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Soul Economy
Body, Soul and Spirit in Waldorf Education
GA 303

4 January 1922, Stuttgart

XIII. Adolescents after the Fourteenth Year

By the time students reach their mid-teens, they have already entered puberty. Teachers need to keep this very much in mind well before it actually manifests. We simply need to open our eyes to what happens in growing children, both before and during the process of sexual maturity, to appreciate how important it is to be prepared for this challenge.

We have seen in our studies that until the change of teeth children are imitators and that, while there is still no clear differentiation between organic functions and soul activities, children are inwardly given over to the soul and spiritual forces flowing down from the head, which continue work organically and permeate the whole organism. The most characteristic feature of this stage is the way those soul-spiritual forces work together with the bodily forces.

I will need to use the insights of clairvoyant consciousness to give you a clear description of what happens in young children at this stage of life—not because I think we need to form our ideas in a particular way, but it just may be the best way to understand what has been said so far.

When young children sleep, the soul and spiritual members leave the physical sheaths (just as in any adult) and re-enter at the moment of awaking. In children, however, there is still no significant difference between conscious experiences while awake and unconscious experiences during sleep. Normally, if no memories of daytime events enter the world of sleep (and this rarely happens in childhood), the sleeping life of children moves within realms far beyond the earthly sphere. From these higher worlds, active forces are drawn that then work during the waking state, from the brain down into a child’s whole organism.

During the second dentition, certain soul and spiritual forces in children are released from working entirely in the organic sphere. They begin to assume an independent, soul-spiritual quality. Between the change of teeth and puberty, thinking, feeling, and willing in children begin to work more freely. Children are no longer imitators but, through a natural feeling for authority, they develop the consciousness they need to connect with the world. This faith in adult authority is essential, because outer conditions are not enough to ensure that children connect sufficiently with the world. The way adults confront one another, whether verbally or by other means, is very different from the way children encounter adults. Children need the additional support that a sense of authority provides. Consequently, experiences while awake will enter their soulspiritual life during sleep. So, teachers have the possibility of reaching children through education between the change of teeth and puberty to the same extent that earthly experiences enter children’s sleep and replace those of the spiritual world.

With the onset of puberty, an entirely new situation begins, and emerging adolescents are essentially different from what they were prior to sexual maturity. To describe this, it may be helpful to refer back to what was said at the end of yesterday’s lecture. Until the change of teeth, it is normal for children to live entirely within the physical body. However, if this state is extended beyond its natural time, when it would no longer be normal, it results in a very melancholic temperament. During childhood it is natural to have a relationship between the soulspiritual and physical organization that characterizes an adult melancholic. Bear in mind that what is right and good for one stage of life becomes abnormal in another.

During the second dentition, certain soul-spiritual forces are liberated from previous organic activities, and they flow into what I call the body of formative forces, or ether body. This member of the human being is linked entirely to the outer world, and it is appropriate for children to live in it between the change of teeth and puberty. If, even before the change of teeth, these ether forces were excessive—that is, if the child has lived too much in the etheric sheath before the second dentition—the result is a decidedly phlegmatic temperament. However, children can have a normal and balanced relationship with the ether body, and this is absolutely essential between the seventh and the fourteenth years, between the change of teeth and puberty. Again, if this condition is carried too far into later life, a decidedly phlegmatic temperament develops in the adult.

The true birthplace of the sanguine temperament is the next member of the human being that, under normal circumstances, becomes independent during puberty. Yesterday, I called this the astral body—the member of the human being that lives beyond space and time. If, between the change of teeth and puberty, children draw too much from what should come into its own only with sexual maturity, a sanguine temperament arises. Growing human beings become inwardly mature for sanguinity only with the arrival of puberty. Thus everything in life has a normal period of time. Various abnormalities arise when something that is normal for one period of life is pushed into another. If you survey life from this point of view, you begin to understand the human being more deeply.

What really happens as children mature sexually? During the past few days we have already illuminated this somewhat. We have seen how children continue, after the change of teeth, to work inwardly with forces that have to a certain degree become liberated soul-spiritual forces. During the following stages, children incarnate via the system of breathing and blood circulation, and the tendons and the muscles grow more firmly onto the bones. They incarnate from within out, toward the human periphery, and at the time of sexual maturity young adolescents break through into the outer world. Only then do they stand fully in the world.

This dramatic development makes it imperative for teachers to approach adolescents, who have passed through sexual maturity, quite differently from the way they dealt with the children before. Basically, the previous processes, before puberty, involved emancipated soul-spiritual forces that still had nothing to do with sex in its own realm. True, boys or girls show definite predispositions toward their own sexes, but this cannot be considered sexuality as such. Sexuality develops only after the breakthrough into the external world, when a new relationship with the outer world is established. But then, at this time, something happens in the realm of an adolescent’s soul and bodily nature, and this is not unlike what occurred previously during the second dentition. During the change of teeth, forces were liberated to become active in a child’s forces of thinking, feeling, and willing, which were then directed more toward the memory. The powers of memory were then released. Now, at puberty, something else becomes available for free activity in the soul realm. These are powers that previously entered the rhythms of breathing and, subsequently, strived to introduce rhythmic qualities into the musculature and even the skeleton. This rhythmic element is now transformed into an adolescent receptiveness to the realm of creative ideas and fantasy. Fundamentally, true powers of fantasy are not born until puberty, because they come into their own only after the astral body is born. The astral body exists beyond time and space and links together past, present, and future according to its own principles, as we experience it in our dreams.

What is it that adolescents bring with them when they break through into the outer world via the skeletal system? It is what they originally brought with them from pre-earthly existence; it was gradually interwoven with their whole inner being. And now, with the onset of sexual maturity, adolescents are, as it were, cast out of the spiritual world. Without exaggerating, we can express it that strongly, because it represents the facts; with the coming of puberty, young people are cast out of the living world of spirit and thrown into the outer world, which they perceive only through the physical and ether bodies. Although adolescents are not aware of what is happening inside them, subconsciously this plays a very important role. Subconsciously, or semi-consciously, it makes adolescents compare the world they have now entered with the one they formerly held within themselves. Previously, they had not experienced the spiritual world consciously, but they nevertheless found it possible to live in harmony with it. Their inner being felt attuned to it and prepared to cooperate freely with the soul-spiritual realm. But now, conditions have changed, and the external world no longer offers such possibilities. It presents all sorts of hindrances that, in themselves, create a desire to overcome them. This, in turn, leads to a tumultuous relationship between adolescents and the surrounding world, which lasts from fourteen or fifteen until the early twenties.

This inner upheaval is bound to come, and teachers do well to be aware of it before it arrives. There may be overly sensitive people who believe that it would be better to save teenagers from this inner turmoil, only to find that they have become their greatest enemy. It would be quite incorrect to try to spare them this tempestuous time of life. It is far better to plan ahead in your educational goals, so that what you do before they reach puberty comes to help and support adolescents in their struggles of soul and spirit.

Teachers must be clear that, with the arrival of puberty, a completely different being emerges, born out of a new relationship with the world. It is no good appealing to students’ previous sense of authority; now they will demand reasons for all that is expected of them. Teachers must get into the habit of approaching a young man or woman rationally. For example, think of an adolescent boy whom the spiritual world has led into this earthly world and who now becomes rebellious because it is so different from what he expected. The adult must try to show him (and without any pedantry) that everything he meets in this world has “prehistory.” The adult must get this adolescent to see that present conditions are the consequences of what went before. You must act the part of an expert who really understands why things have come to be as they are.

From now on, you will accomplish nothing by way of authority. You have to convince adolescents through the sheer weight of your indisputable knowledge and expertise and provide waterproof reasons for everything you do or expect of them. If, at this stage, students cannot see sound reasons in the material you give them, if conditions in the world seem to make no sense to them, they begin to doubt the rightness of their earlier life. They feel they are in opposition to what they experienced during those years that, seemingly, merely led to the present, unacceptable conditions. And if, during this inner turmoil, they cannot find contact with someone who can reassure them, to some extent at least, that there are good reasons for what is happening in the world, then the inner stress may become so intolerable that they might break down altogether. This newly emerged astral body is not of this world, and these young people have been cast out of the astral world. They willingly enter this earthly world only if they can be convinced of its right to exist.

It would be a complete misunderstanding of what I have been describing to think that adolescents are the least bit aware of what is happening in them. During ordinary consciousness, this struggle arises in dim feelings from the unconscious. It surges up through blunted will impulses. It lives in the disappointment of seemingly unattainable ideals, in frustrated desires, and perhaps in a certain inner numbness to what manifests in the unreasonable events of the world.

If education is to be effective at all during this stage (which it must be for any young person willing to learn), then your teaching must be communicated in the appropriate form. It must be a preparation for the years to come—up to the early twenties and even later in life. Having suffered the wounds of life and having retaliated in their various ways, young people from fifteen to the early twenties must eventually find their way back into the world from which they were evicted during puberty. The duration of this period varies, especially during our chaotic times, which tend to prolong it even longer into adult life. Young people must feel they are accepted again and be able to renew contact with the spiritual world, for without it, life is impossible. However, should they feel any coercion from those in authority, this new link loses all meaning and value for life. If we are aware of these difficulties well before the arrival of puberty, we can make good use of the inborn longing for authority in children, bringing them to the point at which there is no longer any need for an authoritarian approach. And this stage should coincide with the coming of sexual maturity. By then, however, educators must be ready to give convincing reasons for everything they ask of their students.

Seen from a broader, spiritual perspective, we can observe the grand metamorphosis taking place in a young person during the period of sexual maturity. It is very important to realize that the whole question of sex becomes a reality only during puberty, when adolescents enter the external world as I have described it. Naturally, since everything in life is relative, this, too, must be taken as a relative truth. Nevertheless, you should realize that, until sexual maturity, children live more as generic human beings; it is not until the onset of puberty that they experience the world differently, according to whether they are men or women. This realization (which in our generally intellectual and naturalistic civilization cannot be assumed) allows real insight into the relationship between the sexes for those who work with open minds toward knowledge of the human being. It also helps them understand the problem of women’s position in society, not just during our time but also in the future.

Once you appreciate the tremendous transformation that occurs in the male organism during the change of voice (to use one example), you will be able to understand the statement that, until the age of sexual maturity, a child retains a more general human nature, one still undivided into the sexes. Similar processes occur in the female organism, but in a different area. The human voice, with its ability to moderate and form sounds and tones, is a manifestation of our general human nature. It is born from the soul-spiritual substance that works on children until puberty. Changes of pitch and register, on the other hand, which occur during this mutation, are the result of outer influences. They are forced on adolescents from outside, so to speak, and they are the ways that a boy places himself into the outer world with his innermost being. It is not just a case of the softer parts in the larynx relating more strongly to the bones, but a slight ossification of the larynx itself takes place that amounts, essentially, to a withdrawal of the larynx from the purely human inner nature toward a more earthly existence.

This act of stepping out into the world should really be seen in a much wider context than is generally the case. Usually, people think that the capacity to love, which awakens at this time, is linked directly to sexual attraction, but this is not really the whole story. The power to love, born during sexual maturity, embraces everything within an adolescent’s entire sphere. Love between the sexes is only one specific, limited aspect of love in the world. Only when we see human love in this light can we understand it correctly, and then we can also understand its task in the world.

What really happens in human beings during the process of sexual maturity? Prior to this, as children, their relationship to the world was one in which they first imitated their surroundings and then came under the power of authority. Outer influences worked on them, because at that time their inner being mainly represented what they brought with them from preearthly life. Humanity as a whole had to work on them externally, first through the principle of imitation and then through authority. Now, at puberty, having found their own way into the human race and no longer depending on outer support as a younger child does, a new feeling arises in them, along with a whole new appraisal of humankind as a whole. And this new experience of humankind represents a spiritual counterpart to the physical capacity to reproduce. Physically, they gain the ability to procreate; spiritually, they gain the ability to experience humankind as a whole.

During this new stage, the polarity between man and woman becomes quite obvious. Any realization of human potential on earth is possible only through a real understanding of the other sex by means of social interaction; and this applies to the realm of soul and spirit as well. Both men and women fully represent humankind, but in different ways. A woman sees humanity as a gift of the metaphysical worlds. Fundamentally, she sees humanity as the result of divine abundance. Unconsciously, in the depths of her soul, she holds a picture of humankind as her standard of values, and she evaluates and assesses human beings according to this standard. If these remarks are not generally accepted today, it is because our current civilization bears all the signs of a male-dominated society.

For a long time, the most powerful influences in our civilization have displayed a decidedly masculine nature. An example of this (however grotesque it may sound) may be found in Freemasonry. It is symbolic of our times that men, if they wish to keep certain matters to themselves, isolate themselves in the lodges of Freemasonry. There are also lodges in which both men and women congregate, but Freemasonry has already become blunted in these, and they no longer bear its original stamp. The constitution of Freemasonry is a specific example, but it nevertheless expresses the male-dominated character of our society. Women, too, have absorbed a great deal of the masculine element from our civilization, and because of this they actually prevent the specifically feminine element from coming into its own. This is why we so often get the impression that, in terms of inner substance and outer form, there is very little difference between the ideals and programs of the various women’s movements and those of men—even in the tone of the speeches they deliver. Obviously, these movements differ insofar as, on the one side, there are demands to safeguard women’s interests, while, on the other, the demands are on behalf of men. But, in terms of their inner substance, they are barely distinguishable.

When you take a good look at modern medicine in all its materialistic aspects, you can see how it fails to understand human nature, especially in terms of its physical elements, so that it depends on experimentation. If you observe modern medicine, you find the product of a distinctly masculine attitude, however strange this may sound to you. In fact, one could hardly find a better illustration of male thinking than in what modern medicine so blatantly reveals to us. For a man, in his innermost being, experiences humanity as something of an enigma. To him it appears unfathomable and poses endless questions whose solutions seem to lie beyond his powers. This typically masculine characteristic is expressed in all the mysterious ceremony and the dry and manly atmosphere of freemasonry. This same male tendency has permeated our culture to such an extent that, although women suffer under it, they nevertheless wish to emulate it and to make it part of their own lives.

If we speak the truth today, people tend to think that we do so merely to present contrary statements to the world. Yet the reality is often unorthodox. Therefore, if we want to speak the truth, we must put up with seeming contrary, however inconvenient this might be.

Women live more in the images they create of humanity, while men experience humanity in more wishful and enigmatic ways. To understand this, we need to be clear about a symptom that is especially significant for the art of teaching today. When people speak of love today, they seldom differentiate between the various types of love. Naturally, we can generalize the concept of love, just as one can speak about condiments in a general way. But when people speculate abstractly about certain matters and then hold forth about them, it always strikes me as if they were talking about salt, sugar, or pepper merely in terms of condiments. We only need to apply such abstractions to practical life by putting salt instead of sugar in our coffee—they are both condiments, after all—to realize such foolishness. Anyone who indulges in general speculation instead of entering the concrete realities of life commits the same folly.

The love of a woman is very different from that of a man. Her love originates in the realm of imagination and constantly makes pictures. A woman does not love a man just as he is, standing there before her in ordinary, humdrum life (forgive me, but men, after all, are not exactly the sort that a healthy imagination could fall in love with). Rather, she weaves into her love the ideal she received as a gift from heaven. A man’s love, on the other hand, is tinged with desire; it has a wishful nature. This difference needs to be noted, regardless of whether it is expressed more in an idealistic or a realistic way. Ideal love may inspire longings of an ideal quality. The instinctive and sensuous kind may be a mere product of fancy. But this fundamental difference between love as it lives in a man and as it lives in a woman is a reality. A woman’s love is steeped in imagination, and in a man’s love there is an element of desire. And because these two kinds of love are complementary, they can become harmonized in life.

Educators need to bear this in mind when faced with sexually mature students. They must realize that one can no longer bring them certain things that belong to the preadolescent stage, and that they have missed the opportunity for doing so. Therefore, to prevent a onesided attitude in later life, we must try to give to prepubescent children enough of the right material to last them through the following stages. Fortunately, coeducation, in both primary and secondary education, is increasingly accepted today, so that boys and girls work side by side and learn to cooperate later on as men and women in society. Consequently, it is especially important to heed what was just said. Through this, a contemporary phenomenon such as the women’s movement will have a truly sound and healthy basis.

If we expand these considerations by taking a worldwide perspective, we are led to the fundamental differences that exist between East and West, with Asia on one side and Europe and America on the other. This difference between East and West is far greater than any other differences we may find when comparing, say, Europe and America. Throughout Asia, there are still traces of ancient, wise civilizations. Externally, they appear completely decadent, but their wisdom nevertheless lives on like a memory. It is revered as a sacred memory, to the extent that, fundamentally, an Asian cannot really understand a European, and vice versa. Those who are under illusions about this fact will delude themselves about the world’s greatest historical secret in our time. It is a secret of special significance not only for today, but very much so for the future.

Despite its manifold complexities, life in the West has a more uniform character than life in the East. The main concern of Western people is life in this earthly civilization, a civilization that draws its ideas mostly from what happens between birth and death. The people of the East (at least in their inner religious lives) do not limit their view to the earthly time between birth and death, or life in the outer mechanical civilization. People of the West, however, do live for this earthly time, even in their religious feelings. The people of the East, on the other hand, ask themselves searching questions, such as, Why was I born into this world? Why did I enter this senseperceptible world at all? Westerners take life in the physical world more or less for granted, even if they end it by suicide. Western people take earthly life for granted, and they have developed an inner receptivity for life after death only because it would be unsatisfying and a disappointment if earthly existence were entirely wiped out.

There is a fundamental difference between these two views. Again, however, we cannot get to the bottom of this merely through abstract descriptions instead of entering life fully. The farther we move from East to West, the more we find that the Western woman, despite her outer consciousness, cherishes a longing for the spirituality of the East. The man of the West, however, presents a totally different picture. He, too, has his secret longings, but not for anything vague and misty. His longings spring from what he experiences inwardly. From cradle to grave, he is enmeshed in the activities and pressures of his civilization, but something in him longs to get away from it all. We can perceive this mood of soul in all the civilized countries around us, from the River Vistula in Eastern Europe through Germany, France, and Britain, and right across the American continent to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. In all these lands, we find this attribute in common. Educators who deal with adolescents also experience this, perhaps to their despair and without recognizing the underlying causes. Only a teacher wearing blinders could possible overlook this.

During our previous meetings I mentioned that we really ought to throw away every school textbook, because only a direct and personal relationship between teachers and students should affect children. When it comes to teaching adolescents, however, every available textbook and, for that matter, almost our whole outer civilization become great sources of pain. I know that there are many who are unaware of this, because they do not go into real life with their eyes open wide enough. Here, again, in our outer civilization we find a notably lopsided masculine quality. Any book on history—whether a history of civilization or anthropology—will confirm this trend. As representatives of Western civilization, people long to escape the physical world in which they are caught up, but they lack the necessary courage to do so. People cannot find the bridge from the sensory world into the spiritual world. And so, everywhere in our civilization we find a yearning to get away from it all, and yet an inability to act accordingly.

It is hard enough to establish the right environment for teaching prepubescent children. But those who have to teach adolescents could almost feel helpless, because the means available for meeting their needs are so inadequate. This alone should kindle a real longing in such teachers for a deeper understanding of the human being. Of course, this longing may already be there in the teachers of younger children, but it is a prerequisite for anyone of sound pedagogical sense who teaches adolescents.

A woman’s nostalgia for the ways of the East and a man’s wish to be free of the bondage of Western life represent fundamental features of our time. This difference between the sexes is less apparent in preadolescent children, who still bear more general human features. Yet, as soon as we are confronted by adolescents, we meet many difficulties that arise quite concretely.

Imagine, for example, that a German literature teacher wants to recommend to her adolescent student a book that presents a German perspective of Goethe. She would really find herself in a quandary, since there are no suitable books available. If she chooses an available one, her scholar would not get the right picture of Goethe. If she chooses a biography of Goethe written by, say, Lewes, her German scholar would learn the more outward features of Goethe better than from any of the German books on the subject, but again he would not become familiar with the specifically German characteristics of Goethe. This is the situation today, for we simply do not have adequate literature for teaching adolescents. To remedy this, everything depends on women taking their proper place in culture. They should be allowed to contribute their specifically feminine qualities, but they must at the same time be careful not to introduce anything they have adopted from our maledominated civilization.

During the 1890s, I had a conversation with a German feminist. She expressed her views in radical terms, but I could not help feeling that, instead of enriching society with what only womanhood offers, she was trying to force her way into our onesidedly masculine culture by employing masculine tactics. My meaning must not be taken in a crude or biased way. I felt that I had to say to this free and uncompromising lady, “Your movement does not yet offer what the world really needs. The world does not need women who ‘wear the pants’ [forgive me, I believe in England that such a remark is unforgivably rude]. Rather, both masculine and feminine qualities make specific contributions toward the general enhancement of our society.”

As teachers, whenever we approach growing human beings, we must note the striking contrast between the prepuberty and post-puberty years. Let us take a concrete example: There is Milton’s Paradise Lost, which would be good to use in our lessons. The question is, when? Those of you who have thought through what has been said so far and have understood my remarks about the right time to introduce narrative and descriptive elements will find that this work by Milton (or epic poetry in general) would be suitable material after the tenth year. Also, Homer will be appreciated best when taught between the tenth and the fourteenth years. On the other hand, it would be premature to use Shakespeare as study material at this stage, since, in order to be ready for dramatic poetry, students must at least have entered puberty. To absorb the dramatic element at an earlier age, students would have to drive something out of themselves prematurely, which, later on, they would definitely miss.

What I tried to describe just now can be experienced vividly when, for example, you have to give history lessons to boys and girls after they enter puberty. Both masculine and feminine forces work during historical events, though in a different form than they do today. Yet all of the historical accounts available for teaching adolescents bear a decidedly masculine quality, as though they had been compiled by Epimetheus. Girls who have reached sexual maturity show little inclination toward such an approach. Boys may find it somewhat boring, but in their case it is not impossible to use this Epimethean way, which judges and holds onto what can be ascertained and established. But there is also a Promethean way of looking at history, which not only records events that occurred, but also shows their transformation into the ideas of the present time. This approach to history shows how the impulses that led the past have become the current thinking of today, and how impulses, in turn, continue to lead present time further. A Promethean way of looking at history, in particular, appeals strongly to the feminine element.

However, it would be very one-sided to teach history in the Promethean style at a girls’ school, or in an Epimethean style at a boys’ school. The minds of the young men would simply flow back into the past and become even more rigid than they are already. If the Promethean way of teaching history were to be only one applied in a girls’ school, the students would be tempted to fly off into futuristic speculations. They would always be attracted to the impulses that they happened to like naturally. We can achieve a more balanced society only if we add a historical view that bears the prophetic marks of Prometheus to the more predominant Epimethean way, which until now has been just about the only one available. Then, if both attitudes are alive in our lessons, we will at last achieve the right approach to history for students who have reached the age of sexual maturity.

Dreizehnter Vortrag

Wenn man auf den Zeitpunkt im menschlichen Leben hinblickt, der an das Ende des schulmäßigen Alters fällt, der sich organisch als der Eintritt in die Geschlechtsreife ausdrückt, dann hat man etwas vor sich, was nicht nur durch den Erziehungs- und Unterrichtskünstler aufmerksam und sorgfältig zu betrachten ist, dann, wenn es da ist, sondern auf das schon die ganze vorhergehende Zeit hindurch die Aufmerksamkeit hingerichtet sein muß. Wir müssen uns nur einmal vor Augen stellen, was nach dieser Richtung eigentlich mit dem Menschen vorher und was in dem Zeitpunkte der Geschlechtsreife vor sich geht.

Wir haben ja im Laufe der Betrachtungen gesehen, wie der Mensch bis zum Zahnwechsel ein nachahmendes Wesen ist, wie er in dieser Zeit einer noch nicht getrennten organisch-seelischen Tätigkeit in seinem Inneren hingegeben ist, wie von der Kopforganisation eine geistig-seelische Tätigkeit ausgeht, die noch organische Tätigkeit ist und die den ganzen Organismus erfüllt. Der Mensch lebt also für dieses Lebensalter ganz in seinem Inneren nach seinem geistig-seelischen Inhalte und auch nach seinem physisch-leiblichen Inhalte. Man kann sagen: Besonders charakteristisch ist für dieses Lebensalter, wie der Mensch lebt.

Und nicht weil ich glaube, daß das nun unbedingt im Verlaufe einer solchen Betrachtung gerade in dieser Weise gesagt werden muß, sondern weil wir uns vielleicht dadurch nach dem Vorangegangenen am besten verstehen können, muß ich wiederum nach der Methode greifen, die sich für das schauende Bewußtsein ergibt, wenn ich Ihnen ganz deutlich charakterisieren will, was da eigentlich vorgeht.

Wenn der Mensch in diesem Lebensalter schläft, ist es äußerlich natürlich auch so, daß beim Einschlafen sein Geistig-Seelisches aus dem Physisch-Leiblichen herausgeht, beim Aufwachen wiederum hineingeht. Aber es ist noch kein großer Unterschied zwischen dem bewußten Erfahren im Leibe und dem unbewußten Erfahren im Schlafe. Das unbewußte Erfahren im Schlafe, wenn es normal verläuft, wenn nicht Reminiszenzen aus dem Tagesleben hineingehen - und das ist beim Kinde noch kaum der Fall -, dieses Schlafesleben bewegt sich durchaus in einer Überwelt gegenüber dem Irdischen, und aus dieser Überwelt heraus wird ja zunächst auch diejenige Aktivität geholt, welche vom Gehirn aus im wachenden Zustande beim Kinde in den ganzen Organismus hineinarbeitet.

Wenn das Kind nun durch den Zahnwechsel hindurchgeht, so werden gewisse geistig-seelische Kräfte so frei, daß sie nicht mehr bloß ihre organische Gestalt annehmen. Sie nehmen schon einen geistig-seelischen Charakter an. Das Kind entwickelt ein freieres Denken, Fühlen und Wollen zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife als vorher. Es ist nicht bloß ein nachahmendes Wesen, es entwickelt den Grad des Bewußtseins, durch den es aus dem Autoritätsgefühl heraus sich an Äußeres anschließen kann. Aber es braucht eben doch dieses Autoritätsgefühl, um sich an Äußeres anzuschließen. Die gewöhnlichen Verhältnisse des Lebens genügen nicht. Der Erwachsene steht dem Erwachsenen anders gegenüber als das Kind mit seinem Autoritätsgefühl. Das Kind muß dieses Positive, das im Autoritätsverhältnisse liegt, zu dem Verhältnisse hinzufügen, das der Erwachsene dem Erwachsenen gegenüber betätigt, auch wenn irgend etwas mitgeteilt wird, oder in anderer Weise, ohne die Mitteilung, irgend etwas als eine Suggestion im guten Sinne vom Erwachsenen zum Erwachsenen ausgeübt wird. Das hat dann zur Folge, daß auch während des Schlafzustandes nach und nach schon mehr von dem Wachleben in das seelisch-geistige Leben hineinkommt. Und gerade so viel, als im Schlafzustande von irdischer Welt hineinkommt und nicht mehr drinnen ist von Überwelt, gerade in demselben Maße eröffnet sich uns die Möglichkeit, in dem Lebensalter zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife unterrichtend und erziehend an das Kind heranzukommen.

Mit der Geschlechtsreife tritt etwas ganz Neues ein, und im Grunde genommen ist der Mensch nach der Geschlechtsreife ein anderes Wesen als vorher. Wir können die Sache charakterisieren, indem ich an das anknüpfe, was ich im letzten Teil meiner gestrigen Betrachtung hier vor Ihnen entwickelt habe. Es ist einfach normal für das Menschenleben, daß das Kind bis zum Zahnwechsel in seinem physischen Leibe ganz drinnen lebt. Wenn es von diesem Zustande, ganz im physischen Leibe drinnen zu leben, für das spätere Leben zuviel mitnimmt — denn für das spätere Leben ist dieses Erleben des physischen Leibes, wie es im ersten Kindesalter eintritt, nicht mehr das Normale -, wenn also zuviel davon mitgenommen wird für das spätere Leben, dann entsteht eben das, was das auffällig melancholische Temperament ist. Es ist durchaus richtig, daß das Kind im kindlichen Alter einen solchen Zusammenhang zwischen seinem Geistig-Seelischen und seinem Leiblichen haben soll, wie sie der Melancholiker hat; nur ist dasjenige, was für das eine Lebensalter gut ist, für das andere abnorm. Das muß immer berücksichtigt werden.

Wenn das Kind durch den Zahnwechsel geht, dann werden gewisse geistig-seelische Kräfte frei für die organische Tätigkeit und fließen in das aus, was ich den Bildekräfte- oder Äther- oder feinen Leib genannt habe. Der gehört der ganzen Außenwelt an, und das Kind soll in dieser Zeit gerechterweise eben in diesem ätherischen Leibe leben zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife. Wenn es vor dem Zahnwechsel zuviel davon schon gehabt hat, wenn es in seinem Ätherleibe zu stark auf die und jene Art vor dem Zahnwechsel gelebt hat, dann kommt dieses besonders nuancierte phlegmatische Temperament heraus. Aber in einem gewissen Sinne gibt es ein normales Zusammenleben des Menschen mit seinem Ätherleib. Dieses normale Zusammenleben des Menschen muß gerade da sein zwischen dem siebenten und vierzehnten Lebensjahr, also zwischen dem Zahnwechsel und der Geschlechtsreife. Wird das dann mit hineingenommen ins spätere Leben, dann entsteht eben beim Erwachsenen das abnorm phlegmatische 'Temperament.

Dagegen ist das, was dann in normaler Weise selbständig herauskommen kann mit der Geschlechtsreife, was ich gestern den astralischen Leib genannt habe, was nicht mehr in Raum und Zeit eigentlich lebt, dasjenige, was sich vorzugsweise im sanguinischen Temperament auslebt. Und beim Kinde tritt die sanguinische Temperamentsnuance hervor, wenn zuviel hereingenommen wird in die Zeit vom Zahnwechsel bis zur Geschlechtsreife von dem, was erst mit der Geschlechtsreife herauskommen soll. Der Mensch wird erst reif für den Sanguinismus, wenn er geschlechtsreif wird.

Alles steht im Leben so, daß es seine normale Periode hat, und die verschiedenen Abnormitäten des Lebens treten dadurch ein, daß dasjenige, was für ein Lebensalter normal ist, eben in ein anderes anormalerweise hineingeschoben wird. Man lernt auf diese Weise den Menschen durch und durch verstehen, wenn man also das Leben überschauen kann.

Nun, was tritt denn aber mit der Geschlechtsreife ein? Das tritt ein, was sich uns wiederum aus den Betrachtungen der vorangehenden Tage ergeben kann. Wir haben gesehen, auch noch mit dem schon bis zu einem gewissen Grade emanzipierten Geistig-Seelischen, das nach dem Zahnwechsel da ist, mit dem arbeitet der Mensch noch innerlich. Er arbeitet sich durch das Atmungs-, durch das Zirkulationssystem bis zum Knochenansatz der Muskeln durch. Er arbeitet sich ganz an seine menschliche Peripherie heran und bricht mit der Geschlechtsreife in die Außenwelt hinein. Er steht erst dann voll in der Außenwelt darinnen.

Dadurch sind wir aber genötigt, uns ganz anders zu verhalten zu dem Jüngling und der Jungfrau, die durch das geschlechtsreife Alter hindurchgegangen sind, als wir uns früher zu dem Knaben und zu dem Mädchen haben verhalten können. Denn im Grunde genommen hat der ganze Prozeß, der sich im Menschen abspielt mit den freigewordenen geistig-seelischen Kräften vor der Geschlechtsreife, mit dem Geschlechte noch gar nichts zu tun. Er ist etwas nuanciert, aber er hat mit dem Geschlechte in Wirklichkeit noch gar nichts zu tun. Dasjenige, was mit dem Geschlechte zu tun hat, entwickelt sich eben erst, wenn der Mensch seinen Durchbruch in die Welt vollzogen hat, wenn er also mit der Welt in Zusammenhang getreten ist.

Dann aber tritt für sein Seelisch-Leibliches wiederum etwas Ähnliches ein wie beim Zahnwechsel. Beim Zahnwechsel sind diejenigen Kräfte freigeworden, die nach dem Denken, Fühlen, Wollen gehen, was sich mehr nach der Erinnerungsseite hin entwickelt. Die Erinnerungskraft wird gewissermaßen frei. Jetzt, bei der Geschlechtsreife, kommt etwas zu freier seelischer Tätigkeit, das vorher in den Rhythmus der Atmung hineingegangen ist, was sich von da aus noch bestrebte, Rhythmus in das Muskelsystem, sogar in das Knochensystem hineinzubringen. Dieses Rhythmische wird nun frei, und das wird frei als Empfänglichkeit des Jünglings oder der Jungfrau für ideale Gebilde, für das Phantasiemäßige. Die eigentliche Phantasie wird im Grunde mit der Geschlechtsreife erst aus dem Menschen herausgeboren, denn die eigentliche Phantasie kann erst dann geboren werden, wenn der von Zeit und Raum freie astralische Leib geboren wird, der ebenso wie die Träume Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft nach inneren Gesichtspunkten durcheinander gruppieren kann.

Was bringt sich denn der Mensch mit, wenn er da gewissermaßen auf dem Umwege durch das Knochensystem durchbricht in die Welt? Er bringt sich das mit, was vorher in seinem Inneren war, was er aus seinem präexistenten Leben in sein Inneres hereingebracht hat. Er wird gewissermaßen mit der Geschlechtsreife tatsächlich aus der geistigseelischen Welt herausgeworfen. Man kann das ohne Übertreibung sagen, denn es ist die reine Wahrheit: der Mensch wird mit der Geschlechtsreife aus dem geistig-seelischen Leben der Welt herausgeworfen und hineingeworfen in die äußerliche Welt, die er nur mit seinem physischen Leib, mit seinem ätherischen Leib wahrnehmen kann. Und wenn das auch durchaus nicht klar in das Bewußtsein herauftritt, im Unterbewußten spielt es eine um so größere, eine um so intensivere Rolle. Im Unterbewußtsein spielt es eine solche Rolle, daß nun der Mensch wie gesagt, unterbewußt oder halbbewußt — die Welt, die er betritt, vergleicht mit der Welt, die er früher in sich gehabt hat. Er hat sie früher in sich nicht vollbewußt wahrgenommen, aber er fand die Möglichkeit in sich, mit ihr zu arbeiten. Das Innere des Menschen gibt die Möglichkeit, frei mit einer Überwelt zu arbeiten, frei mit einem Geistig-Seelischen zu arbeiten. Die äußere Welt gibt das nicht. Da gibt es alle möglichen Hemmungen, da gibt es die Wünsche, diese Hemmungen zu überwinden. Da gibt es den ganzen Tumult, der in dem Verkehre zwischen Mensch und Welt zwischen dem vierzehnten und fünfzehnten Jahre und dem Beginn der Zwanzigerjahre eintritt.

Dieser Tumult muß da sein, und man muß während der ganzen vorhergehenden Erziehung auf diesen Tumult hinschauen, der notwendigerweise entstehen muß. Menschen, die vielleicht übertrieben elegisch veranlagt sind, können glauben, es sei gut, wenn man dem Menschen diesen Tumult erspart. Dadurch wird man aber gerade sein größter Feind. Man soll dem Menschen diesen Tumult nicht ersparen. Man soll die ganze Erziehung vorher so veranlagen, daß sie nun dem innerlichen Arbeiten des Geistig-Seelischen am Menschen zu Hilfe kommt.

Und von der Geschlechtsreife an soll man sich klar sein, daß der Mensch einem ein neues Wesen entgegenbringt, welches aus seinem Verhältnisse zur Welt entsteht, daß das Autoritätsgefühl jetzt keine Rolle mehr spielt, daß er vor allen Dingen, wenn irgend etwas an ihn herangebracht wird, die Gründe dafür verlangt. Wir müssen uns jetzt angewöhnen, dem heranwachsenden Jüngling und der heranwachsenden Jungfrau mit Gründen entgegenzutreten. Wir müssen uns zum Beispiel gewöhnen, wenn der Jüngling oder die Jungfrau, die eben eine Überwelt in die Welt hereingeführt hat, nun toben, daß diese Welt nicht so ist, daß alles so anders sein muß — wenn sie rebellisch werden, muß man sich bemühen, ohne daß man dabei in die Philisterei verfällt, nun zu motivieren, daß dasjenige, was da ist, ja schließlich aus dem Vorhergehenden, aus dem Geschichtlichen geworden ist. Man muß den gescheiten Menschen spielen, der voll begreift, wie dasjenige,.was da ist, geworden ist. Aber man wird mit Autorität gar nichts mehr ausrichten können. Man muß so in der Sache drinnenstehen, daß man jetzt die vollgültigen Gründe für die Dinge anzuführen in der Lage ist. Tritt einem gerade in diesem Lebensalter durch den Menschen eine nichtbegründete Welt von Inhalten entgegen, treten einem Zustände entgegen in der Welt, die unvernünftig empfunden werden und denen gegenüber man so empfindet, daß man sich sagt: Was ich bisher gelebt habe, bevor ich die Welt betreten habe, ist ja eigentlich sinnlos, denn das alles führt mich in eine Welt, die ja unvernünftig ist -, findet man da nicht den Anschluß an Menschen, die nun wiederum die Vernünftigkeit der Welt wenigstens bis zu einem gewissen Grade begründen können, dann wird der innere Sturm zu groß, dann verliert der Jüngling oder die Jungfrau den inneren Halt. Denn dieser freigewordene astralische Leib, der ist eben nicht von dieser Welt. Aus seiner Welt ist der Mensch herausgeworfen, und er will sich in diese Welt nur hineinstellen, wenn diese Welt es begründen kann, daß sie auch da ist.

Sie werden das gründlich mißverstehen, was ich sage, wenn Sie meinen, daß ich das für das volle Bewußtsein des Menschen schildere. Nein, für das schildere ich es nicht, sondern ich schildere es gerade als im tagwachenden Zustand im Unterbewußten drinnen sich abspielend, in Gefühlen heraufwogend, in sich abstumpfenden Willensimpulsen heraufwogend, sich auslebend in enttäuschten Idealen, in enttäuschten Wünschen, sich auslebend in einem gewissen Stumpfwerden vielleicht gegenüber dem, was sich in der unvernünftigen Außenwelt darstellt.

Denn, wenn in diesem Lebensalter noch erzogen werden soll - und für jeden, der etwas lernen will, muß ja auch erzogen werden -, so muß das zu Lernende in einer entsprechenden Erziehungsform an den Menschen herangebracht werden, so muß ja vorbereitet werden für die Zeit der beginnenden Zwanzigerjahre bis weiter ins Leben hinein. Dafür muß vorgearbeitet werden. Denn, was man erlebt vom fünfzehnten bis zum einundzwanzigsten, zweiundzwanzigsten Jahre — diese Periode grenzt sich selbstverständlich nicht ganz voll ab, besonders in unserer chaotischen Zeit nicht, manchmal geschieht das noch viel später —, was man da erlebt, das muß dazu führen, daß man ausgerüstet mit alledem, was einen gestochen hat aus dem Leben, mit alledem, wo man selbst gestochen hat in das Leben, in den Zwanzigerjahren wieder aufgenommen wird in die Welt, aus der man bei der Geschlechtsreife herausgeworfen worden ist. Man muß wieder aufgenommen werden; man muß wieder einen Anschluß finden, denn ohne diesen Anschluß geht es im Leben nicht. Diesen Anschluß muß man selbständig finden. Wird er einem durch Autorität aufgezwungen, dann gilt er nichts für den Menschen im Leben.

Wir müssen daher bis zur Geschlechtsreife hin, durch die vom Kinde ersehnte Autorität, das Kind so weit bringen, daß wir unsere Autorität von der Geschlechtsreife an nicht mehr anzuwenden brauchen. Aber wir müssen uns auch selber, ganz besonders als Lehrer und Erzieher, in eine solche Lage bringen, daß wir überall dasjenige begründen können, was wir an das Kind heranbringen wollen.

Das zeigt zunächst vom mehr geistig-seelischen Standpunkte aus jene ganz grandiose Metamorphose, die sich mit der Geschlechtsreife für den heranwachsenden Menschen abspielt.

Es ist von der allergrößten Wichtigkeit, festzuhalten, daß das Prinzip der Geschlechter im Menschen erst mit seinem Eintritt in die Welt, wie ich ihn charakterisiert habe, auftritt. Natürlich, da alles im Leben relativ vorhanden ist, so muß auch diese Wahrheit als relative Wahrheit genommen werden. Aber eigentlich muß eingesehen werden, daß der Mensch bis zur Geschlechtsreife als allgemein menschliches Wesen lebt, und daß er dasjenige, was er von der Welt erlebt dadurch, daß er Mann oder Frau ist, erst von dem Eintritt der Geschlechtsreife an erlebt. In dieser Beziehung, in der man ja heute aus unserer allgemeinen intellektuell-naturalistischen Zivilisation heraus nicht sehr einsichtig ist, ergibt sich für denjenigen, der etwas unbefangen gerade für richtige Menschenerkenntnis an die Welt herantritt, erst die wirkliche Einsicht in das Verhältnis der Geschlechter in der Welt und auch in die Bedeutung zum Beispiel der Geschlechtsfrage oder der Frauenfrage in der Gegenwart und für die nächste Zukunft.

Natürlich, wenn gesagt werden muß, daß der Mensch gewissermaßen nur bis zur Geschlechtsreife hin im allgemeinen Mensch ist, so wird das nur vollständig verstanden, wenn man sich klar darüber ist, welche ungeheuer bedeutungsvolle Metamorphose zum Beispiel für das männliche Geschlecht in der Umwandlung der Stimme, der Stimmlage während der Geschlechtsreife stattfindet. Ähnliche Prozesse finden ja auch statt für das weibliche Geschlecht; sie sind nur auf einem etwas anderen Felde gelegen. Dasjenige, was menschliche Stimme im allgemeinen ist mit all ihrer Modulation, mit allem, was sie befähigt zum Laut- und Tongestalten, das rührt von dem Allgemein-Menschlichen her, das ist herausgeboren aus dem Geistig-Seelischen, wie es in dem Menschen bis zur Geschlechtsreife hin arbeitet. Dasjenige, was der Mensch an Verwandlung seiner Stimmlage aufbringt, ist etwas ihm von außen, von der Welt Aufgedrängtes, das ist etwas, wodurch er sich mit seinem innersten Wesen in die äußere Welt hineinstellt. Es ist einfach, daß nun beim Kehlkopf nicht nur die Weichteile nach der An lehnung an die Knochen hinarbeiten, sondern es ist ein leises Verknöchertwerden des Kehlkopfes selber, was da auftritt, und im Grunde genommen dadurch ein Herausgehen des Kehlkopfes aus dem bloßen inneren Menschensein in das Weltsein.

Überhaupt ist es so, daß wir dieses Hineintreten in die Welt als etwas viel Allgemeineres ansehen müssen, als es gewöhnlich angesehen wird. Gewöhnlich schildert man das Eintreten des Menschen in die Periode, in welcher bei ihm die Liebe eine Rolle spielt, so, als ob eben die Liebe, wenn auch im allgemeineren Sinne, nur für das Geschlechtsleben ihre Rolle spielen würde. Es ist nicht so; der Mensch tritt mit dem Durchgang in die Geschlechtsreife in die Kraft des Liebens für alles dasjenige, was in seiner Umgebung ist, ein. Nur eine besondere Nuance, ein Herausgehobenes aus dem allgemeinen Lieben ist die Liebe zwischen Mann und Weib. Nur wenn man sie in dieser Spezialisierung ansieht, dann versteht man sie eigentlich recht, und dann versteht man auch recht ihre Aufgabe in der Welt.

Was tritt denn eigentlich mit der Geschlechtsreife im Menschen auf? Bisher war ihm die Menschheit so gegeben, daß er sie nachahmen konnte, daß er unter ihrer Autorität stehen konnte. Sie wirkte von außen in ihn herein, denn alles dasjenige, was in ihm war, kam ja im Grunde genommen von dem, was er sich schon aus dem präexistenten Leben mitgebracht hatte. Die Menschheit als Ganzes wirkte vom Ganzen in ihn herein. Zunächst indem er sie nachahmte, dann indem er unter ihrer Autorität stand. Jetzt, nachdem er selber den Weg zur Menschheit gefunden hat, nachdem die Menschheit nicht mehr auf ihn zu wirken braucht in der Weise, wie das früher der Fall war, jetzt tritt Empfindung, Gefühl für das Allgemein-Menschliche in sein Inneres herein, und dieses ist das Gegenstück dazu, daß der Mensch fortpflanzungsfähig wird. Er ist in der Lage, Menschen aus sich hervorzubringen im physischen Sinne; geistig-seelisch kommt er in die Lage, in sich die ganze Menschheit zu erleben.

In diesem Erleben der ganzen Menschheit, da tritt nun stark die Differenzierung nach Mann und Frau auf. Diese Differenzierung nach Mann und Frau tritt so auf, daß nur durch eine vollständige Verständigung durch das soziale Leben selber, durch die Realität des Austausches, auch im Seelisch-Geistigen, zwischen Mann und Frau die volle Menschheit auf der Erde sich verwirklichen kann. Die Frau trägt so wie der Mann das volle Menschliche in sich, aber so, daß sie es wie eine Gabe aus dem Außerirdischen ansieht, wie etwas, das im Grunde genommen aus dem Himmlischen herein sich in die Welt ergossen hat. Die Frau sieht die Menschheit so an, daß sie gewissermaßen im Hintergrunde ein Bild hat, wenn auch im Unbewußten, nach dem sie die Menschheit formt. Die Frau sieht die Menschheit so an, daß sie dabei vorzugsweise Werturteile zugrunde legt, daß sie abwertet, abschätzt. Wenn das im heutigen Leben nicht immer zugegeben wird, so rührt das lediglich davon her, daß unser heutiges Leben eben zunächst in der Außenwelt durchaus den Charakter einer Männerzivilisation trägt.

Seit längerer Zeit ist die hauptsächlichste Kraft des Zivilisatorischen ein Männisches, ein von Männern Ausgehendes. So grotesk sich wiederum diese Behauptung ausnimmt, es ist ein tief bedeutsames Symbolum des heutigen Lebens, daß sich mit etwas, wovon die Frauen nichts wissen sollen, die Männer in die Freimaurerlogen zurückziehen. Und wenn dann Logen zusammenkommen, wo Frauen und Männer untereinander sind, dann ist im Grunde genommen da das Freimaurertum schon absolut abgestumpft, ist nicht mehr dasselbe. Wer die Konstitution des Freimaurertums ins Auge faßt, sieht in ihm natürlich eine Spezialerscheinung, mit Recht; aber er sieht in ihm zugleich dasjenige, was in intensiver Weise darauf hindeutet, wie unsere Zivilisation eine männische ist. Und die Frauen haben eben ungeheuer viel Männisches angenommen und unterdrücken dadurch erst recht das spezifisch Frauenhafte. Daher macht auf Männer manche Strömung in der heutigen Frauenbewegung den Eindruck: das sind Programme, das sind Ideale, aber die unterscheiden sich im Grunde genommen ihrer innerlichen Substanz nach, nicht einmal ihrem Tone nach, nicht von den Idealen und Programmen der Männerbewegung. Gewiß, sie unterscheiden sich dadurch, daß man einmal die Forderungen für die Frauen, das andere Mal für die Männer aufstellt; aber ich meine jetzt, ihrer innerlichen Substanz nach unterscheiden sie sich eigentlich gar nicht.

Dem inneren Wesen nach trägt der Mann die Menschheit so in sich, daß er eigentlich das Menschliche immer wie ein Rätsel empfindet, wie etwas, das er nicht ganz durchdringen kann, das an ihn unsägliche Fragen stellt, mit denen er nicht fertig wird. Diese spezielle Männernuance, die dann eben gerade im Freimaurertum in all das Zeremonielle und Geheimnisvolle ausgeflossen ist, das einen männisch trocknen Charakter hat, die ist so in unsere allgemeine Kultur eingedrungen, daß eben die Frau heute darunter seufzt, aber auf der anderen Seite wiederum es verlangt, es begehrt und sich hineinleben möchte.

Wenn man, so sonderbar es klingt, die heutige Medizin nimmt mit ihrem ganz materialistischen Charakter und zu gleicher Zeit mit der Eigenschaft, daß von der menschlichen Natur, gerade von der physischen Natur, wiederum nichts verstanden wird, sondern man höchstens darauf angewiesen ist, daß man ausprobiert - wenn man diese Medizin nimmt -, sie ist in ausgeprägtem Maße ein Männerprodukt, so daß man gar nicht klarer charakterisieren könnte, was aus dem Männerkopf heute eigentlich herkommt, als an der heutigen Medizin.

Wenn man heute oftmals die Wahrheit auseinandersetzt, so nehmen einen die Leute für einen Menschen, der aus Lust das Paradoxe auseinandersetzt; aber dasjenige, was heute real ist, ist ja vielfach eben das Paradoxe. Daher muß man, wenn man die Wahrheit charakterisiert, was unbequem ist, eben paradox wirken.

Während also die Frau die Menschheit mehr im Bilde erlebt, erlebt sie der Mann mehr als Wunsch mit einem Rätselcharakter. Nach einer anderen Seite dringt man in dasjenige, was hier vorliegt und was insbesondere für den Erziehungs- und Unterrichtskünstler von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit ist, nur ein, wenn man sich klar wird darüber, daß ja in der heutigen Zivilisation ganz im allgemeinen von Liebe gesprochen wird. Liebe, gewiß, man kann auch im allgemeinen von Liebe sprechen, so wie man von Tischzutaten sprechen kann; aber wenn jemand jene abstrakten Spekulationen von den Dingen in die Welt hineinstellt und dann anfängt über sie zu sprechen, dann kommt es mir immer so vor, wie wenn einer rede davon: Salz, Zucker, Pfeffer, das sind Tischzutaten, alles Essenszutaten. Das ist ein Abstraktum. Wenn er dann ins Leben übergehen würde und würde sich in den Kaffee Salz tun statt Zucker, weil alles eine Essenszutat ist, also alles unter dieselbe allgemeine Kategorie fällt, so wird er eben töricht sein, nicht wahr. Im Zivilisationsleben wird man alle Augenblicke so töricht, indem man sich in die spekulativen Allgemeinheiten begibt und nicht in die konkreten Realitäten des Lebens.

Die Liebe ist eben etwas ganz anderes bei dem Mann und bei der Frau. Bei der Frau geht durchaus die Liebe von der Phantasie aus und ist immer damit verknüpft, ein Bild zu formen. Die Frau liebt - verzeihen Sie, wenn ich das sage — niemals vollständig bloß einfach den realen Mann, der dasteht im Leben; die Männer sind ja auch gar nicht so, daß man sie, wie sie heute sind, mit einer gesunden Phantasie lieben könnte, sondern es ist immer etwas mehr darinnen, es ist das Bild darinnen, das aus jener Welt heraus ist, die eine Gabe des Himmels ist. Der Mann hingegen liebt mit Wunsch; die Liebe des Mannes trägt einen ausgesprochenen Wunschcharakter. Und dieser Unterschied muß gemacht werden, wie das auch in mehr ideellem, idealem oder realem Sinne dann zum Ausdruck kommt. Das höchste Ideal kann noch ideale Wünsche enthalten; das instinktiv Sinnlichste kann Produkt der Phantasie sein. Aber dieser radikale Unterschied ist zwischen Mannes- und Frauenliebe. Die Frauenliebe ist in Phantasie getaucht; die Männerliebe ist in Wunsch getaucht. Dadurch gerade bilden sie etwas, was im Leben in Harmonie tritt.

Dies aber sollte gerade der Erziehungskünstler voll im Sinne haben, wenn er sich den geschlechtsreifen Menschen gegenübergestellt findet. Er sollte sich klar darüber werden, daß gewisse Dinge, die vorher nicht an den Menschen herangebracht worden sind, eben nicht mehr nachzuholen sind, wenn man in das Geschlechtsreifealter eingetreten ist. Man muß bis zum geschlechtsreifen Alter hin so viel an den Menschen heranbringen, daß es durch alle Folgezeit genügt, daß der Mann nicht einseitig wird und die Frau nicht. Sie werden aber unweigerlich einseitig, wenn nicht in der richtigen Weise bis zum Geschlechtsreifealter hin erzogen wird.

Heute, wo wir glücklicherweise immer mehr und mehr in die Zeit eintreten, wo auch nach dem Geschlechtsreifwerden bei den folgenden Erziehungsgelegenheiten das männliche und das weibliche Geschlecht nebeneinander teilnehmen, um nebeneinander im sozialen Leben zu arbeiten, heute ist es ganz besonders wichtig, dies, was ich eben gesagt habe, voll zu berücksichtigen. Denn gerade dadurch wird auch so etwas wie die Frauenbewegung erst auf eine gesunde, auf eine wirklich gesunde Grundlage gestellt werden können.

Wir haben, wenn wir uns dies, was ich jetzt sage, in einem größeren Weltenbilde vor Augen stellen, darauf Rücksicht zu nehmen, daß ja unsere Erdenzivilisation einen Grundunterschied aufweist zwischen dem Westen und dem Osten, zwischen Asien auf der einen Seite und Europa, Amerika auf der anderen Seite. Viel größer als alle anderen Differenzierungen, viel größer zum Beispiel als die Differenzierung zwischen Europa und Amerika, ist die Differenzierung zwischen Europa, Amerika auf der einen Seite und Asien auf der anderen Seite. In Asien hat man doch eben etwas, was in eine uralte weisheitsvolle Kultur zurück weist. Sie ist äußerlich in der Dekadenz, vollständig dekadent, aber sie lebt wie eine Erinnerung, sie wird verehrt wie eine Erinnerung. Sie lebt so, daß im Grunde genommen der Asiate dennoch weder den Europäer noch den Amerikaner in der richtigen Weise verstehen kann. Und wer sich darüber täuscht, der täuscht sich eben über das größte historische Weltgeheimnis der Gegenwart, das insbesondere in der Gegenwart wichtig ist, und für die nächste Zeit ganz besonders wichtig werden wird.

Im Westen haben wir trotz aller Nuancierungen ein Gleichmäßiges gegenüber dem Osten. Wir haben das Hineinleben in die irdische Zivilisation, diejenige Zivilisation, die vor allen Dingen ihre Vorstellungen von dem hernimmt, was zwischen Geburt und Tod liegt. Der Osten lebt fast gar nicht mit dem, was zwischen Geburt und Tod liegt, nicht im inneren religiösen Leben, nicht im äußeren, mechanischen Zivilisationsleben. Der Westen aber lebt in diesem Leben, das zwischen Geburt und Tod sich abspielt, auch mit seinen religiösen Empfindungen. Der Ostmensch frägt: Warum bin ich denn eigentlich geboren, warum bin ich denn in diese physisch-sinnliche Welt hereingekommen? — Der Westmensch nimmt das Leben in der physisch-sinnlichen Welt mehr oder weniger als Selbstverständlichkeit. Selbst wenn er zum Selbstmörder wird, ist das noch so. Er nimmt das Leben als eine Selbstverständlichkeit, und nur, weil dieses physische Leben eine große Enttäuschung wäre, wenn es mit dem Tode abschließen würde, entwickelt er auch eine gewisse Empfänglichkeit für das außerirdische Leben.

Es ist ein radikaler Unterschied, aber diesen radikalen Unterschied treffen wir nicht, wenn wir jetzt wiederum in abstrakter Weise die Sache charakterisieren, sondern wenn wir in das konkrete Leben eintreten. Je weiter man von dem Osten gegen den Westen kommt, desto mehr findet man, wie trotz allen Bewußtseins in der Frau eine Sehnsucht nach dem Inneren des Ostens lebt. Ganz anders beim Manne des Westens. Er hat auch Sehnsuchten, aber nicht nach etwas, sondern aus dem heraus, was er erlebt. Er steht ganz in dem äußeren Zivilisationsleben drinnen, das sich zwischen Geburt und Tod abspielt. Aber etwas in ihm will doch noch aus diesem heraus. Und das ist in alledem wahrzunehmen, was uns schließlich als äußere Zivilisation umgibt von der Weichsel, durch Deutschland, Frankreich, England, Amerika hindurch bis nach der anderen Seite zum Stillen Ozean. Da ist in dieser Beziehung durchaus ein gemeinsamer Zug. Und diesen gemeinsamen Zug merkt heute zu seiner vielleicht unbewußten Verzweiflung, aber eben im Bewußten, der Erzieher, der dem geschlechtsreifen Menschen entgegentritt. Man muß schon erziehender Philister werden, wenn man das nicht merkt.

Wir haben ja in den verflossenen Betrachtungen angedeutet, wie man eigentlich die Bücher alle wegwerfen sollte in der Schule, wie rein nur das persönliche Verhältnis des Erziehungskünstlers zum Kinde wirken sollte. Wenn man aber nun an die geschlechtsreifen Menschen herantritt, dann werden die Bücher, dann wird fast das ganze äußere Zivilisationsleben überhaupt zu einer Qual. Ich weiß, daß das von vielen nicht wahrgenommen wird, weil sie sich nicht bis zu diesem Grade ins reale, ins wirklich konkrete Leben hineinstellen. Aber unsere ganze äußere Zivilisation hat ja durchaus auch in dieser Beziehung etwas einseitig Männisches. Geschichte, Kulturgeschichte, Anthropologie, alles hat etwas einseitig Männisches. Der Mensch möchte als Abendländer heraus aus der Welt, in der er eigentlich drinnensteckt. Aher dieses Heraus, das wagt er nicht wirklich zu vollziehen. Er findet nicht die Brücke aus der physisch-sinnlichen Welt zur geistigen Welt. Und so haben wir in unserer äußeren Zivilisation überall die sinnlich-physische Welt charakterisiert eigentlich mit der Sehnsucht: heraus aus ihr, aber wiederum mit dem Nichtherauskönnen aus ihr.

Es ist durchaus so, daß man ja große Mühe hat, im Konkreten Schuleinrichtungen zu treffen für Kinder bis zum geschlechtsreifen Alter, daß man dann aber für die älteren Kinder in einem gewissen Sinne ganz hilflos wird, weil das, was einem zur Verfügung steht, um den Menschen damit noch etwas zu sein, einfach nicht genügt. Und deshalb müßte im Grunde gerade der Erziehungs- und Unterrichtskünstler empfinden, wenn er nun dem geschlechtsreifen Alter gegenübersteht: du brauchst, damit du überhaupt nur anfangen kannst mit dem Erziehen und Unterrichten, etwas von wirklicher Menschenerkenntnis. Deshalb wird vielleicht mehr oder weniger leise dem Erzieher des noch nicht geschlechtsreifen Menschen gegenüber heute schon die Sehnsucht nach tieferer Menschenerkenntnis auftauchen können. Aber für jedes gesunde pädagogische Empfinden muß sie wie etwas innerlich Unbesiegeltes auftreten gegenüber der Erziehung des geschlechtsreifen Menschen.

Daß die Frau sich nach dem Osten sehnt, der Mann eigentlich heraus will aus dem Westen, das ist ein Grundzug unserer ganzen gegenwärtigen Zivilisation. Das ist etwas, was uns, weil der Mensch bis zum geschlechtsreifen Alter hin nur im allgemeinen Mensch ist, auf den früheren Schulstufen nicht so stark entgegentritt, was uns aber, sobald wir dem geschlechtsreifen Menschen gegenüberstehen, sogleich ganz im Konkreten entgegentritt.

Nehmen Sie einmal an, der Deutschlehrer möchte einem geschlechtsreifen Menschen irgendein Buch empfehlen, das vom deutschen Standpunkte aus Goethe schildert. Er ist absolut in Verlegenheit. Es gibt so etwas innerhalb der gebräuchlichen anerkannten Zivilisation nicht. Und wenn die dazu geschriebenen Bücher verwendet werden, so lernt eben der Deutsche den Goethe aus diesen Dingen gar nicht kennen. Wenn, sagen wir, die Goethe-Biographie von Lewes verwendet wird, lernt der Deutsche zwar mehr nach außen gehende Seiten Goethes gut kennen, besser als aus irgendeinem deutschen Buche, aber er lernt wiederum nicht dasjenige kennen, was in Goethe das spezifisch Deutsche ist. Und so ist es heute überall, einfach aus dem Grunde, weil wir eine für die Erziehung, für den Unterricht des geschlechtsreifen Menschen brauchbare Literatur oder dergleichen überhaupt nicht haben.

In bezug auf so etwas kommt alles darauf an, daß wir wirklich in das Zeitalter eintreten, wo die Frau mitgestaltend wirkt für das Zivilisationsleben, wo die Frau dasjenige in das Zivilisationsleben hineinbringt, was sie speziell als Frau bringen kann, wo sie aber nicht dasjenige hineinträgt, was sie aus der bisher männischen Kultur gelernt hat. — Ich hatte einmal mit einer deutschen Frauenrechtlerin in den neunziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts ein Gespräch; sie war ganz radikal in ihren Anschauungen, dennoch mußte ich sagen, diese Anschauungen kommen mir doch so vor, als ob die Frau nur in die Männerkultur hineinwachsen wollte, nicht die Welt mit ihrem Frauenwesen bereichern. Das, was hier gemeint wird, ist nicht in einseitiger oder philiströser Weise gedacht. Ich mußte selbst dieser sehr freien, radikalen Frau gegenüber sagen: Ja, diese Bewegung stellt noch nicht dasjenige dar, was die Welt eigentlich braucht. Die Welt braucht nicht das, daß nun die Frauen sich anziehen — verzeihen Sie -, was man in England nicht aussprechen darf, sondern daß tatsächlich zusammenwirkt, was Mann und Frau, je nachdem, an sich haben können.

Bei allem, mit dem wir an den werdenden Menschen herantreten, müssen wir auf diese besondere Konfiguration vor und nach der Geschlechtsreife hinarbeiten. Legen wir uns einmal eine konkrete Frage vor. Es gibt das «Verlorene Paradies» von Milton. Es wird ganz gut sein, das auch zum Gegenstand des Unterrichts zu machen. Wann? Derjenige, der alles das betrachtet, was ich in diesen Dingen auszuführen versucht habe, wird bei richtigem Begreifen des Eintrittes des erzählenden, des beschreibenden Elementes in das Lebensalter nach dem zehnten Lebensjahre finden, daß in dieses Alter Miltons «Verlorenes Paradies» beziehungsweise überhaupt die epische Poesie hineingehört. Auch Homer wird, wenn er zwischen dem zehnten und vierzehnten Jahre vorgebracht wird, in entsprechender Weise am besten aufgenommen werden. Dagegen ist etwas durchaus gegenüber der wirklichen Menschheitsentwickelung Verfrühtes, wenn man erziehungs- oder unterrichtsgemäß in dieses Lebensalter mit Shakespeare hineinfällt; denn um dasjenige, was in der dramatischen Poesie auftritt, in der richtigen Weise als Mensch aufzunehmen, hat man schon wenigstens den Übergang ins geschlechtsreife Alter nötig. Das Dramatische vorher aufzunehmen, hieße, aus seinem Menschen etwas heraustreiben, was einem später dann durchaus fehlen wird.

Was ich eben anzudeuten versuchte, das wird man so stark gewahr, wenn man genötigt ist, sowohl für den Jüngling wie für die Jungfrau nach dem Eintritt in die Geschlechtsreife — ich will heute nur ein Beispiel herausheben — zum Beispiel Geschichte vorzuführen. Im wirklichen Gang der menschlichen Geschichtsentwickelung fielen, wenn auch in anderer Form, männliche und weibliche Kräfte durcheinander. Unsere Geschichtsdarstellungen, die uns einzig und allein für das geschlechtsreife Alter zur Verfügung stehen, sind aber durchaus männischer Natur, wie wenn sie bloß von Epimetheus dargestellt worden wären. Dafür bringen zum Beispiel die Mädchen, die geschlechtsreif geworden sind, gar kein Verständnis entgegen. Den Jungen wird es etwas langweilig, aber es ist noch eher mit ihnen auszukommen mit dem Epimetheischen, mit demjenigen, was vorzugsweise mit dem Urteilen, mit dem unmittelbar Feststellbaren sich befaßt.

Es gibt auch eine Prometheus-artige Darstellung der Geschichte, wo nicht nur dasjenige gezeigt wird, was geschehen ist, sondern, wo dasjenige, was von Ideen in der Gegenwart dasteht, in seiner Metamorphose aus Vorangegangenem gezeigt wird, aber so gezeigt wird, wie Impulse da waren, um die Gegenwart weiterzuführen, wie die Gegenwart wieder weitergeführt wird durch Impulse. Dieses Wirken eines Prometheus-Elementes in der Geschichte, das ist dasjenige, was das Frauenelement besonders anzieht.

Es würde durchaus einseitig werden, wenn man die Geschichte in einer Frauenschule in einer Prometheus-artigen Weise, für die Männer in einer Epimetheus-artigen Weise darstellen wollte. Die Männer würden ganz in die Vergangenheit zurückfließen und da noch mehr erstarren als sie es heute sind. Die Mädchen in den Mädchenschulen würden gerade bei den für sie geeigneten Geschichtsdarstellungen gewissermaßen der Zukunft nur entgegenfliegen wollen. Sie würden überall die Impulse empfinden, die durchaus ihrem Verständnisse besonders naheliegen. Aber wir gewinnen ein richtiges Wirken für das soziale Zusammenleben nur dann, wenn wir eben zu dem, was wir heute fast einzig und allein zur Verfügung haben, zu der Epimetheus-artigen Geschichte, die von Prometheus geschriebene hinzufügen. Dann, wenn beide Elemente in der Geschichtsdarstellung wirken, werden wir tatsächlich für das geschlechtsreife Alter geschichtliche Darstellungen haben, beziehungsweise solche zustande bringen, wenn uns die entsprechende Aufgabe zugefallen ist.

Thirteenth Lecture

When we look at the point in human life that coincides with the end of school age, which is organically expressed as the onset of sexual maturity, we are faced with something that not only needs to be carefully and attentively considered by educators and teachers when it occurs, but something that must be the focus of attention throughout the entire preceding period. We need only consider what actually happens to human beings in this regard before and at the point of sexual maturity.

In the course of our observations, we have seen how human beings are imitative beings until they lose their baby teeth, how during this time they are devoted to an organic-soul activity that is not yet separated within themselves, how a spiritual-soul activity emanates from the head organization, which is still organic activity and fills the entire organism. During this stage of life, humans live entirely within themselves according to their spiritual-soul content and also according to their physical-bodily content. It can be said that what is particularly characteristic of this stage of life is how humans live.

And not because I believe that this must necessarily be said in this way in the course of such a consideration, but because we can perhaps best understand each other in this way after what has gone before, I must again resort to the method that arises for the contemplative consciousness if I want to characterize very clearly what is actually going on there.

When people of this age sleep, it is of course also the case externally that when they fall asleep, their spiritual-soul life leaves their physical body, and when they wake up, it enters it again. But there is still no great difference between conscious experience in the body and unconscious experience in sleep. Unconscious experience in sleep, if it proceeds normally, if no reminiscences from daily life enter into it — and this is hardly the case with children — this sleep life moves entirely in a super-world as opposed to the earthly world, and it is from this superworld that the activity is initially drawn which, in the waking state, works from the brain into the whole organism of the child.

When the child goes through the process of changing teeth, certain mental and spiritual forces become so free that they no longer merely take on their organic form. They already take on a mental and spiritual character. Between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, the child develops freer thinking, feeling, and willing than before. It is not merely an imitative being; it develops the degree of consciousness through which it can connect with the external world out of a sense of authority. But it needs this sense of authority in order to connect with the external world. The ordinary conditions of life are not sufficient. Adults relate to other adults differently than children with their sense of authority. Children must add this positive aspect of authority to the relationship that adults have with other adults, even when something is communicated, or in other ways, without communication, when something is exerted as a suggestion in a good sense from adult to adult. The result of this is that, even during sleep, more and more of waking life gradually enters into the soul and spiritual life. And to the same extent that the earthly world enters the state of sleep and the supermundane world is no longer present, to the same extent we have the opportunity to approach the child in an instructive and educational manner during the age between the change of teeth and sexual maturity.

With sexual maturity, something completely new enters, and basically, after sexual maturity, the human being is a different being than before. We can characterize this by referring to what I developed in the last part of my reflection here yesterday. It is simply normal for human life that the child lives completely within its physical body until the change of teeth. If it takes too much from this state of living entirely within the physical body for later life — because for later life, this experience of the physical body, as it occurs in early childhood, is no longer normal — if too much of it is taken for later life, then what emerges is what is known as a noticeably melancholic temperament. It is quite true that in childhood the child should have the same connection between its spiritual-soul and physical bodies as the melancholic person has; but what is good for one age is abnormal for another. This must always be taken into account.

When the child goes through the change of teeth, certain spiritual and mental powers are freed up for organic activity and flow into what I have called the formative forces or etheric or subtle body. This belongs to the whole outside world, and during this time, between the change of teeth and sexual maturity, the child should rightly live in this etheric body. If it has had too much of this before the change of teeth, if it has lived too strongly in its etheric body in this or that way before the change of teeth, then this particularly nuanced phlegmatic temperament emerges. But in a certain sense, there is a normal coexistence of the human being with their etheric body. This normal coexistence of the human being must be present between the ages of seven and fourteen, that is, between the change of teeth and sexual maturity. If this is then carried over into later life, the adult will develop an abnormally phlegmatic ‘temperament’.

In contrast, what can then emerge independently in the normal way with sexual maturity, what I called yesterday the astral body, which no longer actually lives in space and time, is what is expressed primarily in the sanguine temperament. And in children, the sanguine temperament emerges when too much of what should only come out at sexual maturity is taken in during the period from tooth change to sexual maturity. People only become ripe for sanguine temperament when they reach sexual maturity.

Everything in life has its normal period, and the various abnormalities of life occur when what is normal for one age is abnormally pushed into another. In this way, one learns to understand human beings thoroughly, if one can survey life as a whole.

So what happens when sexual maturity occurs? What happens is what we can deduce from the observations of the previous days. We have seen that even with the spiritual-soul, which is already emancipated to a certain degree after the change of teeth, the human being still works with it internally. It works its way through the respiratory and circulatory systems to the bone attachments of the muscles. It works its way to the very periphery of the human being and, with sexual maturity, breaks into the outside world. Only then does it stand fully in the outside world.

This, however, compels us to behave very differently toward the young man and the young woman who have passed through the age of sexual maturity than we were able to behave toward the boy and the girl before. For, basically, the whole process that takes place in the human being with the spiritual and soul forces that have been freed before sexual maturity has nothing to do with sex. It is somewhat nuanced, but in reality it has nothing to do with sex. That which has to do with sexuality only develops when the human being has made his breakthrough into the world, that is, when he has entered into relationship with the world.

But then something similar to what happens during tooth replacement occurs in the soul-body. During tooth replacement, the forces that go after thinking, feeling, and willing are released, which develops more on the side of memory. The power of memory is freed, so to speak. Now, at sexual maturity, something comes to free soul activity that previously entered into the rhythm of breathing, which from there still strove to bring rhythm into the muscular system, even into the skeletal system. This rhythmic element now becomes free, and this freedom manifests as the receptivity of the young man or woman to ideal forms, to the imaginative. The actual imagination is basically only born out of the human being with sexual maturity, because the actual imagination can only be born when the astral body, which is free from time and space, is born, which, like dreams, can group the past, present, and future together according to inner points of view.

What does a person bring with them when they break through into the world, so to speak, via the detour through the skeletal system? They bring with them what was previously inside them, what they brought into their inner being from their pre-existing life. With sexual maturity, they are, in a sense, actually thrown out of the spiritual-soul world. This can be said without exaggeration, for it is the pure truth: with sexual maturity, the human being is thrown out of the spiritual-soul life of the world and thrown into the outer world, which he can only perceive with his physical body, with his etheric body. And even if this does not arise clearly in consciousness, it plays an all the greater, all the more intense role in the subconscious. It plays such a role in the subconscious that, as I said, the human being subconsciously or semi-consciously compares the world he is entering with the world he had within himself before. They did not perceive it fully consciously within themselves before, but they found the possibility within themselves to work with it. The inner being of the human being gives the possibility to work freely with a super-world, to work freely with a spiritual-soul world. The outer world does not give this. There are all kinds of inhibitions, there are the desires to overcome these inhibitions. There is all the turmoil that occurs in the interaction between human beings and the world between the ages of fourteen and fifteen and the beginning of their twenties.

This turmoil must be there, and throughout the entire preceding education, one must look at this turmoil, which must necessarily arise. People who are perhaps overly elegiac in their disposition may believe that it is good to spare people this turmoil. But in doing so, they become their own worst enemy. People should not be spared this turmoil. The whole education should be arranged in such a way that it now helps the inner workings of the spiritual and soul life in human beings.

And from the onset of sexual maturity, one should be clear that the human being presents one with a new being, which arises from his relationship to the world, that the feeling of authority now no longer plays a role, that above all, when anything is brought to him, he demands the reasons for it. We must now accustom ourselves to confronting the adolescent youth and the adolescent maiden with reasons. For example, we must get used to the fact that when the young man or woman, who has just introduced a super-world into the world, now rage that this world is not so, that everything must be so different — when they become rebellious, we must endeavor, without falling into philistinism, to motivate them that what is there has ultimately come from what went before, from history. One must play the role of the wise person who fully understands how what is there came to be. But one will no longer be able to achieve anything with authority. One must be so deeply involved in the matter that one is now in a position to give the fully valid reasons for things. If, at this age in particular, one is confronted by a world of content that is unfounded, if one is confronted by conditions in the world that are perceived as unreasonable and in response to which one feels that one can say to oneself: What I have lived before entering the world is actually meaningless, because it all leads me into a world that is unreasonable — if you cannot find a connection to people who can justify the reasonableness of the world at least to a certain degree, then the inner storm becomes too great, and the young man or woman loses their inner stability. For this astral body that has been freed is not of this world. The human being has been cast out of his world, and he only wants to enter this world if this world can justify its existence.

You will misunderstand what I am saying if you think that I am describing this as the full consciousness of the human being. No, I am not describing it as such, but rather as something that takes place in the subconscious in the waking state, surging up in feelings, surging up in dulling impulses of will, living itself out in disappointed ideals, in disappointed desires, living itself out in a certain dulling, perhaps, toward what presents itself in the unreasonable outside world.

For if education is still to take place at this age – and anyone who wants to learn something must also be educated – then what is to be learned must be brought to the individual in an appropriate form of education; preparations must be made for the period from the early twenties onwards. Preliminary work must be done for this. For what one experiences between the ages of fifteen and twenty-one or twenty-two — this period is of course not entirely distinct, especially in our chaotic times, sometimes it happens much later — what one experiences there must lead to one being equipped with everything that has touched one in life, with everything that one has touched in life, so that in one's twenties one can be taken back into the world from which one was thrown out at puberty. One must be accepted again; one must find a connection again, because without this connection, life is impossible. One must find this connection independently. If it is imposed on one by authority, then it is worthless for people in life.

We must therefore bring the child to the point of sexual maturity, through the authority the child longs for, so that we no longer need to exercise our authority from sexual maturity onwards. But we must also put ourselves, especially as teachers and educators, in a position where we can justify everywhere what we want to bring to the child.

This shows, first of all, from a more spiritual and soul-related point of view, the truly magnificent metamorphosis that takes place in the adolescent human being with the onset of sexual maturity.

It is of the utmost importance to note that the principle of gender in human beings only appears with their entry into the world, as I have characterized it. Of course, since everything in life is relative, this truth must also be taken as a relative truth. But it must be understood that until sexual maturity, human beings live as general human beings, and that they only experience what they experience of the world as men or women from the onset of sexual maturity onwards. In this regard, which is not very well understood today in our general intellectual-naturalistic civilization, those who approach the world with an open mind in order to gain a true understanding of humanity will gain a real insight into the relationship between the sexes in the world and also into the significance, for example, of the gender issue or the women's issue in the present and for the near future.

Of course, if it must be said that human beings are, in a sense, only human beings in general until they reach sexual maturity, this can only be fully understood if one is clear about the enormously significant metamorphosis that takes place, for example, for the male sex in the transformation of the voice, the pitch of the voice, during sexual maturity. Similar processes also take place for the female sex; they just occur in a slightly different field. What the human voice generally is, with all its modulation, with everything that enables it to form sounds and tones, comes from what is generally human, it is born out of the spiritual-soul aspect that works in the human being until sexual maturity. The transformation of the human voice is something imposed on the individual from outside, from the world; it is something through which the individual places his innermost being in the outer world. It is simply that now, in the larynx, not only do the soft tissues work toward the bones, but there is also a slight ossification of the larynx itself, which basically causes the larynx to emerge from mere inner humanity into worldliness.

In general, we must regard this entry into the world as something much more general than is usually thought. Usually, the entry of the human being into the period in which love plays a role is described as if love, even in the more general sense, played a role only in sexual life. This is not the case; with the transition to sexual maturity, the human being enters into the power of loving everything that is in his environment. Only a special nuance, something that stands out from general love, is the love between man and woman. Only when one views it in this specialization does one actually understand it correctly, and then one also understands its task in the world correctly.

What actually happens when a person reaches sexual maturity? Until then, humanity was given to them in such a way that they could imitate it, that they could be under its authority. It worked on them from the outside, because everything that was within them basically came from what they had already brought with them from their pre-existing life. Humanity as a whole worked on them from the whole. First by imitating it, then by being under its authority. Now, after he himself has found the way to humanity, after humanity no longer needs to influence him in the way it did before, now a feeling for what is common to all humanity enters his inner being, and this is the counterpart to man becoming capable of reproduction. He is able to produce human beings from himself in the physical sense; spiritually and soulfully, he becomes able to experience the whole of humanity within himself.

In this experience of the whole of humanity, the differentiation between man and woman now comes to the fore. This differentiation between man and woman arises in such a way that only through complete understanding through social life itself, through the reality of exchange, also in the soul and spirit, between man and woman, can the full humanity on earth be realized. Women, like men, carry the fullness of humanity within themselves, but in such a way that they regard it as a gift from outside the earth, as something that has essentially poured into the world from the heavenly realm. Women view humanity in such a way that they have, as it were, an image in the background, albeit in the unconscious, according to which they shape humanity. Women view humanity in such a way that they prefer to base their judgments on value judgments, that they devalue and disparage. If this is not always acknowledged in today's life, it is simply because our present life initially bears the character of a male civilization in the outside world.

For a long time now, the main force of civilization has been masculine, emanating from men. As grotesque as this assertion may seem, it is a deeply significant symbol of today's life that men retreat to Masonic lodges with something that women are not supposed to know about. And when lodges come together where women and men are among themselves, then basically Freemasonry is already completely dulled, it is no longer the same. Anyone who considers the constitution of Freemasonry naturally sees it as a special phenomenon, and rightly so; but at the same time, they see in it something that intensely points to how our civilization is a masculine one. And women have taken on an enormous amount of masculinity and thereby suppress what is specifically feminine. That is why some trends in today's women's movement give men the impression that these are programs, these are ideals, but they differ in their inner substance, not even in their tone, from the ideals and programs of the men's movement. Certainly, they differ in that one sets demands for women and the other for men, but I believe that in terms of their inner substance, they do not actually differ at all.

In his inner being, man carries humanity within himself in such a way that he actually always perceives humanity as a mystery, as something he cannot fully comprehend, something that poses unspeakable questions that he cannot answer. This particular male nuance, which in Freemasonry has flowed into all the ceremonial and mysterious aspects that have a masculine, dry character, has penetrated our general culture to such an extent that women today sigh under it, but on the other hand, they also demand it, desire it, and want to immerse themselves in it.

Strange as it may sound, if one takes today's medicine with its entirely materialistic character and, at the same time, its characteristic of understanding nothing about human nature, especially physical nature, but rather relying on trial and error—if one takes this medicine— it is very much a product of men, so that one could not characterize more clearly what actually comes from the male mind today than in modern medicine.

When one often discusses the truth today, people take one for someone who discusses paradoxes out of pleasure; but what is real today is often precisely the paradoxical. Therefore, when one characterizes the truth, which is uncomfortable, one must appear paradoxical.

So while women experience humanity more in terms of images, men experience it more as a desire with an enigmatic character. On the other hand, one can only penetrate what is at hand here, and what is of particular importance for educators and teachers, if one realizes that in today's civilization, love is spoken of in very general terms. Love, certainly, one can also speak of love in general, just as one can speak of table ingredients; but when someone puts those abstract speculations about things into the world and then begins to talk about them, it always seems to me as if someone were talking about salt, sugar, pepper—these are table ingredients, all food ingredients. That is an abstraction. If he then went into life and put salt in his coffee instead of sugar, because everything is a food ingredient, so everything falls under the same general category, then he would be foolish, wouldn't he? In civilized life, one becomes foolish every moment by engaging in speculative generalities and not in the concrete realities of life.

Love is something completely different for men and women. For women, love definitely stems from the imagination and is always linked to forming an image. Women never—forgive me for saying so—love simply the real man who stands before them in life; men are not such that one could love them as they are today with a healthy imagination, but there is always something more to it, there is the image within that comes from that world which is a gift from heaven. Men, on the other hand, love with desire; a man's love has a distinctly desirous character. And this difference must be made, as it is then expressed in a more ideal, idealistic, or real sense. The highest ideal can still contain ideal desires; the most instinctively sensual can be a product of the imagination. But this radical difference exists between male and female love. Female love is immersed in imagination; male love is immersed in desire. This is precisely what makes them form something that enters into harmony in life.

But this is precisely what the educational artist should keep in mind when he finds himself confronted with sexually mature human beings. He should realize that certain things that have not been brought to the human being before can no longer be made up for once they have reached sexual maturity. Up to the age of sexual maturity, people must be taught enough to ensure that, in all subsequent stages of life, men do not become one-sided and women do not become one-sided. However, they will inevitably become one-sided if they are not educated in the right way up to the age of sexual maturity.

Today, as we fortunately enter an era in which, even after reaching sexual maturity, males and females participate side by side in subsequent educational opportunities in order to work side by side in social life, it is particularly important to take full account of what I have just said. For it is precisely through this that something like the women's movement can be placed on a healthy, truly healthy foundation.

When we consider what I am saying now in a broader world view, we must take into account that our earthly civilization has a fundamental difference between the West and the East, between Asia on the one hand and Europe and America on the other. Much greater than all other differences, much greater, for example, than the difference between Europe and America, is the difference between Europe and America on the one hand and Asia on the other. In Asia, there is something that goes back to an ancient, wise culture. Outwardly, it is decadent, completely decadent, but it lives on as a memory, it is revered as a memory. It lives in such a way that, basically, Asians still cannot understand Europeans or Americans in the right way. And anyone who deceives themselves about this is deceiving themselves about the greatest historical world mystery of the present, which is particularly important in the present and will become especially important in the near future.

In the West, despite all the nuances, we have a uniformity compared to the East. We have immersed ourselves in earthly civilization, the civilization that takes its ideas primarily from what lies between birth and death. The East hardly lives with what lies between birth and death, neither in its inner religious life nor in its outer, mechanical civilizational life. The West, however, lives in this life that takes place between birth and death, including with its religious feelings. The Eastern man asks: Why was I actually born, why did I come into this physical-sensual world? — The Western man more or less takes life in the physical-sensual world for granted. Even when they commit suicide, this is still the case. They take life for granted, and only because this physical life would be a great disappointment if it ended with death do they develop a certain receptivity to extraterrestrial life.

It is a radical difference, but we do not encounter this radical difference when we characterize the matter in an abstract way, but when we enter into concrete life. The further one moves from the East towards the West, the more one finds that, despite all consciousness, a longing for the inner life of the East lives on in women. It is quite different with the man of the West. He also has longings, but not for something, rather out of what he experiences. He is completely immersed in the external life of civilization that takes place between birth and death. But something in them still wants to break out of this. And this can be perceived in everything that ultimately surrounds us as external civilization, from the Vistula, through Germany, France, England, and America, to the other side of the Pacific Ocean. There is definitely a common trait in this regard. And this common trait is noticed today, perhaps to his unconscious despair, but consciously, by the educator who encounters the sexually mature human being. One must become an educational philistine not to notice this.

In our previous reflections, we have indicated how all books should actually be thrown away in school, how only the personal relationship between the educator and the child should have an effect. But when one approaches sexually mature people, then books, then almost the whole of external civilized life, become a torment. I know that many people do not perceive this because they do not immerse themselves to this degree in real, truly concrete life. But our entire external civilization also has something one-sidedly masculine about it in this respect. History, cultural history, anthropology, everything has something one-sidedly masculine about it. As Westerners, humans want to escape from the world in which they are actually stuck. But they don't really dare to do so. They cannot find the bridge from the physical, sensual world to the spiritual world. And so, in our external civilization, we have characterized the sensual, physical world everywhere with the longing to escape from it, but at the same time with the inability to do so.

It is certainly true that we go to great lengths to provide concrete school facilities for children up to the age of sexual maturity, but then we become completely helpless in a certain sense when it comes to older children, because what is available to us to help them is simply not enough. And that is why, when faced with the sexually mature age, the educator and teacher should feel that in order to even begin to educate and teach, they need some real knowledge of human nature. That is why the educator of the not yet sexually mature human being may already feel a more or less quiet longing for a deeper knowledge of human nature. But for any healthy pedagogical sensibility, this must appear as something unresolved in relation to the education of the sexually mature human being.

The fact that women long for the East and men actually want to leave the West is a fundamental feature of our entire present civilization. This is something that does not confront us so strongly in the earlier stages of schooling, because until the age of sexual maturity, human beings are only generally human, but which immediately confronts us in a very concrete way as soon as we are faced with sexually mature human beings.

Suppose a German teacher wants to recommend a book to a sexually mature person that describes Goethe from a German point of view. He is completely at a loss. There is no such thing within the commonly accepted civilization. And if the books written on this subject are used, Germans will not get to know Goethe at all from these sources. If, say, Lewes' biography of Goethe is used, Germans will certainly get to know the more outward-looking sides of Goethe better than from any German book, but they will not get to know what is specifically German in Goethe. And so it is everywhere today, simply because we do not have any literature or anything else that is useful for the education and instruction of sexually mature people.

In relation to such things, everything depends on us truly entering an age in which women play a formative role in civilized life, in which women bring to civilized life what they can bring specifically as women, but do not bring what they have learned from the hitherto male-dominated culture. — I once had a conversation with a German women's rights activist in the 1890s; she was very radical in her views, yet I had to say that these views seemed to me as if women only wanted to grow into male culture, not enrich the world with their womanhood. What is meant here is not thought of in a one-sided or philistine way. I had to say to this very liberal, radical woman: Yes, this movement does not yet represent what the world actually needs. The world does not need women to dress up — forgive me — in a way that is not allowed to be mentioned in England, but rather for men and women to work together in harmony, depending on what they have to offer.

In everything we do with the developing human being, we must work toward this special configuration before and after sexual maturity. Let us consider a specific question. There is Milton's “Paradise Lost.” It would be quite good to make this the subject of teaching. When? Anyone who considers everything I have tried to explain in this regard will, upon correctly understanding the introduction of the narrative, descriptive element into the age after ten years of age, find that Milton's “Paradise Lost” and epic poetry in general belong to this age. Homer, too, when introduced between the ages of ten and fourteen, will be best received in a similar way. On the other hand, it is somewhat premature in relation to the actual development of humanity to introduce Shakespeare at this age for educational or teaching purposes, because in order to properly absorb what appears in dramatic poetry as a human being, one must at least have reached puberty. To absorb the dramatic before this would be to drive out something from within oneself that will then be sorely missed later on.

What I have just tried to suggest becomes very clear when one is compelled to present history, for example, to both young men and young women after they have reached sexual maturity—I will highlight just one example today. In the actual course of human historical development, male and female forces became intermingled, albeit in a different form. However, our historical accounts, which are available to us solely for the sexually mature age, are entirely masculine in nature, as if they had been presented solely by Epimetheus. Girls who have reached sexual maturity, for example, have no understanding of this at all. The boys find it a little boring, but it is still easier to get along with them with the Epimethean, with that which deals primarily with judgment and with what can be immediately ascertained.

There is also a Promethean representation of history, where not only what has happened is shown, but where what stands as ideas in the present is shown in its metamorphosis from the past, but shown in such a way that impulses were there to continue the present, how the present is continued again through impulses. This working of a Promethean element in history is what particularly attracts the feminine element.

It would be quite one-sided to present history in a women's school in a Promethean way and for men in an Epimethean way. The men would flow back completely into the past and become even more rigid than they are today. The girls in girls' schools would, in a sense, want to fly toward the future, especially when presented with historical accounts that are suitable for them. They would feel the impulses everywhere that are particularly close to their understanding. But we will only achieve a real effect on social coexistence if we add to what we have almost exclusively at our disposal today, the Epimetheus-like history, the history written by Prometheus. Then, when both elements are at work in the presentation of history, we will actually have historical representations for the age of sexual maturity, or rather, we will be able to bring them about when the corresponding task falls to us.