelegentlich der letzten Generalversammlung der Deutschen Sektion der Theosophischen Gesellschaft in Berlin gerade etwas ausführlicher über den Propheten Elias gesprochen.

Alles, was die Geisteswissenschaft, die okkulte Forschung, über den Propheten Elias zu sagen hat, bestätigt sich ja vollständig durch dasjenige, was in der Bibel selbst steht, während beim gewöhnlichen Lesen der entsprechenden Kapitel über Elias in der Bibel ganz zweifellos vieles unerklärlich bleibt. Ich mache nur auf das eine aufmerksam.

Wir lesen in der Bibel, daß Elias gleichsam herausfordert die ganze Gefolgschaft und das ganze Volk des Königs Ahab, unter dem er lebt, daß er den Baalspriestern, seinen Gegnern, sich selbst gegenüberstellt; daß er gleichsam zwei Altäre einrichtet, die Baalspriester ihr Opfertier darauflegen läßt, darnach auf seinen Altar sein Opfertier legt und dann zeigt, wie nichtig alles das ist, was über die Baalspriester von seiner Gegnerschaft gesagt wird, weil nichts sich zeigt von spiritueller Größe bei dem Baalsgotte, während sich die Größe und Bedeutung des Jahve oder Jehova sogleich an dem Opfer des Elias zeigt. Es ist ein Sieg, den Elias gewinnt über die Anhänger des Baal. Dann wird merkwürdigerweise erzählt, wie Ahab einen Nachbarn hat, Naboth, der einen Weinberg besitzt, wie Ahab, der König, diesen Weinberg gewinnen will, Naboth sich ihn aber nicht abdingen läßt, weil er ihm heilig ist als das Erbe seiner Väter. Nun finden wir zwei Tatsachen in der Bibel. Auf der einen Seite wird uns erzählt, daß Isebel, die Königin, die Feindin wird des Elias und erklärt, daß sie dafür sorgen werde, daß Elias ebenso getötet werde, wie durch seinen Sieg auf dem Altar seine Gegner, die Baalspriester, getötet worden sind. Aber so, wie es die Bibel uns erzählt, tritt dieser Tod durch die Isebel nicht ein; dagegen tritt etwas anderes ein. Naboth, der Nachbar des Königs, wird zu einer Art von Bußfest berufen, zu dem die anderen Vornehmen des Staates berufen werden, und gelegentlich dieses Bußfestes wird er ermordet auf Anstiften der Isebel (1. Kön. 18-21).

So können wir sagen: Die Bibel scheint zu erzählen, daß Naboth durch die Isebel ermordet wird; aber Isebel kündigt gar nicht an, daß sie Naboth, sondern daß sie Elias ermorden will. Also diese Dinge stimmen gar nicht zusammen. Da setzt nun die okkulte Forschung ein und zeigt, was der Tatbestand ist: daß wir es in Elias zu tun haben mit einem umfassenden Geiste, der gleichsam unsichtbar im Lande des Ahab umgeht, daß aber dieser Geist zuzeiten seinen Einzug hält in die Seele des Naboth, gleichsam die Seele des Naboth durchdringt, so daß Naboth die physische Persönlichkeit des Elias ist, und daß wir, wenn wir von der Persönlichkeit des Naboth zu sprechen haben, von der physischen Persönlichkeit des Elias sprechen. Elias ist die unsichtbare Gestalt im Sinne der Bibel, Naboth sein sichtbarer Abdruck in der physischen Welt. Das alles habe ich in dem Vortrage «Der Prophet Elias im Lichte der Geisteswissenschaft» ausführlich dargestellt. Wenn wir uns aber auf den ganzen Geist des Elias-Werkes einlassen und wenn wir den ganzen Geist des Elias, wie er uns in der Bibel dargestellt ist, auf unsere Seele wirken lassen, so können wir sagen: In Elias tritt uns überhaupt zugleich der Geist des ganzen althebräischen Volkes entgegen. Alles, was das ganze althebräische Volk belebt und durchwebt, ist in dem Geiste des Elias enthalten. Wie den Volksgeist des althebräischen Volkes können wir ihn ansprechen. Er ist zu groß — das zeigt uns gerade die geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung -, um völlig wohnen zu können in der Seele seiner irdischen Gestalt, in der Seele des Naboth. Er umschwebt sie gleichsam wie in einer Wolke, aber er ist nicht nur in Naboth, sondern er geht herum wie ein Naturelement in dem ganzen Lande und wirkt in Regen und Sonnenschein. Das tritt ja deutlich zutage, wenn wir die ganze Beschreibung nehmen, die gleich damit beginnt, daß Trockenheit und Dürre herrscht, wie aber durch dasjenige, was Elias in dem Verhältnis zu den göttlichgeistigen Welten anordnet, der Trockenheit und Dürre und allem, was damals Not des Landes war, Abhilfe geschaffen wird. Wie ein Naturelement, wie ein Naturgesetz selber wirkt er. Und man möchte sagen: Man lernt, was in dem Geist des Elias wirkt, am besten dadurch kennen, daß man den 104. Psalm auf sich wirken läßt mit der ganzen Beschreibung des Jahve oder Jehova als der Naturgottheit, die durch alles hindurchwirkt. Nun ist Elias selbstverständlich nicht mit dieser Gottheit selbst zu identifizieren; er ist das irdische Abbild dieser Gottheit, er ist jenes irdische Abbild, das zugleich die Volksseele des althebräischen Volkes ist. Eine Art differenzierter Jehova, eine Art irdischer Jehova, oder - wie man es im Alten Testament ausdrückt - wie das Antlitz des Jehova ist dieser Geist des Elias.

So angesehen, illustriert sich uns die Tatsache noch ganz besonders, daß derselbe Geist, der in dem Elias-Naboth lebt, nun wiedererscheint in Johannes dem Täufer. Wie wirkt er in Johannes dem Täufer? Zunächst, im Sinne der Bibel und namentlich im Sinne des MarkusEvangeliums, wirkt er durch dasjenige, was die Taufe ist. Was ist diese Taufe in Wahrheit? Wozu wird sie eigentlich von Johannes dem Täufer an denjenigen vollzogen, die sich herbeilassen, sie an sich vollziehen zu lassen? Da müssen wir ein wenig auf das eingehen, was durch diese Taufe an den Täuflingen wahrhaft bewirkt worden ist. - Die Täuflinge wurden untergetaucht ins Wasser. Da trat bei ihnen immer das ein, wovon öfter gesprochen worden ist, daß es eintritt, wenn der Mensch durch irgend etwas jenen Schock bekommt, den er durch irgendeine plötzliche Todesdrohung bekommen kann, zum Beispiel, wenn er ins Wasser fällt und dem Ertrinken nahe ist, oder bei einem Absturz im Gebirge. Da tritt eine Lockerung des Ätherleibes ein. Der Ätherleib geht teilweise aus dem physischen Leibe heraus, und die Folge ist, daß dann etwas eintritt, was beim Menschen immer unmittelbar nach dem Tode eintritt: eine Art Rückschau auf das letzte Leben. Das ist eine ganz bekannte Tatsache, die oft beschrieben wird, auch von materialistischen Denkern der Gegenwart. Etwas Ähnliches trat aber auch ein bei der ’Taufe des Johannes im Jordan. Die Leute wurden unter das Wasser getaucht. Das war nicht eine Taufe, wie sie heute gebräuchlich ist, sondern durch die Johannes-Taufe wurde bewirkt, daß der Ätherleib der Menschen sich lockerte und daß die Leute mehr sahen, als sie mit dem gewöhnlichen Verstande begreifen konnten. Sie sahen ihr Leben im Geiste und auch die Einflüsse auf dieses Leben im Geistigen. Und auch das sahen sie, wovon der Täufer lehrte: daß die alte Zeit erfüllt ist und daß eine neue Zeit beginnen müsse. In der hellseherischen Beobachtung, die sie für wenige Augenblicke machen konnten während des Untertauchens bei der Taufe, sahen sie: die Menschheit ist an einem Wendepunkt in der Evolution angekommen; was die Menschen in den alten Zeiten, da sie in der Gruppenseelenhaftigkeit waren, gehabt haben, ist im völligen Aussterben; ganz andere Verhältnisse müssen eintreten. Das sahen sie in ihrem freigewordenen Ätherleibe: Ein neuer Impuls, neue Eigenschaften müssen über die Menschheit kommen.

Deshalb war die Johannes-Taufe eine Erkenntnissache. «Ändert den Sinn, wendet den Blick nicht bloß nach rückwärts, wohin es noch möglich wäre, die Blicke zurückzuwenden, sondern blicket hin auf etwas anderes: der Gott, der sich im menschlichen Ich offenbaren kann, ist nahe herbeigekommen; die Reiche des Göttlichen sind nahe herbeigekommen.» Das predigte der Täufer nicht nur, das ließ er sie erkennen, indem er ihnen die Taufe im Jordan zuteil werden ließ. Und die, welche getauft wurden, wußten fortan aus ihrer eigenen hellsichtigen Beobachtung, wenn diese auch nur kurze Zeit dauerte, daß die Worte des Täufers eine weltgeschichtliche Tatsache ausdrückten.

Wenn wir diesen Zusammenhang betrachten, erscheint uns erst der Geist des Elias im rechten Lichte, der auch in Johannes dem Täufer wirkte. Dann erscheint uns die Sache so, daß wir in Elias haben den Geist des jüdischen Volkes, den Geist des alttestamentlichen Volkes. Was war das für ein Geist? Er war schon in einer gewissen Weise der Geist des Ich; aber er trat nicht auf als der Geist des einzelnen Menschen, sondern er trat bei Elias auf als der Geist des gesamten Volkes. Er war der undifferenzierte Geist. Was später in einem einzelnen Menschen wohnen sollte, das war gleichsam bei Elias noch die Gruppenseele des althebräischen Volkes. Es war noch in den übersinnlichen Welten, was als die individuelle Seele herabsteigen sollte in jede einzelne Menschenbrust, als die Johanneische Zeit herankam. Das war noch nicht in jedes Menschen Brust. Das konnte in Elias noch nicht so leben, daß es hineinstieg in die einzelne Persönlichkeit des Naboth, sondern nur so, daß es umschwebte die einzelne Persönlichkeit des Naboth. Es manifestierte sich bei Elias-Naboth nur genauer, als es sich im Grunde genommen in jedem einzelnen Angehörigen des althebräischen Volkes manifestierte. Daß dieser Geist, der gleichsam über den Menschen und ihrer Geschichte schwebte, nun immer mehr und mehr einziehen sollte in jede einzelne individuelle Brust, das war die große Tatsache, die nun Elias- Johannes selber ankündigte, indem er gleichsam sagte, die Leute taufend: Was bisher nur in der übersinnlichen Welt war und aus dieser heraus wirkte, das müßt ihr jetzt in eure Seelen aufnehmen als die Impulse, die aus den Reichen der Himmel bis ins menschliche Herz gekommen sind. - Der Geist des Elias zeigt selber, wie er nun vervielfältigt einziehen muß in die menschlichen Herzen, damit die Menschen nach und nach den Impuls des Christus im Laufe der Weltgeschichte aufnehmen können. Das war der Sinn der Johannes-Taufe, daß Elias bereit war, den Platz zu bereiten für den Christus. Das war enthalten in der Tat der Johannes-Taufe im Jordan. «Ich will ihm Platz machen, ich will ihm den Weg bereiten in den Herzen der Menschen; ich will nicht mehr bloß über den Menschen schweben, sondern in die menschlichen Herzen einziehen, damit auch er einziehen kann.»

Wenn das so ist, was dürfen wir dann erwarten? Es ist nichts natürlicher, wenn dies so ist, als daß wir erwarten können, daß in dem Täufer Johannes in einer gewissen Weise wieder das zutage tritt, was wir an Elias schon beobachtet haben, daß zutage tritt, wie in der grandiosen Gestalt des Täufers nicht bloß wirkt diese einzelne Persönlichkeit, sondern dasjenige, was mehr ist als diese einzelne Persönlichkeit, was wie eine Aura diese einzelne Persönlichkeit umschwebt, aber in seiner Wirksamkeit über diese einzelne Persönlichkeit hinausgeht, was wie eine Atmosphäre lebt unter denjenigen, innerhalb welcher auch der Täufer wirkt. Wie Elias gewirkt hat wie eine Atmosphäre, so können wir auch erwarten, daß Elias wieder wirkt wie eine Atmosphäre als der Täufer Johannes. Ja, wir können sogar noch etwas anderes erwarten: daß diese spirituelle Wesenheit des Elias, die jetzt an Johannes den Täufer gebunden ist, dann spirituell weiterwirkt, wenn der Täufer nicht mehr da ist, wenn er weg ist. Und was will sie denn, diese spirituelle Wesenheit? Nun, sie will den Weg bereiten für den Christus. Wir können also sagen: Der Fall ist möglich, daß der Täufer abgeht als physische Person, daß aber seine spirituelle Wesenheit bleibt wie eine geistige Atmosphäre auf dem Boden, in der Gegend, wo er gewirkt hat, und daß diese geistige Atmosphäre gerade vorbereitet den Boden, auf dem der Christus nun seine Tat ausführen kann. Das können wir erwarten. Und was wir so erwarten können, wird am besten dadurch ausgedrückt, wenn vielleicht gesagt würde: Johannes der Täufer ist weggegangen, aber was er als der Elias-Geist ist, das ist da, und in das hinein kann am besten der Christus Jesus wirken, da kann er am besten seine Worte hineingießen; in der Atmosphäre, die da geblieben ist, in der Elias-Atmosphäre, da kann er am besten seine Taten ausprägen. Das können wir erwarten. Und was wird uns im Markus-Evangelium gesagt?

Außerordentlich charakteristisch ist es, daß zweimal im MarkusEvangelium angedeutet wird, was ich jetzt ausgesprochen habe. Das erstemal wird gesagt: Gleich nach der Verhaftung des Johannes kam Jesus nach Galiläa und verkündete dort die Lehre von den himmlischen Reichen (1, 14). Johannes war also verhaftet, das heißt, seine physische Person war zunächst gehemmt, selbst zu wirken; aber es tritt in die Atmosphäre, die er geschaffen hat, ein die Gestalt des Christus Jesus. Und ein zweites Mal tritt bedeutsam dasselbe auf im Markus-Evangelium, und das ist grandios, daß es ein zweites Mal auftritt. Man muß nur das Markus-Evangelium richtig lesen. Wenn Sie weitergehen bis zum sechsten Kapitel, dann hören Sie die ganze Beschreibung, wie der König Herodes den Täufer Johannes köpfen ließ. Aber sehr merkwürdig: man vermutete mancherlei, nachdem die physische Persönlichkeit des Johannes nicht nur verhaftet, sondern durch den Tod hinweggeräumt war. Einigen scheint es, die Wunderkraft, durch die der Christus Jesus wirkt, komme davon her, weil der Christus Jesus selber der Elias sei — oder einer der Propheten. Aber Herodes hat aus seinem geängstigten Gewissen heraus eine sehr merkwürdige Ahnung. Als er hört, was durch den Christus Jesus alles geschah, sagt er: «Johannes, den ich köpfen ließ, der ist auferweckt.» (6, 16.) Herodes spürt, daß, als Johannes als physische Persönlichkeit weg ist, er jetzt erst recht da ist. Er spürt, daß seine Atmosphäre, seine Spiritualität - und die keine andere ist als die Spiritualität des Elias - da ist. Herodes, aus dem gemarterten Gewissen heraus, merkt, wie Johannes der Täufer, das heißt Elias, da ist. Aber dann wird etwas Sonderbares angedeutet, wie der Christus Jesus kam, gerade in die Gegend kam, wo Johannes der Täufer gewirkt hatte, nachdem dieser seinen physischen Tod gefunden hatte. Da steht eine merkwürdige Stelle, die ich Sie bitte, ganz besonders zu berücksichtigen, über die man nicht hinweglesen darf. Denn im Evangelium sind die Worte nicht bloß Redeschmuck; die Evangelisten schreiben noch keinen journalistischen Stil. Da wird etwas sehr Bedeutsames gesagt. Unter die Schar derer tritt der Christus Jesus, welche die Anhänger und Jünger Johannes des Täufers waren, und das wird ausgedrückt in einem Worte, das man berücksichtigen muß: «Und als er herauskam, sah er eine große Menge», womit nur die Jünger des Johannes gemeint sein können, «und hatte Mitleiden mit ihnen ...» Warum Mitleiden? Weil sie ihren Meister verloren hatten, weil sie dastehen ohne den Johannes, von dem gesagt wird, daß sie kurz vorher seinen enthaupteten Leichnam zu Grabe getragen hatten. Es wird aber noch genauer gesagt: «...denn sie waren wie Schafe, die keinen Hirten haben, und fing an, sie vieles zu lehren.» (6, 34.) Man kann nicht deutlicher hinweisen auf die Tatsache, wie er die Jünger des Johannes lehrt. Er lehrt sie aus dem Grunde, weil noch der Geist des Elias unter ihnen wirkt, der zugleich des Geist Johannes des Täufers ist. So wird an einer bedeutungsvollen Stelle des Markus-Evangeliums wieder mit dramatischer Kraft darauf hingewiesen, wie in das, was der Geist des RliasJohannes vorbereitet hat, eintritt der Geist des Christus Jesus. Das alles ist aber nur ein Hauptpunkt, um den sich anderes herumgruppiert, das sehr bedeutsam ist. Ich möchte nur auf eines noch aufmerksam machen.

Ich habe öfter angedeutet, wie dann dieser Geist des Elias- Johannes durch seine Impulse weiter wirksam war in der Weltgeschichte. Und da wir als Anthroposophen hier beisammen sind und auch auf okkulte Tatsachen eingehen dürfen, so darf die Sache besprochen werden. Es ist öfter von mir angedeutet worden, daß die Seele des Elias-Johannes wiedererscheint in dem Maler Rafael. Dies gehört zu den Tatsachen, die so recht darauf aufmerksam machen können, wie sich die Metamorphose der Seele vollzieht gerade durch den großen Einschlag, der durch das Mysterium von Golgatha geschieht. Weil in der nachchristlichen Zeit auch eine solche Seele durch das Medium der einzelnen Persönlichkeit in Raffael wirken mußte, deshalb erscheint, man möchte sagen, dasjenige, was in den alten Zeiten so umfassend, so weltumfassend war, in einer so differenzierten Persönlichkeit, wie es Raffael war. Kann man gar nicht empfinden, daß doch dieses wie eine Aura Umschwebende des Elias-Johannes auch bei Raffael da ist, daß auch bei Raffael etwas Ähnliches da ist wie bei den beiden anderen, von dem man sagen kann: es ist zu groß, um in die einzelne Persönlichkeit einzugehen, es umschwebt die einzelne Persönlichkeit, so daß die Offenbarungen, welche diese physische Persönlichkeit empfängt, wie Erleuchtungen wirken? Das ist bei Raffael doch der Fall.

Es gibt einen, wenn auch persönlich ausschauenden, aber doch sehr merkwürdigen Beweis für diese Tatsache, einen Beweis, dessen Elemente ich schon in München angedeutet habe. Ich möchte aber doch die Sache hier besprechen, nicht nur um die Persönlichkeit des Täufers, sondern die ganze Wesenheit Elias-Johannes herauszuarbeiten, und möchte deshalb auch den weiteren Fortgang der Seele des Elias- Johannes in Raffael besprechen. Es muß jemand, der dann ehrlich, aufrichtig eingehen will auf das, was Raffael war, schon ganz besondere Gefühle dafür haben. Ich habe aufmerksam gemacht auf den modernen Kunsthistoriker Herman Grimm und gesagt, daß es ihm möglich war, mit einer gewissen Leichtigkeit eine Biographie von Michelangelo zustande zu bringen, daß er aber dreimal darangegangen ist, um eine Art von Lebensbeschreibung von Raffael zustande zu bringen. Und weil Herman Grimm nicht ein gewöhnlicher «Gelehrter» war - ein solcher wird selbstverständlich mit allem fertig -, sondern ein universeller Mensch, der aufrichtig war mit seinem Herzen in bezug auf das, was er ergreifen und erforschen wollte, so mußte er sich gestehen, wenn er wieder etwas fertiggebracht hatte, was ein «Leben Raffaels » sein sollte, daß es doch kein Leben Raffaels war. So mußte er immer wieder ansetzen, und niemals wurde er von seiner Arbeit befriedigt. Kurz vor seinem Tode versuchte er noch einmal — was in seinen nachgelassenen Werken enthalten ist - an Raffael heranzutreten, um ihn so zu erfassen, wie ihn sein Herz erfassen wollte, und schon charakteristisch ist der Titel, den die neue Abhandlung tragen sollte, nämlich «Raffael als Weltmacht». Denn es erschien ihm, daß man, wenn man sich aufrichtig Raffael nähert, ihn gar nicht schildern kann, wenn man ihn nicht als Weltmacht schildern kann, wenn man nicht durchsehen kann auf das, was durch die ganze Weltgeschichte hindurch wirkt. Es ist ganz natürlich, daß ein moderner Schriftsteller, man möchte sagen, mit einer gewissen Unbehaglichkeit seine Worte setzt, wenn er schildern soll so frank und frei, wie die Evangelisten schilderten. Es geniert sich selbst der beste Schriftsteller, da zu Werke zu gehen; aber es ringen ihm die Gestalten, die er zu beschreiben hat, doch oft die entsprechenden Worte ab. Da ist es sehr merkwürdig, wie Herman Grimm in den ersten Kapiteln, die er kurz vor seinem Tode schrieb, über Raffael spricht. Es ist wirklich so, daß man in seinem Herzen etwas ahnen kann von dem Verhältnis einer solchen Gestalt, wie es Elias- Johannes war, wenn er von Raffael spricht, indem er sagt:

«Würde Michelangelo dutch ein Wunder von den Toten fortgerufen, um unter uns wieder zu leben, und begegnete ich ihm, so würde ich ehrfurchtsvoll zur Seite treten, damit er vorüberginge; käme mir Raffael aber in den Weg, so würde ich hinter ihm hergehen, ob ich nicht Gelegenheit fände, ein paar Worte aus seinen Lippen zu vernehmen. Bei Lionardo und Michelangelo kann man sich darauf beschränken, zu erzählen, was sie ihren Tagen einst gewesen sind: bei Raffael muß von dem ausgegangen werden, was er uns heute ist. Über jene anderen hat sich ein leiser Schleier gelegt, über Raffael nicht. Er gehört zu denen, deren Wachstum noch lange nicht zu Ende ist. Es sind immer wieder zukünftig lebende Geschlechter von Menschen denkbar, denen Raffael neue Rätsel aufgeben wird.» («Fragmente », II. Band, Seite 171.)

Herman Grimm schildert Raffael als Weltmacht, als einen Geist, der durch die Jahrhunderte, durch die Jahrtausende schreitet, als einen Geist, der nicht Platz hat in einem einzelnen Menschen. Aber noch andere Worte lesen wir bei Herman Grimm, die sich, wie gesagt, abringen der Aufrichtigkeit und Ehrlichkeit seiner Seele. Und die sind so, wie wenn jemand ausdrücken möchte, daß bei Raffael etwas vorliegt wie eine große Aura, die ihn umschwebt, so wie der Geist des Elias den Naboth umschwebte. Könnte man es anders ausdrücken, als es Herman Grimm schreibt:

«Raffael ist ein Bürger der Weltgeschichte. Wie einer von den vier Flüssen ist er, die dem Glauben der alten Welt nach aus dem Paradiese kamen.» («Fragmente », II. Band, Seite 153.)

Das könnte fast ein Evangelist geschrieben haben, und so könnte man fast über Elias schreiben. Das heißt, auch der moderne Kunsthistoriker kann, wenn er ehrlich und aufrichtig empfindet, etwas fühlen von dem, was so durch die Zeiten geht an großen Weltimpulsen. Man braucht wahrhaftig nichts anderes, um die moderne Geisteswissenschaft zu verstehen, als zu den seelischen und geistigen Bedürfnissen der Menschen zu gehen, die mit aller Sehnsucht hineinstreben in das, was die Wahrheit ist bei der Evolution der Menschheit.

So steht Johannes der Täufer vor uns, und es ist gut, wenn wir ihn so fühlen beim Aufschlagen des Markus-Evangeliums, beim Lesen der ersten Worte und im Verfolg dann wieder im sechsten Kapitel. Die Bibel ist kein Buch, das wirken soll wie ein Buch der modernen Gelehrsamkeit, wo man sozusagen recht «klar» — so nennt man es nämlich den Leuten unter die Nase streicht, was sie lesen sollen. Die Bibel verbirgt manches, was sie an geheimnisvollen Tatsachen zu verkünden hat, hinter dem Kompositionellen, hinter dem grandiosen okkult Kompositionell-Künstlerischen. Und so verbirgt sie auch manches hinter diesem okkult Kompositionell-Künstlerischen gerade in bezug auf die Tatsache des Täufers. Ich darf Sie dabei auf eines aufmerksam machen, was Sie als Empfindungs-, als Gefühlswahrheit vielleicht bloß nehmen wollen, woraus Sie aber sehen können, daß, wenn man noch andere als Verstandeswahrheiten gelten läßt, es in der Bibel doch darinnensteht, wie sich der Geist oder die Seele des Elias zu dem Geist oder der Seele Johannes des Täufers verhält. Wollen wir einmal zusehen, inwiefern dies der Fall ist, und, so kurz als es geschehen kann, eine Stelle aus der Elias-Beschreibung des Alten Testamentes auf uns wirken lassen.

«Elias machte sich auf und ging gen Sarepta. Und da er zum Tore der Stadt kam, siehe, da war eine Witwe und las Holz auf. Und er rief ihr und sprach: Hole mir ein wenig Wasser im Kruge, daß ich trinke.

Da sie aber hinging zu holen, rief er ihr und sprach: Bringe mir auch einen Bissen Brot mit.

Sie sprach: So wahr der Herr, dein Gott, lebet, ich habe nichts Gebackenes, nur eine Handvoll Mehl im Kasten und ein wenig Öl im Kruge. Und siehe, ich habe ein Holz oder zwei aufgelesen und gehe hinein und will mir und meinem Sohne zurichten, daß wir essen und sterben.

Elias sprach zu ihr: Fürchte dich nicht; gehe hin und mache es, wie du gesagt hast; doch mache mir am ersten ein kleines Gebackenes davon und bringe mir’s heraus; dir aber und deinem Sohne sollst du darnach auch machen.

Denn also spricht der Herr, der Gott Israels: Das Mehl im Kasten soll nicht verzehret werden, und dem Ölkruge soll nichts mangeln bis auf den Tag, da der Herr regnen lassen wird auf Erden.

Sie ging hin und machte, wie Elias gesagt hatte. Und er aß, und sie auch und ihr Haus eine Zeitlang.

Das Mehl im Kasten ward nicht verzehret, und dem Ölkruge mangelte nichts nach dem Wort des Herrn, das er geredet hatte durch Elias.» (1. Könige 17, 10-16.)

Was lesen wir in dieser Erzählung von Elias? Wir lesen das Hinkommen des Elias zu einer Witwe und eine merkwürdige Brotvermehrung. Dadurch, daß der Geist des Elias da ist, tritt das ein, daß keine Not ist, trotzdem wenig Brot da ist. Das Brot mehrt sich, das lesen wir, in dem Augenblick, da der Geist des Elias bei der Witwe eintritt. Durch den Geist des Elias geschieht das, was hier als Brotvermehrung, als Beschenkung mit Brot dargestellt wird. Wir könnten sagen: Es leuchtet aus dem Alten Testament die Tatsache heraus, daß durch das Erscheinen des Elias eine Brotvermehrung bewirkt wird.

Und jetzt lesen wir das sechste Kapitel des Markus-Evangeliums. Da wird zunächst erzählt, wie Herodes den Johannes köpfen ließ, wie dann der Christus Jesus zu der Schar des Johannes kam. Und lassen wir nun dieses Kapitel auf unsere Seele wirken.

«Und als er herauskam, sah er eine große Menge, und hatte Mitleiden mit ihnen; denn sie waren wie Schafe, die keinen Hirten haben; und fing an, sie vieles zu lehren.

Und wie es schon spät wurde, traten seine Jünger zu ihm und sagten: Der Ort ist öde, und es ist schon spät; entlasse sie, damit sie in die Höfe und Dörfer ringsum gehen und sich etwas zu essen kaufen.

Er aber antwortete ihnen: Gebt ihr ihnen zu essen. Und sie sagten zu ihm: Sollen wir hingehen und für zweihundert Denare Brot kaufen und ihnen zu essen geben?

Er aber sagte zu ihnen: Wie viele Brote habt ihr? Gehet hin und sehet nach. Und nachdem sie sich unterrichtet, sagten sie: Fünf, und zwei Fische.

Und er befahl ihnen, sich alle niederzusetzen tischweise auf dem grünen Rasen.

Und sie lagerten sich beetweise, zu hundert und zu fünfzig.

Und er nahm die fünf Brote und die zwei Fische, blickte auf zum Himmel, segnete und brach die Brote und gab sie den Jüngern, sie ihnen vorzusetzen, auch die zwei Fische teilte er unter alle. Und sie aßen alle und wurden satt ...» (6, 34-42).

Sie kennen die Geschichte: eine Brotvermehrung, wiederum durch den Geist Elias- Johannes. Die Bibel spricht eben nicht klar, wie man das heute «klar» nennt; aber die Bibel legt in das Kompositionelle das hinein, was sie zu sagen hat. Und wer Gefühlswahrheiten zu bewerten versteht, der wird ruhen wollen mit seinem Gefühl auf der einen Stelle, wo davon die Rede ist, wie Elias zu der Witwe kommt und das Brot vermehrt, und wo dann der wiedergebotene Elias den physischen Leib verläßt und der Christus Jesus in seiner Atmosphäre in einer neuen Gestalt das vornimmt, was als eine Brotvermehrung zu deuten ist.

So sind die inneren Fortschritte in der Bibel. So sind die inneren Zusammenhänge. Die weisen uns darauf hin, wie im Grunde genommen alles nur eine leere Gelehrsamkeit ist, die da von einem « Zusammentragen von Bibelfragmenten» spricht, und wie durch eine wirkliche Bibelerkenntnis es möglich ist, daß wir durch die ganze Bibel hindurch den einheitlich komponierenden Geist erkennen, gleichgültig jetzt, wer dieser einheitlich komponierende Geist ist. So sehen wir hingestellt vor uns den Täufer.

Es ist sehr merkwürdig nun, wie dieser Täufer selbst wieder hineingestellt wird in das Werk des Christus Jesus. Zweimal wird uns also angedeutet, daß eigentlich der Christus Jesus eintritt in die Aura des Täufers, eintritt da, wo die physische Persönlichkeit immer mehr und mehr in den Hintergrund tritt und endlich ganz weggeht von dem physischer: Plan. Dann aber wird uns gerade durch das einfache Markus-Evangelium mit sehr klaren Worten angedeutet, wie anders doch alles jetzt wird durch den Eintritt des Christus Jesus in das Element von Elias-Johannes, wie ein ganz neuer Impuls dadurch doch in die Welt hereintritt.

Um das zu verstehen, muß man nun die ganze Schilderung ins Auge fassen, die gegeben wird im Evangelium von dem Moment an, da der Christus nach der Verhaftung von Johannes dem Täufer auftritt, um von den göttlichen Reichen zu sprechen, einerseits, bis dahin, wo von der Ermordung des Johannes durch Herodes geredet wird, und dann wieder in den Kapiteln nachher. Nehmen wir alle diese Erzählungen, die uns da vorliegen, bis zu der Herodesgeschichte, so finden wir, daß sie alle darauf ausgehen, wenn wir sie in ihrem wahren Charakter betrachten, uns so recht das Wesenhafte des Christus Jesus zur Anschauung zu bringen. Es ist schon gestern darauf aufmerksam gemacht worden, wie dieses Wesenhafte des Christus Jesus wirkt, nämlich so, daß er nicht nur erkannt wird von den Menschen, sondern daß er auch erkannt wird von den Geistern, von denen die Dämonischen besessen sind, so daß ihn auch die übersinnlichen Wesenheiten erkennen. Das tritt uns zuerst scharf und markant entgegen. Dann aber tritt uns entgegen, wie das, was in dem Christus Jesus wohnt, doch etwas anderes ist als das, was in Elias-Naboth dadurch wohnte, daß der Geist des Elias nicht ganz in Naboth eintreten konnte.

Der Sinn im Markus-Evangelium ist nun der, zu erzählen, wie ganz in den Jesus von Nazareth eingeht, ganz die irdische Persönlichkeit erfüllt dasjenige, was der Christus ist, und wie das darin wirkt, was man als allgemeines menschliches Ich erkennt. Was ist denn den Dämonen, welche die Menschen von sich besessen halten, so furchtbar, als ihnen der Christus entgegentritt? Das ist es, daß sie zu ihm sagen müssen: «Du bist der, der den Gott in sich trägt», daß sie ihn erkennen als eine göttliche Macht in der Persönlichkeit, welche die Dämonen zwingt, sich ihr zu erkennen zu geben und herauszutreten aus den Menschen durch die Macht dessen, was in der individuellen Persönlichkeit des Menschen sitzt (1, 24; 3, 11; 5, 7). Dadurch wird uns in den ersten Kapiteln des Markus-Evangeliums diese Gestalt so besonders herausgearbeitet, die in einer gewissen Weise wie ein Gegensatz zu Elias-Naboth und auch zu Elias-Johannes ist. Während in diesen nicht völlig wohnen konnte, was das Beseelende war, ist in dem Christus Jesus dieses Beseelende völlig enthalten. Daher steht auch der Christus Jesus, obwohl in ihm ein kosmisches Prinzip lebt, ganz individuell, als einzelne menschliche Persönlichkeit zugleich, den anderen Menschen gegenüber, auch denjenigen gegenüber, die er heilt.

Man nimmt ja in der Gegenwart solche Schilderungen, die aus der Vergangenheit gegeben werden, gewöhnlich in einem eigentümlichen Sinne auf. Insbesondere viele der heutigen Naturgelehrten, Monisten, wie sie sich auch nennen, wenn sie Weltanschauungen vertreten wollen, nehmen solche Darstellungen in einem ganz besonderen Sinne auf. Man möchte diesen Sinn dadurch bezeichnen, daß man sagt: Diese guten Gelehrten, diese guten Naturphilosophen haben im geheimen doch ein wenig die Meinung, wenn sie sich auch genieren, sie auszusprechen, daß es besser gewesen wäre, wenn es der Herrgott ihnen überlassen hätte, die Welt einzurichten; denn sie hätten sie doch besser eingerichtet. Nehmen wir einen solchen Naturgelehrten, der darauf schwört, daß die Weisheit erst in den letzten zwanzig Jahren über die Menschheit gekommen ist - und andere rechnen ja nur nach den letzten fünf Jahren, die betrachten das schon als Aberglauben, was vor den letzten fünf Jahren liegt -, so wird er insbesondere tief bedauern, daß, als der Christus Jesus auf Erden wandelte, es noch nicht eine moderne naturwissenschaftliche Medizin mit allen ihren verschiedenen Mitteln gegeben hat; denn es wäre doch gescheiter gewesen, wenn alle diese Menschen - wie zum Beispiel die Schwiegermutter des Simon und auch die anderen- mit den Mitteln der heutigen Medizin hätten geheilt werden können. Denn das wäre nach ihrer Meinung doch ein ganz vollkommener Herrgott, der nach den Begriffen der modernen Naturgelehrten die Schöpfung eingerichtet hätte; der hätte doch die Menschen nicht so lange schmachten lassen nach der modernen Naturgelehrsamkeit. So aber ist doch die Welt, wie sie der Herrgott eingerichtet hat, gegenüber dem, was ein Naturgelehrter gekonnt hätte, etwas verpfuscht. Man sagt es nicht, man geniert sich, es zu sagen; aber zwischen den Zeilen ist es doch da. Man muß nur die Dinge einmal beim rechten Namen nennen, die heute bei den materialistischen Naturgelehrten herumschwirren. So könnte man, wenn man mit einem solchen Herrn vielleicht einmal unter vier Augen sprechen könnte, doch wohl die Meinung hören, eigentlich könnte man schon deshalb gar nicht anders als Atheist sein, weil man sieht, wie wenig es dem Herrgott gelungen ist, die Menschen zur Zeit des Christus Jesus mit den Methoden der modernen Naturwissenschaft zu heilen.

Das eine bedenken die Menschen aber nicht: daß sie das Wort Evolution, das sie so oft aussprechen, ernst und ehrlich nehmen müssen, daß alles in der Evolution begriffen sein muß, damit die Welt an ihr Ziel kommen kann, und daß man nicht fragen muß bloß nach dem Plan, den die heutige Naturwissenschaft aufstellen würde, wenn sie eine Welt erschaffen würde. Weil man aber so denkt, weiß man nicht recht, daß die ganze Konstitution des Menschen, die Zusammenfügung der feineren Leiber, früher eine ganz andere gewesen ist. Man hätte damals nichts anfangen können mit den naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden bei der menschlichen Persönlichkeit. Da war der Ätherleib viel wirksamer, viel kräftiger noch, als er heute ist; da konnte man auf dem Umwege durch den Ätherleib ganz anders auf den physischen Leib wirken. Und es bedeutete eine ganz andere Wirkung als heute, wenn man sprechen wir es ganz trocken aus - mit «Gefühlen » heilte, wenn das Gefühl sich ausgoß von dem einen auf den anderen. Als der Ätherleib wirklich noch stärker war und den physischen Leib noch beherrschte, da konnte das, was man psychisch-spirituelle Heilmittel nennt, ganz anders sich betätigen. Die Menschen waren in ihrerKonstitution anders, daher mußte anders geheilt werden. Wenn man das nicht weiß, wird man als Naturgelehrter sagen: An Wunder glauben wir nicht mehr, und was da über die Heilungen gesagt wird, sind eben Wunder, und das muß beseitigt werden. Und wenn man ein heutiger aufgeklärter Theologe ist, dann ist man in einer ganz besonderen Verlegenheit. Da möchte man die Sachen aufrechterhalten, aber man steckt doch voll von dem modernen Vorurteil, daß so nicht geheilt werden kann, daß das «Wunder» seien. Und dann macht man alle möglichen Erklärungen über die Möglichkeit oder Unmöglichkeit der Wunder. Nur eines weiß man nicht: daß alles, was bis zum sechsten Kapitel des MarkusEvangeliums beschrieben wird, für die damalige Zeit überhaupt keine Wunder waren, sowenig wie es ein Wunder ist, wenn heute mit irgendeiner Arznei diese oder jene Funktion des menschlichen Organismus beeinflußt wird. Kein Mensch hätte damals an Wunder gedacht, wenn jemand zu einem Aussätzigen sagte, indem er die Hand ausstreckte: «Ich will es, werde rein!» Das ganze Naturell des Christus Jesus, das da überfloß, war das Heilmittel. Es würde heute nicht mehr wirken, weil heute die Zusammenfügung des menschlichen Ätherleibes und physischen Leibes eine ganz andere ist. Damals aber heilten die Ärzte überhaupt so. Daher ist es bei dem Christus Jesus gar nicht etwas besonders Hervorzuhebendes, daß er die Aussätzigen durch Mitleid und Handauflegen heilte. Das war eine Selbstverständlichkeit für die damalige Zeit. Was in diesem Kapitel hervorgehoben werden soll, ist etwas ganz anderes, und dem muß man richtig ins Auge schauen.

Werfen wir dazu einen Blick auf die Art und Weise, wie damals zum Beispiel die kleineren oder größeren Ärzte ausgebildet wurden. Sie wurden in Schulen ausgebildet, welche den Mysterienschulen beigeordnet waren, und sie bekamen in die Hand Kräfte, die aus der übersinnlichen Welt durch sie herunterwirkten, so daß die damals heilenden Ärzte gleichsam Medien waren für übersinnliche Kräfte. Sie übertrugen übersinnliche Kräfte durch ihre eigene Mediumschaft, zu der sie erhoben wurden in den ärztlichen Mysterienschulen. Indem ein solcher Arzt seine Hand auflegte, waren es nicht seine Kräfte, die ausströmten, sondern Kräfte aus der übersinnlichen Welt. Und daß er ein Kanal sein konnte für das Wirken von übersinnlichen Kräften, das wurde bewirkt bei seiner Einweihung in den Mysterienschulen. Erzählungen, daß ein Aussätziger oder Fieberkranker geheilt worden war durch solche psychische Vorgänge, wären dem damaligen Menschen nicht besonders wundersam erschienen. Was das Bedeutsame war, ist nicht, daß geheilt wurde, sondern daß jemand auftrat, der, ohne in einer Mysterienschule gewesen zu sein, so heilen konnte; daß einer auftrat, dem die Kraft, die früher von den höheren Welten herunterfloß, in das Herz, in die Seele selber gelegt war, und daß diese Kräfte persönliche, individuelle Kräfte geworden waren. Die Tatsache sollte hingestellt werden, daß die Zeit erfüllt ist, daß der Mensch fortan nicht mehr so sein kann, daß er ein Kanal für übersinnliche Kräfte ist, daß dies aufhört. Das war auch denen, die sich durch Johannes im Jordan taufen ließen, klar geworden, daß diese Zeit aufhört, daß alles, was zukünftig gemacht werden muß, durch das menschliche Ich, durch das, was in das göttliche, innere Zentrum des Menschen einkehren soll, gemacht werden muß und daß da einer unter den Menschen steht, der von sich aus das tut, was die anderen getan haben mit Hilfe der Wesenheiten, die in den übersinnlichen Welten leben, und deren Kräfte auf sie herunterwirkten.

So trifft man gar nicht einmal den Sinn der Bibel, wenn man den Heilungsvorgang selber als etwas Besonderes darstellt. Das war er in der Abendröte der alten Zeit noch nicht, wo solche Heilungen noch stattfinden konnten und wo gesagt wird, daß der Christus in der Zeit der Abendröte Heilungen vollzieht - aber mit den neuen Kräften, die fortan da sein sollten. Daher wird auch mit einer völligen Klarheit, die durch nichts eigentlich übertönt werden könnte, gezeigt, wie der Christus Jesus ganz von Mensch zu Mensch wirkt. Überall wird betont, daß er von Mensch zu Mensch wirkt. Es kann das kaum klarer zum Ausdruck kommen als dort, wo der Christus Jesus die Frau heilt, im fünften Kapitel des Markus-Evangeliums. Er heilt sie dadurch, daß sie an ihn herankommt, sein Kleid erfaßt, und er spürt, daß von ihm ein Strom von Kraft weggegangen ist. Die ganze Erzählung ist so, daß uns dargestellt wird: Die Frau nähert sich dem Christus Jesus, sie ergreift sein Gewand. Er tut zunächst gar nichts anderes dazu. Sie tut etwas: sie ergreift sein Gewand. Von ihm geht ein Strom von Kraft weg. Wodurch? Nicht dadurch, daß er ihn weggeschickt hat in diesem Falle, sondern daß sie ihn wegzieht, und er merkt es erst später. Das wird ganz klar dargestellt. Und als er es merkt, wie drückt er sich da aus? «Tochter, dein Glaube hat dir geholfen; gehe hin in Frieden und sei genesen von deiner Plage.» Er wird selbst erst gewahr, wie er dasteht, wie das göttliche Reich in sein Inneres einströmt und von ihm ausströmt. Er steht nicht so da, wie die früheren Dämonenheiler ihren Patienten gegenübergestanden haben. Da konnte der Patient glauben oder nicht glauben, die Kraft, die ausströmte aus überirdischen Welten durch das Medium des Heilers, strömte auf den Kranken ein. Jetzt aber, wo es auf das Ich ankam, mußte dieses Ich mitarbeiten; da wurde alles individualisiert. Auf die Schilderung dieser Tatsache kommt es an, nicht auf das, was damals selbstverständlich war, daß man durch die Seele auf den Leib wirken konnte, sondern daß Ich zu Ich, als die neue Zeit beginnen sollte, in eine Relation, in ein Verhältnis treten sollte. Früher war das Spirituelle in den höheren Welten, überschwebte den Menschen; jetzt waren die Reiche der Himmel nahe herbeigekommen und sollten einziehen in die Herzen der Menschen, sollten in den Herzen der Menschen wie in einem Zentrum wohnen. Darauf kommt es an. Da floß zusammen für eine solche Weltanschauung das äußere Physische und das innere Moralische in einer neuen Weise, in einer solchen Weise, daß es für die Zeiten von der Begründung des Christentums bis heute nur ein Glaube sein konnte und von jetzt ab ein Wissen werden kann.

Man nehme einen alten Patienten, der seinem Arzte, seinem Heiler, wie ich es eben beschrieben habe, gegenüberstand in den alten Zeiten. Magische Kräfte wurden heruntergeholt aus den übersinnlichen Welten durch das Medium des Arztes, der in den Mysterienschulen dazu vorbereitet war, und diese Kräfte flossen über durch den Leib des Arztes auf den Patienten. Da war kein Zusammenhang mit dem Moralischen des Patienten, denn der ganze Vorgang berührte noch nicht das Ich des Patienten. Da war es gleich, wie das Moralische war, denn die Kräfte flossen magisch herunter aus den höheren Welten. Jetzt kam eine neue Zeit. Da flossen zusammen das Moralische und das Physische des Heilens in einer neuen Weise. Wenn man das weiß, versteht man eine andere Erzählung.

«Und Tage waren vergangen, da kam er wieder nach Kapernaum; und es verlautete, daß er zu Hause sei.

Und es versammelten sich viele Leute, so daß selbst vor der Türe nicht mehr Raum war; und er redete zu ihnen das Wort.

Und sie kamen zu ihm mit einem Gichtbrüchigen, von vier Mann getragen.

Und da sie mit demselben nicht zu ihm gelangen konnten, der Menge wegen, deckten sie da, wo er war, das Dach ab und ließen durch die Lücke die Bahre herab, auf der der Gichtbrüchige lag.

Und da Jesus ihren Glauben sah, sagte er zu dem Gichtbrüchigen: Kind, deine Sünden sind dir vergeben.» (2, 1-5.)

Was würde ein alter Arzt gesagt haben? Was haben die Pharisäer, die Schriftgelehrten erwartet, wenn eine Heilung eintreten sollte? Von einem alten Arzt hätten sie erwartet, daß er gesagt hätte: Die Kräfte, die in dich hineingehen und in deine gelähmten Glieder, werden dich bewegen können. Wie sagt der Christus Jesus? «Deine Sünden sind dir vergeben», das heißt, das Moralische, woran das Ich beteiligt ist. Das ist eine Sprache, welche die Pharisäer gar nicht verstehen. Sie können sie nicht verstehen. Es erscheint ihnen wie eine Gotteslästerung, daß hier einer so sprach. Warum ? Weil man in ihrem Sinne von Gott nur so sprechen kann, daß er in den übersinnlichen Welten wohnt und von dort herunterwirkt, und weil Sünden nur vergeben werden können von den übersinnlichen Welten aus. Daß Sündenvergeben mit dem, der heilt, etwas zu tun hat, das können sie nicht verstehen. Deshalb sagt der Christus weiter:

«Was ist leichter, dem Gichtbrüchigen sagen: Deine Sünden sind vergeben; oder sagen: Stehe auf, nimm deine Bahre und wandle?

Damit ihr aber wisset, daß der Sohn des Menschen Vollmacht hat, Sünden zu vergeben auf der Erde (zu dem Gichtbrüchigen sich wendend):

Ich sage dir: Stehe auf, nimm deine Bahre und gehe heim!

Und er stand auf, nahm alsbald seine Bahre und ging hinaus vor aller Augen.» (2, 9-12.)

Er verbindet das Moralische mit der magischen Art der Heilung und gibt dadurch den Übergang von dem Ich-losen zu dem Ich-erfüllten Zustande. Das findet man bei jeder einzelnen Darstellung. So müssen wir die Sachen verstehen, denn so werden sie gesagt. Und vergleichen Sie jetzt, was nunmehr Geisteswissenschaft zu sagen hat, mit alledem, was in den Bibelerklärungen über die «Sündenvergebung » gesagt wird. Sie werden da die sonderbarsten Erklärungen finden, nirgends aber etwas Befriedigendes, weil man nicht gewußt hat, was das Mysterium von Golgatha eigentlich war.

Ein Glaube, sagte ich, mußte es sein. Warum ein Glaube? Weil der Ausdruck des Moralischen in dem Physischen nicht in der einen Inkarnation sich vollzieht. Wenn wir heute einem Menschen gegenüberstehen, dürfen wir in Hinsicht auf ein physisches Gebrechen nicht sein Moralisches mit dem Physischen in der einen Inkarnation zusammenbringen. Erst wenn wir über die einzelne Inkarnation hinausgehen, haben wir den Zusammenhang des Moralischen mit dem Physischen in seinem Karma. Weil bisher das Karma gar nicht oder nur wenig betont wurde, deshalb können wir sagen: Bisher konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Physischen und dem Moralischen nur ein Glaube sein. Jetzt, da geisteswissenschaftlich an das Evangelium herangetreten werden darf, wird das zum Wissen. Da steht dann der Christus Jesus wie ein Erleuchteter über das Karma neben uns, wenn er enthüllt: Den darf ich heilen; denn ich sehe es seiner Persönlichkeit an: sein Karma ist so, daß er jetzt aufstehen darf und wandeln.

Sie sehen es gerade einer solchen Stelle an, wie erst, ausgerüstet mit den Mitteln der modernen Geisteswissenschaft, die Bibel verstanden werden kann. Das ist unsere Aufgabe: zu zeigen, wie in diesem Buche, in diesem Weltenbuche wirklich die tiefsten Weistümer über die Menschheitsevolution stehen. Wenn einmal begriffen werden wird, was da kosmisch geschieht auf der Erde - und wir werden es immer mehr und mehr hervorheben gerade im Verlaufe dieser Vorträge, denn dazu gibt das Markus-Evangelium den Anlaß -, welche kosmisch-terrestrische, irdisch-kosmische Bedeutung dieses Mysterium von Golgatha hat, dann wird man niemals mehr finden können, daß das, was in Anlehnung an die Evangelien gesagt werden kann, irgendwie verletzend sein könnte für irgendein anderes Religionsbekenntnis der Welt. Richtige Bibelerkenntnis wird aus den Gründen, die gestern am Schlusse des Vortrages angeführt worden sind, und vor allem auch deshalb, weil richtige Bibelerkenntnis sich wahrhaftig nicht in irgendeiner Konfession einschließen lassen kann, sondern universell werden muß, richtige Bibelerkenntnis wird durch ihre innere Wahrheit auf dem Boden der Geisteswissenschaft stehen und allen Religionsbekenntnissen der Welt gleichen Wert beilegen. Dadurch werden die Religionen versöhnt werden. Und wie ein Anfang zu einer solchen Versöhnung erscheint das, was ich Ihnen im ersten Vortrag sagen konnte über jenen Inder, der den Vortrag «Christus und das Christentum» gehalten hat, wobei er, zwar mit allen Vorurteilen seiner Nation behaftet, aber doch zu dem Christus in einem interkonfessionellen Sinne aufblickte. Daß man versuchen muß, diese Gestalt des Christus zu verstehen, das wird die Aufgabe des geisteswissenschaftlichen Wirkens in den verschiedenen Religionsbekenntnissen sein. Denn mir scheint, die Aufgabe der geistigen Bewegung muß sein eine Vertiefung in die Religionsbekenntnisse, so daß man das innere Wesen der einzelnen Religionen ergreift und vertieft.

Wieder sei bei dieser Gelegenheit angeführt, was ich schon öfter hinstellte, wie sich ein Buddhist, der Anthroposoph ist, stellen wird zu einem Anthroposophen, der als Anthroposoph Christ ist. Da wird der Buddhist sagen: Der Gotama Buddha hat, nachdem aus dem Bodhisattva ein Buddha geworden ist, nach seinem Tode eine solche Höhe erreicht, daß er nicht wieder auf die Erde zurückzukehren braucht. Und der Christ, der Anthroposoph ist, wird dazu sagen: Ich verstehe es, denn ich glaube es selber von deinem Buddha, wenn ich mich in dein Herz hineinfinde und glaube, was du glaubst. Das heißt, die Religion des anderen verstehen, sich aufschwingen zur Religion des anderen. Der Christ, der Anthroposoph geworden ist, kann alles verstehen, was der andere sagt. Was wird dagegen der Buddhist, der Anthroposoph geworden ist, sagen? Er wird sagen: Ich versuche zu verstehen, was der innerste Nerv des Christentums ist: daß es sich beim Christus um etwas anderes als um einen Religionsstifter handelt, daß es sich beim Mysterium von Golgatha um eine unpersönliche Tatsache handelt, darum handelt, daß nicht ein Mensch Jesus von Nazareth dagestanden hat als Religionsstifter, sondern daß der Christus in ihn eingezogen ist, gestorben ist am Kreuz und so das Mysterium von Golgatha vollzogen hat. Und daß dieses Mysterium von Golgatha eine kosmische Tatsache ist, darauf wird es ankommen. Und der Buddhist wird sagen: Ich werde jetzt nicht mehr mißverstehen, nachdem ich den Wesenskern deiner Religion ergriffen habe, wie du den der meinen, worauf es ankommt, und werde nicht den Christus hinstellen als einen, der wiederverkörpert wird; denn es kommt dir auf das an, was da geschehen ist. Und ich würde sonderbar reden, wenn ich sagen würde, daß das Christentum in irgend etwas verbessert werden müßte, daß man dazumal bei einem besseren Verständnis des Christus Jesus ihn nicht nach drei Jahren ans Kreuz geschlagen hätte, daß man einen Religionsstifter anders behandeln sollte und so weiter. — Darauf kommt es ja gerade an, daß der Christus ans Kreuz geschlagen worden ist und was durch diesen Kreuzestod geschehen ist! Es kommt nicht darauf an, daß man denkt: Da ist ein Unrecht geschehen, und das Christentum könnte heute verbessert werden. Kein Buddhist, der Anthroposoph ist, könnte heute anders sprechen als: Ich versuche, wie du den Wesenskern meiner Religion verstehst, so auch den Wesenskern deiner Religion in Wahrheit zu verstehen.

Was wird kommen, wenn sich so die einzelnen Bekenner der verschiedenen Religionssysteme verstehen werden, wenn der Christ zum Buddhisten sagen wird: Ich glaube an deinen Buddha, wie du an deinen Buddha glaubst, - und wenn der Buddhist zum Christen sagen wird: Ich kann das Mysterium von Golgatha verstehen, wie du selbst es verstehst, - was wird kommen über die Menschheit, wenn so etwas allgemein werden wird? Friede wird kommen über die Menschen, gegenseitige Anerkennung der Religionen. Und die muß kommen. Und die anthroposophische Bewegung muß sein ein solches gegenseitiges wahrhaftes Erfassen der Religionen. Und gegen den Geist der Anthroposophie wäre es, wenn ein Christ, der Anthroposoph geworden wäre, zum Buddhisten sagen würde: Es ist nichts mit dem, daß der Gotama, nachdem er ein Buddha geworden ist, sich nicht wieder verkörpern sollte; er muß im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert wiedererscheinen als physischer Mensch. Da würde der Buddhist sagen: Hast du deine Anthroposophie nur dazu, um meine Religion zu verhöhnen? Und an Stelle des Friedens würde der Unfriede unter den Religionen gezüchtet. So aber müßte auch ein Christ zu einem Buddhisten, der von einem zu verbessernden Christentum sprechen wollte, sagen: Wenn du behaupten kannst, daß das Mysterium von Golgatha ein Fehler sei und daß der Christus wiederkommen sollte in einem physischen Leibe, damit es ihm jetzt besser ergehe, dann bemühst du dich nicht, meine Religion zu verstehen, dann verhöhnst du meine Religion. - Anthroposophie aber ist nicht dazu da, daß ein Religionsbekenntnis, ob altes oder neu gestiftetes, das sich Geltung verschafft, verhöhnt werde; denn sonst würde man eine Gesellschaft gründen auf gegenseitiges Verhöhnen und nicht auf gegenseitigen Ausgleich der Religionen.

Das müssen wit uns in die Seele schreiben, damit wir den Geist und den okkulten Kern der Anthroposophie verstehen. Und den werden wir durch nichts besser verstehen, als wenn wir die Kraft und die Liebe, die in den Evangelien walten, ausdehnen auf das Verständnis aller Religionen. Daß dies besonders in Anlehnung an das Markus-Evangelium geschehen kann, sollen uns noch die weiteren Vorträge zeigen.

Third Lecture

At the beginning of the Gospel of Mark, we are led to the great figure of the Baptist. How significant it is that John the Baptist is introduced in the Gospel of Mark, how significant the contrast is between him and Christ Jesus himself, was already pointed out yesterday. If we allow the Gospel of Mark to work on us in its simplicity, we immediately gain a significant impression of the figure of the Baptist. If we then go into the spiritual-scientific background of this figure, the Baptist appears to us, in a sense, in his full greatness. I have often discussed how we are to understand the Baptist, also in the sense of the Gospel itself—for we know that this is clearly stated in the Gospel—as a reincarnation of the prophet Elijah (see Matthew 11:14). From a spiritual scientific point of view, therefore, in order to truly understand the deeper reason for the foundation of Christianity and the mystery of Golgotha, we must see the figure of the Baptist against the background of what we encounter in the prophet Elijah. At this point, I will only briefly indicate what this is about, for I spoke in more detail about the prophet Elijah at the last general meeting of the German Section of the Theosophical Society in Berlin.

Everything that spiritual science and occult research have to say about the prophet Elijah is completely confirmed by what is written in the Bible itself, whereas much remains unexplained when reading the relevant chapters about Elijah in the Bible. I will draw attention to just one point.

We read in the Bible that Elijah, as it were, challenges the entire retinue and all the people of King Ahab, under whom he lives, that he confronts the priests of Baal, his opponents, that he sets up two altars, and lets the priests of Baal place their sacrificial animal on them, then places his sacrificial animal on his altar and shows how futile everything that is said about the priests of Baal by his opponents is, because nothing of spiritual greatness is evident in the god Baal, while the greatness and significance of Yahweh or Jehovah is immediately evident in Elijah's sacrifice. It is a victory that Elijah wins over the followers of Baal. Then, strangely enough, we are told how Ahab has a neighbor, Naboth, who owns a vineyard, how Ahab, the king, wants to acquire this vineyard, but Naboth will not sell it to him because it is sacred to him as the inheritance of his fathers. Now we find two facts in the Bible. On the one hand, we are told that Jezebel, the queen, becomes Elijah's enemy and declares that she will see to it that Elijah is killed, just as his opponents, the priests of Baal, were killed by his victory on the altar. But as the Bible tells us, this death does not come about through Jezebel; instead, something else happens. Naboth, the king's neighbor, is summoned to a kind of penitential festival, to which the other nobles of the state are also summoned, and on the occasion of this penitential festival he is murdered at Jezebel's instigation (1 Kings 18-21).

So we can say: The Bible seems to tell us that Naboth is murdered by Jezebel; but Jezebel does not announce that she wants to murder Naboth, but rather Elijah. So these things do not add up. This is where occult research comes in and shows what the facts are: that in Elijah we are dealing with a comprehensive spirit who moves invisibly in the land of Ahab, but that this spirit at times enters the soul of Naboth, penetrating Naboth's soul, so that Naboth is the physical personality of Elijah, and that when we speak of the personality of Naboth, we are speaking of the physical personality of Elijah. Elijah is the invisible figure in the sense of the Bible, Naboth his visible imprint in the physical world. I have explained all this in detail in my lecture “The Prophet Elijah in the Light of Spiritual Science.” But if we allow ourselves to be drawn into the whole spirit of Elijah's work and let the whole spirit of Elijah, as presented to us in the Bible, work upon our souls, we can say: In Elijah, we encounter the spirit of the entire ancient Hebrew people. Everything that animates and permeates the entire ancient Hebrew people is contained in the spirit of Elijah. We can address him as the spirit of the ancient Hebrew people. It is too great — as spiritual scientific research shows us — to dwell completely in the soul of his earthly form, in the soul of Naboth. It hovers around him as if in a cloud, but it is not only in Naboth; it moves about like an element of nature throughout the whole country and works in rain and sunshine. This becomes clear when we take the entire description, which begins with the fact that drought and dryness prevail, but through what Elijah orders in relation to the divine-spiritual worlds, relief is brought to the drought and dryness and all that was then the need of the land. He acts like an element of nature, like a law of nature itself. And one might say: The best way to learn what is at work in the spirit of Elijah is to let Psalm 104 sink in, with its entire description of Yahweh or Jehovah as the deity of nature who works through everything. Now, Elijah is of course not to be identified with this deity itself; he is the earthly image of this deity, he is that earthly image which is at the same time the soul of the ancient Hebrew people. This spirit of Elijah is a kind of differentiated Jehovah, a kind of earthly Jehovah, or—as it is expressed in the Old Testament—like the face of Jehovah.

Seen in this light, the fact that the same spirit that lives in Elijah-Naboth now reappears in John the Baptist becomes particularly clear to us. How does he work in John the Baptist? First, in the sense of the Bible and especially in the sense of the Gospel of Mark, he works through what baptism is. What is this baptism in truth? Why is it actually performed by John the Baptist on those who deign to have it performed on themselves? Here we must go into a little detail about what this baptism truly effected in those who were baptized. The baptized were immersed in water. Then there always happened to them what has often been spoken of as happening when a person receives a shock through something, which can be caused by any sudden threat of death, for example, when they fall into water and are close to drowning, or when they fall down a mountain. A loosening of the etheric body occurs. The etheric body partially leaves the physical body, and the result is that something occurs which always occurs in humans immediately after death: a kind of review of the last life. This is a well-known fact that is often described, even by materialistic thinkers of the present day. However, something similar also occurred during John's baptism in the Jordan. People were immersed in water. This was not a baptism as we understand it today, but through John's baptism, the etheric body of human beings loosened and people saw more than they could comprehend with their ordinary minds. They saw their lives in the spirit and also the influences on this life in the spiritual world. And they also saw what the Baptist taught: that the old time was fulfilled and that a new time must begin. In the clairvoyant observation they were able to make for a few moments during their immersion at baptism, they saw that humanity had reached a turning point in its evolution; what people had in ancient times, when they were in group soulhood, was completely dying out; completely different conditions had to come into being. They saw this in their liberated etheric bodies: a new impulse, new qualities must come upon humanity.

That is why John's baptism was a matter of knowledge. “Change your minds, do not turn your gaze merely backward, where it would still be possible to turn your gaze back, but look toward something else: the God who can reveal Himself in the human I has come near; the realms of the divine have come near.” The Baptist not only preached this, he made them realize it by baptizing them in the Jordan. And those who were baptized knew from their own clear observation, even if it was only for a short time, that the words of the Baptist expressed a world-historical fact.

When we consider this connection, the spirit of Elijah, which also worked in John the Baptist, appears to us in its true light. Then it seems to us that in Elijah we have the spirit of the Jewish people, the spirit of the Old Testament people. What kind of spirit was this? In a certain sense, it was already the spirit of the I, but it did not appear as the spirit of the individual human being; rather, it appeared in Elijah as the spirit of the entire people. It was the undifferentiated spirit. What was later to dwell in an individual human being was, as it were, still the group soul of the ancient Hebrew people in Elijah. It was still in the supersensible worlds, what was to descend as the individual soul into every single human breast when the Johannine era approached. This was not yet in every human breast. It could not yet live in Elijah in such a way that it entered into the individual personality of Naboth, but only in such a way that it hovered around the individual personality of Naboth. It manifested itself more precisely in Elijah-Naboth than it did in every single member of the ancient Hebrew people. That this spirit, which hovered, as it were, over human beings and their history, should now increasingly enter into each individual breast was the great fact that Elijah-John himself announced when he said, as it were, while baptizing the people: What was previously only in the supersensible world and worked out of it, you must now take into your souls as impulses that have come from the realms of heaven into the human heart. The spirit of Elijah himself shows how he must now enter the human heart in multiplied form so that people can gradually take up the impulse of Christ in the course of world history. That was the meaning of John's baptism, that Elijah was ready to prepare the way for Christ. That was contained in the act of John's baptism in the Jordan. “I will make way for him, I will prepare the way in the hearts of men; I will no longer hover over men, but enter into human hearts, so that he too may enter.”

If this is so, what can we expect? If this is so, it is only natural that we can expect that in John the Baptist, in a certain way, what we have already observed in Elijah will come to light again, that it will become apparent that in the magnificent figure of the Baptist, it is not only this individual personality that is at work, but something that is more than this individual personality, that surrounds this individual personality like an aura but whose effect goes beyond this individual personality, that lives like an atmosphere among those within whom the Baptist also works. Just as Elijah worked like an atmosphere, we can also expect Elijah to work again like an atmosphere as John the Baptist. Yes, we can even expect something else: that this spiritual being of Elijah, which is now bound to John the Baptist, will continue to work spiritually when the Baptist is no longer there, when he is gone. And what does this spiritual being want? Well, it wants to prepare the way for Christ. We can therefore say: It is possible that the Baptist will depart as a physical person, but that his spiritual being will remain like a spiritual atmosphere on the ground, in the area where he worked, and that this spiritual atmosphere will prepare the ground on which Christ can now carry out his work. We can expect this. And what we can expect is best expressed by saying that John the Baptist has departed, but what he is as the spirit of Elijah remains, and it is into this that Christ Jesus can best work, it is here that he can best pour his words; in the atmosphere that has remained, in the Elijah atmosphere, it is here that he can best express his deeds. That is what we can expect. And what does the Gospel of Mark tell us?

It is extremely characteristic that what I have just said is indicated twice in the Gospel of Mark. The first time it is said: Immediately after John's arrest, Jesus came to Galilee and proclaimed there the teaching of the heavenly kingdoms (1:14). John was arrested, which means that his physical person was initially prevented from acting on his own, but the figure of Christ Jesus entered the atmosphere he had created. And a second time, the same thing happens in the Gospel of Mark, and it is significant that it happens a second time. One only has to read the Gospel of Mark correctly. If you continue to the sixth chapter, you will hear the whole description of how King Herod had John the Baptist beheaded. But it is very strange: people suspected all sorts of things after John's physical personality had not only been arrested but also removed by death. Some people think that the miraculous power through which Christ Jesus works comes from the fact that Christ Jesus himself is Elijah — or one of the prophets. But Herod, out of his frightened conscience, has a very strange premonition. When he hears what has happened through Christ Jesus, he says: “John, whom I had beheaded, has been raised from the dead.” (6:16) Herod senses that now that John is gone as a physical personality, he is really there. He senses that his atmosphere, his spirituality—which is none other than the spirituality of Elijah—is there. Herod, out of his tormented conscience, realizes that John the Baptist, that is, Elijah, is there. But then something strange is hinted at, how Christ Jesus came, precisely to the area where John the Baptist had worked after he had met his physical death. There is a remarkable passage here that I would ask you to pay particular attention to, which should not be overlooked. For in the Gospel, words are not mere embellishment; the evangelists do not yet write in a journalistic style. Something very significant is being said here. Christ Jesus joins the crowd of John the Baptist's followers and disciples, and this is expressed in a phrase that must be taken into account: “And when he came out, he saw a large crowd,” which can only refer to John's disciples, “and he had compassion on them...” Why compassion? Because they had lost their master, because they were standing there without John, who, it is said, they had just carried to his grave after he had been beheaded. But it is stated even more precisely: “... for they were like sheep without a shepherd, and he began to teach them many things.” (6:34) One cannot point more clearly to the fact that he is teaching the disciples of John. He teaches them because the spirit of Elijah is still at work among them, which is also the spirit of John the Baptist. Thus, at a significant point in the Gospel of Mark, it is again pointed out with dramatic force how the spirit of Christ Jesus enters into what the spirit of Elijah-John has prepared. But all this is only one main point around which other very significant things are grouped. I would like to draw your attention to just one more thing.

I have often hinted at how this spirit of Elijah-John continued to be active in world history through his impulses. And since we are gathered here as anthroposophists and are allowed to discuss occult facts, the matter may be discussed. I have often hinted that the soul of Elijah-John reappears in the painter Raphael. This is one of the facts that can really draw attention to how the metamorphosis of the soul takes place precisely through the great impact of the mystery of Golgotha. Because in the post-Christian era such a soul had to work through the medium of the individual personality in Raphael, it seems, one might say, that what was so comprehensive, so universal in ancient times appears in such a differentiated personality as Raphael. Can one not sense that this aura surrounding Elijah-John is also present in Raphael, that there is something similar in Raphael to what we find in the other two, of which we can say: it is too great to enter into the individual personality, it surrounds the individual personality, so that the revelations which this physical personality receives appear like illuminations? This is certainly the case with Raphael.

There is a very strange proof of this fact, albeit a personal one, the elements of which I have already hinted at in Munich. However, I would like to discuss the matter here, not only to elaborate on the personality of the Baptist, but also on the entire essence of Elijah-John, and I would therefore also like to discuss the further progress of the soul of Elijah-John in Raphael. Anyone who wants to honestly and sincerely engage with what Raphael was must have very special feelings for him. I drew attention to the modern art historian Herman Grimm and said that he was able to produce a biography of Michelangelo with a certain ease, but that he had to try three times to produce a kind of biography of Raphael. And because Herman Grimm was not an ordinary “scholar” — such a person can of course cope with anything — but a universal human being who was sincere with his heart in relation to what he wanted to grasp and explore, he had to admit to himself, whenever he had completed something that was supposed to be “The Life of Raphael,” that it was not the life of Raphael after all. So he had to start over again and again, and he was never satisfied with his work. Shortly before his death, he made one last attempt—which is contained in his posthumous works—to approach Raphael in order to grasp him as his heart wanted to grasp him, and the title he gave to his new treatise, “Raphael as a World Power,” is characteristic of this. For it seemed to him that if one approached Raphael sincerely, one could not describe him at all unless one could describe him as a world power, unless one could see through to what has been at work throughout world history. It is quite natural that a modern writer should, one might say, feel a certain uneasiness in choosing his words when he is called upon to describe as frankly and freely as the evangelists did. Even the best writer feels embarrassed to set to work on such a task, but the characters he has to describe often wrest the appropriate words from him. It is very remarkable how Herman Grimm speaks of Raphael in the first chapters he wrote shortly before his death. It is really true that one can sense in his heart something of the relationship of a figure such as Elias-Johannes when he speaks of Raphael, saying:

"If Michelangelo were miraculously brought back from the dead to live among us, and I met him, I would step aside reverently to let him pass; but if Raphael came my way, I would follow behind him, hoping to catch a few words from his lips. With Leonardo and Michelangelo, one can limit oneself to recounting what they once were in their day; with Raphael, one must start from what he is to us today. A thin veil has fallen over the others, but not over Raphael. He belongs to those whose growth is far from complete. It is always conceivable that future generations of people will encounter new mysteries posed by Raphael.” (Fragments, Volume II, page 171.)

Herman Grimm describes Raphael as a world power, as a spirit that strides through the centuries, through the millennia, as a spirit that has no place in a single human being. But we read other words by Herman Grimm which, as I said, are wrung from the sincerity and honesty of his soul. And they are as if someone wanted to express that there is something about Raphael like a great aura that surrounds him, just as the spirit of Elijah surrounded Naboth. Could it be expressed any differently than Herman Grimm writes:

“Raphael is a citizen of world history. He is like one of the four rivers that, according to the beliefs of the ancient world, flowed from Paradise.” (“Fragments,” Volume II, page 153.)

This could almost have been written by an evangelist, and one could almost write the same about Elijah. This means that even the modern art historian, if he is honest and sincere, can feel something of what has passed through the ages in the great impulses of the world. One truly needs nothing else to understand modern spiritual science than to go to the soul and spiritual needs of human beings, who strive with all their longing for what is true in the evolution of humanity.

Thus John the Baptist stands before us, and it is good if we feel him in this way when we open the Gospel of Mark, when we read the first words and then again in the sixth chapter. The Bible is not a book that is meant to have the effect of a book of modern scholarship, where one, so to speak, quite “clearly” — that is how people describe it — rubs people's noses in what they are supposed to read. The Bible conceals many of the mysterious facts it has to reveal behind its composition, behind its grandiose occult compositional artistry. And so it also conceals many things behind this occult compositional artistry, especially with regard to the fact of the Baptist. I would like to draw your attention to something that you may wish to take merely as a sensory or emotional truth, but from which you can see that, if one accepts other truths than those of the intellect, the Bible does indeed contain information about the relationship between the spirit or soul of Elijah and the spirit or soul of John the Baptist. Let us see to what extent this is the case and, as briefly as possible, allow a passage from the description of Elijah in the Old Testament to sink in.

“Elijah set out and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate of the city, behold, there was a widow gathering sticks. And he called to her and said, ‘Bring me a little water in a pitcher, that I may drink.’”

But as she went to get it, he called to her and said, 'Bring me a piece of bread, too.'"

She said, “As the Lord your God lives, I have no bread, only a handful of flour in a jar and a little oil in a jug. And look, I have gathered a few sticks of wood, and I am going home to prepare it for myself and my son, that we may eat it and die.”

Elijah said to her, “Do not be afraid; go and do as you have said, but first make me a small cake from it and bring it to me, and afterward you shall make for yourself and your son.

For thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: The flour in the jar shall not be used up, and the oil in the jug shall not fail until the day the Lord sends rain upon the earth.

She went and did as Elijah had told her. And he ate, and she and her household ate for a while.

The flour in the jar was not used up, and the oil in the jug did not run out, according to the word of the Lord spoken by Elijah. (1 Kings 17:10-16)

What do we read in this story about Elijah? We read about Elijah coming to a widow and a remarkable multiplication of bread. Because the spirit of Elijah is there, there is no need, even though there is little bread. We read that the bread multiplies at the moment when the spirit of Elijah enters the widow's house. Through the spirit of Elijah, what is described here as the multiplication of bread, as a gift of bread, happens. We could say: It shines forth from the Old Testament that through the appearance of Elijah, a multiplication of bread is brought about.

And now let us read the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Mark. First, it tells how Herod had John beheaded, and how Christ Jesus then came to John's followers. Let us now allow this chapter to work on our souls.

“And when he came out, he saw a large crowd, and he had compassion on them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd; and he began to teach them many things.

And when it was already late, his disciples came to him and said, “The place is deserted, and it is already late; send them away so that they may go to the surrounding farms and villages and buy something to eat.”

But he answered them, “You give them something to eat.” They said to him, “Are we to go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give them something to eat?”

But he said to them, “How many loaves do you have? Go and see.” And when they had found out, they said, “Five, and two fish.”

And he commanded them all to sit down on the green grass.

And they sat down in groups of hundreds and fifties.

And he took the five loaves and the two fish, looked up to heaven, blessed them, broke the loaves, and gave them to the disciples to set before them; and he also divided the two fish among them all. And they all ate and were filled ...” (6:34-42).

You know the story: a multiplication of loaves, again through the spirit of Elijah-John. The Bible does not speak clearly, as we would call it today, but the Bible puts what it has to say into the composition. And those who know how to evaluate emotional truths will want to rest with their feelings on the one passage where it is spoken of how Elijah comes to the widow and multiplies the bread, and where Elijah, having been raised from the dead, leaves his physical body and Christ Jesus, in his atmosphere, in a new form, does what can be interpreted as a multiplication of bread.

Such is the inner progress in the Bible. Such are the inner connections. They point out to us how, in essence, everything is just empty scholarship that speaks of “compiling Bible fragments,” and how, through a true knowledge of the Bible, it is possible for us to recognize the uniformly composing spirit throughout the entire Bible, regardless of who this uniformly composing spirit is. Thus we see the Baptist standing before us.

It is very remarkable how this Baptist himself is placed back into the work of Christ Jesus. Twice we are given to understand that Christ Jesus actually enters into the aura of the Baptist, enters where the physical personality recedes more and more into the background and finally disappears completely from the physical plane. But then, precisely through the simple Gospel of Mark, we are given a very clear indication of how different everything now becomes through the entry of Christ Jesus into the element of Elijah-John, how a completely new impulse enters the world as a result.

To understand this, we must now consider the entire account given in the Gospel from the moment when Christ appears after the arrest of John the Baptist to speak of the divine kingdoms, on the one hand, to the point where the murder of John by Herod is mentioned, and then again in the chapters that follow. If we take all these accounts that are available to us up to the story of Herod, we find that, when we consider them in their true character, they all aim at bringing the essential nature of Christ Jesus to our view. Yesterday it was pointed out how this essence of Christ Jesus works, namely, that he is not only recognized by human beings, but also by the spirits that possess the demonic, so that even the supersensible beings recognize him. This strikes us sharply and distinctly at first. But then we are struck by the fact that what dwells in Christ Jesus is something different from what dwelt in Elijah-Naboth, in that the spirit of Elijah could not enter Naboth completely.

The meaning of the Gospel of Mark is to tell how completely Jesus of Nazareth entered into, how completely the earthly personality fulfilled that which is Christ, and how that which we recognize as the general human ego works in him. What is so terrible to the demons that possess people when Christ confronts them? It is that they must say to him, “You are the one who carries God within you,” that they recognize him as a divine power in the personality that compels the demons to reveal themselves and to come out of human beings through the power of what sits in the individual personality of human beings (1:24; 3:11; 5:7). Thus, in the first chapters of the Gospel of Mark, this figure is particularly emphasized, who in a certain way is like a contrast to Elijah-Naboth and also to Elijah-John. While the animating principle could not dwell completely in them, it is completely contained in Christ Jesus. Therefore, although a cosmic principle lives in him, Christ Jesus stands as a completely individual, single human personality before other people, including those whom he heals.

Nowadays, descriptions from the past are usually taken in a peculiar sense. In particular, many of today's natural scientists, monists as they call themselves when they want to represent worldviews, take such descriptions in a very special sense. One might describe this sense by saying that these good scholars, these good natural philosophers, secretly believe, even if they are embarrassed to say so, that it would have been better if God had left it to them to set up the world, because they would have done it better. Take, for example, a natural scientist who swears that wisdom has only come to mankind in the last twenty years—and others only count the last five years, considering anything before that to be superstition—he will deeply regret that when Christ Jesus walked the earth, there was no modern natural science with all its various means, because it would have been better if God had left it to him. what lies before the last five years. He will deeply regret that when Christ Jesus walked on earth, there was not yet modern scientific medicine with all its various remedies; for it would have been wiser if all these people—such as Simon's mother-in-law and the others—could have been healed with the remedies of today's medicine. For in their opinion, it would have been a completely perfect God who, according to the concepts of modern natural scientists, had created the world; He would not have let people languish for so long according to modern natural science. But as it is, the world as God has created it is somewhat botched compared to what a natural scientist could have done. People don't say it, they are embarrassed to say it, but it is there between the lines. One only has to call things by their proper names, the things that are bandied about today by materialistic natural scientists. If one could perhaps speak to such a gentleman in private, one would probably hear him say that one could not help being an atheist, because one sees how little God succeeded in healing people at the time of Christ Jesus with the methods of modern natural science.

But people do not consider one thing: that they must take the word evolution, which they utter so often, seriously and honestly, that everything must be included in evolution in order for the world to reach its goal, and that one must not merely ask about the plan that modern natural science would draw up if it were to create a world. But because people think this way, they do not really know that the entire constitution of the human being, the composition of the finer bodies, used to be completely different. At that time, the scientific methods could not have been applied to the human personality. The etheric body was much more effective, much more powerful than it is today; through the etheric body, it was possible to influence the physical body in a completely different way. And it had a completely different effect than it does today, to put it bluntly, when one healed with “feelings,” when the feeling poured out from one person to another. When the etheric body was really still stronger and still dominated the physical body, what we call psychic-spiritual remedies could work in a completely different way. People were different in their constitution, so healing had to be different. If you don't know that, as a natural scientist you will say: We no longer believe in miracles, and what is said about healing is just miracles, and that must be eliminated. And if you are an enlightened theologian today, you find yourself in a very special predicament. You want to uphold these things, but you are full of the modern prejudice that healing cannot happen in this way, that these are “miracles.” And then you come up with all kinds of explanations about the possibility or impossibility of miracles. There is only one thing we do not know: that everything described up to the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Mark was not a miracle at all in those days, any more than it is a miracle today when some medicine influences this or that function of the human organism. No one at that time would have thought of miracles when someone said to a leper, stretching out his hand, “I will it, be clean!” The whole nature of Christ Jesus, which overflowed there, was the remedy. It would no longer work today because today the connection between the human etheric body and the physical body is completely different. But at that time, doctors healed in this way. Therefore, it is not particularly noteworthy that Christ Jesus healed lepers through compassion and the laying on of hands. This was a matter of course at that time. What should be emphasized in this chapter is something completely different, and this must be clearly understood.

Let us take a look at the way in which, for example, lesser or greater physicians were trained at that time. They were trained in schools affiliated with the mystery schools, and they were given powers that worked through them from the supersensible world, so that the physicians who healed at that time were, as it were, mediums for supersensible forces. They transmitted supernatural powers through their own mediumship, to which they were elevated in the medical mystery schools. When such a doctor laid his hands on a patient, it was not his own powers that flowed out, but powers from the supernatural world. And the fact that he could be a channel for the working of supernatural powers was brought about during his initiation in the mystery schools. Stories that a leper or a fever patient had been healed through such psychic processes would not have seemed particularly miraculous to people at that time. What was significant was not that healing took place, but that someone appeared who, without having been in a mystery school, was able to heal in this way; that someone appeared in whom the power that had previously flowed down from the higher worlds was placed in the heart, in the soul itself, and that these powers had become personal, individual powers. The fact should be stated that the time is fulfilled, that human beings can no longer be channels for supersensible forces, that this is coming to an end. It had also become clear to those who were baptized by John in the Jordan that this time was coming to an end, that everything that had to be done in the future had to be done through the human I, through what enters into the divine inner center of the human being, and that there is one among human beings who does of his own accord what the others did with the help of the beings living in the supersensible worlds, whose forces worked down upon them.

Thus, one does not even grasp the meaning of the Bible when one presents the healing process itself as something special. It was not yet special in the twilight of ancient times, when such healings could still take place and when it is said that Christ performed healings in the twilight—but with the new powers that were to be present from then on. Therefore, it is shown with complete clarity, which cannot be obscured by anything, how Christ Jesus works entirely from human being to human being. Everywhere it is emphasized that he works from human being to human being. This could hardly be expressed more clearly than in the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Mark, where Christ Jesus heals the woman. He heals her by allowing her to approach him, to touch his garment, and he feels a stream of power flowing from him. The whole narrative is presented to us in such a way that we see the woman approaching Christ Jesus and grasping his garment. At first, he does nothing else. She does something: she grasps his garment. A stream of power flows from him. How? Not because he sent her away in this case, but because she pulls him away, and he only notices it later. This is made very clear. And when he notices it, how does he express himself? “Daughter, your faith has helped you; go in peace and be healed of your affliction.” He himself only becomes aware of how he stands there, how the divine kingdom flows into him and out of him. He does not stand there as the former demon healers stood before their patients. Then the patient could believe or not believe, but the power that flowed out of supernatural worlds through the medium of the healer flowed into the sick person. But now, when it came to the I, this I had to cooperate; everything became individualized. What is important is the description of this fact, not what was taken for granted at that time, that one could influence the body through the soul, but that I, when the new era was to begin, was to enter into a relationship, into a connection with I. In the past, the spiritual was in the higher worlds, hovering above human beings; now the realms of heaven had come close and were to move into the hearts of human beings, were to dwell in the hearts of human beings as in a center. That is what matters. For such a worldview, the outer physical and the inner moral flowed together in a new way, in such a way that from the time Christianity was founded until today it could only be a belief, and from now on it can become knowledge.

Take an old patient who stood before his doctor, his healer, as I have just described in the old days. Magical powers were brought down from the supersensible worlds through the medium of the doctor, who had been prepared for this in the mystery schools, and these powers flowed through the doctor's body onto the patient. There was no connection with the patient's morality, because the whole process did not yet touch the patient's ego. It did not matter what the patient's morality was, because the forces flowed down magically from the higher worlds. Now a new era has dawned. The moral and physical aspects of healing flow together in a new way. Once you know this, you can understand a different story.

"And days passed, and he came again to Capernaum; and it was reported that he was at home.

And many people gathered, so that there was no room even outside the door; and he spoke the word to them.

And they came to him with a man with dropsy, carried by four men.

And when they could not come to him because of the crowd, they removed the roof where he was, and through the opening they let down the bed on which the paralytic lay.

And when Jesus saw their faith, he said to the paralytic, “Child, your sins are forgiven.” (2:1-5)

What would an old doctor have said? What did the Pharisees, the scribes, expect if a healing were to take place? They would have expected an old doctor to say: The powers that enter into you and into your paralyzed limbs will be able to move you. What does Christ Jesus say? “Your sins are forgiven,” that is, the moral aspect in which the ego is involved. This is a language that the Pharisees do not understand at all. They cannot understand it. It seems like blasphemy to them that someone would speak this way. Why? Because in their view, one can only speak of God as dwelling in the supersensible worlds and working from there, and because sins can only be forgiven from the supersensible worlds. They cannot understand that the forgiveness of sins has anything to do with the one who heals. That is why Christ continues:

"Which is easier, to say to the man with dropsy, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up, take your bed and walk’?

But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins (turning to the man with dropsy),

I say to you, get up, take your bed and go home!

And he got up, took his bed and went out in front of everyone.” (2:9-12)

He connects the moral with the magical nature of healing and thereby provides the transition from the ego-less to the ego-filled state. This can be found in every single representation. This is how we must understand things, for this is how they are said. And now compare what spiritual science has to say with all that is said in the Bible explanations about the “forgiveness of sins.” You will find the strangest explanations, but nowhere anything satisfactory, because no one knew what the mystery of Golgotha actually was.

It had to be a belief, I said. Why a belief? Because the expression of morality in the physical realm does not take place in a single incarnation. When we encounter a person today, we cannot, in view of a physical infirmity, bring their morality into connection with the physical in a single incarnation. Only when we go beyond the individual incarnation do we have the connection between the moral and the physical in its karma. Because karma has been emphasized little or not at all until now, we can say that until now the connection between the physical and the moral could only be a belief. Now that we can approach the Gospel from a spiritual scientific perspective, this becomes knowledge. Then Christ Jesus stands beside us like an enlightened being above karma when he reveals: I can heal him, for I see it in his personality: his karma is such that he can now rise and walk.

You can see it in a passage such as this, where, equipped with the tools of modern spiritual science, the Bible can be understood. That is our task: to show how this book, this world book, truly contains the deepest truths about human evolution. Once it is understood what is happening cosmically on Earth—and we will emphasize this more and more in the course of these lectures, because the Gospel of Mark gives us reason to do so— what cosmic-terrestrial, earthly-cosmic significance this mystery of Golgotha has, then it will never again be possible to find that what can be said in reference to the Gospels could in any way be offensive to any other religious creed in the world. Correct knowledge of the Bible will, for the reasons given at the end of yesterday's lecture, and above all because correct knowledge of the Bible cannot truly be confined to any one denomination but must become universal, correct knowledge of the Bible will, through its inner truth, stand on the ground of spiritual science and accord equal value to all religious beliefs in the world. This will bring about reconciliation between the religions. And what I was able to tell you in the first lecture about the Indian who gave the lecture “Christ and Christianity,” in which he, although burdened with all the prejudices of his nation, nevertheless looked up to Christ in an interdenominational sense, appears to be the beginning of such a reconciliation. The task of spiritual science in the various religious denominations will be to try to understand this figure of Christ. For it seems to me that the task of the spiritual movement must be to delve deeper into the religious denominations so that one can grasp and deepen the inner essence of the individual religions.

Let me take this opportunity to repeat what I have often said before, namely how a Buddhist who is an anthroposophist will relate to an anthroposophist who is a Christian. The Buddhist will say: After the Bodhisattva became a Buddha, Gotama Buddha attained such a height after his death that he does not need to return to earth. And the Christian who is an anthroposophist will say: I understand this, because I myself believe it of your Buddha when I find myself in your heart and believe what you believe. This means understanding the religion of the other, rising to the level of the other's religion. The Christian who has become an anthroposophist can understand everything the other says. What, on the other hand, will the Buddhist who has become an anthroposophist say? He will say: I am trying to understand what is the innermost nerve of Christianity: that Christ is something other than a founder of a religion, that the mystery of Golgotha is an impersonal fact, that it is not a human being who stood there as the founder of a religion, but that Christ entered into him, died on the cross, and thus fulfilled the mystery of Golgotha. And that this mystery of Golgotha is a cosmic fact—that is what matters. And the Buddhist will say: Now that I have grasped the essence of your religion, I will no longer misunderstand what you consider essential in mine, and I will not portray Christ as someone who is reincarnated; for what matters to you is what happened there. And I would be speaking strangely if I said that Christianity needed to be improved in any way, that with a better understanding of Christ Jesus at that time, he would not have been crucified after three years, that a founder of a religion should be treated differently, and so on. — What matters is precisely that Christ was crucified and what happened through his death on the cross! It does not matter that one thinks: An injustice has been done, and Christianity could be improved today. No Buddhist who is an anthroposophist could speak today other than: I try to understand the essence of your religion in truth, just as you understand the essence of my religion.

What will happen when the individual followers of the various religious systems understand each other in this way, when the Christian says to the Buddhist: I believe in your Buddha as you believe in your Buddha, and when the Buddhist says to the Christian: I can understand the mystery of Golgotha as you yourself understand it — what will happen to humanity when something like this becomes commonplace? Peace will come to humanity, mutual recognition of religions. And this must come. And the anthroposophical movement must be such a mutual, true understanding of religions. And it would be against the spirit of anthroposophy if a Christian who had become an anthroposophist were to say to a Buddhist: It is not true that Gotama, after becoming a Buddha, should not reincarnate; he must reappear in the twentieth century as a physical human being. The Buddhist would then say: Is your anthroposophy only there to mock my religion? And instead of peace, discord would be bred among the religions. But then a Christian would also have to say to a Buddhist who wanted to talk about improving Christianity: If you can claim that the mystery of Golgotha was a mistake and that Christ should come again in a physical body so that he might fare better now, then you are not trying to understand my religion; you are mocking my religion. But anthroposophy is not there to mock a religious creed, whether old or newly founded, that asserts itself; for otherwise one would found a society based on mutual mockery and not on mutual reconciliation between religions.

We must engrave this in our souls so that we understand the spirit and the occult core of anthroposophy. And we will understand this better than anything else by extending the power and love that prevail in the Gospels to the understanding of all religions. The further lectures will show us that this can be done particularly in reference to the Gospel of Mark.