The Renewal of Education
GA 301
26 April 1920, Basel
V. Some Remarks About Curriculum
As you have probably noticed, our previous discussions have differed not only in their content but also in their entire manner of consideration from what we normally find in anthropology or similar areas. Those unwilling to develop the feeling I spoke of at the end of the last lecture will not immediately recognize how such an understanding of the human being can arise in any way other than that which is currently acceptable. It can, however, arise when we comprehend the entire developing human being, that is, the body, the soul, and the spirit, in terms of lively movement. By comprehending the living human being in movement, by placing ourselves in human nature, we can create within ourselves an understanding that is not dead but alive. This understanding is most appropriate if we are to avoid clinging to external materialistic perspectives or falling prey to illusions and fantasy. What I have presented here can be very fruitful, but only when we use it directly, because its primary characteristics first become apparent through direct use.
I would like to mention a few things about our attempts to make this thinking fruitful in the Stuttgart Waldorf School. That school was created because Emil Molt, the director of a factory in Stuttgart, wanted a school based purely upon spiritual-scientific principles for the children of the factory’s workers. The school has long since grown beyond its initial boundaries, and it is the first attempt at forming a school whose curriculum and learning goals have been based upon a spiritual-scientific understanding of the human being. Of course we need to recognize that we are still in the first year of the Waldorf School, and that we have students from all possible classes of other schools. For that reason certain compromises are necessary in the beginning.
In the curriculum, our concern is not simply to come to terms pedagogically with a single child or even with a small class where we could work with individual children(an idea that is commonly held). We want each teacher to be so permeated with understanding that even when standing before a large class, he can represent this type of education. Each teacher should be permeated by a living comprehension of the human being so that he understands that the heart does not simply pump the blood through the organism, but that the human being is living, and the movements of fluids and the heart result from that aliveness. When a teacher has absorbed this way of thinking, particular forces within him become active in regard to the development of children. This activity can result in significant insights, even in regard to a child who is part of a large class and with whom we have worked for only a few months. If you have trained your spirit in this way, and thus created a strong contact with it, your spirit can look somewhat clairvoyantly at the individual child. It is not so important that we know that the heart is not the cause of the circulation of the blood. What is important is that we develop within ourselves the possibility of presenting such things in a way contrary to our modern materialistic thinking. Those who develop this possibility within themselves, who configure their spirit in this way, make themselves alive in a different way in regard to developing children, even in large numbers. They gain the capacity of reading the curriculum from the nature of the developing child.
In Stuttgart I had to compromise, since under present social conditions it is not possible to develop a school purely on the basis of this kind of education. I said we needed to take three stages into account. We need complete freedom in how we present the curriculum during the first, second, and third grades, but we want the children at the end of third grade to have learned the same things as children in other schools. The same is true until age twelve, that is, the sixth grade, and again when they leave the school. All we could achieve was to present the curriculum in these stages: in the first three school years, the second three, and in the third stage, the last two school years. These are simply things that we must accept as compromises under today’s social conditions. Nevertheless, within these three periods, we have been able to achieve some things. We can, for example, base our work upon the sound principle that we do not begin with the intellectual, as modern instruction generally does. We do not need to begin with this one characteristic of developing human beings—the intellect—instead we can begin with the whole human being.
It is important to first acquire a clear concept of what the whole human being actually is. Today, because people cannot observe how thinking relates to human nature, they believe that we learn to think by logically teaching children how to think. I have to admit that during the first six decades of my life I used to consider people in that way. Those who can observe developing human beings, who can compare the developing human being with what a person becomes, can see certain connections spread out over the various periods of life, which go unobserved if a certain kind of insight has not been developed.
I would like to mention something I often refer to because it shows certain connections in human nature in a textbooklike way. In observing children, you can see how, when those around them relate to them properly, they develop a feeling of respect toward people. If you follow what becomes of these children later in life, you will find that this feeling of respect has so transformed these individuals that, through their words or sometimes simply through the way they look at you, their presence is a deed of goodness. This is simply because when you have learned to respect (or, I could say, to pray) later in life you will have the power to bless. No one can bless later in life who has not learned to respect or to pray in childhood.
We need to look at such things. We need to gain such vision through a living science that can become feeling and will, and not through some dead science such as we have today. Thus we can see how to avoid teaching children mere conventional knowledge, instead taking into account the entire human being.
We have, of course, the task of teaching the children to write, but today writing is a kind of artificial product of culture. It has arisen in the course of human development out of a pictorial writing and has become what we now have today, a purely conventional and abstract writing. If we try to gain a feeling for older writing, for instance Egyptian hieroglyphics, and to understand their basic character, we will see how people originally tended to reproduce the external world in their writing through drawing.
Writing and drawing things in the world are, in a way, also the basis of human speech development. Many theories have been put forward about the development of speech. There is, for instance—I am not making this up, they are called this in the technical papers—there is the so-called Ding-Dong Theory that assumes speech is a kind of model of some inner tonal qualities of our surroundings. Then there is the Bow-Wow Theory,3 which assumes that speech is based upon sounds produced by other beings in our surroundings. None of these theories, however, begin with a sufficiently comprehensive understanding of human nature. A sufficient comprehension of human nature, particularly one based upon a trained observation of children’s speech, shows that human feeling is engaged in a much different way when learning the vowels. They are learned through feeling. If we train our own powers of observation, we will see how all vowels arise from certain human inner experiences that are like simple or more complicated interjections, expressions of feeling. Inwardly, we as human beings live in the vowels. People express external events in consonants. People copy external events through their own organs; nevertheless they reproduce them. Speech itself is a reproduction of external events through consonants, and vowels provide the color. Thus, writing is, in its origins, a pictorial reproduction.
If, as is done today, we teach conventionalized writing to children, it can affect only the intellect. For that reason, we should not actually begin with learning to write, but with an artistic comprehension of those forms that are then expressed through writing or printing.
If you are not very clever, you can proceed by taking Egyptian hieroglyphics or some other pictorial writing, then developing certain forms out of it in order to arrive at today’s conventional letter forms. But that is not necessary. We do not need to hold ourselves to such strict realism. We can try to discover for ourselves such lines in modern letter forms that make it possible for us to give the children some exercises in movements of the hands or fingers. If we have the children draw one line or another without regard to the fact that they should become letters, or allow them to gain an understanding throughout their entire being for round or angular forms, horizontal or vertical lines, we will bring the children a dexterity directed toward the world.
Through this approach, we can also achieve something that is extraordinarily important psychologically. At first we do not even teach writing but guide the children into a kind of artistic drawing that we can develop even further into painting, as we do at the Waldorf School. That way the children also develop a living relationship to color and harmony in youth, something they are very receptive to at the age of seven or eight. If we allow children to enjoy this artistically taught instruction in drawing, aside from the fact that it also leads to writing, we will see how they need to move their fingers or perhaps the entire arm in a certain way that begins not simply from thinking, but from a kind of dexterity. Thereby the I begins to allow the intellect to develop as a consequence of the entire human being. The less we train the intellect and the more we work with the entire human being so that the dexterity of the intellect arises out of the movements of the limbs, the better it is.
If you visit the handwork classes at the Waldorf School in Stuttgart, you will perhaps find it somewhat paradoxical when you see that both boys and girls sit together and knit and crochet, and further, that everyone not only does “women’s work” but also “men’s work.” Why is that? The success of this approach can be seen in the fact that boys, when they are not artificially restricted from doing the work, take the same joy in these activities as the girls. Why is that? If we know that we do not develop our intellect by simply going directly to some intellectual education, if we know that someone who moves their fingers in a clumsy way also has a clumsy intellect, has inflexible ideas and thoughts, and those who know how to properly move their fingers also have flexible thoughts and ideas and can enter into the real nature of things, then we will not underestimate the importance of developing external capabilities. The goal is to develop the intellect to a large extent from how we work externally as human beings.
Educationally, it is an enormously important moment when we allow the written forms that are the basis of reading to spring out of what we have created artistically. Thus instruction in the Waldorf School begins from a purely artistic point of view. We develop writing from art and then reading from writing. In that way, we completely develop the children in relation to those forces that slowly want to develop out of their nature. In truth we bring nothing foreign into the child. As a matter of course, around the age of nine the children are able to write from what they have learned in drawing and then go on to reading. This is particularly important, because when people work against rather than with the forces of human nature, they damage children for the rest of their lives. If, however, we do exactly what the child’s nature wants, we can help human beings develop something fruitful for the rest of their lives.
When we turn from external toward more internal things, it is important to see that a child at the age of six, seven, or eight has no tendency whatsoever to differentiate itself from its surroundings as an I-being. In a certain way, we take something away from the healthy nature of the human being when we develop this difference between the I-being and its surroundings too early. You need only observe children as they look at themselves in the mirror. Look at them before the age of nine and then again at ten, and train your eye for their physiological form. Your eye for the physiological form will show that as children pass beyond the age of nine (this is of course approximate, for one child it is one time and for another, another time), something extraordinarily important occurs in human nature. We can characterize this important occurrence by saying that until the change of teeth, human beings develop primarily as imitators. In principle, human beings imitate their surroundings. We would not learn to speak if we were not imitators during that period of our lives. This principle of imitation continues on in the following years until about the age of nine. However, during the change of teeth, a principle begins to develop under the influence of a feeling for authority to validate what respected persons in the child’s surroundings recognize as correct. It is important that we really know how to maintain this feeling of authority, which is certainly justifiable during the period from the change of teeth until puberty, because that is what human nature wants.
Some say we should allow children to judge everything, to decide what they need to learn, but such statements ignore the needs of human nature. They ignore what we will carry into later life. Human beings continue to imitate beyond the age of seven up to the age of nine or so, and this principle of imitation affects the feeling for authority. From the age of nine, this principle of authority develops in a purer form. Beginning at the age of twelve, it is again mixed with something new: the capacity to judge.
It is of fundamental significance for all education that we do not force developing human beings to judge at too early an age. Certainly everything we now call illustrative instruction has a certain, though limited, justification. It has great significance in a limited area. However, when we extend illustrative teaching to the point of presenting children only with what can be understood from direct observation, we are ignoring the fact that there are things in the world that cannot be seen but must be presented.
There are things that cannot be seen, for instance, religious things. The same is true of moral things; they also cannot be seen. At best, we can show the effects of these things in the world, but not those things themselves. Aside from that, there is something else that is important. We need to teach children how to properly accept something because an authority presents it or to believe something because an authority believes it. If the children are incapable of doing this, we take something away from them for the remainder of their lives. Just look at what happens then. If someone at the age of thirty or thirty-five looks back on something they were taught in school, they will recognize that they did not understand it at that time. But because they loved their teacher, they accepted it. Such a person had the feeling that she did not learn but that she experienced. She had a feeling that she needed to honor, to respect the teacher, and since the teacher thought something, she should think it also. Thus, at the age of thirty or thirty-five, a person may recall something she did not understand but accepted out of love. Now, however, that person is more mature and looks at what arises out of the depths of her soul as an older person and realizes the following: what was accepted many years before out of love resurfaces later in life and now becomes clear. We need only consider what that means. It means that through such a resurfacing of something that is now understood for the first time at maturity, a feeling for life—which we need if we are to be useful human beings in social life—increases. We would take a great deal away from people if we took away the acceptance of truths through love, through a justifiable feeling for authority. Children must experience this justifiable feeling of authority, and we need to use all the powers of our souls in practicing education to work toward maintaining that justifiable authority for the child between the change of teeth and puberty.
The fact that we must divide elementary school into three periods gives us the basis of discovering the curriculum and the learning goals. During the first years of elementary school, imitation is affected by the principle of authority. From the ages of nine until twelve, the principle of authority becomes more and more important and imitation recedes. After the age of twelve, the power of judgment awakens. At the age of nine, children begin to separate their I from their surroundings in their inner experiences, and it is the I that awakens the child’s power to judge at about the age of twelve.
In this realm there is a strong connection between the way we think and feel about life and the way we think about the proper way to teach. You have, perhaps, heard of the philosopher Mach, whose views arise out of a natural-scientific perspective. He was a very honest and upright man, but throughout his life he represented the modern materialistic attitude. Because he was so honest, he also lived the inner structure of materialistic thinking. Thus he tells with a certain kind of naive honesty how once, when he was very tired, he jumped onto a bus. Now, just as he entered the bus, at the same time someone who looked like a schoolmaster jumped on the bus from the opposite side. This person made quite a special impression upon him. He first realized what it was after he had sat down. He realized that there was a mirror opposite the entrance to the bus and that what he had seen was himself. That is how little he knew his external form. The same thing happened to him another time. There was a mirror placed behind a display window, and he looked at himself but did not recognize himself. There is a connection between the fact that this man had so little capacity to recognize himself and the fact that he was a fanatical representative of certain pedagogical principles. In particular, Mach was a fanatical enemy of working with children’s youthful fantasy. He did not want any fairy tales told to children, or to teach children anything other than scientific trash about external sense-perceptible reality. That is how he brought up his own children, something he told me with a naively honest openness.
People can think what they want about the spiritual content of external, sense-perceptible reality, but it is poison for developing human beings when, from the ages of six or seven until the age of nine, their capacity for fantasy is not developed through fairy tales. If a teacher is not some radical, then he or she will present everything concerning the surroundings of a human being to a child, everything that is to be taught about animals, plants, or other things in nature to the children in the form of fairy tales. Children do not yet differentiate between themselves and their surroundings; that occurs only later, at the age of nine. If only people would learn what an enormous difference it makes whether children are read fairy tales or if you create such fairy tales yourself. No matter how many fairy tales you read or tell your children, they do not have the same effect as when you create them yourself and tell them to your children. The process of creation within you has an effect upon children; it really is conveyed to them. These are the intangible things in working with children.
It is an enormous advantage for the child’s development when you attempt to teach children certain ideas through external pictures. For example, if I want to teach the child at the earliest possible age to have a feeling for the immortality of the soul, I could attempt to do that by working with all the means at my disposal. I could attempt to do that by showing the child how the butterfly emerges from the cocoon and by indicating that in the same way the immortal soul flies off from the body.
Now certainly that is a picture, but you will only succeed with that picture when you do not present it as an abstract intellectual idea but believe it yourself. And you can believe it. If you genuinely penetrate into the secrets of nature, then what flies out of the cocoon will become for you the symbol for immortality that the creator placed into nature. You need to believe these things yourself. What you believe and experience yourself has a very different effect upon children from what you only accept intellectually. For that reason, during the children’s first years of school, we at the Waldorf School attempt to imaginatively present everything connected to the surroundings of the human being. As I said, a teacher who is not lost in dreamland will not cause the children to become lost in fantasy no matter how many stories about bugs or plants, about elephants or hippopotami they are told.
It is important to begin artistically, with a genuine enthusiasm for artistic writing. Allow writing to develop out of drawing, and for these first years of elementary schools, allow it to have an effect upon the imagination. Everything you teach in the way of scientific descriptions is damaging before the age of nine. Realistic descriptions of beetles or elephants or whatever, in the way we are used to giving them in the natural sciences, are damaging for children before this age. We should not work toward a realistic contemplation, but toward imagination.
We need to genuinely observe students when we stand before a class. It does not seem to me to be so bad if classes are very large as long as they are healthy and well ventilated. What we might call individualization occurs of itself if the teacher’s work arises out of a living comprehension of human nature and the nature of the world. In that case, the teacher is so interesting for the students that they become individualized by themselves. They will become individualized and do it actively. You do not need to work with each individual student, which is a kind of passive individualization. It is important that you always attempt to work with the entire class, and that a living contact with the teacher is present. When you have shaped your own soul to comprehend life, life will speak to those who wish to receive it.
If you develop a genuine talent for observation, you can perceive something when standing even before a large class. You can see that when you artistically present things that will become abstract and intellectualized only later, the physiognomy of the children changes. You will see how small changes in physiognomy occur, and that between the ages of seven and nine the children understand themselves. You can see how their faces express something healthily and not nervously active. It is of enormous import for the remainder of the children’s lives that this takes place. If the physiognomy develops healthily and actively, later in life people can develop a love of the world, a feeling for the world, an inner power of healing for hypochondria and superfluous criticism and similar things. It is terrible if you as teachers do not achieve that, for children after the age of nine have externally a quite different physiognomy than before.
I also think it is best for the teacher to not change classes throughout the entire elementary school period. I believe it is best for a teacher to begin with a class in the first grade of elementary school and continue moving up with the class through the grades until the end of elementary school, at least as far as this is possible. While I am aware of all the objections to this approach, I believe it can create an intimate connection with the students that outweighs all the disadvantages. It will counterbalance all the problems that can occur at the beginning because the teacher is unacquainted with the individuality of the class or the students. The teacher and students will achieve a balance over the course of time. They will grow together more and more with the class and will learn in that connection. It is not easy to see the subtle changes in the physiognomy of the children.
For me it is not important to describe some theoretical basis for following the spiritual and soul forces of human beings in such a way that you can see their connection with the physical body. What is important is understanding that the human being is a unity and actually being able to see this in individual cases. By developing these skills, you can train yourself to observe how people become different. Perhaps you will even develop a talent for observing how a person will listen later in life. You can read in the physiognomy whether people listen as a whole, that is, whether take in what they hear with thinking, feeling, and will, or whether they only allow what they hear to affect their wills, as a choleric might. It is good for teachers to develop such a talent for observation for life in general. Everything we learn in life can help us when we want to teach children. When you see, as I can see at the Waldorf School, how the teacher works in a way appropriate to her own individuality, you will notice how each class becomes a whole together with the teacher. Out of that whole arises the development of the child. This process can be very different with each individual teacher, since these processes can always be individualized. One teacher who instructs nine-year-old boys and girls could do something very well in a particular way and another who teaches quite differently could teach them just as well. In that way there is complete individualization.
I also believe it is possible to determine the curriculum and learning goals for each grade in the elementary school out of the nature of the human being. For that reason it is of great importance that the teacher be the genuine master of the school, if I may use the term “master.” I do not mean that there should be any teaching directives. Instead the teacher should be a part not only of the methods but also of the plans of the school. Whether she is teaching the first grade or the eighth, the teacher should be totally integrated with the whole of the school, and should teach the first grade in the same manner that the eighth grade will be taught.
In my lecture the day after tomorrow, I want to characterize the curriculum in more detail and also justify the learning goals for each year. Today, of course, since we are stuck in a materialistic culture that also has an effect upon our curriculum and learning goals, we can view such things only as an ideal for the future and put them into practice only to a limited degree. If there is a loophole in the law somewhere, as there is in the elementary school law in Württemberg, it is possible to make some compromises. Nevertheless such things need to be taken up since I believe they are connected with what must occur for us to move beyond the misery of the past five or six years.
5. Einiges über den Lehrplan
Die bisherigen Auseinandersetzungen sind ja, wie Sie wohl gesehen haben werden, nicht nur dem Inhalte nach verschieden von demjenigen, was man sonst heute als Anthropologie oder dergleichen hat, sondern sie sind der Art der ganzen Betrachtungsweise nach verschieden. Wer nicht jenes Gefühl entwickeln will, von dem ich am Schlusse des letzten Vortrages gesprochen habe, der wird nicht gleich einsehen, wie ein solches Erkennen vom Menschen, wie ich es ja allerdings nur nach verschiedenen Richtungen hin hier skizzieren konnte, anders zustande kommt, als das heute Geltende. Es kommt dadurch zustande, daß man gewissermaßen den ganzen werdenden Menschen, und zwar den leiblichen und den geistig-seelischen Menschen, in lebendiger Bewegung erfaßt. Durch ein solches Erfassen des lebendigen Menschen in Bewegung, durch ein solches Sichhineinversetzen in die menschliche Wesenheit erzeugt man in sich eine Erkenntnis, die nicht tot, die selber lebendig ist, und die vor allen Dingen geeignet ist, auf der einen Seite nicht haften zu bleiben am äußerlich Materiell-Physischen, und auf der anderen Seite doch nicht in Illusionen und Phantastereien zu verfallen. Und so kommt es, daß eigentlich so recht fruchtbar werden kann, was hier angeschlagen wird, erst in der unmittelbaren Anwendung, weil es seine besondere Eigenart in der unmittelbaren Anwendung zeigt.
Ich möchte da gewissermaßen episodisch eben erwähnen, worauf ich ja schon hingewiesen habe, daß der Versuch gemacht worden ist, die Denkweise, von der hier gesprochen wird, in der Stuttgarter Waldorfschule wirklich pädagogisch fruchtbar zu machen. Diese Stuttgarter Waldorfschule ist dadurch zustande gekommen, daß Emil Molt, der in Stuttgart eine Fabrik zu leiten hat, zunächst eine Schule, die wirklich rein auf geisteswissenschaftlich pädagogisch-didaktischen Prinzipien gebaut sein soll, für die Kinder seiner Arbeiter einrichten wollte. Diese Schule ist längst über diesen Rahmen hinausgewachsen, und man kann sagen, es ist dies der erste Versuch — allerdings wir stehen im ersten Schuljahr mit der Stuttgarter Waldorfschule, und wir haben die Kinder aller möglichen Klassen der äußeren Schule hereinbekommen; daher ist für den Anfang ein Kompromiß notwendig -, auf Grundlage geisteswissenschaftlicher Erfassung des Menschen eine solche Schule ihrem Lehrziele und ihrem Lehrplane nach zu gestalten. Daraus werden Sie auch sehen, daß es sich bei dem, was ich eigentlich hier meine, nicht darum handelt, etwa nur pädagogisch zurechtkommen zu wollen, wenn man an den Einzelnen, an das einzelne Kind herankommt, wenn man etwa auch kleine Klassen hat, wo man sich mit dem Einzelnen, wie man meint, genügend beschäftigen kann. Was hier vertreten wird, soll eine solche Durchdringung der Lehrerindividualität möglich machen, daß man durchaus auch vor großen Klassen bestehen kann, wenn man durch die sozialen Verhältnisse vor solche gestellt wird; und zwar, weil ein Erfassen des Menschen in lebendiger Bewegung zur Einsicht führt, daß das Herz nicht eine Pumpe ist, die das Blut durch den Organismus pumpt, sondern wie der Mensch innerlich lebendig ist und wie auch die Säftebewegung und die Herzbewegung ein Ergebnis dieser Lebendigkeit sind. Wenn man seinem Geiste die Konfiguration gibt, in dieser Weise zu denken, werden bestimmte Kräfte in der Lehrerindividualität in bezug auf die Entwickelung des Kindes sehend. Und dieses Sehend-Werden kann wirklich dahin führen, daß einem, selbst an einem Kinde aus einer sehr großen Klasse, mit der man sich nur wenige Monate beschäftigt hat, Bedeutendes aufgeht. Wenn man seinen Geist in diesem Sinne trainiert und dadurch einen starken Kontakt erzeugt, kommt dieser Geist dazu, gewissermaßen hellsichtig hineinzuschauen in die Individualität des Kindes. Also auf das kommt es an. Nicht so sehr ist Wert darauf zu legen, daß wir nun wissen, das Herz ist nicht die Ursache der Blutzirkulation, sondern das Ergebnis der Blutzirkulation; nein, sondern darauf kommt es an, daß, wer überhaupt in sich die Möglichkeit entwickelt, umgekehrt gegenüber unserem heutigen materialistischen Denken sich die Sache vorzustellen, wer diese Möglichkeit in sich entwickelt, so seinen Geist zu konfigurieren, der macht sich in einer andern Weise lebendig gegenüber dem werdenden Kinde und auch gegenüber einer ganzen Summe, einer ganzen Zahl von werdenden Kindern, und gerade dadurch auch gelangt man dazu, den Lehrplan aus der Natur des sich entwickelnden Kindes abzulesen.
Ich war ja allerdings in Stuttgart genötigt, da man ja natürlich nicht bloß aus reiner Pädagogik und Didaktik heraus so etwas wie eine Schule entwickeln kann innerhalb unserer heutigen sozialen Verhältnisse, in einer gewissen Weise einen Kompromiß zu schließen. Ich sagte: Sie haben die drei folgenden Etappen zu berücksichtigen: Völlige Freiheit in bezug auf die Durchführung des Lehrplanes durch das erste, zweite, dritte Schuljahr. Dann wollen wir die Kinder so weit bringen, daß sie die gleichen Lehrziele haben wie die Kinder äußerer Schulen. Dann wiederum nach dem zwölften Jahre, also der 6. Volksschulklasse, und dann wiederum, wenn sie abgehen aus der Schule. So daß bisher nur erreicht werden konnte, den Lehrplan, der nun einfach abgelesen ist dem Naturgesetze, in diesen Zwischenetappen durchzuführen, also in den drei ersten, in den zweiten drei Schuljahren und in der dritten Etappe, den zwei letzten Schuljahren. Das sind eben Dinge, die natürlich als Kompromisse mit den heutigen sozialen Verhältnissen geschlossen werden müssen. Aber innerhalb dieser Zwischenräume läßt sich immerhin schon einiges erreichen. Es läßt sich zum Beispiel auf dem gesunden Prinzip bauen, daß man nicht ausgeht vom Intellektuellen, wovon im Grunde genommen der heutige Unterricht zumeist ausgeht, also nicht einseitig von dieser einen Eigenschaft des werdenden Menschen, dem Intellekt, sondern daß man ausgeht vom ganzen Menschen.
Sehen Sie, da handelt es sich darum, daß man erst sich einen deutlichen Begriff von dem verschafft, was eigentlich der ganze Mensch ist. Heute haben die Leute die Meinung, daß man denken lernt, indem man den werdenden Menschen logisch anleitet zum Denken, weil man nicht beobachten kann, wie das Denken in der menschlichen Natur drinnen figuriert. Ich muß gestehen und darf es gestehen, ich habe die sechs Jahrzehnte meines bisherigen Lebens immer dazu verwendet, Menschenbeobachtung nach dieser Richtung hin zu treiben. Wer den werdenden Menschen beobachten kann, wer vergleichen kann den werdenden Menschen mit dem, was Mensch geworden ist, der sieht gewisse Zusammenhänge, die über die Lebensepochen des Menschen verbreitet sind, die sich, wenn man nicht den Blick dafür geschult hat, der Beobachtung eben entziehen. Ich möchte etwas anführen, auf das ich gern hinweise, weil es in einer gewissen fast sprichwörtlichen Weise hindeutet auf gewisse Zusammenhänge in der menschlichen Natur. Beobachtet man Kinder und sieht man, wie sie dadurch, daß die Umgebung in der richtigen Weise sich zu ihnen verhält, in einer berechtigten Weise den Erziehern oder überhaupt denjenigen Personen, denen gegenüber das berechtigt ist, ein Ergebenheitsgefühl entwickeln können, und verfolgt dann weiter, was aus diesen Kindern im späteren Leben wird, dann findet man, daß sich dieses Ergebenheitsgefühl immer mehr und mehr so verwandelt, daß aus diesen Kindern solche Menschen werden, die für ihre Mitmenschen einfach dadurch, daß sie da sind, daß sie zu ihnen sprechen, manchmal schon dadurch, daß sie überhaupt ihnen nur in irgendeiner Lebenslage einen Blick zuwerfen, zur Wohltat werden. Sie werden zur Wohltat aus dem Grunde, weil man dadurch, daß man verehren, oder, wenn ich sagen darf, daß man beten lernt, für spätere Zeit das Segnen lernt, daß man die segnende Kraft wirklich bekommt. Keine Hand kann segnen im späteren Alter, die nicht in der Kindheit verehren, beten, bitten gelernt hat. Es verwandeln sich eben metamorphosisch die Eigenschaften des Kindesalters im späteren Lebensalter in einer ganz gesetzmäßigen Weise.
Auf solche Dinge muß eben hingesehen werden. Für solche Dinge muß man sich den Blick erobern durch eine lebendige Wissenschaft, die Gefühl und Wille werden kann, nicht durch eine tote Wissenschaft, wie wir sie heute haben. So kann man sehen, wie man den ganzen Menschen erfaßt, wenn man dasjenige zunächst vermeidet, was ja natürlich sehr nahe liegt, an das Kind Konventionelles heranzubringen im weitesten Sinne des Wortes.
Nicht wahr, wir haben die Aufgabe, die Kinder schreiben zu lehren. Ja, aber so wie die Schrift heute ist, ist sie ein vorgerücktes Kulturprodukt. Sie ist dadurch entstanden, daß sich im Laufe der Menschheitsentwickelung aus einer Bilderschrift unsere heutige, rein schon bis zum Konventionellen abstrakte Schrift entwickelt hat. Wenn man versucht, ältere Schriften, ich will sagen, die ägyptische Bilderschrift, sich noch in ihrem ganzen Grundcharakter vor die Seele zu führen, dann sieht man, wie ursprüngliche menschliche Veranlagung davon ausgegangen ist, die Außenwelt nachzuzeichnen.
Schreiben und Nachzeichnen der Außenwelt liegen ja auch in einer gewissen Weise der menschlichen Sprachbildung zugrunde. In bezug auf diese Sprachbildung sind viele Hypothesen aufgestellt worden. Da gibt es - und damit sage ich nicht irgend etwas Nichtsnutziges, sondern die Dinge werden technisch in vielen Schriften so genannt -, da gibt es die sogenannte »Bim-Bam-Theorie«, die davon ausgeht, daß das Sprechen eine Nachbildung gewisser innerer Klangeigentümlichkeiten der Umgebung ist. Da gibt es die »Wau-Wau-Theorie«, welche darin besteht, daß das Sprechen beruhe auf einer Art Nachbildung desjenigen, was aus dem Innern der uns umgebenden Wesen selber an Lauten und dergleichen hervorkommt. Alle diese Theorien gehen nicht aus einer genügend umfassenden Betrachtung des Menschenwesens hervor. Eine umfassende Betrachtung des Menschenwesens, vor allen Dingen eine wirklich geschulte Beobachtung des kindlichen Sprechens selbst zeigt, wie das Gemüt des Menschen ganz anders engagiert ist beim Lernen der sogenannten Selbstlaute. Die Dinge werden ja gefühlsmäßig gelernt. Aber schult man sich seine Beobachtung, so sieht man, wie alles Selbstlautliche, alles Vokalische dadurch entsteht, daß das Innere des Menschen in gewisse Erlebnisse kommt, die so sind, wie einfache oder komplizierte Interjektionen, Gefühlsausbrüche, innere Erlebnisse. Im Vokalischen lebt sich das Innere des Menschen aus. Im Konsonantischen zeichnet der Mensch äußere Vorgänge nach. Er zeichnet äußere Vorgänge nach durch seine eigenen Organe; aber er zeichnet sie nach. Es ist schon das Sprechen selber ein Nachzeichnen der äußeren Vorgänge durch das Konsonantische, und ein Tingieren, ein Durchmalen dieses Nachzeichnens mit dem Vokalischen. So ist auch das Schreiben ursprünglich so ein Nachmalen, ein Nachzeichnen.
Bringen wir deshalb an das Kind, so wie es heute ist, das heran, was nun schon unsere konventionelle Schrift geworden ist, so wirken wir doch nur auf den Intellekt. Deshalb sollen wir ausgehen nicht vom eigentlichen Schreibenlehren, sondern ausgehen von einem gewissen künstlerischen Erfassen derjenigen Formen, die dann in der Schrift, auch in der Druckschrift, zum Ausdrucke kommen.
Sehen Sie, da kann man ja natürlich, wenn man wenig Erfindungsgeist hat, so vorgehen, daß man zum Beispiel die ägyptische Bilderschrift oder eine andere Bilderschrift nimmt und dann versucht, aus gewissen Formen dieser Bilderschrift die heutigen konventionellen Buchstabenformen herauszubekommen. Aber das hat man nicht einmal nötig. Es ist ja nicht notwendig, daß wir uns ganz halten an den realistischen Gang der Menschheitsentwickelung. Wenn wir selber versuchen, in den heutigen Buchstabenformen solche Linien zu entdecken, die uns die Möglichkeiten bieten, in dem Kinde zur Übung zu bringen diese oder jene Hand- oder Fingerbewegung, wenn wir die Kinder diese oder jene Linien zeichnen lassen, ganz abgesehen davon, daß sie Buchstaben werden sollen, wenn wir die Kinder Rundungen, Eckiges, Horizontales, Vertikales innerlich gefühlsmäßig durch den ganzen Menschen verstehen lernen lassen, dann werden wir das Kind zu einer auf die Welt hingeordneten Geschicklichkeit bringen. Und dadurch erreichen wir etwas psychologisch außerordentlich Wichtiges. Wir lehren zunächst noch gar nicht schreiben, aber wir richten ein gewisses künstlerisch geleitetes Zeichnen ein, das sich sogar bis zum Malen versteigen kann, wie wir es in der Waldorfschule machen, damit die Kinder zugleich ein lebendiges Verhältnis auch zur Farbe und zur Farbenharmonik in der Jugend erhalten, für die sie ganz besonders empfänglich sind im 7. und 8. Lebensjahr. Wenn man, ganz abgesehen von dem, daß zuletzt das Schreiben daraus werden soll, das Kind diesen künstlerisch geleiteten Zeichenunterricht genießen läßt, so merkt man, wie dadurch, daß ja das Kind genötigt ist, seine Finger, seinen ganzen Arm in einer gewissen Weise zu bewegen, nicht etwa bloß vom Denken auszugehen, sondern von der Geschicklichkeit auszugehen, daß dadurch das Ich dazukommt, den Intellekt als etwas, was wie eine Konsequenz erscheint des ganzen Menschen, in sich entwickeln zu lassen. Je weniger man den Intellekt dressiert, je mehr man darauf ausgeht, den ganzen Menschen zu behandeln so, daß aus den Gliederbewegungen, aus der Geschicklichkeit der Intellekt wird - und er wird -, desto besser ist es.
Man wird wahrscheinlich zunächst etwas paradox berührt sein, wenn man bei uns in der Waldorfschule in Stuttgart in den Handfertigkeitsunterricht kommt und da sieht, wie Knaben und Mädchen durcheinandersitzend stricken und häkeln und alle, nicht nur »weibliche« Handarbeiten machen, denn da sind es auch »männliche« Handarbeiten. Und warum dieses? Der Erfolg zeigt sich ja daran, daß die Knaben, wenn sie nicht künstlich davon abgehalten werden, ganz dieselbe Freude haben an diesen Arbeiten wie die Mädchen. Aber warum dieses? Wenn man weiß, daß unser Intellekt nicht dadurch gebildet wird, daß wir direkt losgehen auf die intellektuelle Bildung, wenn man weiß, daß jemand, der ungeschickt die Finger bewegt, einen ungeschickten Intellekt hat, wenig biegsame Ideen und Gedanken hat, während derjenige, der seine Finger ordentlich zu bewegen weiß, auch biegsame Gedanken und Ideen hat, hineingehen kann in die Wesenheit der Dinge, dann wird man nicht unterschätzen, was es heißt, den äußeren Menschen mit dem Ziel zu entwickeln, daß aus der ganzen Handhabung des äußeren Menschen der Intellekt als ein Stück hervorgeht.
Insbesondere ist dann der Moment von einer ganz besonderen erzieherischen Wichtigkeit, durch den man die Schriftformen herausspringen läßt aus dem, was man rein künstlerisch geleitet hat, und aus den Schriftformen erst die Formen, die dem Lesen zugrunde liegen. So daß also der Unterricht in der Waldorfschule ausgeht von einem rein Künstlerischen. Er entwickelt aus dem Künstlerischen zum Beispiel — neben anderem, ich will das alles nur illustrieren — das Schreiben, aus dem Schreiben heraus erst das Lesen. Dadurch entwickelt man das Kind ganz im Sinne derjenigen Kräfte, die nach und nach aus der kindlichen Natur wirklich heraus wollen. Dadurch trägt man in Wahrheit gar nichts Fremdes in das Kind hinein, und es ergibt sich ganz von selbst, daß man bis gegen das 9. Jahr hin es erreichen kann, daß das Kind das Zeichnen zum Schreiben und auch zum Lesen gebracht hat. Das ist von einer ganz besonderen Wichtigkeit, weil in den Fällen, wo man das gegen die Kräfte der Menschennatur, nicht mit den Kräften der Menschennatur erzieherisch entwickelt, man dem Menschen für das ganze Leben schadet. Verfährt man so, daß man genau dasjenige treibt, was die Natur des Kindes will, dann kommt man an den Menschen so heran, daß man in ihm entwickeln kann, was ihm dann für das ganze Leben fruchtbar werden wird.
Wenn wir von dem Äußeren mehr in das Innere gehen, ist es wichtig, zu sehen, wie das Kind zunächst im 6,., 7., 8. Jahr gar nicht dazu veranlagt ist, sich schon als eine Ich-Wesenheit von seiner Umgebung zu unterscheiden, und man nimmt gewissermaßen der gesunden Natur des Menschen etwas weg, wenn man diesen Unterschied der Ich-Wesenheit von der Umgebung zu früh entwickelt. Beobachten Sie nur einmal Kinder, die sich in dem Spiegel beschauen. Beobachten Sie die vor dem 9. Jahre und im 10. Jahre, also nach dem 9. Jahre, und eignen Sie sich einen Blick an für die Physiognomie-Gestaltung. Dann werden Sie sehen, daß Ihnen einfach der Blick auf die Physiognomie-Gestaltung zeigt, daß mit dem Überschreiten des 9. Lebensjahres — ungefähr, selbstverständlich ist alles approximativ, für das eine Kind so, für das andere Kind so — etwas außerordentlich Wichtiges in der menschlichen Natur geschieht. Man kann dieses Wichtige so charakterisieren, daß man sagt: Bis zum Zahnwechsel hin entwickelt sich der Mensch eigentlich als eine Art Nachahmer. Es liegt im Prinzip, daß der Mensch seine Umgebung nachahmt. Wir würden nicht sprechen lernen, wenn wir nicht Nachahmer wären in dieser Zeit. Dieses Prinzip der Nachahmung geht dann noch in die folgenden Jahre hinein, bis ins 9. Lebensjahr etwa. Aber schon während des Zahnwechsels beginnt unter dem Einfluß des Autoritätsgefühls das Prinzip sich zu entwickeln, dasjenige gelten zu lassen, was die verehrten Persönlichkeiten der Umgebung als richtig anerkennen. Worum es sich handelt, ist, daß man wirklich dieses Autoritätsgefühl, und zwar ein berechtigtes, das in der Zeit vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife auftritt, dem Kinde gegenüber zu erhalten versteht; denn die menschliche Natur will das.
Alle Deklamationen unserer Zeit, man solle gewissermaßen das Kind selber schon über das urteilen lassen, was es zu lernen für richtig findet — auf das kommt ja manches heute schon hinaus -, alle diese Deklamationen berücksichtigen eben nicht das Bedürfnis der Menschennatur selbst, das in das ganze spätere Leben hineingetragen wird dadurch, daß der Mensch, indem er nur noch das Nachahmungsprinzip über das 7. Jahr ins 9. Jahr führt, dieses Nachahmungsprinzip mit dem Autoritätsgefühlsprinzip durchwirkt. Vom 9. Jahre an kommt dann dieses Autoritätsprinzip immer reiner und reiner heraus, und vom 12. Jahre an mischt sich wieder ein Neues hinein, nämlich das eigene Urteilsvermögen.
Es ist für alle Erziehungskunst von fundamentaler Bedeutung, daß man den Menschen, den werdenden Menschen nicht zu früh zum eigenen Urteil bringt. Gewiß, alles das, was man Anschauungsunterricht nennt, es hat eine gewisse eingeschränkte Berechtigung, sehr große Bedeutung auf einem eingeschränkten Gebiete. Aber wenn man den Anschauungsunterricht so verbreitet, daß man meint, man dürfe nur dasjenige an das Kind heranbringen, was es selber einsieht aus der unmittelbaren Anschauung, so weiß man erstens nicht, daß es Dinge gibt in der Welt, die sich eben nicht anschauen lassen und die man auch an das Kind heranbringen muß. Es gibt unanschauliche Dinge, zum Beispiel alle religiösen Dinge sind unanschaulich. Ebenso alle sittlichen Dinge sind unanschaulich. Man kann höchstens die Wirkungen der Dinge in der Welt anschaulich zeigen, nicht aber das eigentliche Unanschauliche. Aber ganz abgesehen davon, es kommt auf etwas anderes an. Wer nicht in der richtigen Weise zu rechnen vermag mit diesem Gefühl, etwas hinzunehmen, weil man einer Autorität gegenübersteht, etwas zu glauben, weil diese Autorität glaubt, wenn man darauf nicht die nötige Rücksicht nimmt, so nimmt man dem Menschen, den man erzieht, für das ganze spätere Leben etwas. Ich meine, man sehe hin auf dasjenige, was man erlebt. Wenn man, ich will gleich einen sehr späten Termin annehmen, als 30-35jähriger Mensch sich zurückerinnert an irgend etwas, was man in der Schule beigebracht erhalten hat, so ergibt sich, daß man es dazumal nicht verstanden hat, aber weil man den Lehrer liebte, nahm man es auf. Man hatte das Gefühl, das man natürlich nicht exemplifizierte, aber das man erlebte, man hatte das Gefühl: Diesen Mann muß ich verehren, oder diese Frau muß ich verehren, die meint das, ich muß es auch meinen. An so etwas, was man nicht verstanden, sondern aus Liebe angenommen hat, erinnert man sich im 30. oder 35. Lebensjahre. Jetzt ist man reifer geworden. Man sieht das, was man herausholt aus den Untergründen seiner Seele, mit seinem späteren Menschen an, und man kommt auf folgendes: was man viele Jahre vorher aus Liebe aufgenommen hat, man nimmt es wiederum in den Horizont des Lebens herein und klärt sich jetzt darüber auf. Man muß nur beobachten können, was das bedeutet. Das bedeutet, daß aus einem solchen Wiederheraufholen dessen, was jetzt erst aus der eigenen Reife heraus verstanden wird, eine Steigerung des Lebensgefühls kommt, die wir brauchen, wenn wir für das Leben, für das soziale Leben überhaupt brauchbare Menschen werden wollen. Das würde den Menschen viel nehmen, wenn wir ihnen das Aufnehmen von Wahrheiten aus Liebe nehmen würden, aus hingebender Liebe in berechtigtem Autoritätsempfinden. Dieses berechtigte Autoritätsempfinden, dem muß das Kind ausgesetzt sein, und wir müssen mit aller Kraft unserer Seele in der pädagogischen Kunst darauf hinarbeiten, daß wir dem Kinde von seinem Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife die berechtigte Autorität erhalten.
Nun müssen wir uns aber klar sein darüber, daß die Tatsache, daß wir gerade die Volksschulzeit einteilen müssen in drei Epochen, uns ja die Grundlage für das Ablesen des Lehrplanes und das Ablesen der Lehrziele gibt. Erste Volksschuljahre: die Nachahmung wird durchwirkt vom Autoritätsprinzip. 9. bis 12.Lebensjahr: das Autoritätsprinzip greift immer mehr über, die bloße Nachahmung tritt zurück. 12. Lebensjahr: die Urteilskraft erwacht. Im 9. Lebensjahr beginnt das Kind schon auch im eigenen inneren Erleben das Ich abzulösen von der Umgebung. Aber dieses Ich ruft es vom 12. Jahre an zum eigenen Urteilen auf.
Auf diesem Gebiete hängt wirklich die Art und Weise, wie wir über das Leben denken und empfinden, gar sehr zusammen mit der Art, wie wir über das richtige Unterrichten denken. Sie haben vielleicht gehört von dem aus naturwissenschaftlichen Grundanschauungen hervorgegangenen Philosophen Mach. Er ist ein sehr ehrlicher, aufrichtiger Mann gewesen, aber ein Mann, der eigentlich auch ganz in seinem Lebenstypus dargelebt hat den materialistisch gesinnten Menschen der Gegenwart. Weil er so ehrlich war, ehrlicher als die anderen, so lebte er auch die innerliche Struktur des materialistischen Denkens besonders aus. Und so erzählt er mit einer gewissen naiven Aufrichtigkeit, wie er einmal, nachdem er sehr ermüdet war, hinaufsprang in einen Omnibuswagen. Nun, da kam er hinein und, merkwürdig, auf der anderen Seite, vis-A-vis, springt, wie er sich sagte, ein schulmeisterlich aussehender Mensch hinein, der auf ihn einen ganz sonderbaren Eindruck macht. Er kam erst darauf, nachdem er sich schon niedergesetzt hatte — das gesteht er selbst -, daß da ein Spiegel war gegenüber der Einlaßtüre, so daß er sich selbst gesehen hat. So wenig wußte er von seiner äußeren Gestalt! Das passierte ihm noch einmal: es war ein Spiegel angebracht vor einem Schaufenster, er begegnete sich selbst darin und erkannte sich nicht! — Es hängt das, daß dieser Mann so wenig Anlage hatte, körperliche Erkenntnismerkmale zu sehen, mit seinem fanatischen Vertreten eines gewissen pädagogischen Prinzips zusammen. Der Mann ist nämlich ein fanatischer Feind alles Wirkens auf die jugendliche Phantasie des Kindes. Er will nicht, daß man dem Kinde irgendwelche Märchen erzählt, daß man dem Kinde etwas anderes beibringt, als was naturalistischer Abklatsch einer äußeren sinnlichen Wirklichkeit ist. So hat er auch seine Kinder erziehen lassen. Das erzählt er mit naiv ehrlicher Offenheit.
Nun, man mag denken wie man will über den geistigen Gehalt der äußeren sinnlichen Wirklichkeit, aber Gift ist es für den werdenden Menschen, wenn er gerade in der Zeit zwischen dem 6., 7. und dem 9. Jahre nicht gerade auf märchenhafte Art die Phantasie entwickelt bekommt. Ist der Lehrer selber kein Phantast, so wird er zunächst alles dasjenige, was er an das Kind über die Umgebung des Menschen heranbringen will - das Kind unterscheidet sich ja noch nicht von der Umgebung, das tritt erst später, im 9. Jahre ein -, alles das, was er entwickelt über Tier, Pflanze, über die übrige Natur, er wird es dem Kinde in Märchenform beibringen. Wenn man nur einmal sich damit vertraut machte, welch gewaltiger Unterschied darinnen liegt, ob man dem Kinde Märchen liest oder man solche Märchen selber erst ausgestaltet! Ich bitte, lesen Sie noch so viel Märchen und erzählen Sie gelesene Märchen Ihren Kindern, sie wirken nicht so, als wenn Sie viel schlechtere Märchen selber ausgestalten und sie an die Kinder heranbringen, und zwar weil der Prozeß des Gestaltens in Ihnen — das ist ja eben das, was ich meine mit dem Lebendigen - auf das Kind nachwirkt, weil er sich wirklich dem Kinde mitteilt. Das sind die Imponderabilien des Umgangs mit dem Kinde.
Es ist von einem großen Vorteil für die Entwickelung des Kindes, wenn man versucht, gewisse Vorstellungen durch äußere Bilder dem Kinde beizubringen, sagen wir zum Beispiel: Ich will, und es ist das gut, dem Kinde schon möglichst früh eine Empfindung von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele beibringen. Ich versuche das, indem ich mit allen Mitteln, die sich mir dafür ergeben, darauf hinarbeite; ich versuche das, indem ich das Kind darauf aufmerksam mache, wie aus der Schmetterlingspuppe der Schmetterling ausfliegt und indem ich es darauf hinweise: so fliegt die unsterbliche Seele aus dem Leibe aus.
Nun gewiß, es ist ein Bild; aber Sie werden nur Glück haben mit diesem Bilde, wenn Sie dieses Bild nicht als abstrakte intellektualistische Ausgestaltung an das Kind heranbringen, sondern wenn Sie selber daran glauben. Und man kann daran glauben. Dringt man wirklich ein in die Geheimnisse der Natur, dann wird einem selbst dasjenige, was aus der Schmetterlingspuppe ausfliegt, das von dem Schöpfer selbst in die Natur hineingestellte Symbolum für die Unsterblichkeit. Man muß an diese Dinge selber glauben. Und ganz anders wirkt das, was man selber in dieser Weise glaubt und erlebt, auf das Kind, als dasjenige, was man nur intellektuell annimmt. Darum wird in unserer Waldorfschule versucht, alles dasjenige, was sich auf die menschliche Umgebung bezieht, in den ersten Schuljahren durch die Phantasie an die Kinder heranzubringen. Wie gesagt, der Lehrer, der nicht selber ein Phantast ist, macht auch die Kinder nicht zu Phantasten, mag er noch so phantasievoll über Käfer und über Pflanzen und über Elefanten. und über Nilpferde erzählen,
Das sind die beiden Dinge, um die es sich handelt: künstlerisch zunächst vorgehen, mit wirklicher Selbsthingabe an das künstlerische Gestalten, sagen wir, des Schreibens, so wie ich es gemeint habe, es sich aus dem Zeichnen entwickeln lassend, und zunächst in diesen ersten Volksschuljahren auf die Phantasie wirkend. Alles ist schädlich, was man vor dem 9. Lebensjahre an naturwissenschaftlicher Beschreibung oder dergleichen an das Kind heranbringt. Realistische Beschreibungen eines Käfers oder eines Elefanten oder was immer, so wie wir es gewöhnt sind in den Naturwissenschaften zu geben, auch in der Naturgeschichte zu geben, es ist schädlich vor dem 9. Lebensjahre für das Kind. Da müssen wir nicht schon auf den realistischen Nachdenksinn wirken, sondern auf die Phantasie. Allerdings, wir müssen das können. Da müssen wir dann die Gabe haben, wenn wir einer ganzen Klasse gegenüberstehen, wirklich beobachten zu können. Mir erscheint es gar nicht einmal so schlimm, wenn die Klassen, wenn sie gut gelüftet sind, wenn sie gesundheitlich richtig sind, viele Schüler haben; denn dasjenige, was man Individualisieren nennt, das geschieht von selbst, wenn der Lehrer so wirkt, daß das, was er tut, aus der lebendigen Erfassung der Menschenwesenheit und der Weltwesenheit hervorgeht. Dann wird er so interessant für seine Schüler, daß die sich selber individualisieren. Die individualisieren sich schon; sie individualisieren sich aktiv. Man braucht sich nicht mit jedem Einzelnen zu beschäftigen, daß passiv individualisiert wird. Aber dasjenige, um was es sich handelt, ist eben, daß man durchaus versucht, die ganze Klasse so zu behandeln, daß dieser lebendige Kontakt mit dem Lehrer vorhanden ist, der sich ganz von selbst ergibt. Wenn man sich selber in seinem eigenen Seelenleben daraufhin konfiguriert hat, Lebendiges zu erfassen, dann spricht Lebendiges zu lebendig Empfangenwollendem.
Hat man sich dann angeeignet eine wirkliche Beobachtungsgabe, dann kann man auch einer großen Klasse gegenüber etwas wahrnehmen. Man kann sehen, wenn man das Künstlerische, das erst später verabstrahiert, verintellektualisiert wird, an die Kinder so heranbringt, wie ich es jetzt skizzenweise dargestellt habe, daß dann sich die Physiognomien, die wirklichen Physiognomien der Kinder ändern, wie wirklich kleine Varianten in der körperlichen Physiognomie auftreten, und daß zwischen dem 7. und 9.Lebensjahre das Kind sich innerlich so erfaßt, daß man sieht, es kommt in seine Gesichtsphysiognomie etwas Gesund-Aktives, nicht Nervös-Aktives hinein. Es ist von einer eminenten Wichtigkeit für das ganze Leben, daß das eintritt; denn durch dieses Eintreten eines gesund-aktiven Momentes in die Physiognomie, dadurch gelangt man dazu, im späteren Leben auch Weltenliebe, Weltengefühl, innerliche Heilkräfte gegen jede Art von Hypochondrie, überflüssige Kritikasterei und dergleichen zu entwickeln. Eigentlich ist es schrecklich, wenn man als Erzieher und Lehrer es nicht erreicht, daß die Kinder auch äußerlich rein der Physiognomie nach mit dem 9. Lebensjahre etwas anderes sind als vorher. Vor großen Schulklassen, meine ich, braucht man nicht zurückzuschrecken; dagegen müßte man schon anstreben — die Einwände hiergegen kenne ich wohl und sage sie erst, nachdem ich die Einwände berücksichtigt habe -, daß man den Lehrer am besten die ganze Volksschule hindurch nicht wechselt; die erste Volksschulklasse einem Lehrer übergibt und diesen Lehrer aufrücken läßt in seiner Klasse, soweit es nur überhaupt geht, am besten bis zum Schluß der Volksschule. Wie gesagt, ich kenne alle Einwände; aber dasjenige, was geleistet wird dadurch an intimem Zusammenwachsen mit der Schülerschaft, das wiegt alle Nachteile auf; denn dadurch gleichen sich auch diejenigen Dinge aus, die anfangs noch als Nachteile auftreten durch die ja notwendige Unbekanntschaft mit der ganzen Individualität etwa einer Klasse, die viele Schüler hat; die gleichen sich im Laufe der Zeit aus. Man wächst immer mehr und mehr zusammen mit seiner Klasse und lernt wirklich solche Dinge kennen, die sich beziehen auf so etwas, wie ich es eben gesagt habe. Denn leicht ist es nicht, darauf zu kommen, diesen feinen Umschwung in der Physiognomie des betreffenden Kindes zu bemerken.
Es handelt sich mir nicht darum, daß ich Ihnen theoretisch aus irgendeinem Grunde habe mitteilen wollen, man könne jede seelisch-geistige Kraft des Menschen so verfolgen, daß man sie in ihrem Zusammenhange mit dem Leiblichen sieht, sondern darauf kommt es an, daß es einem gar keine Ruhe läßt, wenn man einmal begriffen hat, daß der Mensch in dieser Weise eine Einheit ist, bis man es in jedem einzelnen Falle wirklich erschaut. Man schult sich durch diese Beobachtungsweise erst, zu beobachten, wie die Menschen anders werden, dadurch, daß man sie in entsprechender Weise entwickelt. Es darf ja vielleicht verraten werden, daß man sich sogar eine gewisse Beobachtungsgabe dafür aneignen kann, wie ein Mensch noch zuhört, wenn er alt geworden ist. Man kann ganz gut einfach an der Physiognomie ablesen, ob der ganze Mensch zuhört, das heißt, dasjenige aufnimmt, was er hört, mit Vorstellen, Fühlen und Wollen, oder ob er bloß mit dem Vorstellen oder bloß mit dem Vorstellen und Fühlen durchdrungen zuhört, oder ob er als Choleriker es vielleicht auf seinen Willen wirken läßt. Es ist für den Pädagogen unter allen Umständen ganz besonders gut, wenn er auch für das Leben überhaupt sich solche Beobachtungsgabe anerzieht; denn alles das, was wir überhaupt im Leben uns aneignen, hilft uns, wenn es sich darum handelt, Kinder weiter zu bringen. Wenn man, wie ich bei der Waldorfschule, sehen kann, wie der Lehrer seiner Individualität entsprechend wirkt, so bemerkt man, wie jede Klasse zusammen mit dem Lehrer ein Ganzes wird, was etwas anderes ist als die Summe der Kinder oder Lehrer und Kinder, und aus diesem Ganzen geht dann dasjenige hervor, was Entwickelung der Kinder ist. Das kann bei dem einzelnen Lehrer wieder in der allerverschiedensten Weise sein und gleich gut sein. Man braucht durchaus nicht zu glauben, daß diese Dinge eindeutig sind, die ich hier vorbringe. Sie sind nicht eindeutig. Sie sind so, daß sie sich durchaus individualisieren lassen, und man kann sagen: Einer, der neunjährige Knaben und Mädchen unterrichtet, kann sie in einer gewissen Weise gut unterrichten. Ein anderer, der ganz anders unterrichtet, unterrichtet sie auch gut; denn da tritt auch eine vollständige Individualisierung ein.
So meine ich, daß es möglich ist, wirklich für die einzelnen Lebensjahre des Volksschülers aus der Natur des Menschen Lehrplan und Lehrziele herauszufinden. Daher ist ein so großer Wert darauf zu legen, daß der Pädagoge selber Herr in der Schule ist - wenn ich den Ausdruck »Herr« gebrauchen darf -, daß nicht bestehen irgendwelche Normen, nach denen man sich zu richten hat, sondern daß der Pädagoge selber Herr der Schule ist, daß er verwächst nicht nur mit der Methodik, sondern daß er verwächst mit dem Plane der Schule, daß er verwachsen ist, ob er nun in einem Jahr die erste oder die achte Klasse unterrichtet, mit der ganzen Konfiguration der Volksschule selber und in der ersten Klasse schon so unterrichtet, daß in dieser Art des Unterrichtens auch die Art gegeben ist, wie man dann in der achten Klasse unterrichten muß.
Nun, von diesen Dingen will ich dann weiter ausgehend übermorgen den Lehrplan im Detail charakterisieren und die Lehrziele für die einzelnen Jahre rechtfertigen. Es ist natürlich, daß heute, weil wir ja in einer materialistischen Kultur drinnenstecken, die auch auf unseren Lehrplan und unsere Lehrziele sich auswirkt, man diese Dinge nur wie ein Ideal für die Zukunft hinstellen, und sie dann verwirklichen kann, soweit es geht. Wenn einmal irgendwo eineLücke ist, wie im Württembergischen Schulgesetz, kann man in diese Lücke gerade noch kompromißweise etwas hineinbringen. Aber solche Dinge müssen eben doch aufgenommen werden; denn ich glaube, sie hängen zusammen mit dem, was wir durchdringen müssen, damit wir über dieMisere hinauskommen, die sich in den Ereignissen der letzten fünf bis sechs Jahre gezeigt hat.
5. A Few Words about the Curriculum
As you will have seen, the discussions so far have not only differed in content from what is otherwise considered anthropology or the like today, but they have also differed in their overall approach. Those who do not wish to develop the feeling I spoke of at the end of my last lecture will not immediately understand how such an understanding of human beings, which I have only been able to sketch out here in various directions, comes about differently from what is currently accepted. It comes about through grasping, as it were, the whole developing human being, both the physical and the spiritual-soul human being, in living movement. By grasping the living human being in motion in this way, by empathizing with the human essence in this way, one generates within oneself a knowledge that is not dead, that is itself alive, and that is above all suited to not remaining stuck on the external material-physical on the one hand, and yet not falling into illusions and fantasies on the other. And so it is that what is being discussed here can only really bear fruit in its immediate application, because it reveals its special nature in its immediate application.
I would like to mention, in a somewhat episodic manner, what I have already pointed out, namely that an attempt has been made to make the way of thinking discussed here truly pedagogically fruitful in the Stuttgart Waldorf School. This Stuttgart Waldorf School came about because Emil Molt, who runs a factory in Stuttgart, initially wanted to set up a school for his workers' children that would be based purely on spiritual scientific pedagogical and didactic principles. This school has long since outgrown this framework, and one can say that this is the first attempt — although we are in the first school year with the Stuttgart Waldorf School, and we have accepted children from all possible classes of the outer school; therefore, a compromise is necessary for the beginning — to design such a school in terms of its teaching goals and curriculum on the basis of a spiritual-scientific understanding of the human being. From this you will also see that what I actually mean here is not just a matter of getting along pedagogically when approaching the individual, the individual child, when you have small classes where you can deal with the individual sufficiently, as you think. What is advocated here is to enable such a penetration of the teacher's individuality that one can certainly cope with large classes if one is confronted with them due to social circumstances; namely because understanding human beings in living motion leads to the insight that the heart is not a pump that pumps blood through the organism, but that human beings are alive inside and that the movement of fluids and the movement of the heart are also a result of this liveliness. If one trains one's mind to think in this way, certain powers in the teacher's individuality become visible in relation to the child's development. And this becoming visible can really lead to the discovery of something significant, even in a child from a very large class with whom one has only been working for a few months. If you train your mind in this sense and thereby create a strong connection, this mind will, in a sense, be able to see clearly into the individuality of the child. So that is what matters. It is not so important that we now know that the heart is not the cause of blood circulation, but the result of blood circulation; no, what matters is that those who develop within themselves the ability to imagine things in a way that is contrary to our current materialistic thinking, those who develop this ability within themselves, to configure their mind in this way, becomes alive in a different way towards the unborn child and also towards a whole sum, a whole number of unborn children, and it is precisely through this that one arrives at reading the curriculum from the nature of the developing child.
I was, of course, forced in Stuttgart to make a compromise of sorts, since it is impossible to develop something like a school within our current social conditions based purely on pedagogy and didactics. I said: You have to take the following three stages into account: Complete freedom with regard to the implementation of the curriculum through the first, second, and third school years. Then we want to bring the children to the point where they have the same learning objectives as children in external schools. Then again after the twelfth year, i.e., the sixth grade of elementary school, and then again when they leave school. So far, it has only been possible to implement the curriculum, which is now simply read from the laws of nature, in these intermediate stages, i.e., in the first three, in the second three school years, and in the third stage, the last two school years. These are things that naturally have to be compromised with today's social conditions. But within these intervals, a lot can already be achieved. For example, we can build on the sound principle that we should not start from the intellectual, which is basically what today's teaching mostly starts from, i.e., not one-sidedly from this one characteristic of the developing human being, the intellect, but that we should start from the whole human being.
You see, it is a matter of first gaining a clear understanding of what the whole human being actually is. Today, people believe that one learns to think by logically guiding the developing human being to think, because one cannot observe how thinking figures in human nature. I must confess, and I am allowed to confess, that I have spent the six decades of my life so far observing people in this way. Anyone who can observe the developing human being, anyone who can compare the developing human being with what has become human, sees certain connections that are spread across the epochs of human life and which, if one has not trained one's eye to see them, elude observation. I would like to mention something that I like to point out because it indicates, in a certain almost proverbial way, certain connections in human nature. If one observes children and sees how, when their environment treats them in the right way, they can justifiably develop a feeling of devotion toward their educators or, in general, toward those persons toward whom this is justified, and then follow what becomes of these children in later life, one finds that this feeling of devotion transforms more and more, so that these children become people who are a blessing to their fellow human beings simply by being there, by speaking to them, sometimes even just by glancing at them in some situation in life. They become a blessing because by learning to worship, or, if I may say so, by learning to pray, they learn to bless for later times, they truly acquire the power to bless. No hand can bless in later life that has not learned to worship, pray, and ask in childhood. The characteristics of childhood are transformed metamorphically in later life in a completely natural way.
Such things must be looked at. For such things, one must gain insight through a living science that can become feeling and will, not through a dead science as we have today. In this way, one can see how to grasp the whole human being if one first avoids what is naturally very obvious, namely, introducing the child to convention in the broadest sense of the word.
It is true that we have the task of teaching children to write. Yes, but writing as it is today is an advanced cultural product. It arose because, in the course of human development, our present-day writing, which is already abstract to the point of being conventional, developed from pictorial writing. If one tries to visualize older forms of writing, for example Egyptian pictographic writing, in all its fundamental characteristics, one sees how it was based on the original human predisposition to trace the outside world.
Writing and tracing the outside world are, in a certain sense, also fundamental to the formation of human language. Many hypotheses have been put forward regarding this development of language. There is – and I am not saying anything useless here, but rather referring to the technical terms used in many writings – there is the so-called “bim-bam theory,” which assumes that speech is a reproduction of certain internal sound characteristics of the environment. There is the “woof-woof theory,” which consists of the idea that speech is based on a kind of imitation of the sounds and noises that come from within the beings that surround us. None of these theories are based on a sufficiently comprehensive view of human beings. A comprehensive view of human beings, and above all a truly trained observation of children's speech itself, shows how the human mind is engaged in a completely different way when learning the so-called self-sounds. Things are learned emotionally. But if you train your observation, you see how everything vowel-like, everything vocal, arises from the inner life of the human being experiencing certain things, such as simple or complicated interjections, emotional outbursts, inner experiences. The inner life of the human being is expressed in the vocal. In consonants, the human being traces external processes. He traces external processes through his own organs; but he traces them. Speaking itself is already a tracing of external processes through consonants, and a tinging, a painting over of this tracing with vowels. Writing, too, is originally such a painting over, a tracing.
If we therefore introduce children, as they are today, to what has now become our conventional writing, we are only affecting their intellect. That is why we should not start with the actual teaching of writing, but with a certain artistic understanding of the forms that are then expressed in writing, including printed writing.
You see, if you have little inventive spirit, you can of course proceed by taking, for example, Egyptian pictographic writing or another form of pictographic writing and then trying to derive today's conventional letter forms from certain forms of this pictographic writing. But that is not even necessary. It is not necessary for us to adhere strictly to the realistic course of human development. If we ourselves try to discover lines in today's letter forms that offer us the opportunity to train children to make certain hand or finger movements, if we let children draw certain lines, quite apart from the fact that they are supposed to become letters, if we let children learn to understand curves, angles, horizontal and vertical lines, then we will bring the child to a level of skill that is oriented toward the world. And in this way we achieve something that is psychologically extremely important. We do not teach writing at first, but we establish a certain artistically guided drawing, which can even extend to painting, as we do in Waldorf schools, so that children also develop a lively relationship with color and color harmony in their youth, for which they are particularly receptive at the ages of 7 and 8. If, quite apart from the fact that this will ultimately lead to writing, we allow the child to enjoy this artistically guided drawing instruction, one notices how, because the child is compelled to move their fingers and their whole arm in a certain way, not just starting from thinking but from dexterity, the ego comes into play, allowing the intellect to develop within them as something that appears to be a consequence of the whole person. The less one trains the intellect, the more one focuses on treating the whole person in such a way that the intellect arises from the movements of the limbs, from dexterity – and it does arise – the better it is.
You will probably be somewhat surprised at first when you come to our Waldorf school in Stuttgart and see boys and girls sitting together knitting and crocheting, and all of them doing not only “feminine” handicrafts, but also “masculine” handicrafts. And why is this? The success is evident in the fact that, unless they are artificially discouraged from doing so, the boys enjoy these activities just as much as the girls. But why is this? When you know that our intellect is not formed by directly embarking on intellectual education, when you know that someone who is clumsy with their fingers has a clumsy intellect, has inflexible ideas and thoughts, while someone who knows how to move their fingers properly also has flexible thoughts and ideas, can penetrate into the essence of things, then one will not underestimate what it means to develop the outer human being with the aim that the intellect emerges as a whole from the entire handling of the outer human being.
In particular, the moment when the written forms emerge from what has been guided purely artistically, and from the written forms the forms that underlie reading, is of very special educational importance. So teaching in the Waldorf school starts from a purely artistic basis. From the artistic, it develops, for example—among other things, I just want to illustrate all this—writing, and from writing, first reading. In this way, the child is developed entirely in accordance with the forces that gradually want to emerge from the child's nature. In this way, nothing foreign is actually introduced into the child, and it follows quite naturally that by the age of 9, the child can be taught to draw for writing and also for reading. This is of particular importance because in cases where one develops educationally against the forces of human nature, rather than with them, one harms the human being for life. If one proceeds in such a way that one does exactly what the nature of the child wants, then one approaches the human being in such a way that one can develop in him what will then be fruitful for his whole life.
If we move from the external to the internal, it is important to see how children in their 6th, 7th, and 8th years are not yet predisposed to distinguish themselves from their environment as an ego entity, and that one takes something away from the healthy nature of the human being, so to speak, if one develops this distinction between the ego entity and the environment too early. Just observe children looking at themselves in the mirror. Observe them before the age of 9 and at the age of 10, i.e., after the age of 9, and learn to recognize the formation of their physiognomy. Then you will see that simply looking at the physiognomic structure shows you that when a child reaches the age of nine — approximately, of course, everything is approximate, for one child this, for another child that — something extraordinarily important happens in human nature. This important change can be characterized by saying that until the change of teeth, the human being actually develops as a kind of imitator. It is in principle that the human being imitates his or her environment. We would not learn to speak if we were not imitators during this period. This principle of imitation then continues into the following years, until about the age of 9. But already during the change of teeth, under the influence of the sense of authority, the principle begins to develop of accepting as valid what the respected personalities in the environment recognize as right. What is important is that we understand how to maintain this sense of authority, which is justified and occurs between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, in relation to the child; for this is what human nature wants.
All the declarations of our time that children themselves should be allowed to judge what they think is right to learn — which is already the case in many instances today — all these declarations fail to take into account the need of human nature itself, which is carried into later life by the fact that, by continuing the principle of imitation beyond the age of 7 into the age of 9, the human being interweaves this principle of imitation with the principle of authority. From the age of nine onwards, this principle of authority emerges more and more purely, and from the age of twelve onwards, something new is added, namely the child's own power of judgment.It is of fundamental importance for all educational practices that human beings, developing human beings, are not led to their own judgment too early. Certainly, everything that is called visual instruction has a certain limited justification and is very important in a limited area. But if one spreads visual teaching to such an extent that one thinks one should only bring to the child what it can see for itself from direct observation, then one does not realize, first of all, that there are things in the world that cannot be seen and that must also be brought to the child. There are things that cannot be seen, for example, all religious things are invisible. Likewise, all moral things are invisible. At most, one can show the effects of things in the world, but not the actual invisible things themselves. But quite apart from that, something else is important. If you are unable to deal with this feeling of accepting something because you are faced with an authority, of believing something because this authority believes it, if you do not take the necessary consideration into account, then you are taking something away from the person you are educating for their entire future life. I think you should look at what you experience. If, let's say, as a 30-35-year-old, you remember something you were taught in school, it turns out that you didn't understand it at the time, but because you loved the teacher, you accepted it. You had the feeling, which you didn't express, of course, but which you experienced, you had the feeling: I must revere this man, or I must revere this woman, who believes this, I must believe it too. You remember something like this, which you did not understand but accepted out of love, when you are 30 or 35 years old. Now you have become more mature. You look at what you bring out from the depths of your soul with your later self, and you come to the following conclusion: what you accepted many years ago out of love, you now bring back into the horizon of your life and clarify for yourself. One must only be able to observe what this means. It means that such a retrieval of what is now understood out of one's own maturity leads to an enhancement of the attitude toward life that we need if we want to become useful people for life, for social life in general. It would take a lot away from people if we took away their ability to absorb truths out of love, out of devoted love in a justified sense of authority. Children must be exposed to this justified sense of authority, and we must work with all the strength of our souls in the art of education to ensure that children receive this justified authority from the time they lose their baby teeth until they reach sexual maturity.
Now, however, we must be clear that the fact that we have to divide elementary school into three stages gives us the basis for reading the curriculum and the teaching objectives. First years of elementary school: imitation is interwoven with the principle of authority. Ages 9 to 12: the principle of authority becomes increasingly prevalent, and mere imitation recedes. Age 12: the power of judgment awakens. At the age of 9, the child already begins to separate the ego from its surroundings in its own inner experience. But from the age of 12, this ego calls on it to make its own judgments.
In this area, the way we think and feel about life is very much connected to the way we think about proper teaching. You may have heard of the philosopher Mach, who emerged from basic scientific views. He was a very honest, sincere man, but a man who actually lived out the materialistic mindset of the present day in his own life. Because he was so honest, more honest than others, he also lived out the inner structure of materialistic thinking in a particular way. And so he recounts with a certain naive sincerity how, once, when he was very tired, he jumped onto a bus. Well, he got in and, strangely, on the other side, opposite him, a schoolmasterly-looking man jumped in, who made a very strange impression on him. It was only after he had already sat down—he admits this himself—that he realized there was a mirror opposite the entrance door, so that he saw himself. So little did he know about his own appearance! It happened to him again: there was a mirror in front of a shop window, he encountered himself in it and did not recognize himself! — The fact that this man had so little aptitude for seeing physical characteristics is connected with his fanatical advocacy of a certain pedagogical principle. The man is a fanatical enemy of anything that influences the youthful imagination of children. He does not want children to be told any fairy tales, he does not want them to be taught anything other than a naturalistic imitation of external sensory reality. This is how he had his own children educated. He recounts this with naive, honest openness.
Well, one may think what one will about the spiritual content of external sensory reality, but it is poison for the developing human being if, especially between the ages of 6, 7, and 9, their imagination is not developed in a fairy-tale-like way. If the teacher is not a dreamer himself, he will initially teach the child everything he wants to teach about the human environment – the child does not yet distinguish itself from its environment; that only happens later, at the age of 9 – everything he has learned about animals, plants, and the rest of nature, he will teach the child in the form of fairy tales. If only people realized what a huge difference there is between reading fairy tales to children and creating such fairy tales themselves! I urge you to read as many fairy tales as possible and tell the stories you have read to your children. They will not have the same effect as if you were to create much poorer fairy tales yourself and introduce them to your children, because the process of creation within you — which is precisely what I mean by “alive” — has an effect on the child, because it is truly communicated to the child. These are the imponderables of dealing with children.
It is of great benefit to the child's development if one tries to teach certain ideas to the child through external images. For example, I want to teach the child as early as possible a sense of the immortality of the soul, and this is a good thing. I try to do this by working toward it with all the means at my disposal; I try to do this by drawing the child's attention to how the butterfly flies out of the chrysalis and by pointing out to them that this is how the immortal soul flies out of the body.
Now, of course, it is an image; but you will only have success with this image if you do not present it to the child as an abstract intellectual construct, but if you yourself believe in it. And one can believe in it. If you really penetrate the secrets of nature, then even what flies out of the butterfly chrysalis becomes for you the symbol of immortality placed in nature by the Creator himself. You have to believe in these things yourself. And what you yourself believe and experience in this way has a completely different effect on the child than what you only accept intellectually. That is why our Waldorf school tries to use imagination to introduce children to everything related to the human environment in the first years of school. As I said, a teacher who is not imaginative himself will not make children imaginative, no matter how imaginatively he talks about beetles and plants and elephants and hippopotamuses.
These are the two things that matter: first, proceeding artistically, with real dedication to artistic creation, say, of writing, as I meant it, allowing it to develop from drawing, and first of all acting on the imagination in these first years of elementary school. Anything that introduces children to scientific descriptions or the like before the age of 9 is harmful. Realistic descriptions of a beetle or an elephant or whatever, as we are accustomed to giving in the natural sciences, and also in natural history, are harmful to children before the age of 9. We must not yet appeal to the realistic sense of reflection, but to the imagination. However, we must be able to do this. We must have the gift of being able to truly observe when we are facing an entire class. It does not seem so bad to me if the classes are well ventilated, if they are healthy, if they have many pupils; for what is called individualization happens by itself when the teacher acts in such a way that what he does arises from a living understanding of human nature and the nature of the world. Then he becomes so interesting to his pupils that they individualize themselves. They individualize themselves; they actively individualize themselves. There is no need to deal with each individual in order to achieve passive individualization. But what is important is that one tries to treat the whole class in such a way that this living contact with the teacher, which arises quite naturally, is present. If you have configured yourself in your own soul life to grasp what is alive, then what is alive speaks to those who are willing to receive it.
Once you have acquired a real gift for observation, you can also perceive something in a large class. One can see that when one approaches children with art, which only later becomes abstract and intellectualized, as I have now outlined, the physiognomies, the real physiognomies of the children change, as small variations in physical physiognomy appear, and that between the ages of 7 and 9, the child becomes so inwardly aware that you can see something healthy and active, not nervous and active, entering their facial physiognomy. It is of eminent importance for the whole of life that this occurs; for through this emergence of a healthy, active moment in the physiognomy, one comes to develop in later life a love of the world, a feeling for the world, inner healing powers against all kinds of hypochondria, superfluous criticism, and the like. It is actually terrible if, as an educator and teacher, one does not achieve that by the age of 9, children are also outwardly, purely in terms of their physiognomy, something different than before. I don't think we should shy away from large school classes; on the contrary, we should strive — I am well aware of the objections to this and am only mentioning them after having considered them — to ensure that the teacher does not change throughout the entire elementary school; assigning the first grade to one teacher and allowing that teacher to move up with the class as far as possible, ideally until the end of elementary school. As I said, I am aware of all the objections; but the intimate bonding with the pupils that this achieves outweighs all the disadvantages, because it also compensates for those things that initially appear to be disadvantages, such as the inevitable unfamiliarity with the whole individuality of a class that has many pupils; these are compensated for over time. One grows more and more together with one's class and really gets to know things that relate to what I have just said. For it is not easy to notice this subtle change in the physiognomy of the child in question.
It is not a matter of my wanting to tell you theoretically, for whatever reason, that every spiritual and mental faculty of the human being can be traced in such a way that it can be seen in its connection with the physical body. Rather, what matters is that once you have understood that the human being is a unity in this way, you will not rest until you have actually seen it in each individual case. Through this mode of observation, one trains oneself to observe how people change when they are developed in the appropriate way. It may perhaps be revealed that one can even acquire a certain power of observation for how a person still listens when they have grown old. One can easily tell from a person's physiognomy whether they are listening with their whole being, that is, whether they are taking in what they hear with their imagination, feelings, and will, or whether they are listening with only their imagination, or only with their imagination and feelings, or whether, as a choleric person, they are perhaps allowing it to influence their will. It is particularly beneficial for educators to cultivate such powers of observation for life in general, because everything we acquire in life helps us when it comes to helping children progress. When one can see, as I do at the Waldorf School, how the teacher works according to his or her individuality, one notices how each class, together with the teacher, becomes a whole that is something other than the sum of the children or the teacher and children, and from this whole emerges what is the development of the children. This can be very different for each individual teacher and be equally good. There is no need to believe that the things I am presenting here are unambiguous. They are not unambiguous. They can be individualized, and one can say that someone who teaches nine-year-old boys and girls can teach them well in a certain way. Someone else who teaches in a completely different way also teaches them well, because complete individualization also comes into play.
So I believe that it is possible to derive a curriculum and teaching objectives for the individual years of a public school student's life from human nature. That is why it is so important that the teacher himself is master in the school — if I may use the expression “master” — that there are no standards to be followed, but that the teacher himself is master of the school, that he not only grows together with the methodology, but also with the school's plan, that he is familiar, whether he teaches the first or eighth grade in a given year, with the entire configuration of the elementary school itself and already teaches in the first grade in such a way that this type of teaching also determines the way in which one must then teach in the eighth grade.
Now, based on these things, I will then go on to characterize the curriculum in detail the day after tomorrow and justify the teaching objectives for the individual years. It is natural that today, because we are stuck in a materialistic culture that also affects our curriculum and our teaching objectives, we can only present these things as an ideal for the future and then realize them as far as possible. If there is a gap somewhere, as in the Württemberg School Act, we can just about fill it with a compromise. But such things must be included, because I believe they are connected with what we need to understand in order to overcome the misery that has been evident in the events of the last five to six years.