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The Bhagavad Gita and the Epistles of Paul
GA 142

30 December 1912, Cologne

Lecture III

The whole meaning of a philosophical poem such as the Bhagavad Gita can only be rightly understood by one to whom such things as are laid down therein, or in similar works of the world's literature, are not merely theories, but a destiny; for man's conceptions of the world may become destiny.

We have in the last few days made acquaintance with two different conceptions of world-philosophy (not to mention a third, the Vedantic) two different nuances of world-philosophy which, if we look at them in the right way, show us most strikingly how a world-philosophy may become a destiny for the human soul. With the concept of the Sankhya philosophy one may connect all that a man can attain to in knowledge, perception of ideas, survey of the world-phenomena; all in which the life of the soul expresses itself. If we describe that which at the present day still remains to the normal man of such knowledge, of a world-philosophy in which the concepts of the world can be expressed in a scientific form, if we describe that which stands at a lower level spiritually than Sankhya philosophy we may say that even in our own age, in so far as our destiny permits, we can still feel the effects of Sankhya philosophy. This will, however, only be felt by one who, as far as his destiny allows him, gives himself up to a one-sided study of such a branch of world-philosophy; a man of whom it might in a certain respect be said: He is a one-sided scientist, or a Sankhya philosopher. How does such a man stand as regards the world? What does he feel in his soul? Well, that is a question which can really only be answered by experience. One must know what takes place in a soul that thus devotes itself one-sidedly to a branch of world-philosophy, using all its forces to acquire a conception of the world in the sense just characterised. Such a soul might study all the variations of form of the world-phenomena, might have, so to say, the most complete understanding of all the forces that express themselves in the world in the changing forms. If a soul in one incarnation confines itself to finding opportunity through its capacities and its karma so to experience the world-phenomena that, whether illuminated by clairvoyance or not, it chiefly acquires the science of reason, such a tendency would in all circumstances lead to a certain coldness of the whole soul life. According to the temperament of that soul, we shall find that it took on more or less the character of ironical dissatisfaction concerning the world phenomena, or lack of interest and general dissatisfaction with the knowledge that strides on from one phenomenon to another. All that so many souls of our time feel when confronted with a science consisting merely of learning; the coldness and barrenness which then depresses them, all this we see when we investigate a soul-tendency such as is presented here. The soul would feel devastated, uncertain of itself. It might say: What should I have gained if I conquered the whole world, and knew nothing of my own soul, if I could feel nothing, perceive nothing, experience nothing; if all were emptiness within! To be crammed full of all the science in the world and yet to be empty within; that, my dear friends, would be a bitter fate. It would be like being lost among the world phenomena; it would be like losing everything of value to one's own inner being.

The condition just described we find in many people who come to us with some sort of learning or of abstract philosophy. We find it in those who, themselves unsatisfied and realising their emptiness, have lost interest in all their knowledge, and seem to be suffering; we also meet it when a man comes to us with an abstract philosophy, able to give information about the nature of the Godhead, cosmology and the human soul in abstract words, yet we can feel that it all comes from the head, that his heart has no part in it—his soul is empty. We feel chilled when we meet such a soul. Thus Sankhya philosophy may become a destiny, a destiny which brings it man near being lost to himself, a being possessing nothing of his own and from whose individuality the world can gain nothing.

Then again let us take the case of a soul seeking development in a one-sided way through Yoga, who is, so to say, lost to the world, disdaining to know anything about the external world. “What good is it to me,” says such a person, “to learn how the world came into existence? I want to find out everything in my own self; I will advance myself by developing my own powers.” Such a person may perhaps feel an inward glow, may often appear to us somewhat self-contained, and self-satisfied. That may be; but in the long run he will not always be thus, on the contrary, in time, such a soul will be liable to loneliness. When one having led a hermit's life while seeking the heights of soul-life goes forth into the world, coming everywhere in contact with the world-phenomena, he may perhaps say: “What do all these things matter to me?” and if then, because of his being unreceptive to all the beauty of the manifestations and not understanding them he feels lonely, the exclusiveness leads to a fateful destiny! How can we really get to know a human being who is using all his power towards the evolution of his own being and passes his fellowman by, cold and indifferent, as though he wished to have nothing in common with them? Such a soul may feel itself to be lost to the world; while to others it may appear egotistical to excess.

Only when we consider these life-connections do we realise how the laws of destiny work in the conceptions of the world. In the background of such great revelations, such great world-philosophies as the Gita and the Epistles of St. Paul, we are confronted by the ruling of these laws of destiny. We might say: if we look behind the Gita and the Epistles of St. Paul, we can see the direct ruling of destiny. How can we trace destiny in the Epistles?

We often find indicated in them that the real salvation of soul-development consists in the so-called “justification by faith” as compared to the worthlessness of external works; because of that which the soul may become when it makes the final connection with the Christ-Impulse, when it takes into itself the great force that flows from the proper understanding of the Resurrection of Christ. When we meet with this in the Epistles, we feel, on the other hand, that the human soul may, so to say, be thrown back upon itself, and thus be estranged from all external works and rely entirely on mercy and justification by faith. Then come the external works; they are there in the world; we do not do away with them because we turn from them; we join forces with them in the world. Again destiny rings out to us in all its gigantic greatness. Only when we look at things in this way do we see the might of such revelations to mankind.

Now these two revelations to humanity, the Bhagavad Gita and the Epistles of St. Paul, are outwardly very different from one another; and this external difference acts upon the soul in every part of these works. We not only admire the Bhagavad Gita for the reasons we have briefly given, but because it strikes us as something so poetically great and powerful; because from every verse it radiates forth to us the great nobility of the human soul; because in everything spoken from the mouths of Krishna and his pupil, Arjuna, we feel something which lifts us above everyday human experiences, above all passions, above everything emotional which may disturb the soul. We are transported into a sphere of soul-peace, of clearness, calm, dispassionateness, freedom from emotion, into an atmosphere of wisdom, if we allow even one part of the Gita to work upon us; and by reading the Gita we feel our whole humanity raised to a higher stage. We feel, all through, that we must first have freed ourselves from a good deal that is only too human if we wish to allow the sublime Gita to affect us in the right way. In the case of the Pauline Epistles, all this is different. The sublimity of the poetical language is lacking, even the dispassionateness is lacking. We take up these Epistles and allow them to influence us, and we feel over and over again how what is wafted towards us from the mouth of St. Paul comes from a being, passionately indignant at what has happened. Sometimes the tone is scolding, or—one might say—condemnatory; in the Pauline Epistles this or that is often cursed; there is scolding. The things that are stated as to the great concepts of Christianity, as to Grace, the Law, the difference between the law of Moses and Christianity, the Resurrection—all this is stated in a tone that is supposed to be philosophical, that is meant to be a philosophical definition but is not, because in every sentence one hears a Pauline note. We cannot in any single sentence forget that it is spoken by a man who is either excited or expressing righteous indignation against others who have done this or that; or who so speaks about the highest concepts of Christianity that we feel he is personally interested; he gives the impression that he is the propagandist of these ideas. . Where could we find in the Gita sentiments of a personal kind such as we find in the Epistles in which St. Paul writes to this or that community: “How have we ourselves fought for Christ Jesus! Remember that we have not become a burden to any, now that we laboured night and day that we might not be a burden to any.” How personal all this is! A breath of the personal runs through the Pauline Epistles. In the sublime Gita we find a wonderfully pure sphere-an etheric sphere-that borders on the superhuman and at times extends into it. Externally, therefore, there are powerful differences, and we may say that it would be blindest. prejudice not to admit that through the great Song that once was given to Hinduism, flows the union of mighty fateful world-philosophies, that through the Gita something of a noble purity, quite impersonal, calm and passionless, was given to the Hindus; while the original documents of Christianity—the Epistles of St. Paul—bear, as it were, an entirely personal, often a passionate character, utterly devoid of calm. One does not attain knowledge by turning away from the truth and by refusing to admit such things, but rather by understanding them in the right way. Let us, therefore, inscribe this antithesis on a tablet of bronze, as it were, during our subsequent considerations.

We have already pointed out in yesterday's lecture, that in the Gita we find the significant instruction of Arjuna by Krishna. Now who exactly is Krishna? This question must, above all, be of interest to us. One cannot understand who Krishna is if one does not make oneself acquainted with a point which I have already taken the opportunity of mentioning in various places; that is, that in earlier ages the whole system of giving names and descriptions was quite different from what it is now. As a matter of fact, it does not now in the least matter what a man is called. For we do not in reality know much about a man in our present time by learning that he bears this or that well-known name, that he is called Miller or Smith. We do not really, know much about a man—as everyone will admit—by hearing that he is a Privy Councillor, or anything else of the kind. We do not necessarily know much about people because we know to what social rank they belong. Neither do we know much of a man today because he has to be addressed as “your honour” or “your Excellency” or “my lord”; in short, all these titles do not signify much; and you may easily convince yourselves that other designations that we make use of today are not very important either. In bygone ages this was different. Whether we take the description of the Sankhya philosophy or our own, we can start from either and make the following reflections.

We have heard that, according to Sankhya philosophy, man consists of the. physical body, the finer elemental or etheric body, the body that contains the regular forces of the senses, the body which is called Manas, Ahamkara, and so on. We need not consider the other, higher principles, because they are not, as a rule, developed yet; but if we now consider human beings such as we see them in this or that incarnation, we may say: Men differ from each other, so that in one that which is expressed through the etheric body is strongly predominant, and in another that which is connected with the laws regulating the senses, in a third that which pertains to the inner senses, in a fourth Ahamkara. Or, in our own language, we may say that we find people in whom the forces of the sentient soul are particularly prominent; others in whom the forces of the intellectual or mind-soul are more particularly active; others in whom the forces of the consciousness soul predominate and others again in whom something inspired by Manas plays a part, and so on. These differences are to be seen in the whole manner of life which a man leads. They are indications of the real nature of the man himself. We cannot at the present time, for reasons which are easily understood, designate a man according to the nature which thus expresses itself; for if one were, for instance, to say at the present day, men's convictions being what they are, that the highest to which a man could attain in the present cycle of humanity was a trace of Ahamkara, each one would be convinced that he himself expressed Ahamkara more clearly in his own being than other people did, and it would be mortifying for him if he were told that this was not the case, that in him a lower principle still ruled. In olden times it was not thus. A man was then named according to what was most essential in him; especially when it was a question of putting him over others, perhaps by giving him the part of a leader, he would be designated by dwelling especially on the essential part of his being just described.

Let us suppose that in olden times there was a man who, in the truest sense of the words, had brought Manas to expression within him, who had certainly in himself experienced Ahamkara, but had allowed this as an individual element to retire more into the background and on account of his external activity had cultivated Manas; then according to the laws of the older, smaller, human cycles—and only quite exceptional men could have experienced this—such a man would have had to be a great law-giver, a leader of great masses of people. And one would not have been satisfied to designate him in the same way as other men, but would have called him after his prominent characteristic, a Manas-bearer; whereas another might only be called a senses-bearer. One would have said: That is a Manas-bearer, he is a Manu. When we come across designations pertaining to those olden times, we must take them as descriptive of the most prominent principle of a man's human organisation, that which most strongly expressed itself in him in that particular incarnation. Suppose that in a particular man what was most specially expressed was that he felt divine inspiration within him, that he had put aside all question of ruling his actions and studies by what the external world teaches through the senses and by what reason teaches through the brain, but listened instead in all things to the Divine Word which spoke to him, and made himself a messenger for the Divine Substance that spoke out of him! Such a man would have been called a Son of God. In the Gospel of St. John, such men were still called Sons of God, even at the very beginning of the first chapter.

The essential thing was that everything else was left out of consideration when this significant part was expressed. Everything else was unimportant. Suppose we were to meet two men; one of whom had been just an ordinary man, who allowed the world to act upon him through his senses and reflected upon it afterwards with the intellect attached to his brain; the other one into whom the word of divine wisdom had radiated. According to the old ideas we should have said: This first one is a man, he is born of a father and mother, was begotten according to the flesh. In the case of the other, who was a messenger of the Divine Substance, no consideration would be given to that which makes up an ordinary biography, as would be the case with the first who contemplated the world through his senses and by means of the reason belonging to his brain. To write such a biography of the second man would have been folly. For the fact of his bearing a fleshly body was only accidental, and not the essential thing; that was, so to speak, only the means through which he expressed himself to other men. Therefore we say: The Son of God is not born of flesh but of a Virgin, he is born straight from the Spirit; that is to say, what is essential in him, through which he is of value to humanity, descends from the Spirit, and in the olden times it was that alone which was honoured. In certain schools of initiation it would have been considered a great sin to write an ordinary biography, which only alluded to everyday occurrences, of a person of whom it had been recognised that he was remarkable because of the higher principles of his human nature. Anyone who has preserved even a little of the sentiments of those old times cannot but consider biographies such as those written of Goethe as in the highest degree absurd. Now let us remember that in those olden times mankind lived with ideas and feelings such as these, and then we can understand how this old humanity was permeated with the conviction that such a Manu, in whom Manas was the prevailing principle, appears but seldom, that he must wait long epochs before he can appear.

Now if you think of what may live in a man of our present cycle of humanity as the deepest part of his being, which every man can dimly sense as those secret forces within him which can raise him up to soul-heights; if we think of this, which in most men exists only in rudiment, becoming in a very rare case the essential principle of a human being-a being who only appears from time to time to become a leader of other men, who is higher than all the Manus, who dwells as an essence in every man, but who' as an actual external personality only appears once in a cosmic epoch; if we can form such a conception as this, we are getting nearer to the being of Krishna. He is man as a whole; he is—one might almost say—humanity as such, thought of as a single being. Yet he is no abstract being. When people today speak of mankind in general, they speak of it in the abstract, because they themselves are abstract thinkers. The abstract being is we ourselves today, ensnared as we are in the sense-world, and this has become our common destiny. When one speaks of mankind in general, one has only an indistinct perception and not a living idea of it. Those who speak of Krishna as of man in general, do not mean the abstract idea one has in one's mind today. “No,” they say, “true, this Being lives in germ in every man, but he only appears as an individual man, and speaks with the mouth of a man once in every cosmic age. “But with this Being it is not a question of the external fleshly body, or the more refined elemental body, or the forces of the sense-organs, or Ahamkara and Manas, but the chief thing is that which in Budhi and Manas is directly connected with the great universal cosmic substance, with the divine which lives and weaves through the world.

From time to time Beings appear for the guidance of mankind such as we look up to in Krishna, the Great Teacher of Arjuna. Krishna teaches the highest human wisdom, the highest humanity, and he teaches it as being his own nature, and also in such a way that it is related to every human being, for all that is contained in the words of Krishna is to be found in germ in every human soul. Thus when a man looks up to Krishna he is both looking up to his own highest self and also at another: who can appear before him as another man in whom he honours that which he himself has the predisposition to become, yet who is a separate being from himself and bears the same relationship to him as a God does to man. In this way must we think of the relationship of Krishna to his pupil Arjuna, and then we obtain the keynote of that which sounds forth to us out of the Gita; that keynote which sounds as though it belonged to every soul and can resound in every soul, which is wholly human, so intimately human that each soul feels it would be ashamed if it did not feel within it the longing to listen to the great teachings of Krishna. On the other hand, it all seems so calm, so passionless, so dispassionate, so sublime and wise, because the highest speaks; that which is the divine in every human nature and which yet once appears in the evolution of mankind, incorporated, as a divine human being. How sublime are these teachings! They are really so sublime that the Gita rightly bears the name of the “Sublime Song” or the “Bhagavad Gita.” Within it we find, above all, teachings of which we spoke in yesterday's lecture, sublime words arising from a sublime situation; the teaching that all that changes in the world, although it may change in such a way that arising and passing away, birth and death, victory or defeat, appear to be external events, in them all is expressed something, everlasting, eternal, permanently existent; so that he who wishes to contemplate the world properly must raise himself from the transitory to this permanence. We already met with this in Sankhya, in the reasoned reflections as to the permanent in everything transitory, of how both the conquered and the victorious soul are equal before God when the door of death closes behind them.

Then Krishna further tells his pupil, Arjuna, that the soul also may be led away from the contemplation of everyday things by another path, that is, through Yoga. If a soul is capable of devotion, that is the other side of its development. One side is that of passing from one phenomenon to another and always directing the ideas, whether illuminated by clairvoyance or not, to these phenomena. The other side is that in which a man turns his whole attention away from the outer world, shuts the door of the senses, shuts out all that reason and understanding have to say about the world, closes all the doors to what he can remember having experienced in his ordinary life, and enters into his innermost being. By means of suitable exercises he then draws up that which dwells in his own soul; he directs the soul to that which he can dimly sense as the highest, and by the strength of devotion tries to raise himself. Where this occurs he rises higher and higher by means of Yoga, finally reaching to the higher stages which can be attained by first making use of the bodily instruments; he reaches those higher stages in which we live when freed from all bodily instruments, when, so to say, we live outside the body, in the higher principles of the human Organisation. He thus raises himself into a completely different form of life. The phenomena of life and their activities become spiritual: he approaches ever nearer and nearer to his own divine existence, and enlarges his own being to cosmic being, enlarges the human being to God inasmuch as he loses the individual limitations of his own being and is merged in the ALL through Yoga.

The methods by which the pupil of the great Krishna may rise by one of these ways to the spiritual heights are then given. First of all, a distinction is made between what men have to do in the ordinary world. It is indeed a grand situation in which the Gita places this before us. Arjuna has to fight against his blood-relations. That is his external destiny, it is his own doing, his Karma, which comprises the deeds which he must first of all accomplish in this particular situation. In these deeds he lives at first as external man; but the great Krishna teaches him that a man only becomes wise, only unites himself with the Divine Eternal if he performs his deeds because they themselves in the external course of nature and of the evolution of humanity prove to be necessary; yet the wise man must release himself from them. He performs the deeds; but in him there is something which at the same time is a looker-on at these deeds, which has no part in them, which says: I do this work, but I might just as well say: I let it happen. One becomes wise by looking on at what one does as though it were being done by another; and by not allowing oneself to be disturbed by the desire which causes the deed or by the sorrow it may produce. “It is all one,” says the great Krishna to his pupil Arjuna, “whether thou art in the ranks of the sons of Pandu, or over there among the sons of Kuru; what ever thou doest, thou must as a wise man make thyself free from Pandu-ism and Kuru-ism. If it does not affect thee whether thou art to act with the Pandus as though one of them, or to act with the Kurus as though thou were thyself a son of Kuru; if thou canst rise above all this and not be affected by thine own deeds, like a flame which burns quietly in a place protected from the wind, undisturbed by anything external: if thy soul, as little disturbed by its own deeds, lives quietly beside them, then does it become wise; then does it free itself from its deeds, and does not inquire what success attends them.” For the result of our deeds only concerns the narrow limitations of our soul; but if we perform them because humanity or the course of the world require them from us, then we perform these deeds regardless as to whether they lead to dreadful or to glorious results for ourselves. This lifting oneself above one's deeds, this standing upright no matter what our hands may carry out, even—speaking of the Gita situation—what our swords may carry out or what we may speak with our mouth; this standing upright of our inner self regardless of all that we speak with our mouth and do with our hands, this it is to which the great Krishna leads his pupil Arjuna. Thus the great Krishna directs his pupil Arjuna to a human ideal, which is so presented that a man says: “I perform my deeds, but it matters not whether they are performed by me or by another—I look on at them: that which happens by my hand or is spoken by my mouth, I can look on at as objectively as though I saw a rock being loosened and rolling down the mountain into the depths. Thus do I stand as regards my deeds; and although I may be in a position to know this or that, to form concepts of the world, I myself am quite distinct from these concepts, and I may say: In me there dwells something which is, it is true, united to me and which perceives, but I look on at what another is perceiving. Thus I myself am liberated from my perceptions. I can become free from my deeds, free from my knowledge and free from my perceptions. A high idea of human wisdom is thus placed before us! And finally, when it rises into the spiritual, whether I encounter demons or holy Spirits, I can look on at them externally. I myself stand there, free from everything that is going on even in the spiritual worlds around me. I look on, and go my own way, and take no part in that in which I take part, because I have become a looker-on. That is the teaching of Krishna.

Now having heard that the Krishna teaching is based upon the Sankhya philosophy, it will be quite clear to us that it must be so. In many places one can see it shining through the teaching of Krishna; as when the great Krishna says to his pupil: The soul that lives in thee is connected in several different ways; it is connected with the coarse physical body, it is connected with the senses, with Manas, Ahamkara, Budhi; but thou art distinct from them all. If thou regardest all these as external, as sheaths surrounding thee, if thou art conscious that as a soul-being thou art independent of them all, then hast thou understood something of what Krishna wishes to teach thee. If thou art aware that thy connections with the outer world, with the world in general, were given thee through the Gunas, through Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva, then learn that in ordinary life man is connected with wisdom and virtue through Sattva, with the passions and affections, with the thirst for existence through Rajas; and that through Tamas he is connected with idleness, nonchalance and sleepiness. Why does a man in ordinary life feel enthusiasm for wisdom and virtue? Because he is related to the basic nature characterised by Sattva. Why does a man in ordinary life feel joy and longing for the external life, feel pleasure in the external phenomena of life? Because he has a relation to life indicated through Rajas. Why do people go through ordinary life sleepy, lazy and inactive? Why do they feel oppressed by their corporality? Why do they not find it possible continually to rouse themselves and conquer their bodily nature? Because they are connected with the world of external forms which in Sankhya philosophy is expressed through Tamas. But the soul of the wise man must become free from Tamas, must sever its connection with the external world expressed by sleepiness, laziness and inactivity. When these are expunged from the soul, then it is only connected with the external world through Rajas and Sattva. When a man has extinguished his passions and affections and the thirst for existence, retaining the enthusiasm for virtue, compassion and knowledge, his connection with the external world henceforth is what Sankhya philosophy calls Sattva. But when a man has also become liberated from that tendency to goodness and knowledge, when, although a kindly and wise man, he is independent of his outward expression even as regards kindness and knowledge; when kindness is a natural duty and wisdom as something poured out over him, then he has also severed his connection with Sattva. When, however, he has thus stripped off the three Gunas, then he has freed himself from all connection with every external form, then he triumphs in his soul and understands something of what the great Krishna wants to make of him.

What, then, does man grasp, when he thus strives to become what the great Krishna holds before him as the ideal-what does he then understand? Does he then more clearly understand the forms of the outer world? No, he had already understood these; but he has raised himself above them. Does he more clearly grasp the relation of the soul to those external forms? No, he had already grasped that, but he has raised himself above it. It is not that which he may meet with in the external world in the multitude of forms, or his connection with these forms, which he now understands when he strips off the three Gunas; for all that belongs to earlier stages. As long as one remains in Tamas, Rajas, or Sattva, one becomes connected with the natural rudiments of existence, adapts oneself to social relationships and to knowledge, and acquires the qualities of kindness and sympathy. But if one has risen above all that, one has stripped off all these connections at the preceding stages. What does one then perceive, what springs up before one's eyes? That which one perceives and which springs up before one is what these are not. What can that be which is distinct from everything one acquires along the path of the Gunas

This is none other than what one finally recognise as one's own being, for all else which may belong to the external world has been stripped away at the preceding stages. In the sense of the foregoing, what is this? It is Krishna himself; for he is himself the expression of what is highest in oneself. This means that when one has worked oneself up to the highest, one is face to face with Krishna, the pupil with his great Teacher, Arjuna with Krishna himself: who lives in all things that exist and who can truly say of himself: “I am not a solitary mountain, if I am among the mountains I am the largest of them all; if I appear upon the earth I am not a single man, but the greatest human manifestation, one that only appears once in a cosmic age as a leader of mankind, and so on; the unity in all forms, that am I, Krishna.”—Thus does the teacher himself appear to his pupil, present in his own Being. At the same time it is made clear in the Bhagavad Gita that this is something great and mighty, the highest to which a man can attain. To appear before Krishna, as did Arjuna, might come about through gradual stages of initiation; it would then take place in the depths of a Yoga schooling; but it may also be represented as flowing forth from the evolution of humanity itself, given to man by an act of grace, as it were, and thus it is represented in the Gita. Arjuna was uplifted suddenly at a bound, as it were, so that bodily he has Krishna before him; and the Gita leads up to a definite. point, the point at which Krishna stood before him. He does not now stand before him as a man of flesh and blood. A man who could be looked upon as other men would represent what is nonessential in Krishna. For that is essential which is in all men; but as the other kingdoms of the world represent, as it were, only scattered humanity, so all that is in the rest of the world is in Krishna. The rest of the world disappears and Krishna is there as ONE. As the macrocosm to the microcosm, as mankind, as a whole, compared to the small everyday man, so is Krishna to the individual man.

Human power of comprehension is not sufficient to grasp this if the consciousness of it should come to man by an act of grace, for Krishna, if one looks at the essential in him—which is only possible to the highest clairvoyant power—appears quite different from anything man is accustomed to see. As though the vision of man were uplifted above all else to perceive the vision of Krishna in his highest nature, we catch sight of him for one moment in the Gita, as the great Man, compared with whom everything else in the world must appear small; He it is before whom stands Arjuna. Then the power of comprehension forsakes Arjuna. He can only gaze and haltingly express what he beholds. That is to be understood: for by means of the methods he has used until now, he has not learned to look at such as this, or to describe it in words; and the descriptions that Arjuna gives at this moment when he stands before Krishna, must be thought of thus. For one of the greatest artistic and philosophical presentations ever given to humanity is the description of how Arjuna, with words which he speaks for the first time, which he is unaccustomed to speak, which he has never spoken before because he has never come within reach of them, expresses in words drawn from the deepest parts of his being what he feels on seeing the great Krishna: “All the Gods do I perceive in Thy, body, O God, so also the multitude of all beings. Brahma the Lord, on His Lotus-seat, all the Rishis and the Heavenly Serpent. With many arms, bodies, mouths and eyes, do I see Thee everywhere, in countless forms, neither end, middle nor beginning do I see in Thee, O Lord of everything! Thou appearest to me in all forms, Thou appearest to me with a diadem, a club, a sword, as a flaming mountain radiating out on all sides, thus do I see Thee. My vision is dazzled, as radiant fire by the brilliance of the sun, and immeasurably great. The Everlasting, the Highest that can be known, the Greatest Good; thus dost Thou appear to me in the wide universe. The Eternal Guardian of the Eternal Right art Thou. Thou standest before my soul as the Eternal Primeval Spirit. Thou showest me no beginning, no middle and no end. Thou art eternally everywhere, infinite in force, infinite in the distances of space. Thine eyes are, as big as the moon, yea, as big as the sun itself, and out of Thy mouth there radiates sacrificial fire. I contemplate Thee in Thy glow and I perceive how Thy glow warms the universe which I can dimly sense between the ground of the earth and the breadth of heaven, all this is filled with Thy power. I am alone there with Thee, and that world in Heaven wherein the three worlds dwell is also within Thee, when Thy wondrous, awful Figure displays Itself to my sight. I see whole multitudes of Gods coming to Thee, singing praises to Thee, and I stand there afraid, with folded hands. All the hosts of seers call Thee blessed, and so do the multitude of saints. They praise Thee in all their hymns of praise. The Adityas, Rudras, Vasus, Sadkyas, Visvas, Aswins, Maruts, Ushmapas, Ghandarvas, Yakshas, Siddhas, Asuras, and all the Saints praise Thee; they look up to Thee full of wonder: Such a gigantic form with so many mouths, arms, legs, feet; so many bodies, so many jaws filled with teeth; the whole world trembles before Thee and I too tremble. The Heaven-shattering, radiating, many-armed One, with a mouth working as though it were great flaming eyes, thus do I behold Thee. My soul quakes. I cannot find security or rest, O great Krishna, Who to me art Vishnu Himself. I gaze into Thy menacing innermost Being, I behold It like unto fire, I see how It works, how existence works, what is the end of all times. I gaze at Thee so, that I can know nothing of anything whatever. Oh! be Thou merciful unto me, Lord of Gods, Thou House in which worlds do dwell.” He turns towards the sons of the race of Kuru and points to them: “These sons of the Kuru all assembled here together, this multitude of kingly heroes, Bhishma and Drona, together with our own best fighters, they all lie praying before Thee, marvelling at Thy wondrous beauty. I am fain to know Thee, Thou Primal Beginning of existence. I cannot comprehend that which appears to me, which reveals itself to me.” Thus speaks Arjuna, when he is alone with Him Who is his own being, when this Being appears objectively to him. We are here confronted with a great cosmic mystery, mysterious not on account of its theoretical contents, but on account of the overpowering sensations which it should call up within us if we are able to grasp it aright. Mysterious it is, so mysterious that it must speak in a different way to every human perception from how anything in the world ever spoke before.

When Krishna Himself caused to sound into the ears of Arjuna that which He then spoke, it sounded thus: “I am Time, which destroys all worlds. I have appeared to carry men away, and even if thou shalt bring death to them in battle, yet all these warriors standing there in line would die even without thee. Rise up, therefore, fearlessly. Thou shalt acquire fame and conquer the foe, Exult over the coming victory and mastery. Thou wilt not have killed them when they fall dead in the battle; by Me they are all killed already, before thou canst bring death to them. Thou art only the instrument, thou fightest only with the hand The Dronas, the Jayadanas, the Bhishmas, the Karnas, and the other warrior heroes whom I have killed, who are already dead—now kill thou them, that my actions may appear externally when they fall dead in Maya; those whom I have already killed, kill thou them. That which I have done will appear to have been done by thee. Tremble not! Thou art not able to do anything which I have not done already. Fight! Those whom I have already killed will fall by thy sword.” We know that all there given in the way of instruction to the sons of Pandu by Krishna to Arjuna, is related as though told by the charioteer to Dritarashtra. The poet does not directly relate: “Thus spake Krishna to Arjuna ”; the poet tells us that Sandshaya, the charioteer of Dritarashtra, relates it to his blind hero, the king of the Kurus. After Sandshaya related all this he then spoke further: “And when Arjuna had received these words from Krishna, reverently with folded hands, tremblingly, stammering with fear and bowing deeply, he answered Krishna: “With right doth the world rejoice in Thy glory, and is filled with reverence before Thee. The Rajas” (these are spirits) “flee in all directions, furious. The holy Hosts all bow down before Thee. Wherefore should they not bow down before the First Creator, Who is even greater than Brahma? Truly we are confronting a great cosmic mystery; for what says Arjuna when he sees his own self before him in bodily form? He addresses this own Being of his as though it appeared to him higher than Brahma Himself. We are face to face with a mystery. For when a man thus addresses his own being, such words must be so understood that none of the feelings, none of the perceptions, none of the ideas, none of the thoughts used in ordinary life must be brought to bear upon the comprehension. Nothing could bring a man into greater danger than to bring feelings such as he may otherwise have in life to bear upon these words of Arjuna. If he were to bring any such feelings of everyday life to bear upon what he thus expresses, if this were not something quite unique, if he did not realise this as the greatest cosmic mystery, then would lunacy and madness be small things compared to the illness into which he would fall through bringing ordinary feelings to bear upon Krishna, that is to say, upon his own higher being. “Thou Lord of Gods, Thou art without end, Thou art the Everlasting, Thou art the Highest, Thou art both Existence and Non-existence, Thou art the greatest of the Gods, Thou art the oldest of the Gods, Thou art the greatest treasure of the whole universe, Thou art He Who knowest and Thou art the Highest Consciousness. Thou embracest the universe, within Thee are all the forms which can possibly exist, Thou art the Wind, Thou art the Fire, Thou art Death, Thou art the eternally moving Cosmic Sea, Thou art the Moon, Thou art the highest of the Gods, the Name Itself, Thou art the Ancestor of the highest of the Gods. Worship must be Thine, a thousand, thousand times over, and ever more than all this worship is due to Thee. Worship must come to Thee from all Thy sides, Thou art everything that a man can ever become. Thou art full of strength as the totality of all strength alone can be, Thou perfectest all things and Thou art at the same time Thyself everything. When I am impatient, and taking Thee to be my friend, I call Thee Krishna: call Thee Yiva, Friend; ignorant of Thy wonderful greatness, unthinking and confiding I so call Thee, and if in my weakness I do not reverence Thee aright, if I do not rightly reverence Thee in Thy wanderings or in Thy stillness, in the highest Divine or in everyday life, whether Thou art alone or united with other Beings, if in all this I do not reverence Thee aright, then do I implore pardon of Thy Immeasurableness. Thou Father of the world, Thou Who movest the world in which Thou movest, Thou Who art more than all the other teachers, to Whom none resembles, Who art above all, to Whom nothing in the three worlds can be compared; prostrating myself before Thee I seek Thy mercy, Thou Lord, Who revealest Thyself in all worlds. In Thee I gaze at That which never has been seen, I tremble before Thee in reverence. Show Thyself to me as Thou art, O God! Be merciful, Thou Lord of Gods, Thou Primal Source of all worlds!”

Truly we are confronted with a mystery when human being speaks thus to human being. And Krishna again speaks to his pupil: “I have revealed Myself to thee in mercy, My highest Being stands before thee, through My almighty power and as though by enchantment it is before thee, illuminating, immeasurable, without beginning. As thou now beholdest Me no other man has ever beheld Me. As thou beholdest Me now, through the forces which by my grace have been given to thee, have I never been revealed, even through what is written in the Vedas, thus have I never been reached by means of the sacrifices. No libation to the Gods, no study, no ceremonial whatsoever has ever attained unto Me, no terrible expiation can lead to beholding Me in My form as I now am, as thou now beholdest Me in human form, thou great hero. But fear must not come to thee, or confusion at the sight of My dreadful form. Free from fear, full of high thoughts thou shalt again behold Me, even as I am now known unto thee, in My present shape.” Then Sandshaya further relates to the blind Dritarashtra: When Krishna had thus spoken to Arjuna, the Immeasurable One—without beginning and without end, sublime beyond all strength—vanished, and Krishna showed Himself again in his human form as though he wished by his friendly form to reassure him who had been so terrified. And Arjuna said: “Now I see Thee once more before me in Thy human shape, now knowledge and consciousness return to me and I am again myself, such as I was.” And Krishna spoke: “The shape which was so difficult for thee to behold, in which thou hast just seen Me, that is the form for the sight of which even Gods have endlessly longed. The Vedas do not indicate My shape, it will neither be attained by 'repentance, nor by charity, neither by sacrifice, nor by any ritual whatsoever. By none of these can I be seen in the form in which thou hast just seen Me. Only one who knows how to go along the way in freedom, free from all the Vedas, free from all repentances, free from all charities and sacrifices, free from all ceremonials, keeping his eyes reverently fixed upon Me alone, only such an one can perceive Me in such a shape, he alone can recognise Me thus, and can also become entirely one with Me. Whosoever behaveth thus, as I put it into his mind to behave, whosoever loveth and honoureth Me, whosoever doth not care for the world and to whom all beings are worthy of love, he comes to Me, O thou, My son of the race of Pandu.”

We are confronted with a cosmic mystery of which the Gita tells us that it was given to mankind at a most significant cosmic hour, that significant cosmic hour when the old clairvoyance which is connected with the blood, ceases: and human souls must seek new paths to the everlasting, to the intransitory. Thus this mystery is brought to our notice so that we may at the same time realise by means of its presentation all that can become dangerous to man when he is able to see his own being brought to birth out of himself. If we grasp this deepest of human and cosmic mysteries—which tells of our own being through true self knowledge—then we have before us the greatest cosmic mystery in the world. But we may only put it before us if we are able to reverence it in all humility. No powers of comprehension will suffice, none will enable us to approach this cosmic mystery; for that the correct sentiment is necessary. No one should approach the cosmic mystery that speaks from out the Gita who cannot approach it reverentially. Only when we can feel thus about it do we completely grasp it. How, starting from this point of view one is able in the Gita to look at a certain stage of human evolution, and how, just by means of what is shown to us in the Gita, light can also be thrown upon what we meet with in a different way in the Epistles of St. Paul—that it is which, is to occupy us in the course of these lectures.

Dritter Vortrag

Die ganze Bedeutung einer solchen philosophischen Dichtung, wie sie uns in der Bhagavad Gita gegeben ist, wird nur der richtig würdigen können, dem Dinge, wie sie in der Bhagavad Gita oder in ähnlichen Werken der Weltliteratur niedergelegt sind, nicht eine bloße Theorie, sondern dem sie ein Schicksal sind; und ein Schicksal können Weltanschauungen für die Menschheit sein.

Entgegengetreten sind uns in den Auseinandersetzungen der letzten Tage zwei Weltanschauungsnuancen außer der dritten, der Vedarichtung, nämlich die Sankhyaphilosophie und der Yoga, zwei Weltanschauungsnuancen, die uns, wenn wir sie richtig ins Auge fassen, im eminentesten Sinne zeigen können, wie Weltanschauungen eben ein Schicksal für die menschliche Seele werden können. Mit dem Begriff der Sankhyaphilosophie können wir alles das verbinden, was dem Menschen werden kann an Wissen, Erkenntnis in Ideen, Überschau über die Erscheinungen der Welt, in denen sich das seelische Leben zum Ausdruck bringt. Und wenn wir das, was sozusagen unserer Zeit für den normalen Menschen geblieben ist von einer solchen Erkenntnis, von einer solchen in Ideen ausdrückbaren Weltanschauung in wissenschaftlicher Form, wenn wir das, obzwar es geistig viel niedriger steht als die Sankhyaphilosophie, auch als eine solche Erkenntnisnuance bezeichnen, dann können wir sagen: Auch in unserer Zeit kann noch empfunden werden schicksalsmäßig dasselbe, was gegenüber der Sankhyaphilosophie schicksalsmäßig empfunden werden kann. - Allerdings wird schicksalsmäßig nur der empfinden, welcher in einseitiger Weise einer solchen Weltanschauungsnuance sich hingibt, von dem wir in gewisser Weise sagen können: Er ist in einseitiger Weise Wissenschafter oder Sankhyaphilosoph. — Wie steht ein solcher der Welt gegenüber? Wie kann er in seiner Seele empfinden? Das ist eine Frage, die sich im Grunde genommen nur erfahrungsgemäß beantworten laßt. Man muß kennen das, was einer Seele passiert, wenn sie in solch einseitiger Weise sich einer Weltanschauungsnuance hingibt, wenn sie alle ihre Kräfte daransetzt, eine in dem charakterisierten Sinn gehaltene Weltanschauung zu haben. Es kann ja dann diese Seele bis in die Einzelheiten der Formen der Welterscheinungen eintreten, kann sozusagen in ausgiebigster Weise Verständnis haben für alles, was sich an Kräften ausdrückt in der Welt, was sich an Formen wandelt in der Welt. Wenn eine Seele nur so sich der Welt hingeben würde, sagen wir, in einer Inkarnation nur Gelegenheit fande, durch ihre Fähigkeiten und ihr Karma so sich in die Welterscheinungen einzuleben, daß sie vor allen Dingen, ob durchglänzt von hellseherischer Kraft oder nicht, Vernunftwissen hat, so führt eine solche Seelenrichtung unter allen Umständen zu einer gewissen Art Kälte des ganzen Seelenlebens. Und je nachdem dann das Temperament der Seele geartet ist, werden wir finden, daß diese Seele entweder mehr oder weniger den Charakter unbefriedigter Ironie gegenüber den Welterscheinungen annimmt oder der Interesselosigkeit, des Unbefriedigt-Seins im allgemeinen an einem solchen Wissen, das von Erscheinung zu Erscheinung schreitet. Alles das, was so viele Seelen in unserer Zeit auch fühlen können, wenn an sie ein Wissen herantritt, das bloß in gelehrtenhafte Art geprägt ist, die Kälte, die Ödigkeit, die da eine Seele befällt, das Unbefriedigte im Gemüte, alles das kann vor unsere Seele treten, wenn wir eine solche Seelenrichtung ins Auge fassen, wie sie angegeben worden ist. Verödet, ihrer selber ungewiß, wird sich eine solche Seele fühlen. Was hätte ich, wenn ich die ganze Welt gewänne und über meine eigene Seele nichts wissen, nichts fühlen, nichts empfinden, nichts erleben könnte, wenn es da drinnen leer bliebe! — so könnte eine solche Seele sagen. Vollgepfropft sein mit dem ganzen Wissen der Welt und in sich selber leer sein, das kann ein bitteres Schicksal werden; das kann wie ein Verlorensein an die Welterscheinungen werden, wie ein Verlust alles dessen, was im Inneren selber wertvoll werden kann.

Das, was eben jetzt geschildert worden ist, wir finden es bei vielen Leuten, welche uns mit irgendeiner Art von Gelehrsamkeit entgegentreten, mit einer abstrakten Philosophie. Wir finden es, entweder indem diese Seelen selber unbefriedigt und ihre Leerheit fühlend, interesselos an ihrem vielen Wissen, uns wie elend entgegentreten; oder aber wir finden es, wenn jemand mit einer abstrakten Philosophie an uns herantritt und uns Auskünfte geben kann mit abstrakten Worten über das Wesen der Gottheit, der Kosmologie, der menschlichen Seele, und wir doch fühlen: Das ruht im Kopf; das Herz ist nicht beteiligt, das Gemüt ist leer! - Kalt weht es uns an, wenn wir einer solchen Seele begegnen. Sankhyaphilosophie kann so zum Schicksal werden, zum Schicksal, das dem Menschen nahebringt, ein für sich selbst verlorenes Wesen zu sein, ein Wesen, das nichts von sich hat und von dessen Individualität die Welt nichts haben kann.

Und wiederum: nehmen wir eine Seele, die einseitig die Entwikkelung durch den Yoga sucht, die sozusagen weltverloren ist, es verschmäht, irgend etwas von der Außenwelt zu erkennen. Die sagt: Was hilft es mir zu erfahren, wie die Welt entstanden ist. Ich will alles aus mir heraus suchen; ich will selber durch die Entwickelung meiner Kräfte vorwärts kommen. — Sie wird im Inneren vielleicht sich warm fühlen, wird oftmals uns so entgegentreten, daß sie uns erscheint wie etwas in sich Geschlossenes, in sich Befriedigtes. Mag sein. Auf die Dauer wird es für eine solche Seele nicht so bleiben, sondern auf die Dauer ist eine solche Seele ausgesetzt der Vereinsamung. Wenn eine solche Seele, die, in das Eremitentum zurückgezogen, die Höhen des Seelenlebens sucht, dann hinaustritt in die Welt und überall an die Welterscheinungen anstößt, aber vielleicht da sich sagt: was kümmern mich alle diese Welterscheinungen und wenn sie dann doch, weil sie fremd gegenübersteht der Herrlichkeit der Offenbarungen und sie nicht versteht, sich vereinsamt fühlt, dann wird die Einseitigkeit wiederum zum verhängnisvollen Schicksal. Und wie kann uns oftmals eine solche Seele entgegentreten! Wie kann man sie kennenlernen, die Menschenwesen, die da alle Kraft verwenden auf die Evolution ihres eigenen Wesens, die kalt und gleichgültig an ihren Mitmenschen vorbeigehen, als ob sie nichts mit ihnen gemein haben wollten! Weltverloren kann sich eine solche Seele selber fühlen, und egoistisch bis zum Exzeß kann sie den anderen Seelen vorkommen.

Wenn man diese Lebenszusammenhänge ins Auge faßt, dann erst empfindet man das Schicksalsmäßige von Weltanschauungen. Und im Hintergrunde solch großer Manifestationen, solch großer Weltanschauungen, wie wir sie in der Gita und auch in den Paulusbriefen finden, da tritt uns entgegen dieses Schicksalsmäßige. Man möchte sagen: Sowohl hinter der Gita wie hinter den Paulusbriefen, wenn wir nur ein wenig hinter sie blicken, schaut uns das an, was für uns unmittelbar schicksalsmäßig wird. Wie kann das Schicksal uns anschauen auch aus den Paulusbriefen?

Da finden wir so oftmals hingewiesen darauf, wie das eigentliche Heil der Seelenentwickelung in der sogenannten Glaubensgerechtigkeit besteht gegenüber der Wertlosigkeit der äußeren Werke, durch das, was der Seele werden kann, wenn sie den Zusammenschluß findet mit dem Christus-Impuls, wenn sie in sich aufnehmen kann die große Kraft, die da fließt aus der richtig verstandenen Auferstehung des Christus. Wenn uns das entgegentritt in den Paulusbriefen, dann fühlen wir auf der anderen Seite, wie da die menschliche Seele sozusagen in sich selber zurückgewiesen wird, wie da die menschliche Seele entfremdet werden kann dem äußeren Werk und sich ganz verlassen kann auf Gnade und Glaubensgerechtigkeit. Dann kommt das äußere Werk. Es ist in der Welt da, wir schaffen es dadurch nicht hinweg, daß wir es hinwegdekretieren. Wir stoßen in der Welt damit zusammen. Und das Schicksal tönt uns wiederum entgegen in all seiner gigantischen Größe. Nur wenn man die Sachen so faßt, dann steht einem vor Augen das Gewaltige solcher Menschheitsäußerungen.

Nun sind diese beiden Menschheitsäußerungen, die Bhagavad Gita und die Paulusbriefe, äußerlich recht verschieden voneinander. Und diese äußerliche Verschiedenheit, sie wirkt, möchte ich sagen, in jedem Teil dieser Werke auf die Seele ein.

Da stehen wir vor der Bhagavad Gita nicht nur bewundernd aus den Gründen, die wir kurz schon angeführt haben, sondern da stehen wir bewundernd auch aus dem Grunde, weil sie uns poetisch so groß und gewaltig anmutet, weil aus jedem Vers uns entgegenleuchtet Hochgesinnung der menschlichen Seele, weil in alledem, was da ausgesprochen wird aus dem Munde des Krishna oder seines Schülers Arjuna, wir etwas fühlen wie ein Hinausgehoben-Sein über die alltäglichen menschlichen Erlebnisse, über alles Leidenschaftliche, über alles, was mit Affekt zu tun hat, was der Seele Unruhe gibt. In eine Sphäre der Seelenruhe, der Abgeklärtheit, der Gelassenheit, der Leidenschaftslosigkeit und Affektlosigkeit, in eine Atmosphäre der Weisheit werden wir hineinversetzt, wenn wir auch nur ein Stück der Gita auf uns wirken lassen. Und wir fühlen überall unsere ganze Menschlichkeit schon durch die Lektüre der Gita wie auf eine höhere Stufe hinaufgehoben. Wir fühlen überall: wir müssen uns von manchem allzu Menschlichen freigemacht haben, wenn wir das erhabene Göttliche in der Gita in der richtigen Weise auf uns wollen wirken lassen.

Anders ist das alles bei den Paulusbriefen. Das Erhabene der poetischen Sprache fehlt, selbst die Leidenschaftslosigkeit der Gita fehlt. Wir nehmen diese Paulusbriefe in die Hand, lassen sie auf uns wirken, und wir fühlen vielfach, wie uns aus ihnen entgegenweht, aus dem Munde des Paulus, ein leidenschaftlich empörtes Wesen über das, was passiert ist. Zuweilen ist der Ton polternd, könnte man sagen. Verurteilt, verdammt wird vielfach dieses oder jenes in den Paulusbriefen, gescholten wird. Und die Dinge, die da vorgebracht werden über die großen Begriffe des Christentums, über die Gnade, über die Gesetzhaftigkeit, über den Unterschied des Mosaismus und des Christentums, über die Auferstehung, alles das wird vorgebracht in einem Ton, der gewissermaßen philosophisch sein soll, der philosophische Definition sein will und der es doch nicht ist, weil in jeden Satz hineinklingt eine Note des Paulus. Wir können bei keinem Satz vergessen, daß ein Mensch spricht, der entweder aufgeregt ist oder aus gerechtem Zorn sich über andere ausspricht, die das oder jenes getan haben; oder der über die höchsten Begriffe des Christentums so spricht, daß wir fühlen, er ist persönlich engagiert, er steht unter dem Eindruck, daß er ein Propagandist dieser Ideen ist.

Wie könnte es uns beim Lesen der Gita begegnen, daß sich etwa eine ähnliche Gesinnung persönlicher Natur ausspräche wie bei Paulus, wenn wir in seinen Briefen lesen, daß er an diese oder an jene Gemeinde schreibt: Wie sind wir selber eingetreten für den Christus Jesus! Erinnert euch, wie wir niemand zur Last gefallen sind, wie wir gearbeitet haben Tag und Nacht, damit wir niemand zur Last fielen. - Wie persönlich ist das alles! Ein Hauch des Persönlichen geht durch die Paulusbriefe. Eine wunderbar reine Sphäre, eine Äthersphäre, die ans Übermenschliche überall grenzt und zuweilen sich in das Übermenschliche hineinerstreckt, finden wir in der erhabenen Gita.

Äußerlich also sind gewaltige Unterschiede, und wir können sagen: Es wurde das blindeste Vorurteil sein, wenn man sich nicht gestehen wollte, daß durch das große Lied, durch das einstmals dem Hinduismus gegeben worden ist der Zusammenfluß schicksalsmächtiger Weltanschauungen, daß durch diese Gita den Hinduisten etwas erhaben Reines, etwas Unpersönliches, Gelassenes und Leidenschafts-, Affektloses gegeben worden ist, während das, was wie die Ur-Urkunde des Christentums, die Paulusbriefe, uns entgegentritt, einen ganz persönlichen, oft leidenschaftserfüllten und alle Gelassenheit entbehrenden Charakter trägt. Nicht dadurch kommt man zur Erkenntnis, daß man sich vor der Wahrheit verschließt und solche Dinge nicht gesteht, sondern dadurch, daß man sie begreift und im richtigen Sinn sie auffaßt. Diesen Gegensatz wollen wir daher durchaus wie eine eherne Tafel hingestellt sein lassen vor unsere folgende Betrachtung. |

Wir haben schon gestern darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß uns in der Gita die bedeutsame Unterweisung des Arjuna durch Krishna entgegentritt. Wer ist denn eigentlich nun Krishna? Diese Frage rauß uns vor allen Dingen interessieren. Man kann nicht verstehen, wer Krishna ist, wenn man sich nicht bekannt macht mit einer Sache, die ich gelegentlich schon da oder dort besprochen habe, bekannt macht damit, daß die ganze Art der Namengebung und -bezeichnung in früheren Zeiten eine andere war als jetzt. Jetzt ist im Grunde genommen die Art, wie man einen Menschen bezeichnet, etwas höchst Gleichgültiges. Denn schließlich wird man von einem Menschen in unserer heutigen Zeit nicht viel wissen, wenn man erfährt, daß er diesen oder jenen bürgerlichen Namen trägt, daß er Müller oder Schulze heißt. Man weiß auch schließlich nicht viel von einem Menschen — das wird sich auch jeder gestehen -, wenn man weiß, daß er Hofrat oder Geheimrat oder irgend etwas anderes von dieser Art ist. Man weiß also auch nicht viel von diesem Menschen, wenn man solch eine Bezeichnung seiner sozialen Rangordnung weiß. Und auch dadurch weiß man heute nicht viel von einem Menschen, wenn man weiß, daß man ihn anzureden hat mit «Euer Hochwohlgeboren» oder «Hochwürden» oder auch nur als «geehrter Herr», kurz, all diese Bezeichnungen, sie besagen nicht viel für den Menschen. Und Sie werden sich leicht überzeugen können, daß auch andere Bezeichnungen, die wir heute wählen, nicht sonderlich viel besagen. Anders war das in älteren Zeiten. Ob wir die Bezeichnungen der Sankhyaphilosophie nehmen, ob wir unsere eigenen anthroposophischen Bezeichnungen nehmen, wir können von beiden ausgehen und die folgende Betrachtung anstellen.

Wir haben gehört, daß im Sinne der Sankhyaphilosophie der Mensch aus dem groben physischen Leib besteht, dem feineren Elementenleib oder Ätherleib, dem Leib, der die gesetzmäßigen Kräfte der Sinne enthält, demjenigen, was das Manas genannt wird, Ahamkara und so weiter. Die anderen höheren Glieder brauchen wir nicht zu betrachten, weil sie im allgemeinen noch nicht ausgebildet sind. Aber wenn wir nun die Menschen nehmen so, wie sie uns entgegentreten in dieser oder jener Inkarnation, da können wir sagen: Die Menschen sind voneinander verschieden, so daß bei dem einen Menschen stark nur das hervortritt, was im ätherischen Leib sich ausdrückt, beim anderen mehr das hervortritt, was in der GesetzmäRigkeit der Sinne liegt, beim dritten mehr der innere Sinn, beim vierten mehr Ahamkara. Oder wenn wir in unserer Sprache reden: Wir finden Menschen, bei denen hervorragend tätig sind die Kräfte der Empfindungsseele; wir finden andere Menschen, bei denen hervorragend tätig sind die Kräfte der Verstandes- oder Gemütsseele, andere, bei denen die Kräfte der Bewußtseinsseele hervortreten, und wieder andere, bei denen etwas anderes hereinspielt dadurch, daß sie inspiriert sind von Manas und so weiter. Das sind Unterschiede, die gegeben werden durch die ganze Art, wie sich ein Mensch darlebt. Mit diesen Unterschieden ist auf das Wesen der Menschen selber hingewiesen.

In unserer Gegenwart geht es nicht, aus leicht begreiflichen Gründen, Bezeichnungen der Menschen zu wählen nach der Wesenheit, die in diesem Sinn ausgedrückt ist. Denn würde man heute bei der weitverbreiteten Gesinnung der Menschheit zum Beispiel zu sagen haben, daß das Höchste, was der Mensch erreichen kann im gegenwärtigen Menschheitszyklus, ein Anflug von Ahamkara sei, so würde jeder überzeugt sein, daß er in seiner Wesenheit am deutlichsten den Ahamkara ausdrückt, und es würde für ihn verletzend sein, wenn man zum Ausdruck brächte, daß das noch nicht der Fall ist, daß ein niedrigeres Glied bei ihm vorherrscht. So war es nicht in alten Zeiten. Da bezeichnete man schon den Menschen im wesentlichen, insbesondere wenn es darauf ankam, ihn herauszuheben aus der übrigen Menschheit, vielleicht ihm gar die Führerrolle zuzuerteilen, man bezeichnete den Menschen schon so, daß man Rücksicht nahm auf die eben charakterisierte Wesenheit.

Nehmen wir an, in alten Zeiten wäre ein Mensch aufgetreten, der in umfassendstem, in wirklich umfassendstem Sinn das Manas zum Ausdruck gebracht hätte, der zwar in sich erlebt hätte den Ahamkara, aber diesen als individuelles Element mehr hätte zurücktreten lassen und um seiner Wirksamkeit nach außen willen den inneren Sinn, das Manas, zur Geltung gebracht hätte. Nach den Gesetzen älterer kleinerer Menschheitszyklen hätte ein solcher Mensch — und nur ganz seltene Menschen hätten ein solches Wesen darleben können — ein großer Gesetzgeber, ein Führer großer Völkermassen sein müssen. Und man hätte sich nicht begnügt, ihn so zu bezeichnen wie andere Menschen, sondern nach seinem hervorstechendsten Merkmal hätte man ihn bezeichnet als Manas-Träger, während man einen anderen nur als Sinnes-Träger bezeichnet hätte. Man würde gesagt haben: Der ist ein Manas-Träger, der ist ein Manu. Und wenn uns Bezeichnungen in jenen älteren Zeiten entgegentreten, so haben wir in ihnen dasjenige zu sehen, was den Menschen charakterisiert nach dem hervorragendsten Gliede der menschlichen Organisation, das gerade bei ihm in seiner entsprechenden Inkarnation zum Ausdruck kommt.

Nehmen wir an, bei einem Menschen würde sich besonders zum Ausdruck gebracht haben, daß er in sich fühlte die göttliche Inspiration, daß er es abgelehnt hätte, sich bei seinen Erkenntnissen und Handlungen nur zu entscheiden nach dem, was die Außenwelt durch seine Sinne gibt und was sein an das Gehirn gebundener Verstand sagt, sondern daß er überall hingehorcht hätte auf das göttliche Wort, das sich ihm einsprach, daß er sich zum Verkündiger der göttlichen Substanz gemacht hätte, die aus ihm gesprochen hätte. Einen solchen Menschen würde man bezeichnet haben als einen Gottessohn. Und noch im Johannes-Evangelium werden diejenigen, die einmal so waren, als die Gottessöhne hingestellt gleich im Anfang des ersten Kapitels.

Aber das Wesentliche war das, daß man alles andere dabei übersah, wenn man dieses Bedeutsame zum Ausdruck brachte. Alles andere war unbedeutend. Nehmen wir also an, man wäre zwei Menschen gegenübergetreten: Der eine wäre ein gewöhnlicher Sinnesmensch gewesen, der die Welt durch seine Sinne hätte auf sich wirken lassen und über sie mit seinem an das Gehirn gebundenen Verstand nachgedacht hätte; der andere wäre ein solcher Mensch gewesen, in den das Wort der göttlichen Weisheit hereingestrahlt hätte. Dann würde man sich im Sinne der alten Gesinnung so ausgesprochen haben, daß man gesagt hätte: Dieser eine Mensch ist ein Mensch; er ist geboren von Vater und Mutter, ist nach dem Fleisch gezeugt. Beim anderen Menschen, der der Verkündiger der göttlichen Substanz gewesen wäre, käme nicht in Betracht, was einfließt in eine gewöhnliche Biographie, wie bei jenem ersten, der die Welt mit den Sinnen und dem an das Gehirn gebundenen Verstand betrachtet. Eine solche Biographie zu schreiben, wäre bei ihm eine Torheit gewesen. Denn daß er einen fleischlichen Leib an sich trug, war nur das Gelegentliche, nicht das Wesentliche, das man ins Auge faßte; es war sozusagen nur das, wodurch er sich den anderen Menschen zum Ausdruck brachte. Und man sagt deshalb: Der Gottessohn, der ist nicht nach dem Fleisch geboren, der ist jungfräulich, unmittelbar aus dem Geist geboren. — Das heißt: das, worauf es bei ihm ankam, wodurch er Wert hatte für die Menschheit, das stammte aus dem Geist. Und nur das hob man hervor in den alten Zeiten. Bei gewissen Schülern von Eingeweihten wäre es die größte Sünde gewesen, gegenüber einer Persönlichkeit, von der man erkannt hatte, daß sie durch höhere Glieder der menschlichen Natur Bedeutung hatte, eine Biographie im landläufigen Sinn zu schreiben, die nur auf das gewöhnliche alltägliche Verhältnis Rücksicht nimmt. Wer noch ein wenig nur sich etwas bewahrt hat von der Gesinnung jener alten Zeiten, findet es höchst absurd, was heute meinetwillen an Goethe-Biographien geschrieben wird.

Und nun stellen wir uns vor, daß die Menschheit der alten Zeiten mit solchen Empfindungen, mit solchen Gefühlen gelebt hat, dann können wir auch begreifen, wie durchdrungen diese alte Menschheit davon sein konnte, daß solch ein Manu, in dem hauptsächlich das Manas lebt, selten erscheint, daß er große Epochen abwarten muß, bis er auftreten kann.

Wenn wir nun auf das hinschauen, was als die tiefste Wesenheit in dem Menschen leben kann in unserem Menschheitszyklus, wenn wir auf das hinschauen, was jeder Mensch ahnen kann von seinen geheimen Kräften, die ihn hinaufbringen können zu seelischen Höhen, wenn wir auf das hinschauen und uns die Vorstellung bilden, daß, was bei den anderen Menschen nur in der Anlage vorhanden ist, in ganz seltenen Fällen einmal das wesentliche Glied einer menschlichen Wesenheit wird, einer Wesenheit, die dann von Zeit zu Zeit auftritt, um Führer zu sein den anderen Menschen, die höher ist als alle Manus, die ihrer Wesenheit nach in jedem Menschen steckt, aber als reale äußere Persönlichkeit in einem Weltenalter nur einmal auftritt: wenn wir uns einen solchen Begriff bilden, dann nähern wir uns dem Wesen des Krishna.

Er ist der Mensch im allgemeinen; er ist, man möchte fast sagen, die Menschheit als solche, als einzelne Wesenheit aufgefaßt. Aber er ist kein Abstraktum. Wenn heute die Menschen von der Menschheit im allgemeinen sprechen, so sprechen sie als Abstraktlinge davon. Das abstrakte Wesen ist uns heute, wo man im übrigen ganz in der Sinneswelt befangen ist, zu einem allgemeinen Schicksal geworden. Wenn man von dem Menschen im allgemeinen spricht, so hat man einen verschwommenen Begriff, der gar nicht lebt. Diejenigen, die von Krishna sprechen als von dem Menschen im allgemeinen, sagen nicht: Das ist jene abstrakte Idee, die man heute im Auge hat, wenn man davon spricht -, sondern die sagen: Ja, diese Wesenheit lebt zwar der Anlage nach in jedem Menschen, aber sie tritt auch als einzelner Mensch in jedem Weltalter einmal auf und spricht durch Menschenmund. Nur daß es bei ihr nicht ankommt auf das äußere Fleischliche, auch nicht auf den feineren Elementenleib, auch nicht auf die Kräfte der Sinnesorgane, nicht auf Ahamkara und Manas, sondern ankommt auf das, was in der Buddhi und Manas unmittelbar zusammenhängt mit den großen allgemeinen Weltensubstanzen, mit dem durch die Welt lebenden und webenden Göttlichen.

Zur Führung der Menschheit treten von Zeit zu Zeit die Wesenheiten auf, wie wir sie zu sehen haben in dem großen Lehrer des Arjuna, in dem Krishna. Der Krishna lehrt die höchste menschliche Weisheit, das höchste Menschentum, und er lehrt es als sein eigenes Wesen und wiederum doch so, daß es eine verwandte Saite anschlägt in jeglicher Menschennatur, weil in der Anlage alles das, was in den Worten des Krishna liegt, in jeder menschlichen Seele sich findet. So blickt der Mensch, indem er zu Krishna aufblickt, zugleich zu seinem eigenen höchsten Selbst hinauf; zugleich aber auch zu einem anderen, das wie ein anderer Mensch vor ihm stehen kann und in dem er als in einem anderen zugleich das verehrt, was er der Anlage nach ist und was doch ein anderer ist wie er, das zu ihm sich verhält wie ein Gott zu dem Menschen. So müssen wir uns das Verhältnis des Krishna zu seinem Schüler Arjuna vorstellen. Dann wird aber auch der Grundton angegeben, der uns entgegentönt aus der Gita, jener Grundton, der so klingt, als ob er jede Seele anginge, in jede Seele hineintönen könnte, der ganz menschlich, intim menschlich ist, so intim menschlich, daß eine jede Seele fühlt, sie müsse es sich zum Vorwurf machen, wenn sie sich nicht verwandt fühlte der Sehnsucht, hinzuhorchen auf die große Krishna-Lehre.

Auf der anderen Seite erscheint uns alles so gelassen, so leidenschaftslos, so affektlos, so erhaben und weise, weil das Höchste spricht, was Göttliches ist in jeder Menschennatur und doch als göttlich-menschliche Wesenheit einmal in der Evolution der Menschheit verkörpert erscheint.

Und wie erhaben sind sie, diese Lehren! Sie sind wirklich so erhaben, daß mit Recht diese Gita den Namen des Erhabenen Sanges trägt, der Bhagavad Gita. Da tritt uns zunächst entgegen die große Lehre, von der schon im gestrigen Vortrag die Rede war, in erhabenen Worten und aus einer erhabenen Situation heraus: die Lehre, daß alles das, was sich in der Welt wandelt, und sei es selbst sich wandelnd in einer solchen Form, daß Entstehen und Vergehen, Geburt und Tod, Siegen oder Besiegtwerden äußerlich erscheint, daß in dem allen ein Unvergängliches, ein Ewiges, ein Bleibendes, ein Seiendes sich ausdrückt, und daß derjenige, der die Welt richtig anschauen will, sich hindurchringen muß von dem Vergänglichen zu diesem Unvergänglichen. Das tritt uns entgegen schon durch den Sankhya, also durch die vernünftige Überlegung von der Unvergänglichkeit in allem Vergänglichen, von dem, daß die besiegte Seele und die Siegerseele gleich sind vor Gott, wenn das Tor des Todes hinter beiden sich schließt.

Dann aber sagt der Krishna weiter seinem Schüler Arjuna, daß auch auf einem anderen Wege die Seele von der Anschauung der Alltäglichkeit hinweggeführt werden kann: Das ist durch den Yoga. Wenn die Seele andächtig werden kann, so ist das die andere Seite der Seelenentwickelung. Die eine Seite ist die, wo man von Erscheinung zu Erscheinung geht und überall sein entweder vom Hellsehertum durchleuchtetes oder nicht durchleuchtetes Ideenvermögen anwendet. Die andere Seite ist die, wo man alle Aufmerksamkeit abwendet von der äußeren Welt, wo man das Tor der Sinne schließt, wo man schließt alles das, was Vernunft und Verstand von der Außenwelt sagen können, wo man schließt alle Tore gegenüber dem, woran man sich erinnern kann als im gewöhnlichen Leben erfahren, wo man in sein Inneres geht und heraufholt durch entsprechende Übungen das, was in der eigenen Seele ruht, wo man die Seele hinwendet zu dem, was man als das Höchste ahnen kann und aus der Kraft der Andacht heraus sich zu erheben versucht. Wo das geschieht, da kommt man durch den Yoga immer höher und höher, kommt zu den höheren Stufen, die man erreichen kann, wenn man sich zuerst bedient der leiblichen Werkzeuge, zu jenen höheren Stufen, in denen man lebt, wenn man frei geworden ist von allen leiblichen Werkzeugen, wenn man sozusagen außerhalb seines Leibes in seinen höheren Gliedern der menschlichen Organisation lebt. So lebt man sich hinauf, in eine ganz andere Form des Lebens hinein. Die Lebenserscheinungen und -betätigungen werden geistig, spirituell. Man nähert sich immer mehr und mehr dem eigenen göttlichen Sein und erweitert das eigene Sein zum Weltensein, erweitert den Menschen zum Gott, indem man die individuelle Beschränkung auf das eigene Sein verliert und aufgeht im All durch den Yoga.

Dann werden die Mittel angegeben, durch welche der Schüler des großen Krishna hinaufgelangen kann in der einen oder anderen Art zu diesen geistigen Höhen. Da wird zunächst unterschieden zwischen dem, was die Menschen in der gewöhnlichen Welt zu tun haben. Ist es ja doch eine große Situation, an der uns gerade die Gita dies erörtert. Arjuna muß gegen seine Blutsverwandten kämpfen. Das ist sein äußeres Schicksal, das ist sein Wirken, sein Karma, das ist die Summe der Taten, die er zunächst unmittelbar in dieser Situation zu verrichten hat. In diesen Taten lebt er zunächst als außerer Mensch. Aber der große Krishna lehrt ihn, daß der Mensch erst weise wird, sich erst verbindet mit dem Göttlich-Unvergänglichen, wenn er seine Taten verrichtet, weil die Taten im äußeren Verlauf der Natur- und Menschheitsentwickelung sich als notwendig ergeben, daß aber der Weise sich loslösen muß von diesen Taten. Er tut die Taten; doch ist etwas in ihm, was zugleich wie ein Zuschauer ist gegenüber diesen Taten, was keinen Anteil nimmt an ihnen, was da sagt: Ich tue das Werk, aber ich könnte ebensogut sagen, ich lasse es geschehen.

Ein Weiser wird man dadurch, daß man gegenüber dem, was man selbst tut, steht, als wenn es ein anderer täte, und daß man selber nicht berührt wird von der Lust, die die Tat bereitet, oder von dem Leid, das die Tat verursacht. Gleichsam sagt der große Krishna seinem Schüler Arjuna: Ob du dastehst in der Reihe der Pandusöhne oder ob du drüben stehst in der Reihe der Kurusöhne: was du auch tust, du mußt dich als Weiser loslösen von dem Pandutum oder von dem Kurutum. Wenn es dich nicht berührt, wenn du Pandu-Taten verrichten könntest, als ob du ein Pandu wärst, oder Kuru-Taten, als ob du ein Kurusohn wärest; wenn du über alle dem stehst, wenn du nicht berührt wirst von deinen eigenen Taten, wenn du lebst in deinen eigenen Taten wie die Flamme brennt, die da ruhig brennt an einem vom Wind geschützten Orte, nicht berührt wird von irgend etwas Äußerem, wenn die Seele so wenig von ihren eigenen Taten berührt, innerlich ruhig lebt neben ihren Taten, dann wird die Seele zum Weisen, dann befreit sich die Seele von ihren Taten, dann fragt sie nicht nach dem, was diese Taten für Erfolge haben können. Denn wie die Taten ausgehen, das geht nur unsere engbegrenzte Seele an. Wenn wir aber die Taten tun, weil der Menschheits- oder Weltverlauf sie verlangen, dann tun wir die Taten, gleichgültig, ob sie zum Schauerlichen oder zum Feierlichen, zum Leid- oder zum Lustvollen für uns führen.

Dieses Sich-Herausheben aus den Taten, dieses Aufrecht-Stehen, was auch unsere Hände ausführen, was auch - um aus der Situation der Gita heraus zu sprechen — unser Schwert ausführt, was wir mit dem Munde sprechen, dieses Aufrechtstehen des inneren Selbstes gegenüber all dem, was wir mit unserem Munde sprechen, mit unseren Händen ausführen, das ist es, wozu der große Krishna seinen Schüler Arjuna anleitet.

So weist der große Krishna seinen Schüler Arjuna auf ein Menschheitsideal hin, das so dasteht, daß der Mensch sagt: Ich tue meine Taten. Aber ob ich sie tue oder ein anderer — ich sehe meine Taten an. Das, was durch meine Hand geschieht, durch meinen Mund gesprochen wird, ich sehe es so objektiv an, wie ich es ansehe, wenn ein Fels sich loslöst und den Berg hinunterrollt in die Tiefe. So stehe ich meinen Taten gegenüber. Und wenn ich in der Lage bin, dieses oder jenes zu wissen, zu erkennen und ich mir diesen oder jenen Begriff bilde von der Welt - ich stehe noch als etwas, was sich von diesen Begriffen unterscheidet, da, und ich kann sagen: In mir lebt zwar etwas mit mir verbunden, was erkennt, aber ich schaue zu, wie da ein anderer erkennt. Da werde ich frei selbst von meiner Erkenntnis. Frei kann ich werden von meinen Taten, frei kann ich werden von meinem Wissen, von meiner Erkenntnis. Ein hohes Ideal des menschlichen Weisen wird da vor uns hingestellt.

Und endlich, wenn es hinaufgeht ins Spirituelle: Mögen da Dämonen mir entgegentreten, mögen heilige Götter mir entgegentreten, das alles ist etwas, was ich äußerlich anschaue, ich stehe da, frei von alledem, was sich abspielt selbst in spirituellen Welten um mich herum. Ich schaue zu und gehe meinen Weg, und das, woran ich beteiligt bin, bei dem bin ich ebensosehr nicht beteiligt, weil ich Zuschauer geworden bin. — Das ist die Krishna-Lehre.

Und wenn wir gehört haben, die Krishna-Lehre fußt auf der Sankhyaphilosophie, so wird es uns begreiflich sein, daß an vielen Stellen durch die Krishna-Lehre durchzublicken ist, daß der große Krishna seinem Schüler sagt: Die Seele, die in dir lebt, sie ist in verschiedener Weise verbunden: verbunden mit dem groben physischen Leib, verbunden mit den Sinnen, dem Manas, Ahamkara, der Buddhi. Aber du bist von dem allem unterschieden. Wenn du das alles als ein Äußeres betrachtest, als Hüllen, die sich um dich herumlegen, und du deiner bewußt bist, daß du unabhängig von all dem bist als Seelenwesen, dann hast du etwas von dem begriffen, was der Krishna dich lehren will. Und wenn du dir bewußt bist, daß deine Verhältnisse zur Außenwelt, zur Welt überhaupt, dir gegeben werden durch die Gunas, durch Tamas, Rajas, Sattva, so lerne erkennen, daß im gewöhnlichen Leben der Mensch durch Sattva verbunden ist mit der Weisheit und der Güte, daß der Mensch durch Rajas verbunden ist im gewöhnlichen Leben mit den Leidenschaften, Affekten, mit dem Durst zum Dasein, daß der Mensch verbunden ist durch Tamas im gewöhnlichen Leben mit der Faulheit, Lässigkeit, Schläfrigkeit.

Warum geht ein Mensch im gewöhnlichen Leben dahin, enthusiasmiert für Weisheit und Güte? Weil er eine Beziehung zu der Naturgrundlage hat, die durch das Sattva angezeigt wird. Warum geht ein Mensch durch das gewöhnliche Leben mit einer Freude und Gier nach dem äußeren Leben, mit Lust an den äußeren Erscheinungen des Lebens? Weil er ein Verhältnis zum Leben hat, das durch Rajas angedeutet wird. Warum gehen Menschen im gewöhnlichen Leben dahin schlafrig, faul und lässig? Warum fühlen sie sich erdrückt von ihrer Körperlichkeit? Warum finden sie nicht die Möglichkeit, sich aufzuraffen und die Körperlichkeit in jedem Augenblick zu besiegen? Weil sie ein Verhältnis zur Welt der äußeren Formen haben, das in der Sankhyaphilosophie begriffen wird durch Tamas.

Aber frei muß die Seele des Weisen werden von Tamas, lösen muß sich ihr Verhältnis zur Außenwelt, das in Schläfrigkeit, Faulheit und Lässigkeit sich äußert. Wenn alles Lässige, Schlafrige, wenn alle Faulheit gewichen ist von der Seele, dann hat diese nur noch ein Verhältnis von Rajas und Sattva zur Außenwelt. Und wenn der Mensch die Leidenschaften und Affekte, den Durst zum Dasein getilgt und sich bewahrt hat den Enthusiasmus für Güte, Mitleid und Erkenntnis, dann hat er nunmehr ein Verhältnis zur Außenwelt, das die Sankhyaphilosophie Sattva nennt. Wenn der Mensch aber auch freigeworden ist von jedem Hang an der Güte und Erkenntnis, wenn er zwar ein gütiger Mensch und ein weiser Mensch ist, aber in seinem Inneren nicht abhängig ist von dem, wie er sich äußerlich äußert, selbst seiner Güte und Erkenntnis gegenüber, wenn ihm die Güte eine selbstverständliche Pflicht und die Weisheit etwas ist, das ausgegossen ist über ihn, dann hat er auch das Sattvaverhältnis abgestreift. Aber wenn er so die drei Gunas abgestreift hat, dann hat er sich losgelöst von allen Verhältnissen zu allen äußeren Formen, dann hat er triumphiert in seiner Seele, dann hat er etwas begriffen von dem, wozu ihn der große Krishna machen will.

Und was begreift dann der Mensch, wenn er also strebt, dasjenige zu werden, was der große Krishna ihm als Ideal vorhält? Begreift er dann die äußeren Weltformen genauer? Nein, die hat er schon früher begriffen; aber er hat sich über sie erhoben. Begreift er dann das Verhältnis der Seele zu diesen äußeren Formen genauer? Nein, das hat er schon früher begriffen, aber er hat sich darüber erhoben. Nicht was ihm da in der äußeren Welt entgegentreten kann in der Mannigfaltigkeit der Formen, und nicht sein Verhältnis zu diesen Formen begreift er dann, wenn er die drei Gunas abgestreift hat; denn das gehört alles früheren Stufen an. Solange man im 'Tamas, Rajas und Sattva bleibt, gewinnt man Verhältnisse zur Naturgrundlage des Seins, eignet man sich an soziale Zusammenhänge, eignet man sich an Erkenntnis, gewinnt man die Fähigkeit der Güte und des Mitleids. Wenn man aber über alles das hinausgelangt ist, so hat man ja auf den vorhergehenden Stufen alle diese Verhältnisse abgestreift. Was erkennt man dann, was tritt einem dann vor Augen? Das erkennt man dann, das tritt einem dann vor Augen, was das alles nicht ist. Das, was sich von all dem unterscheidet, was man sich auf dem Wege dahin innerhalb der Gunas aneignet, was kann das nur sein? Nichts anderes ist es, als das, was man zuletzt als seine eigene Wesenheit erkennt, denn alles andere, was Außenwelt sein kann, hat man auf den vorhergehenden Stufen abgestreift.

Im Sinne der eben gegebenen Betrachtungen, was ist es? Krishna selber ist es. Denn er selber ist der Ausdruck des eigenen Höchsten. Das heißt: Indem man sich hinaufarbeitet zu dem Höchsten, steht man Krishna gegenüber, der Schüler dem großen Lehrer, Arjuna dem Krishna selber, der in allem lebt, was ist, und der wahrhaft von sich sagen kann: Ich bin nicht ein einzelner Berg, ich bin, wenn ich überhaupt unter den Bergen bin, der gigantischste von ihnen; ich bin, wenn ich auf der Erde erscheine, nicht ein einzelner Mensch, sondern die höchste menschliche Erscheinung, die nur einmal in einem Weltalter als Führer der Menschen auftritt und so weiter; das Einheitliche in allen Formen, das bin ich, Krishna.

So tritt der Lehrer selber, seine Wesenheit darlebend, vor seinen Schüler hin. Aber zugleich wird in der Bhagavad Gita begreiflich gemacht, daß das etwas Gewaltiges ist, das Höchste, was der Mensch erreichen kann. So als Arjuna dem Krishna gegenüberzustehen, es könnte geschehen durch stufenweise Einweihung: dann würde es geschehen in den Tiefen einer Yogaschulung. Aber es kann auch hingestellt werden, wie es aus der Menschheitsevolution selber herausfließt, wie es dem Menschen gleichsam durch Gnade gegeben wird. So wird es hingestellt in der Gita. Wie wenn hinaufgehoben würde durch einen Ruck der Arjuna, so daß er leibhaftig den Krishna vor sich hat, so führt uns die Gita an einen bestimmten Punkt, an den Punkt, wo Krishna ihm gegenübersteht. Jetzt steht er ihm nicht gegenüber wie ein Mensch in Fleisch und Blut. Ein Mensch, der so gesehen wird wie andere Menschen, böte das dar, was unwesentlich ist an dem Krishna. Denn wesentlich ist, was in allen Menschen ist. Aber da die anderen Weltreiche gleichsam nur der zerstreute Mensch sind, so ist alles, was in der übrigen Welt ist, in dem Krishna. Die übrige Welt verschwindet und Krishna ist als Eins da. Der Makrokosmos gegenüber dem Mikrokosmos, der Mensch als solcher gegenüber dem kleinen alltäglichen Menschen, so steht Krishna dem einzelnen Menschen gegenüber.

Da reicht zunächst, wenn dies durch Gnade den Menschen überkommt, die menschliche Fassungskraft nicht aus, weil der Krishna, wenn auf sein Wesentliches gesehen wird — was nur möglich ist durch die höchste hellseherische Kraft —, weil da der Krishna ganz anders erscheint als alles, was sonst der Mensch zu schauen gewohnt ist. Wie wenn herausgehoben würde das Anschauen des Menschen aus allem übrigen, das Anschauen des Krishna in seiner höchsten Natur, so tritt er uns entgegen einen Augenblick in der Gita als der große Mensch, neben dem alles andere in der Welt klein ist, vor dem Arjuna stand. Da geht dem Arjuna aus die Fassungskraft. Er schaut nur noch an, und er kann nur wie stammelnd aussprechen, was er schaut. Das ist begreiflich: denn er hat das alles mit seinen bisherigen Mitteln nicht gelernt anzuschauen und mit Worten zu bezeichnen. Und dem angemessen ist die Schilderung, die in diesem Moment, wo also der Krishna vor dem Arjuna steht, Arjuna gibt. Denn es gehört zu den größten Darstellungen, die einer Menschheit jemals gegeben worden sind, in künstlerischer und philosophischer Beziehung, wie Arjuna mit Worten, die er zum erstenmal spricht, die er ungewohnt spricht, die er früher niemals sprechen konnte, weil er keines solchen ansichtig war, wie er mit Worten aus seinen Tiefen hervorholt, was sich ihm ergibt im Anblick des großen Krishna: «Die Götter schau ich all in deinem Leib, o Gott; so auch die Scharen aller Wesen: Brahman, den Herrn, auf seinem Lotossitz, die Rishis all und die Himmelsschlange. Mit vielen Armen, Leibern, Mündern, Augen seh ich dich, überall, endlos gestaltet, nicht Ende, nicht Mitte und auch Anfang nicht seh ich an dir, o Herr des Alls. Du, der du in allen Formen mir erscheinst, der du mir erscheinst mit Diadem, mit, Keule und mit Schwert, ein Berg in Flammen, nach allen Seiten strahlend, so seh ich dich. Geblendet wird mein Schauen, wie strahlend Feuer in der Sonne Glanz und unermeßlich groß. Das Unvergängliche, das Höchste zu Erkennende, das größte Gut, so erscheinst du mir im weiten All. Des ewigen Rechtes ewiger Wächter, das bist du. Als ewiger Urgeist stehst du vor meiner Seele. Nicht Anfang, nicht Mitte, nicht Ende zeigst du mir. Unendlich bist du überall, unendlich an Kraft, unendlich an Raumesweiten. Wie der Mond, ja wie die Sonne selbst groß sind deine Augen und aus deinem Munde strahlt es wie von Opferfeuer. Ich seh dich an in deiner Glut, wie deine Glut das All erwärmt, was ich ahnen kann zwischen dem Erdenboden und den Himmelsweiten, deine Kraft erfüllt dies alles. Mit dir allein steh ich da, und jede Himmelswelt, allwo die drei Welten leben, sie auch ist in dir, wenn deine wundersame Schauergestalt sich meinen Blicken zeigt. Ich schau, wie ganze Scharen von Göttern zu dir treten, die dir lobsingen, und furchtsam steh ich da, die Hände faltend. Heil ruft vor dir aller Seher Schar und aller Seligen Schar. Sie preisen dich mit all ihrem Lobgesang. Es preisen dich die Rudras, Adityas, Vasus und Sadhyas, Allgötter, Ashvins, Maruts und Manen, Gandharvas, Yakshas, Asuras und alle Seligen. Sie schauen empor zu dir voll Staunen: ein Leib so riesenhaft mit vielen Mundern, vielen Armen, vielen Beinen, vielen Füßen, vielen Leibern, vielen Rachen voller Zähne. Vor all dem erbebt die Welt und ich auch bebe. Den Himmelerschütternden, Strahlenden, Vielarmigen, mit einem Mund, der da wirkt wie große Flammenaugen, schau ich dich. Da zittert meine Seele. Nicht finde ich Festigkeit, nicht Ruh, o großer Krishna, der mir Vishnu selber ist. Ich schau wie in dein drauendes Inneres, ich schau es, wie es ist dem Feuer gleich, wie es wirkt, wie das Sein wirkt, wie das Ende aller Zeiten. Ich schaue dich in einer Art, wie ich nicht wissen kann vor irgend etwas. O sei mir gnädig, Herr der Götter, der Welten wohnlich Haus.» Er wendet sich hinüberzeigend zu den Söhnen aus dem Kurustamme: «Und diese Söhne all des Kuru zusammen den Scharen königlicher Helden, zusammen Bhishma und Drona, zusammen den Unsrigen, den besten Kämpfern, sie alle liegen betend vor dir selber, staunend ob deiner Herrlichkeit. Dich, den Uranfang des Seins, möcht’ ich erkennen. Ich kann nicht begreifen, was mir erscheint, was sich mir offenbart.»

So spricht Arjuna, wenn er allein ist mit dem, das sein eigenes Wesen ist, wenn ihm dieses eigene Wesen objektiv erscheint. Wir stehen vor einem großen Weltengeheimnis, geheimnisvoll nicht wegen seines theoretischen Inhalts, geheimnisvoll wegen der überwältigenden Empfindung, die es in uns hervorrufen soll, wenn wir es richtig aufzufassen vermögen. Geheimnisvoll ist es, so geheimnisvoll, daß es zu allen menschlichen Empfindungen anders sprechen muß, als jemals irgend etwas in der Welt zu den menschlichen Empfindungen sprach.

Wenn Krishna selbst an das Ohr des Arjuna klingen laßt, was nun Krishna spricht, so klingt das also: «Ich bin die Zeit, die alle Welt vernichtet. Erschienen bin ich, die Menschen fortzuraffen. Und ob du auch ihnen in dem Kampfe bringen wirst den Tod auch ohne dich sind dem Tod verfallen all die Kämpfer, die dort in Reihen stehen. Drum erhebe dich furchtlos. Ruhm sollst du erwerben, den Feind besiegen. Frohlocke ob des winkenden Siegs und der Herrschaft. Nicht du wirst sie getötet haben, wenn sie hinfallen im Schlachtentod, durch mich sind sie alle schon getötet, bevor du ihnen den Tod bringen kannst. Du sei nur Werkzeug, du sei nur Kämpfer mit der Hand! Den Drona, den Jayadratha, den Bhishma, den Karna und die anderen Kampfeshelden, die ich getötet, die tot schon sind, nun töte du sie, daß mein Wirken im Schein nach außen sich entlade, wenn sie tot hinfallen in Maya, von mir getötet. Töte du sie. Und das, was ich getan, wird scheinbar durch dich geschehen sein. Zittere nicht! Du vermagst nichts zu tun, was ich nicht schon getan. Kämpfe! sie werden fallen durch dein Schwert, die ich getötet habe.»

Wir wissen, daß das alles, was da drüben geschieht an Unterweisung unter den Pandusöhnen von seiten des Krishna zum Arjuna so erzählt wird, als ob es der Wagenlenker dem Dhritarashtra erzählte. Nicht erzählt ein Dichter direkt: So sprach Krishna zum Arjuna, sondern der Dichter erzählt, daß der Wagenlenker des Dhritarashtra, Sanjaya, das seinem blinden Helden erzählt, dem Könige aus dem Kurustamme. Nachdem erzählt hat Sanjaya alles dieses, da spricht er weiter: «Und als dieses Wort des Krishna Arjuna vernommen, die Hände faltend, zitternd, in verehrender Sprache wieder also Arjuna zu Krishna, nur stammelnd, ganz in Furcht vor Krishna tief sich neigend, sprach Arjuna: Mit Recht erfreuet sich an deinem Ruhm die Welt und ist in Ehrfurcht dir ergeben. Die Rakshas» — das sind Geister — «fliehen entsetzt nach allen Seiten. Die heiligen Scharen, alle neigen sich vor dir. Warum sollten sie sich nicht neigen vor dem ersten Schöpfer, der würdiger selbst ist als Brahma.»

Wahrhaftig, wir stehen vor einem Weltengeheimnis. Denn was sagt Arjuna, indem er vor sich erblickt leibhaftig sein eigenes Wesen? So spricht er, daß er dieses eigene Wesen anredet, daß es höher ihm erscheine als Brahma selber. Wir stehen vor einem Geheimnisse. Denn wenn der Mensch sein eigenes Wesen also anspricht, dann muß ein solches Wort so verstanden werden, daß zum Verständnis keines der Gefühle, keine der Empfindungen, keine der Ideen und keiner der Gedanken genommen wird, die im gewöhnlichen Leben aufzutreiben sind. Denn es gibt nichts, was den Menschen in größere Gefahr bringen könnte, als wenn er heranbrächte an diese Worte des Arjuna ein Gefühl, wie er es sonstwie haben könnte im Leben. Würde er irgendein solches Gefühl des Alltagslebens heranbringen an das, was er da ausspricht, würde das nicht ein ganz Eigenartiges sein, würde er das nicht empfinden als das größte Weltengeheimnis, dann wäre Wahnsinn, Größenwahn eine Kleinigkeit gegen die Krankheit, in die er verfiele durch ein Heranbringen der gewöhnlichen Empfindungen gegenüber Krishna, das heißt seinem eigenen höheren Wesen. «Du Herr der Götter, du bist ohne Ende, du bist der Ewige, du bist der Höchste, du bist das Sein zugleich und auch das Nichtsein, du bist der oberste der Götter, du bist der älteste der Geister, du bist der höchste der Schätze des ganzen Alls, du bist der, der da weiß, und du bist das Höchste, das da bewußt werden kann, du umspannst das All, du hast in dir alle Gestalten, die es nur geben kann, du bist Wind, du bist Feuer, du bist der Tod, du bist das ewig wogende Weltenmeer, du bist der Mond, du bist der höchste der Götter, der Name selbst, Ahnherr bist du der höchsten der Götter. Verehrung muß dir sein, Verehrung tausend, tausendmal. Und mehr noch als alle diese Verehrung kommt dir zu. Verehrung muß dir sein von allen deinen Seiten. Du bist alles, was je ein Mensch kann sein. Du bist kraftvoll wie nur je die Summe aller Kräfte kann sein, alles vollendest du und selbst bist du zugleich das All. Wenn ungeduldig, für meinen Freund dich haltend, ich Krishna, ich Yadara, ich Freund dich nannte, unkundig deiner wunderbaren Großheit, unbedachtsam und vertraulich dich so nannte, und wenn in meiner Schwachheit ich dich nicht richtig ehrte, ich dich nicht richtig ehrte im Wandeln oder im Ruhen, im höchsten Göttlichen oder im Alltäglichsten, ob du allein warst oder mit anderen Wesen zusammen, wenn ich dich in all dem nicht richtig ehrte, so bitt ich deine Unermeßlichkeit um Verzeihung. Du Vater der Welt, der du bewegst die Welt, in ihr dich bewegst, der du bist der Lehrer, der mehr ist als jeder andere Lehrer, dem niemand gleich ist, der allen überlegen ist, dem unvergleichlich alles ist in allen dreien Welten, vor dir mich niederwerfend, suche ich deine Gnade, du Herr, der in allen Welten sich offenbart. Nie Geschautes schau ich an dir, in Ehrfurcht muß ich erbeben. Zeige die Gestalt, die du bist, mir, o Gott! O sei gnädig, du Herr der Götter, du Ursprungsstätte aller Welten.»

Wahrlich, wir stehen vor einem Geheimnis, wenn menschliches Wesen zu menschlichem Wesen also spricht. Und wiederum spricht Krishna zu seinem Schüler: «Ich habe mich dir geoffenbart in Gnade. Vor dir steht mein höchstes Wesen, durch meine Allmacht vor dich hingezaubert, leuchtend, unermeßlich, uranfänglich. Wie du mich siehst, so hat kein anderer jemals mich gesehen. Wie du mit den Kräften, die jetzt in dir durch meine Gnade dir gegeben sind, wie du mit diesen Kräften mich jetzt siehst, so hat mich niemals gekündet das, was in den Veden steht. So hat mich niemals erreicht, was an Opfern gegeben wurde, niemals erreicht irgendeine Götterspende, nie erreicht ein Studium, so hat nie an mich herangereicht irgendeine Zeremonie. Nicht irgendeine furchtbare Büßung kann mich in meiner Form, wie ich nun bin, schauen, wie du mich jetzt erschaust in Menschenform, du großer Held. Doch Angst soll dir nicht werden und nicht Verwirrung beim Anblick meiner schrecklichen Gestalt. Furchtbefreit, voll hohen Sinns, sollst du mich wieder schauen, so wie ich dir in meiner jetztigen Gestalt bekannt werde.»

Nun erzählt Sanjaya dem blinden Dhritarashtra weiter: «Als so zum Arjuna der Krishna gesprochen, verschwand das Unermeßliche, Anfang- und Endlose, das über alle Kräfte Erhabene, und wieder zeigte Krishna sich in seiner menschlichen Form, als wollte er beruhigen den, der so erschrocken war, durch seine freundliche Gestalt.

Arjuna sprach: Da hab ich sie wieder vor mir, deine menschliche Gestalt, da kehrt zurück mir wieder Wissen und Besinnung, und wieder werde ich, der ich war.

Und Krishna sprach: Die Gestalt, die so schwer zu schauen, die du jetzt von mir gesehen hast, es ist die Gestalt, nach deren Anblick sich sogar die Götter ohne Ende sehnen. Nicht künden die Gestalt die Veden, nicht wird sie erreicht durch Büßung noch durch Spende, noch durch Opfer, noch durch irgendwelche Zeremonie. Durch alles dieses bin ich nicht in dieser Form zu schauen, die du jetzt gesehen hast. Nur wer hinwegzugehen weiß, frei von allen Veden, frei von aller Büßung, frei von allen Spenden, Opfern, frei von allen Zeremonien, und mich ganz allein verehrend mich im Auge haben kann, der kann in solcher Form mich schauen, der kann so mich erkennen, kann auch ganz eins werden mit mir. Wer so handelt, wie ich es ihm eingebe, wer mich ehrt und liebt, wer die Welt nicht achtet und allen Wesen liebevoll ist, der kommt zu mir, o du mein Sohn aus dem Pandustamme.»

Wir stehen vor einem Weltengeheimnis, von dem uns die Gita erzählt, daß es in bedeutungsvoller Weltenstunde der Menschheit verkündet worden ist, in jener bedeutungsvollen Weltenstunde, da das ans Blut gebundene alte Hellsehen aufhörte, die Menschenseele neue Wege suchen mußte zum Unendlichen, zum Unvergänglichen. So wird uns dieses Geheimnis vorgeführt, daß wir zugleich wahrnehmen in dieser Vorführung alles das, was dem Menschen gefährlich werden kann, wenn er aus sich selber herausgeboren hat, schauend, sein eigenes Wesen. Fassen wir dieses tiefste menschliche und Weltengeheimnis, das von unserer eigenen Wesenheit durch wahre Selbsterkenntnis spricht, dann haben wir vor uns hingestellt das größte Weltenrätsel. Wir dürfen es aber nur vor uns hinstellen, wenn wir es in Demut verehren können. Und kein Fassungsvermögen reicht aus, um an das Weltengeheimnis heranzukommen. Dazu ist die richtige Empfindung notwendig. Keiner darf sich dem Weltengeheimnis nahen, das aus der Gita so spricht, der sich ihm nicht verehrend nahen kann. Dann erst haben wir es voll erfaßt, wenn wir es so empfinden können. Und wie es von diesen Ausgangspunkten aus in der Gita zu schauen ist auf einer gewissen Stufe der Menschheitsentwickelung, und wie es gerade durch das, was es uns in der Gita zeigt, wiederum beleuchtend wirkt für die andere Art, wie es uns in den Paulusbriefen entgegentritt, das soll uns im Verlaufe dieser Vorträge beschäftigen.

Third Lecture

The full significance of philosophical poetry such as that found in the Bhagavad Gita can only be appreciated by those who regard the ideas expressed in the Bhagavad Gita and similar works of world literature not as mere theory, but as destiny; and worldviews can indeed be destiny for humanity.

In the debates of recent days, we have encountered two worldviews other than the third, the Vedic tradition, namely Sankhya philosophy and yoga, two worldviews which, if we consider them correctly, can show us in the most eminent sense how worldviews can become a destiny for the human soul. With the concept of Sankhya philosophy, we can connect everything that can become human knowledge, insight into ideas, and overview of the phenomena of the world in which the soul life expresses itself. And if we take what has remained, so to speak, for the normal human being of our time from such knowledge, from such a worldview expressible in ideas in scientific form, if we also describe this, even though it is spiritually much lower than Sankhya philosophy, as such a nuance of knowledge, then we can say: Even in our time, it is still possible to feel the same thing as fate that can be felt as fate in relation to Sankhya philosophy. However, only those who devote themselves one-sidedly to such a nuance of worldview will feel it as fate, of whom we can say in a certain sense: He is a one-sided scientist or Sankhya philosopher. How does such a person view the world? How can they feel in their soul? This is a question that can basically only be answered from experience. One must know what happens to a soul when it surrenders itself in such a one-sided way to a worldview, when it puts all its energies into having a worldview held in the sense I have described. Such a soul can then enter into the details of the forms of world phenomena and, so to speak, have the most extensive understanding of everything that expresses itself as forces in the world, of everything that changes in form in the world. If a soul were to devote itself to the world in this way, let us say, if in an incarnation it found the opportunity to live itself into world phenomena through its abilities and its karma in such a way that, above all, whether illuminated by clairvoyant power or not, it had rational knowledge, then such a soul orientation would under all circumstances lead to a certain kind of coldness in the whole soul life. And depending on the nature of the soul's temperament, we will find that this soul either takes on more or less the character of unsatisfied irony toward world phenomena, or of disinterest, of general dissatisfaction with such knowledge that proceeds from phenomenon to phenomenon. Everything that so many souls in our time can feel when they are confronted with knowledge that is merely scholarly in nature, the coldness, the desolation that afflicts the soul, the dissatisfaction in the mind, all of this can come before our soul when we consider such a disposition of the soul as has been described. Such a soul will feel desolate and uncertain of itself. What would I have if I gained the whole world and knew nothing, felt nothing, experienced nothing about my own soul, if it remained empty inside? — such a soul might say. To be filled with all the knowledge in the world and yet be empty within oneself can be a bitter fate; it can be like being lost to the world, like losing everything that can be valuable within oneself.

What has just been described can be found in many people who approach us with some kind of erudition, with an abstract philosophy. We find it either in these souls themselves, who are dissatisfied and feel their emptiness, who are uninterested in their vast knowledge and treat us with contempt; or we find it when someone approaches us with an abstract philosophy and can give us information in abstract words about the nature of God, cosmology, the human soul, and yet we feel: That is in the head; the heart is not involved, the mind is empty! - We feel cold when we encounter such a soul. Sankhyaphilosophy can thus become destiny, a destiny that makes man realize that he is a lost being, a being who has nothing of himself and whose individuality is of no use to the world.

And again: let us take a soul that seeks development solely through yoga, that is, so to speak, lost to the world, that spurns any knowledge of the outside world. It says: What good does it do me to know how the world came into being? I want to seek everything within myself; I want to advance through the development of my own powers.” She may feel warm inside, and will often appear to us as something closed in on itself, satisfied in itself. That may be so. But in the long run, such a soul will not remain so; in the long run, such a soul is exposed to loneliness. When such a soul, who has has withdrawn into hermitage, seeking the heights of soul life, then steps out into the world and comes up against the phenomena of the world everywhere, but perhaps says to herself: what do all these world phenomena matter to me, and when she then, because she is alien to the glory of the revelations and does not understand them, feels isolated, then one-sidedness again becomes a fateful destiny. And how often can such a soul confront us! How can we get to know these human beings who devote all their energy to the evolution of their own nature, who pass by their fellow human beings coldly and indifferently, as if they wanted to have nothing in common with them! Such a soul can feel lost in the world, and it can appear to other souls to be selfish to the point of excess.

When one considers these connections in life, only then does one sense the fateful nature of worldviews. And in the background of such great manifestations, such great worldviews as we find in the Gita and also in the letters of Paul, we encounter this fateful nature. One might say: both behind the Gita and behind the letters of Paul, if we look just a little behind them, we see what immediately becomes fateful for us. How can fate look at us even from the letters of Paul?

There we find so many references to how the actual salvation of soul development consists in so-called righteousness of faith in contrast to the worthlessness of external works, through what the soul can become when it finds union with the Christ impulse, when it can take into itself the great power that flows from the correctly understood resurrection of Christ. When we encounter this in the letters of Paul, we feel, on the other hand, how the human soul is, so to speak, rejected within itself, how the human soul can become alienated from external works and rely entirely on grace and righteousness of faith. Then come the external works. They are there in the world; we cannot do away with them by decreeing that they should not exist. We encounter it in the world. And fate resounds in all its gigantic grandeur. Only when we grasp things in this way can we see the enormity of such expressions of humanity.

Now these two expressions of humanity, the Bhagavad Gita and the letters of Paul, are quite different from each other in outward appearance. And this outward difference, I would say, has an effect on the soul in every part of these works.

We stand before the Bhagavad Gita not only in admiration for the reasons we have already briefly mentioned, but also in admiration because it seems so poetically great and powerful to us, because every verse radiates the high sentiments of the human soul, because in everything that is spoken by Krishna or his disciple Arjuna, we feel something like being lifted out of everyday human experiences, out of everything passionate, out of everything that has to do with emotion, that causes unrest in the soul. We are transported into a sphere of peace of mind, serenity, calmness, dispassion, and affectlessness, into an atmosphere of wisdom, when we allow even a small part of the Gita to sink in. And everywhere we feel our whole humanity lifted to a higher level simply by reading the Gita. We feel everywhere that we must free ourselves from some of our all-too-human traits if we want to allow the sublime divine in the Gita to have the right effect on us.

It is different with the letters of Paul. The sublime poetic language is missing, even the dispassion of the Gita is missing. We pick up these letters of Paul, let them work on us, and we often feel how a passionately indignant being, speaking through Paul, confronts us with what has happened. At times, the tone is rumbling, one might say. Much is condemned and damned in the letters of Paul, much is rebuked. And the things that are said about the great concepts of Christianity, about grace, about the lawfulness, about the difference between Mosaic law and Christianity, about the resurrection, all of this is said in a tone that is supposed to be philosophical, that wants to be philosophical definition, but is not, because in every sentence there is a note of Paul. In every sentence, we cannot forget that this is a man speaking who is either agitated or expressing righteous anger toward others who have done this or that; or who speaks about the highest concepts of Christianity in such a way that we feel he is personally involved, that he is under the impression that he is a propagandist for these ideas.

How could we encounter a similar personal attitude in the Gita when we read in Paul's letters that he is writing to this or that community: How we ourselves stood up for Christ Jesus! Remember how we were not a burden to anyone, how we worked day and night so that we would not be a burden to anyone. How personal it all is! A touch of the personal pervades Paul's letters. We find a wonderfully pure sphere, an ethereal sphere that borders on the superhuman everywhere and at times extends into the superhuman in the sublime Gita.

Externally, then, there are enormous differences, and we can say that it would be the blindest prejudice not to admit that through the great song once given to Hinduism, through the confluence of worldviews powerful in destiny, through this Gita, something sublime and pure, something impersonal, serene and free from passion and emotion has been given to the Hindus, unemotional, while what confronts us as the original document of Christianity, the letters of Paul, has a very personal, often passionate character, devoid of all serenity. It is not by closing one's mind to the truth and refusing to admit such things that one comes to this realization, but by understanding them and grasping them in their true sense. We therefore want to leave this contrast standing like a bronze tablet before our subsequent consideration.

We already pointed out yesterday that in the Gita we encounter Krishna's significant instruction to Arjuna. Who, then, is Krishna? This question interests us above all else. One cannot understand who Krishna is without familiarizing oneself with a matter that I have already discussed here and there, namely, that the whole manner of naming and designating people in earlier times was different from what it is now. Nowadays, the way one designates a person is, in essence, a matter of indifference. After all, in our time, one does not know much about a person when one learns that he bears this or that civil name, that his name is Müller or Schulze. Nor does one know much about a person—everyone will admit this—when one knows that he is a court councilor or privy councilor or something else of that sort. So you don't know much about this person if you know their social rank. And even if you know that you have to address them as “Your Excellency” or “Reverend” or even just “Dear Sir,” in short, all these titles don't mean much to people. And you will easily be able to convince yourself that other titles we choose today do not mean very much either. It was different in earlier times. Whether we take the titles of Sankhya philosophy or our own anthroposophical titles, we can start from both and make the following observation.

We have heard that, according to Sankhya philosophy, human beings consist of the gross physical body, the finer elemental body or etheric body, the body that contains the lawful forces of the senses, that which is called manas, ahamkara, and so on. We need not consider the other higher members because they are generally not yet developed. But if we now take human beings as they appear to us in this or that incarnation, we can say: Human beings differ from one another in such a way that in one person only what is expressed in the etheric body is strongly apparent, in another more what lies in the lawfulness of the senses, in a third more the inner sense, in a fourth more Ahamkara. Or if we speak in our language: we find people in whom the forces of the sentient soul are outstandingly active; we find other people in whom the forces of the intellectual or emotional soul are outstandingly active, others in whom the forces of the consciousness soul are prominent, and still others in whom something else comes into play because they are inspired by manas and so on. These are differences that are given by the whole way in which a person lives. These differences point to the nature of human beings themselves.

In our present time, for easily understandable reasons, it is not possible to choose designations for human beings according to the nature expressed in this sense. For if, given the widespread attitude of humanity today, one were to say, for example, that the highest thing a human being can achieve in the present cycle of humanity is a hint of ahamkara, everyone would be convinced that they express ahamkara most clearly in their essence, and it would be hurtful to them if one were to express that this is not yet the case, that a lower member prevails in him. This was not the case in ancient times. Then, when it was important to distinguish a person from the rest of humanity, perhaps even to assign him a leading role, people were described in such a way that consideration was given to the essence that had just been characterized.

Let us assume that in ancient times a person appeared who expressed the manas in the most comprehensive, truly comprehensive sense, who experienced the ahamkara within himself, but allowed it to recede as an individual element and, for the sake of its outward effectiveness, brought the inner meaning, the manas, to the fore. According to the laws of older, smaller human cycles, such a person — and only very rare individuals could have lived such a life — would have had to be a great lawgiver, a leader of large masses of people. And one would not have been satisfied to describe him as other human beings, but according to his most outstanding characteristic, he would have been called a manas-bearer, while another would have been called only a sense-bearer. One would have said: He is a manas-bearer, he is a manu. And when we encounter such designations in those older times, we must see in them that which characterizes human beings according to the most outstanding member of the human organization, which is expressed precisely in him in his corresponding incarnation.

Let us assume that a human being had particularly expressed that he felt divine inspiration within himself, that he refused to decide his knowledge and actions solely on the basis of what the external world presented to his senses and what his mind, bound to the brain, told him, but that he listened everywhere to the divine word that spoke to him, that he made himself the herald of the divine substance that spoke through him. Such a person would have been called a son of God. And even in the Gospel of John, those who were once like this are presented as sons of God right at the beginning of the first chapter.

But the essential thing was that when this significant point was expressed, everything else was overlooked. Everything else was insignificant. Let us suppose that two people stood before us: one would have been an ordinary sensual human being who would have let the world act upon him through his senses and thought about it with his mind bound to his brain; the other would have been a person into whom the word of divine wisdom had shone. Then, in accordance with the old way of thinking, one would have said: This one person is a human being; he was born of a father and mother and was conceived according to the flesh. In the case of the other person, who would have been the proclaimer of the divine substance, nothing that flows into an ordinary biography would have been taken into consideration, as in the case of the first person, who viewed the world with his senses and his mind bound to the brain. To write such a biography would have been foolish in his case. For the fact that he had a physical body was only incidental, not essential; it was, so to speak, only the means by which he expressed himself to other human beings. And that is why it is said: The Son of God was not born of the flesh, he is virgin, born directly of the Spirit. — That is to say, what was important about him, what gave him value for humanity, came from the Spirit. And that alone was emphasized in ancient times. For certain disciples of initiates, it would have been the greatest sin to write a biography in the conventional sense, taking only ordinary everyday relationships into account, about a personality who was recognized as having significance through higher members of human nature. Anyone who has retained even a little of the spirit of those ancient times finds it highly absurd what is written today about Goethe in biographies.

And now let us imagine that the people of ancient times lived with such feelings, with such emotions, then we can also understand how deeply imbued this ancient humanity could have been with the idea that such a Manu, in whom mainly the Manas lives, appears only rarely, that he must wait for great epochs before he can appear.

If we now look at what can live as the deepest essence in human beings in our human cycle, if we look at what every human being can sense of their secret powers that can lift them up to spiritual heights, if we look at that and form the idea that what is only present in other human beings as a potential in very rare cases becomes the essential link in a human being, a being that then appears from time to time to be a guide to other people, who is higher than all the Manus that exist in every human being, but who appears only once in a world age as a real external personality: if we form such a concept, then we approach the essence of Krishna.

He is the human being in general; he is, one might almost say, humanity as such, conceived as a single entity. But he is not an abstraction. When people today speak of humanity in general, they speak of it as an abstraction. The abstract being has become a general destiny for us today, where we are otherwise completely caught up in the sensory world. When one speaks of man in general, one has a vague concept that is not alive at all. Those who speak of Krishna as man in general do not say: That is the abstract idea that we have in mind today when we speak of it — but they say: Yes, this being lives in every human being according to its nature, but it also appears as an individual human being in every age of the world and speaks through human mouths. Only that it does not depend on the outer flesh, nor on the finer elemental body, nor on the forces of the sense organs, nor on Ahamkara and Manas, but on that which in Buddhi and Manas is directly connected with the great general world substances, with the Divine living and weaving through the world.

From time to time, beings appear to guide humanity, as we see in the great teacher Arjuna, in Krishna. Krishna teaches the highest human wisdom, the highest humanity, and he teaches it as his own essence and yet in such a way that it strikes a chord in every human nature, because everything that lies in Krishna's words is found in every human soul. Thus, when man looks up to Krishna, he looks up at his own highest Self; but at the same time he looks up to another who can stand before him like another human being, and in whom he venerates, as in another, what he is in essence, and yet what is different from him, what relates to him as a god relates to a human being. This is how we must imagine the relationship between Krishna and his disciple Arjuna. But then the basic tone is also set that resounds from the Gita, that basic tone that sounds as if it concerns every soul, that could resonate in every soul, that is completely human, intimately human, so intimately human that every soul feels it must reproach itself if it does not feel akin to the longing to listen to the great teachings of Krishna.

On the other hand, everything seems so calm, so dispassionate, so unemotional, so sublime and wise, because what speaks is the highest, what is divine in every human nature and yet appears embodied once in the evolution of humanity as a divine-human being.

And how sublime are these teachings! They are truly so sublime that this Gita rightly bears the name of the sublime song, the Bhagavad Gita. First of all, we are confronted with the great teaching already mentioned in yesterday's lecture, expressed in sublime words and arising from a sublime situation: the teaching that everything that changes in the world even if it changes in such a way that arising and passing away, birth and death, victory or defeat appear outwardly, that in all of this an imperishable, an eternal, a lasting, a being expresses itself, and that those who want to see the world correctly must struggle their way through the transitory to this imperishable. This is already presented to us by Sankhya, that is, by rational consideration of the imperishability in all that is perishable, of the fact that the defeated soul and the victorious soul are equal before God when the gate of death closes behind them both.

But then Krishna goes on to tell his disciple Arjuna that there is another way in which the soul can be led away from the perception of everyday life: through yoga. When the soul can become devotional, this is the other side of soul development. One side is where one goes from appearance to appearance and everywhere applies one's power of ideas, either illuminated by clairvoyance or not illuminated. The other side is where one turns all attention away from the outer world, where one closes the gate of the senses, where one closes everything that reason and understanding can say about the external world, where one closes all the gates to what one can remember as experienced in ordinary life, where one goes within oneself and, through appropriate exercises, brings forth what rests in one's own soul, where one turns the soul toward what one can sense as the highest and tries to rise out of the power of devotion. Where this happens, one rises higher and higher through yoga, reaching the higher stages that can be attained when one first makes use of the physical tools, those higher stages in which one lives when one has become free from all physical tools, when one lives, so to speak, outside one's body in the higher members of the human organization. In this way, one lives one's way up into a completely different form of life. The manifestations and activities of life become mental, spiritual. One approaches one's own divine being more and more and expands one's own being to the being of the world, expands the human being to God, by losing the individual limitation to one's own being and merging into the universe through yoga.

Then the means are indicated by which the disciple of the great Krishna can ascend in one way or another to these spiritual heights. A distinction is first made between what people have to do in the ordinary world. After all, it is a great situation that the Gita is discussing here. Arjuna must fight against his blood relatives. That is his outer destiny, that is his work, his karma, that is the sum of the deeds he must first perform immediately in this situation. In these deeds, he initially lives as an external human being. But the great Krishna teaches him that man only becomes wise, only connects with the divine and imperishable, when he performs his deeds, because the deeds are necessary in the external course of the development of nature and humanity, but that the wise man must detach himself from these deeds. He performs the actions; but there is something within him that is at the same time like a spectator of these actions, which takes no part in them, which says: I am doing the work, but I could just as well say, I am letting it happen.

One becomes wise by standing toward one's own actions as if they were done by another, and by not being touched by the pleasure that the action brings or by the suffering that the action causes. The great Krishna says to his disciple Arjuna: Whether you stand in the ranks of the sons of Pandu or whether you stand over there in the ranks of the sons of Kuru, whatever you do, you must detach yourself as a wise man from the Panduism or from the Kuruism. If it does not affect you when you perform Pandu deeds as if you were a Pandu, or Kuru deeds as if you were a son of Kuru; if you stand above all this, if you are not affected by your own deeds, if you live in your own deeds like a flame burning quietly in a place protected from the wind, untouched by anything external, when the soul is so little affected by its own deeds, living inwardly calm beside its deeds, then the soul becomes wise, then the soul frees itself from its deeds, then it does not ask what success these deeds may have. For how the deeds turn out is only of concern to our narrowly limited soul. But when we do deeds because the course of humanity or the world demands them, then we do the deeds, regardless of whether they lead to the gruesome or the solemn, to suffering or pleasure for us.

This detachment from our deeds, this standing upright, whatever our hands may do, whatever — to speak in the words of the Gita — our sword may do, what we speak with our mouths, this standing upright of the inner self in the face of everything we speak with our mouths and do with our hands, that is what the great Krishna teaches his disciple Arjuna.

Thus, the great Krishna points out to his disciple Arjuna a human ideal that stands thus: Man says, “I do my deeds.” But whether I do them or someone else does them — I see my deeds. What happens through my hands, what is spoken through my mouth, I see as objectively as I see a rock breaking away and rolling down the mountain into the depths. That is how I stand before my deeds. And when I am in a position to know this or that, to recognize this or that, and I form this or that concept of the world, I still stand there as something distinct from these concepts, and I can say: Something lives within me that is connected to me and recognizes, but I watch as another recognizes. Then I become free even from my own knowledge. I can become free from my actions, I can become free from my knowledge, from my understanding. A high ideal of human wisdom is set before us.

And finally, when we ascend to the spiritual realm: May demons confront me, may holy gods confront me, all of that is something I observe externally; I stand there, free from everything that is happening even in the spiritual worlds around me. I watch and go my way, and that in which I am involved, I am just as little involved in, because I have become a spectator. — That is the teaching of Krishna.

And when we have heard that the Krishna teaching is based on the Sankhya philosophy, it will be understandable to us that in many places in the Krishna teaching we can see that the great Krishna says to his disciple: The soul that lives within you is connected in various ways: connected to the gross physical body, connected to the senses, the manas, the ahamkara, the buddhi. But you are distinct from all of that. If you regard all this as external, as shells that surround you, and you are aware that you are independent of all this as a soul being, then you have understood something of what Krishna wants to teach you. And if you are aware that your relationship to the external world, to the world in general, is given to you by the gunas, by tamas, rajas, and sattva, then learn to recognize that in ordinary life, human beings are connected through sattva with wisdom and goodness, and that through rajas, human beings are connected in ordinary life with the passions and emotions. Sattva, then learn to recognize that in ordinary life, human beings are connected through Sattva with wisdom and goodness, that through Rajas, human beings are connected in ordinary life with passions, emotions, and the thirst for existence, that through Tamas, human beings are connected in ordinary life with laziness, indolence, and sleepiness.

Why does a person go through ordinary life enthusiastic about wisdom and goodness? Because they have a relationship with the natural foundation indicated by sattva. Why does a person go through ordinary life with a joy and greed for the outer life, with a desire for the outer appearances of life? Because they have a relationship with life indicated by rajas. Why do people in ordinary life go about sleepily, lazily, and indolently? Why do they feel oppressed by their physicality? Why can't they find the opportunity to pull themselves together and overcome their physicality at every moment? Because they have a relationship to the world of external forms that is understood in Sankhya philosophy through Tamas.

But the soul of the wise must be freed from Tamas; its relationship to the external world, which manifests itself in sleepiness, laziness, and indolence, must be dissolved. When all indolence, sleepiness, and laziness have disappeared from the soul, it then has only a relationship of Rajas and Sattva to the external world. And when man has eradicated the passions and emotions, the thirst for existence, and has preserved his enthusiasm for goodness, compassion, and knowledge, then he now has a relationship with the outside world that Sankhya philosophy calls sattva. But when a person has also freed themselves from any inclination toward goodness and knowledge, when they are a kind and wise person but are not dependent on how they express themselves outwardly, even toward their own goodness and knowledge, when goodness is a self-evident duty and wisdom is something which is poured out upon him, then he has also cast off the sattva relationship. But when he has thus cast off the three gunas, then he has detached himself from all relationships to all external forms, then he has triumphed in his soul, then he has understood something of what the great Krishna wants to make him.

And what does man understand when he strives to become what the great Krishna holds up to him as an ideal? Does he then understand the outer forms of the world more accurately? No, he has already understood them; but he has risen above them. Does he then understand the relationship of the soul to these outer forms more accurately? No, he has already understood that, but he has risen above it. When he has stripped himself of the three gunas, he does not understand what can confront him in the outer world in the diversity of forms, nor does he understand his relationship to these forms, for all that belongs to earlier stages. As long as one remains in tamas, rajas, and sattva, one gains relationships to the natural basis of being, one acquires social connections, one acquires knowledge, one gains the capacity for goodness and compassion. But when one has gone beyond all this, one has stripped away all these relationships at the previous stages. What does one then recognize, what then appears before one's eyes? One then recognizes, one then sees what all this is not. What can this be that is different from everything one acquires on the way there within the gunas? It is nothing other than what one finally recognizes as one's own essence, for everything else that can be the external world has been stripped away on the previous stages.

In the sense of the considerations just given, what is it? It is Krishna himself. For he himself is the expression of one's own Highest. This means that as one works one's way up to the Highest, one stands before Krishna, the disciple before the great teacher, Arjuna before Krishna himself, who lives in all that is and who can truly say of himself: I am not a single mountain; if I am among mountains, I am the most gigantic of them; when I appear on earth, I am not a single human being, but the highest human manifestation, who appears only once in an age as the leader of mankind, and so on; the unity in all forms, that is me, Krishna.

Thus the teacher himself, living out his essence, appears before his disciple. But at the same time, the Bhagavad Gita makes it clear that this is something tremendous, the highest that man can achieve. To stand before Krishna as Arjuna did could happen through gradual initiation: then it would happen in the depths of yoga training. But it can also be presented as flowing out of human evolution itself, as being given to man, as it were, through grace. This is how it is presented in the Gita. As if Arjuna were lifted up by a jerk so that he has Krishna physically before him, the Gita leads us to a certain point, to the point where Krishna stands before him. Now he does not stand before him as a human being in flesh and blood. A human being who is seen in this way, like other human beings, would offer what is insignificant in Krishna. For what is essential is what is in all human beings. But since the other world empires are, as it were, only the scattered human being, everything that is in the rest of the world is in Krishna. The rest of the world disappears and Krishna is there as One. The macrocosm in relation to the microcosm, the human being as such in relation to the small everyday human being, this is how Krishna stands in relation to the individual human being.

When this comes over people through grace, their human comprehension is initially insufficient, because when Krishna is seen in his essence—which is only possible through the highest clairvoyant power—he appears completely different from everything else that humans are accustomed to seeing. As if the gaze of the human being were lifted out of everything else, the gaze of Krishna in his highest nature, he appears to us for a moment in the Gita as the great human being, beside whom everything else in the world is small, before whom Arjuna stood. Arjuna is overwhelmed. He can only stare and stammer out what he sees. This is understandable, for he has not learned to see and describe such things with his previous means. And the description Arjuna gives at this moment, when Krishna stands before him, is appropriate. For it is one of the greatest representations ever given to humanity, in artistic and philosophical terms, how Arjuna, with words he speaks for the first time, words he is unaccustomed to speaking, words he could never have spoken before because he had never seen anything like this, brings forth from his depths what reveals itself to him at the sight of the great Krishna: “I see all the gods in your body, O God; and also the multitudes of all beings: Brahman, the Lord, on his lotus seat, all the rishis and the serpent of heaven. With many arms, bodies, mouths, eyes, I see you everywhere, endlessly formed, without end, without middle, and I see no beginning in you, O Lord of all. You who appear to me in all forms, you who appear to me with a diadem, with a club and with a sword, a mountain in flames, shining on all sides, thus I see you. My sight is dazzled, like the radiance of fire in the sun, immeasurably great. The imperishable, the highest to be known, the greatest good, thus you appear to me in the vast universe. Eternal guardian of eternal justice, that is you. As eternal primal spirit, you stand before my soul. You show me no beginning, no middle, no end. You are infinite everywhere, infinite in power, infinite in space. Like the moon, yes, like the sun itself, your eyes are great, and from your mouth shines forth as if from a sacrificial fire. I look at you in your glow, how your glow warms the universe, what I can sense between the earth and the heavens, your power fills all this. I stand there alone with you, and every heavenly world, wherever the three worlds live, is also in you when your wondrous, awe-inspiring form appears before my eyes. I see how whole hosts of gods come to you, singing your praises, and I stand there fearfully, folding my hands. All the seers and all the blessed ones call out to you. They praise you with all their songs of praise. The Rudras, Adityas, Vasus, and Sadhyas, all the gods, Ashvins, Maruts, and Manes, Gandharvas, Yakshas, Asuras, and all the blessed ones praise you. They look up to you in amazement: a body so gigantic with many mouths, many arms, many legs, many feet, many bodies, many throats full of teeth. Before all this, the world trembles, and I also tremble. I see you, the heaven-shaking, radiant, many-armed one, with a mouth that looks like great flaming eyes. My soul trembles. I find no stability, no rest, O great Krishna, who is Vishnu himself to me. I look as if into your threatening interior, I see it as it is, like fire, how it works, how being works, how the end of all time works. I see you in a way that I cannot know from anything else. O be merciful to me, Lord of the gods, dwelling place of the worlds.” He turns and points to the sons of the Kuru tribe: “And all these sons of Kuru, together with the hosts of royal heroes, together with Bhishma and Drona, together with ours, the best of warriors, they all lie praying before you, marveling at your glory. You, the beginning of all existence, I would like to know. I cannot comprehend what appears to me, what is revealed to me."

Thus speaks Arjuna when he is alone with that which is his own essence, when this essence appears to him objectively. We stand before a great mystery of the world, mysterious not because of its theoretical content, but because of the overwhelming sensation it is supposed to evoke in us when we are able to understand it correctly. It is mysterious, so mysterious that it must speak to all human sensations in a way that nothing in the world has ever spoken to human sensations before.

When Krishna himself whispers into Arjuna's ear what Krishna now says, it sounds like this: “I am the time that destroys the whole world. I have appeared to carry away the people. And even if you bring death to them in battle, even without you, all the fighters standing there in rows are doomed to die. Therefore, rise fearlessly. You shall gain glory by defeating the enemy. Rejoice in the waving victory and dominion. It is not you who will have killed them when they fall in battle; through me, they are all already killed before you can bring them death. You are only an instrument, you are only a fighter with your hands! Kill Drona, Jayadratha, Bhishma, Karna, and the other warriors whom I have killed, who are already dead. Kill them now, so that my work may be revealed to the outside world when they fall dead in Maya, killed by me. Kill them. And what I have done will appear to have been done by you. Do not tremble! You can do nothing that I have not already done. Fight! They will fall by your sword, those whom I have killed."

We know that everything that happens over there is told as instruction given by Krishna to Arjuna, as if the charioteer were telling Dhritarashtra. The poet does not say directly, “Thus spoke Krishna to Arjuna,” but rather tells us that Dhritarashtra's charioteer, Sanjaya, recounts this to his blind hero, the king of the Kuru clan. After Sanjaya has told all this, he continues: “And when Arjuna heard these words of Krishna, folding his hands, trembling, in reverent language, Arjuna spoke thus to Krishna, stammering, deeply bowing in fear of Krishna: 'The world rightly rejoices in your fame and is devoted to you in reverence. The Rakshas” — that is, spirits — ”flee in terror in all directions. The holy hosts all bow before you. Why should they not bow before the first creator, who is more worthy than Brahma himself?”

Truly, we are faced with a mystery of the world. For what does Arjuna say when he sees his own being in front of him? He speaks as if addressing his own being, saying that it appears to him higher than Brahma himself. We are faced with a mystery. For when a person addresses his own being in this way, such words must be understood in such a way that none of the feelings, sensations, ideas, or thoughts that can be found in ordinary life are taken into account. For there is nothing that could bring a person into greater danger than if he were to attach to these words of Arjuna a feeling that he might otherwise have in life. If he were to bring any such feeling from everyday life to bear on what he is saying, if it were not something entirely unique, if he did not perceive it as the greatest secret of the world, then madness and megalomania would be a trifle compared to the illness into which he would fall by bringing his ordinary feelings to bear on Krishna, that is, on his own higher nature. “You, Lord of the Gods, you are without end, you are the Eternal One, you are the Supreme One, you are both Being and Non-Being, you are the highest of the gods, you are the oldest of the spirits, you are the highest of the treasures of the entire universe, you are the one who knows, and you are the highest that can be known, you encompass the universe, you have within you all forms that can exist, you are wind, you are fire, you are death, you are the eternally surging sea of the world, you are the moon, you are the highest of the gods, the name itself, you are the ancestor of the highest of the gods. Worship must be yours, worship a thousand times a thousand. And even more than all this worship is due to you. Worship must be yours from all sides. You are everything that a human being can ever be. You are powerful as only the sum of all powers can be, you accomplish everything, and you yourself are at the same time the universe. When, impatient, considering you my friend, I, Krishna, I, Yadara, called you friend, unaware of your wonderful greatness, thoughtlessly and familiarly calling you that, and if in my weakness I did not honor you properly, if I did not honor you properly in walking or in resting, in the highest divine or in the most everyday, whether you were alone or together with other beings, if I did not honor you properly in all this, I beg your immensity for forgiveness. You, Father of the world, who moves the world, who moves within it, who is the teacher, who is more than any other teacher, who is equal to no one, who is superior to all, who is incomparable in all three worlds, I bow down before you and seek your mercy, you Lord, who reveals yourself in all worlds. I see in you what has never been seen, and I tremble with awe. Show me your true form, O God! O be merciful, Lord of the gods, you who are the source of all worlds.

Truly, we stand before a mystery when a human being speaks thus to another human being. And again Krishna speaks to his disciple: “I have revealed myself to you in mercy. Before you stands my highest being, conjured before you by my omnipotence, shining, immeasurable, primordial. As you see me, no one else has ever seen me. As you now see me with the powers that are now given to you through my grace, so has what is written in the Vedas never revealed me. Thus, what was given in sacrifice has never reached me, no divine gift has ever reached me, no study has ever reached me, no ceremony has ever reached me. No terrible penance can make me appear in my present form, as you now see me in human form, O great hero. But do not be afraid, and do not be confused at the sight of my terrible appearance. Fearless and full of high spirit, you shall see me again, as I am now appearing to you in my present form.

Now Sanjaya continues his story to the blind Dhritarashtra: “When Krishna had spoken thus to Arjuna, the immeasurable, the beginningless and endless, the sublime, disappeared, and Krishna again appeared in his human form, as if to reassure the one who was so frightened by his friendly appearance.”

Arjuna said: Now I see you again before me, your human form, and my knowledge and consciousness return to me, and I become who I was before.

And Krishna said: The form that is so difficult to see, which you have now seen in me, is the form that even the gods long to see without end. The Vedas do not proclaim this form, nor is it attained through penance, nor through donations, nor through sacrifices, nor through any ceremony. Through all these things, I cannot be seen in the form that you have now seen. Only those who know how to walk away, free from all Vedas, free from all penance, free from all donations, sacrifices, free from all ceremonies, and who can worship me alone and keep me in their eyes, can see me in this form, can recognize me as I am, and can become one with me. Whoever acts as I instruct him, whoever honors and loves me, whoever does not respect the world and is loving toward all beings, he comes to me, O my son of the Pandu clan.”

We stand before a secret of the world, which the Gita tells us was proclaimed at a momentous hour in the history of humanity, at that momentous hour when the ancient clairvoyance bound to blood came to an end and the human soul had to seek new paths to the infinite, to the imperishable. Thus this secret is revealed to us, and at the same time we perceive in this revelation everything that can be dangerous to man when he has been born out of himself, seeing his own nature. If we grasp this deepest human and world secret, which speaks of our own nature through true self-knowledge, then we have before us the greatest mystery of the world. But we can only place it before us if we can revere it in humility. And no amount of comprehension is sufficient to approach the mystery of the world. The right feeling is necessary for this. No one who cannot approach it with reverence may approach the mystery of the world that speaks so powerfully in the Gita. Only then will we have fully grasped it, when we can feel it in this way. And how it is to be viewed from these starting points in the Gita at a certain stage of human development, and how precisely through what it shows us in the Gita it in turn sheds light on the other way in which it confronts us in the letters of Paul, is what will occupy us in the course of these lectures.