The Christmas Conference
GA 260
Part II. The Proceedings of the Conference
25 December 1923 2:30 p.m., Dornach
VI. Meeting of the Vorstand and the General Secretaries
Dr. Steiner answers questions from the officials of the Societies on the various Paragraphs of the Statutes.
To a question on Paragraph 11 regarding the admission of individual members who do not wish to join a particular group he answers as follows:
This Paragraph would only come into consideration if it proves entirely impossible to bring these efforts to a satisfactory conclusion. Only then should individuals or groups apply for membership direct to Dornach. Efforts must first be made to join the relevant national Society and only if this fails for some reason would we admit an individual or a group here in Dornach.
Herr Hohlenburg asks what is meant by: ‘Only for those for whom it is quite impossible to find entry to a group.’
Dr. Steiner: The Statutes are phrased in such a way as to include everything in as few words as possible. Perhaps it is necessary to clarify the sentence ‘Only those for whom it is quite impossible to find entry to a group should apply directly to Dornach for membership’ by adding that this refers not only to the group not agreeing to admit the individual but also to the individual finding it inwardly impossible to join the group. Thus for instance a person who is convinced that he cannot thrive in a particular group can, if all efforts fail, become a member in Dornach. Here in Dornach we for our part shall of course endeavour to convince the individual to join a group. When I was writing down this sentence I was thinking not only of external obstacles coming from the group but also of obstacles arising out of an individual's convictions.
Herr Hohlenburg: Are all those who are already members to have their membership confirmed?
Dr. Steiner: This will be desirable if only for the reason that we are having proper membership cards printed to replace the old, not very beautiful membership cards, and every member will enjoy seeing a membership card which is somewhat larger and which commands a certain degree of respect. Therefore it would be good to send a circular to the individual groups letting them know that all the old membership cards can be exchanged for new ones.
Mademoiselle Sauerwein asks: If a number of members in a particular country want to form themselves into a group and elect a new officer who is not an officer of the national group, would they be allowed to do this or not?
Dr. Steiner: Of course nobody can be denied this right. All that can be done is to make efforts to prevent it, but nobody can be denied the right to form groups which would, of course, not be the national group but simply a private group. It would not be possible for it to be the national group because, of course, the national group already exists, does it not? But this cannot be included in the Statutes. The Statutes must contain the principles. But it can be included in By-Laws which we shall still have to elaborate.
Herr Donner wants to ask whether a group which does not want to be affiliated with the national Society in its own country can instead be affiliated with the Society of another country.
Dr. Steiner: In principle this would not be impossible. To exclude this on principle would be too great an infringement of the freedom of the individual members. We cannot exclude this possibility, but we would have to make efforts not to let such a situation arise in which a group in one country joins the Society of another country; if such a group were not to join the national Society, then it would join directly in Dornach. This could come about as a matter of usage. It cannot be excluded on principle. For instance it would not be possible to prevent a group coming into being in France and registering with the German Society. We would not be able to prevent this.
Madame Muntz: Should we make efforts to bring it about that individuals who do not live in Belgium and yet do belong to our group apply for membership in their own countries, or not?
Dr. Steiner: In cases where they have done this from sympathy, this is all right. Cases where those in question have sympathies in a particular direction might as well be allowed to remain. But for the future it would be preferable for this not to happen. We need not take up a pedantic position; there is no need for this, but we do need something that can give us a certain degree of support.
Dr. Unger: There are quite a number of people in South America who are members of the German Society and who have expressed their wish to remain so. Arrangements are, however, being made for a Society to be formed among the different groups. I have been asked to bring to this meeting the need expressed there that a South American Society should be planned. For the moment they wish to remain attached to Germany, and the method of transferring these groups will gradually come about.
Dr. Steiner: The configuration of the Society being what it is, it is of course the case that from the administrative point of view everything will have to be taken into consideration not in a bureaucratic way but in a way that is necessitated by human factors. Take Paragraph 14 of the Statutes: ‘The organ of the Society is Das Goetheanum, which for this purpose is provided with a Supplement containing the official communications of the Society. This enlarged edition of Das Goetheanum will be supplied to members of the Anthroposophical Society only.’ Would you not agree that this implies that if the South American groups belong to Germany they would be supplied with Das Goetheanum not by us here but that it would be sent to them from Germany? Similar situations are still likely to arise. Here we are of the opinion that things should not remain confined to paper. The things that are written in the Members' Supplement are things which every member wants to know as quickly as possible. So I think it would be a good thing for groups which exist outside their national groups to join directly in Dornach so that anthroposophical life can flourish as much as possible without having to make all kinds of detours.
Dr Wachsmuth informs the meeting that the South American Society had written a letter just before Christmas, having heard about the new decisions. He reads a statement from them.
Herr Leinhas: I have had a similar letter. It arrived only a few days ago, and I have been asked for the moment to represent the national Society, which is to have its seat in Rio.
Dr. Zeymans Van Emmichoven:In point 5 mention is made of the three Classes of the School of Spiritual Science in Dornach: ‘Members of the Society will be admitted to the School on their own application.’ I should like to ask whether the national Societies have anything to do with this or whether this is a purely personal matter for each member.
Dr. Steiner: What is contained in point 5 will be a matter for the Goetheanum in Dornach as far as the overall leadership is concerned. Everything that belongs to the configuration of this School of Spiritual Science will have to be taken in hand by the leadership at the Goetheanum in Dornach. Among the things that will have to be dealt with will of course be the matter of making contact not only with officers but also with members who are doing certain work in one place or another. Members of the First, Second and Third Class of the Goetheanum will be everywhere, having been nominated by the Goetheanum. How they are chosen will depend entirely on the individual case, for it will be essentially an esoteric matter, but an esoteric matter which is handled in a modern way. Once things have got going it will become apparent that there will be members in the different national Societies who belong to one of the Classes of the Goetheanum. For these the Goetheanum will nominate their own leadership in the different countries, so that matters are territorially delimited and do not expand boundlessly. This matter, then, will be handled essentially by the leadership at the Goetheanum; I shall describe it in more detail as our Conference progresses. Point 7 also refers to this matter: ‘The organizing of the School of Spiritual Science is, to begin with, the responsibility of Rudolf Steiner, who will appoint his collaborators and his possible successor.’
To begin with, I intend to set up, in addition to the three Classes, Sections which will be in charge of the different fields of research. For example there will be a Section for General Anthroposophy, another for what used to be called in France Belles-Lettres, a Section for Natural Science, for Education, for Art, for the various realms of art. Each Section will have a Section Leader and together these will constitute the leadership of the School of Spiritual Science. The members of the different Classes will be scattered all over the place; they will be members, for their pupilship is their own private affair. This is an independent institution which the national Societies will undertake to protect and guard as a matter of course.
Fräulein Henström: In Sweden, as far as I know, more than a third of the members have not joined a branch. In small villages this is natural, but there are a good many in Stockholm who do not wish to belong to the groups. They believe that they can work more freely if they stand by themselves and study the lectures alone. There are a good many of us who understand how important it is to stand firmly together and that it is therefore necessary for members to get to know one another personally. I think it is quite impossible if members refuse to conform to the groups and I wondered whether some encouragement could not be given from Dornach to bring about an improvement in this direction.
Dr. Steiner: We shall make every effort towards encouraging members in the different countries to join the main groups, which in most countries will mean the national Society. But we do not want to exert any pressure by means of some statute or other. We do not want to exert any pressure from Dornach in any direction, but we shall make every effort to help people understand, so that for instance in Sweden any members who live in an isolated situation, even if they want to remain isolated as far as their way of living is concerned, can nevertheless join the Stockholm Society or the national Society.
Fräulein Henström: I too would not want any compulsion to be brought to bear.
Dr. Steiner: We shall certainly endeavour to bring about an understanding of this matter.
Mr Monges enquires about the point of view and the manner in which the General Secretaries in the different countries are selected and whether this shall be a democratic procedure or what else?
Dr. Steiner: This is a further matter which I would not wish to lay down in any way by means of statutes for the various groups all over the world. I can well imagine, for example, that there are national Societies who will most certainly want to employ democratic procedures. I can also imagine that there will be others who will want to be thoroughly aristocratic in their approach, agreeing with the wishes of a particular individual upon whom they confer the task of nominating the other officers and so on. Thus I rather assume that the, shall I say, somewhat aristocratic method I have adopted with regard to appointing the Vorstand may well be imitated. In some quarters, however, this method may be regarded as highly undesirable, and in those quarters the democratic method could be used. An election is naturally all the easier the smaller the group in question, whereas I consider elections in a gathering as large as ours today to be totally meaningless. It is impossible to nominate and elect anybody in a situation where there is to start with so little mutual recognition. So in this gathering such a procedure would not be possible. But I can well imagine that a democratic institution of some kind might come into being in one place or another. In a general way, however, I do not find this question to be of paramount importance as a matter of principle. If on the one hand the selection is made by means of an election that is thoughtless, then the Societies will not flourish. They will come to nought if someone is simply nominated so that the election may be settled in a hurry, as is the case with political elections. Nothing can come of this in our circles.
The matter will be different, though, if consideration is given to those who have already earned some merit, or done certain work, or if their way of working has been observed. In such cases a majority is likely to come about quite naturally. But if the antecedents are all set for some kind of election, I do not believe that amongst us, since our main concern is for the work, some kind of democracy could prevent this work. In other words, in practice there will be little difference between democracy and aristocracy. We might try this out over the next few days. We could ask whether the Vorstand I have suggested would be elected or not. This would give us a democratic basis, for I do consider their election to be a necessary condition, otherwise I myself would also have to withdraw! Freedom must reign, of course. But, dear friends, I too must have freedom. I cannot allow anything to be imposed on me. Anyone who is expected to carry out a function must have freedom above all else. Is this not so? Thus I rather assume that what I have just said will be born out everywhere, for the most part. Whether democracy or aristocracy is the method, the Society will not look much different.
Mr. Monges: We in America are very political.
Dr. Steiner: If Dornach is permitted to have its say to a certain extent, then everything will work out satisfactorily.
Fräulein Schwarz: It was said some time ago that members of the old Theosophical Society cannot become anthroposophists, that is they cannot belong to the Anthroposophical Society. Will this continue to be the case or not?
Dr. Steiner: Who said that? I certainly never said such a thing! Never. The decision as to whether a person shall be admitted or not has to be taken individually in each case. I have always expressly stated that it matters not a jot whether someone belongs to a carpenters' club, or an insurance company, or a scientific research society, or the Theosophical Society. The only thing that matters is the human being. I have never said that the stamp of membership of any other society presents an obstacle for joining the Anthroposophical Society. Of course there might be individual cases in which membership of the Theosophical Society could present an obstacle. It is naturally questionable whether Mrs Besant39Annie Besant, 1847–1933. From 1907, following the death of the Founder-President H. S. Olcott, President of the Theosophical Society. or Mr Leadbeater,40Charles Webster Leadbeater, 1847–1934. Influential colleague of Annie Besant. Inspired the founding of the order ‘Star of the East’. should they apply for membership of the Anthroposophical Society, would be admitted or not. So the question might arise in individual cases. But as a matter of principle it can have no validity whatsoever; otherwise we would come down to principles which would not be in keeping with a society that is to be formed in the modern style.
The Duke of Cesaro brings up a question regarding the number of votes allotted to members. There was once some unpleasantness in a national section of the old Theosophical Society, for example; and the solution had been to break up the whole group in order to gain more votes. Such things ought no longer to be possible.
Dr. Steiner: As you say, Your Grace, it is desirable that such things should not happen. But on the other hand there are certain difficulties involved in fixing the number of members at the lower end. There you come up against the question: How many members should there be in a group? So far we have had quite a definite view on this. But problems might now arise in this connection: Should we perhaps put everything pertaining to matters of modern usage into Paragraph 3, so that everything esoteric is contained in Paragraph 3, or should we name the number of members a group ought to contain? In the latter case the minimum number would be seven, because only seven can yield a true majority. In the case of three and five there can of course be a seeming majority. But those who understand the nature of the human being know that with a majority of two to one arrived at amongst three members, or of three to two arrived at when there are five members, the one who makes the seeming majority does not count properly. Not until you can have four to three can you arrive at a possible majority, which results if on the one side you have three and on the other side one third more. This then makes a true majority possible. So the minimum number would be seven members. I would not object to including this number here, but I did consider that these Statutes are more likely to be respected in the eyes of the world if we refrain from including things like the number seven. I therefore think, Your Grace, that your suggestion would be better included in the By-Laws, which would mean that in practice this is how the matter would be handled. This is probably the solution for us in this case.
Professor Dr.Maurer: I want to ask whether it might not be possible to curtail the other Paragraph as well, as regards the Classes. Perhaps it would be preferable not to launch this aspect on the public. I rather fear that all kinds of historical and other parallels might once again be dredged up and possibly used against us.
Dr. Steiner: Take Paragraph 5 as it is formulated here and ask yourself whether it could not be applied to any university just as it stands. As it stands it is applicable to any university and cannot possibly cause any offence. Everything else will be a matter of how we handle it.
Professor Dr.Maurer: Yes, I agree it is applicable, but there are other points which are open to attack. Taken in its usual sense it could remind people of something which did exist historically.
Dr. Steiner: Historically it was never the custom to speak of ‘Classes’, only of ‘Degrees’.
Professor Dr.Maurer: Nevertheless people will immediately jump to the wrong conclusion and I merely wanted to prevent the incidence of such mistaken and warped conclusions.
Dr. Steiner: It would be the greatest possible mistake to include anything in our Statutes arising from any conclusion. We cannot avoid having misunderstandings attached to what we do. But anyone interpreting Paragraph 5 wrongly must really want to do so. We cannot prevent this. Paragraph 5 is phrased in such a way that absolutely nobody can say anything other than that in this School of Spiritual Science in Dornach there are three Classes, just as if in Freiburg there were a university with four medical classes, a four-year course. The description in Paragraph 5 accords exactly with the pattern of universities in the outside world, so there is not the smallest opportunity for objection that could be seized with any even seeming justification. The same applies to the way the affairs of the School are conducted. You know that at a university it is the leadership who decide whether a student is ready to move on to the next year or not.
Professor Dr.Maurer: This has not always been the case. In the faculties of philosophy it was never a matter of moving up to the next class; this did not happen at Strasbourg under Professor Windelband41Wilhelm Windelband, 1848–1915. Philosopher, 1882–1903 professor in Strasbourg. or anywhere else for that matter. You simply presented yourself and were accepted. Naturally what you gained from the lectures depended on your abilities. Nowadays I agree that in the interest of the students a certain amount of grading has been introduced. I only wanted to draw attention to this matter because our opponents will immediately point it out.
Dr. Steiner: It is certainly not the case that a medical student who has just arrived at the university will be allowed to attend the special classes on anatomical medicine. There are proper classes for this, are there not. I do not believe that he would be allowed to attend immediately.
Professor Dr.Maurer: No, of course not.
Dr. Steiner: In the case of the philosophical faculty there are good reasons which have come about historically. A justification can certainly always be found for these things. Originally there was no such thing as a philosophical faculty at the universities. The three faculties were those of theology, medicine, and jurisprudence. These three faculties were always graded into classes. The philosophical department was at the basis of all three. First you attended the faculty of philosophy. This is where you started, whether you wanted to study theology, jurisprudence or medicine. Then you moved up from this faculty of philosophy into the different faculties. From then on you moved up in classes. I do not believe that it is any different in other countries. So if you take our Constitution to be the general anthroposophical and philosophical faculty, then advancing on from there you have the three Classes. The set-up is absolutely identical with that of a university. I have taken the utmost care to ensure that it shall be absolutely indisputable. In universities, though, the faculty of philosophy gradually developed into a faculty in its own right. More and more lectures were given till the whole situation degenerated into anarchy and chaos. No one entering the faculty of philosophy has any idea what lectures he ought to attend, indeed he can go to lectures he cannot understand at all. This is a chaotic situation that has arisen at the universities.
What we have written down here corresponds exactly to what was customary at universities, in Vienna for instance, up to the year 1848. This is entirely indisputable. And I believe that this is the case to this day in Paris; and also in Italy there are universities which still conduct matters in this way. At German universities there are certain things which have developed chaotically. But what we have written down here is absolutely indisputable. If we were to do these things without including them in our Statutes—and do them we must, otherwise Paragraph 8 about the lecture cycles would also have to be modified—we would immediately find ourselves in another situation which would not serve our purposes at all. This Paragraph must stand as it is and so must Paragraph 8. Of course we can consider requests for changes regarding details, but a complete suppression of the School with its three Classes would not be acceptable.
Professor Dr. Maurer: I quite see that it will be necessary to move up Class by Class. I was merely concerned that it might give our opponents something on which they could seize.
Dr. Steiner: The only change that could be considered would be to say: ‘The Anthroposophical Society sees the School of Spiritual Science in Dornach as the centre for its activity. The School will be composed of three classes after the manner of other universities.’ If you wish to include this we can certainly do so.
Baroness de Renzis: Should the report on our work in Italy and the direction it is taking be given now, or are we to discuss the Statutes only?
Dr. Steiner: I would request you to speak tomorrow about the work in Italy.
Baroness de Renzis wishes to ask a question about the direction the work is taking in general.
Dr. Steiner: I would ask you to give your report tomorrow.
Baroness de Renzis: Ought we to announce the anthroposophical character of any undertaking or initiative arising out of our Movement from the start, thus provoking the danger of having it rejected, or should we endeavour to disseminate an anthroposophical understanding within public opinion without throwing down the challenge of it being judged and rejected? It is necessary to decide this so that we know what is to determine the attitude of our groups in the future.
Dr. Steiner: It is of course not the word ‘Anthroposophy’ itself that matters but there are other things that do matter. Take the following example. Medicine is a case in point. It is today not possible to take medicine beyond the point it has now reached, which is not far enough, without starting to speak of the etheric body of the human being, and also of the astral body and the ego-organization, for it is here that the real causes of illness lie. So it is necessary simply to place before the world the substance of what Anthroposophy contains. We have gained some extremely instructive experience in this matter. Frau Dr Wegman has run courses with me in London, Vienna and The Hague.42See lectures in London on 2 and 3 September, Vienna on 2 October and The Hague on 15 and 16 November 1923 in Rudolf Steiner Spiritual Science and the Art of Healing, Anthroposophical Publishing Company, London 1950. GA 319. One of these took place at Dr Zeylmans' Dutch institute. I have given lectures to doctors in which I spoke quite directly of anthroposophical matters. At appropriate moments I have spoken about the astral body, the etheric body and so on. In doing this it is barely relevant what terminology is used. In some instances one feels it is more appropriate to name the etheric body and in others it is better to use different words in describing it. For example when you want to speak of the etheric body you can say: The effects on the physical substances which come not from the centre of the earth but from the periphery of the universe. Only those who have not fully come to grips with their subject matter are tied to a specific terminology, is this not so? We have found that when we speak in this way people can make something of what we say. They know that this is something new making its appearance in the world. If you avoid speaking clearly, all people can say is: Well, here is another opinion about the effect of this or that medicament on the human organism; it has been held before and was then replaced by another; now here is yet another opinion. They cannot distinguish whether a clinical report or a clinical dissertation comes from some external source or from us. But if we want to bring what can really lead us to the centre of the illness, then we cannot avoid speaking about the etheric body and so on, even if we use different terminology. Then people know what is what. We go furthest when we act in this way. It is not in the first instance a matter of the actual name of Anthroposophy; what matters is nowhere to shy away from whatever is necessary to explain something properly. If you try to dress Anthroposophy up in ‘this is what the parson says too’, then people have no idea what you are getting at. I myself once proved this point. I gave a course of twelve lectures in Vienna43See Rudolf Steiner The Tension between East and West, Hodder & Stoughton, London 1963. GA 83. ranging over every aspect of Anthroposophy including its practical applications. If you read this cycle today you will not find a single mention of the word Anthroposophy. It is perfectly possible for there to be occasions when it is inappropriate to use the word Anthroposophy. This is for sure. For me what matters is the actual subject itself, the spirit of the subject. You have no idea how many well-meaning people have come to me saying: People dread the expression ‘etheric body’; could we not say ‘the functional element in the human organism’? But this is a meaningless expression. To speak of the etheric body you have to distinguish between the physical body in which all the forces are related to gravity, the mechanical pull of gravity, and the etheric body in which all the forces can be related to the periphery, to all that is ever in weaving movement. This is the difference. The ‘functional element in the human organism’ refers to the function and not to this fundamental contrast. So these well-meant suggestions that come, often from outsiders, cannot be taken into account.
Baroness de Renzis: Is it sufficient to speak of the ‘essence’ of things?
Dr. Steiner: It is not necessary to throw the actual word ‘Anthroposophy’ at people, but if asked whether you are an anthroposophist it would be quite a good thing if you did not say: No!
We shall continue this meeting tomorrow. We must try to make sure that we have enough breathing space during this Conference.
Sitzung des Vorstandes und der Generalsekretäre der Ländergesellschaften mit Ihren Sekretären
Dr. Steiner beantwortet die ihm gestellten Fragen der Funktionäre über verschiedene Paragraphen in den Satzungen.
Zur Frage § 11 betreffs Aufnahme einzelner Mitglieder, die sich nicht einer Gruppe anschließen wollen, gibt er die folgende Antwort:
Nur wenn es ganz unmöglich ist, eine solche Bemühung zum Ziele zu führen, dann käme der Paragraph in Betracht; nur dann sollte man sich, als Einzelner oder als Gruppe, in Dornach selbst als Mitglied aufnehmen lassen. Also man bemühe sich zunächst, an die Landesgesellschaft Anschluß zu erhalten, und nur wenn dies aus irgendeinem Grunde nicht gelingt, dann würden wir einen Einzelnen oder eine Gruppe in Dornach hier aufnehmen.
Herr Hohlenberg möchte fragen, wie das zu verstehen ist: «Wem es ganz unmöglich ist, die Aufnahme bei einer Gruppe zu finden.»
Dr. Steiner: Die Statuten sind so abgefaßt, daß darin in möglichst wenig Worten alles enthalten sein soll. Es ist vielleicht bei diesem Satz «Nur wem es ganz unmöglich ist, die Aufnahme bei einer Gruppe zu finden, sollte sich in Dornach selbst als Mitglied aufnehmen lassen.» noch notwendig zu sagen: Damit ist natürlich nicht bloß gemeint, daß die Gruppe den Betreffenden nicht aufnimmt, sondern es kann ihm ja auch innerlich unmöglich sein, sich bei einer Gruppe anzuschließen. Also wer zum Beispiel die Überzeugung hat, daß er bei einer Gruppe nicht gedeiht, kann natürlich auch, wenn alle Bemühungen scheitern sollten, sich in Dornach anschließen. Wir werden uns in Dornach natürlich auch wiederum bemühen, einem solchen Einzelnen Vorstellungen zu machen, sich einer Gruppe anzuschließen. Aber als ich den Satz niederschrieb, dachte ich nicht bloß an äußere Hindernisse von der Gruppe aus, sondern auch an die Hindernisse der eigenen Überzeugung.
Herr Hohlenberg: Soll die Bestätigung auch von jedem einzelnen bisherigen Mitglied stattfinden?
Dr. Steiner: Das ist schon aus dem Grunde wünschenswert, weil wir hier an Stelle der alten, nicht sehr schön ausschauenden Mitgliedskarten ordentliche Mitgliedskarten drucken lassen, und es wird jedes Mitglied gerne das Auge fallen lassen auf eine Mitgliedskarte, die etwas größer sein wird und ein gewisses Ansehen haben soll. Deshalb wäre es schon gut, wenn wir an die einzelnen Gruppen Zirkulare versenden würden, daß in dieser Weise dann alle bisherigen Mitgliedskarten gegen die neuen Zertifikate, oder Diplome meinetwillen, ausgetauscht würden.
Mademoiselle Sauerwein frägt: Wenn in Ländern mehrere Persönlichkeiten sich zu einer Gruppe zusammentun wollen und einen neuen Funktionär wählen wollen, der nicht der bisherige des Landes ist, ob sie dazu berechtigt sind oder nicht.
Dr. Steiner: Dieses Recht kann natürlich niemandem benommen werden; man kann nur Bemühungen anstellen, um es zu verhindern, aber es kann niemandem das Recht benommen werden, sich in Gruppen zusammenzuschließen, die natürlich nicht die Landesgruppe, sondern nur eine private Gruppe sein würden. Es kann nicht die Landesgruppe dann sein, weil die Landesgruppe schon gebildet worden ist, nicht wahr. Aber das kann nicht in den Statuten stehen. Die Statuten müssen das Prinzipielle enthalten. Dagegen kann es in einer Geschäftsordnung, die wir noch auszuarbeiten haben werden, drinnen sein.
Herr Donner möchte noch fragen, ob eine Gruppe in einem Lande, die sich nicht der Landesgesellschaft anschließt, sich an eine Gesellschaft in einem anderen Lande anschließen kann.
Dr. Steiner: Das würde prinzipiell auch nicht unmöglich sein. Wir würden die Freiheit der einzelnen Mitglieder zu sehr beschränken, wenn wir das prinzipiell ausschließen würden. Also wir können es nicht ausschließen, aber wir müßten uns eigentlich bemühen, daß solche Dinge nicht zustande kommen, daß also tatsächlich sich nicht eine Gruppe in irgendeinem Lande einer anderen Gesellschaft anschließt, sondern, wenn sie sich nicht der Landesgesellschaft anschließt, dann direkt sich in Dornach anschließt. Das könnte aber nur durch einen Usus geschehen. Prinzipiell kann man es nicht ausschließen. Man könnte es zum Beispiel durchaus nicht verhindern, daß sich eine in Frankreich gebildete Gruppe in die deutsche Gesellschaft einschreiben läßt. Wir könnten das nicht verhindern.
Madame Muntz: Muß man sich bemühen, daß einzelne Personen, die nicht in Belgien wohnen und doch zu unserer Gruppe gehören, sich in den Ländern, wo sie wohnen, anschließen, oder nicht?
Dr. Steiner: Es wäre in einem solchen Falle doch gut, wenn sie es aus Sympathie gemacht haben. Diejenigen, die schon Sympathiehänge haben, bei denen kann man ja die Sache lassen, wie sie ist. Aber für die Zukunft wollen wir das nicht so halten. Wir brauchen uns auf keinen pedantischen Standpunkt zu stellen, das ist durchaus nicht nötig, aber wir müssen immerhin doch etwas wie Stützen haben.
Dr. Unger: Es gibt noch eine ganze Menge Menschen in Südamerika, die noch bei der deutschen Gesellschaft Mitglieder sind und den Wunsch geäußert haben, bei der deutschen Gesellschaft zu bleiben. Es ist aber schon im Gange, daß unter den Gruppen eine besondere Gesellschaft zustande kommen soll, und es liegt da besonders der Auftrag vor, hier die Notwendigkeit zur Geltung zu bringen, die dort geäußert wurde: eine besondere südamerikanische Gesellschaft in Aussicht zu nehmen. Zunächst möchten sie noch bei Deutschland bleiben, und es wird die Handhabung zur Überführung dieser Gruppen allmählich gemacht werden können.
Dr. Steiner: Es ist natürlich so, daß man bei der Konfiguration der Gesellschaft alles in Betracht ziehen muß, was sich nun - nicht in bürokratischer, aber in menschlich-notwendiger Weise für die Verwaltung ergibt. Wir haben zum Beispiel in dem Statut den § 14: «Gesellschaftsorgan ist das «Goetheanum>, das zu diesem Ziele mit einer Beilage versehen wird, die die offiziellen Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft enthalten soll. Diese vergrößerte Ausgabe des «Goetheanum» wird nur an die Mitglieder der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft abgegeben.» Nun, nicht wahr, wenn die südamerikanischen Gruppen zu Deutschland gehörten, so würde das bedeuten, daß das «Goetheanum» nicht von hier aus an die südamerikanischen Gruppen ginge, sondern erst von Deutschland aus wieder nach Südamerika geschickt würde. Ähnliches wird sich noch ergeben können. Da wir durchaus hier denken, daß die Dinge nicht wieder auf dem Papiere stehenbleiben, sondern daß die Dinge in der Beilage stehen werden, die jedes Mitglied möglichst schnell wissen will, so meine ich, daß es schon gut ist, wenn außerhalb der Landesgruppen bestehende Gruppen sich direkt in Dornach anschließen, damit das anthroposophische Leben möglichst gedeihen kann und nicht auf allen möglichen Umwegen erst zustande kommen kann.
Dr. Wachsmuth teilt mit, daß die südamerikanische Gesellschaft gerade in den Tagen vor Weihnachten noch geschrieben hat und von den neuen Beschlüssen gehört hat. Er verliest eine Mitteilung von dort.
Herr Leinhas: Es ist auch mir in demselben Sinne geschrieben worden. Gerade in den letzten Tagen ist das eingetroffen, und ich bin beauftragt, die Ländergesellschaft, die in Rio ihren Sitz haben wird, zunächst zu vertreten.
Dr. Zeylmans van Emmichoven: In Punkt 5 wird gesprochen über die drei Klassen der Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft in Dornach: «In dieselbe werden auf ihre Bewerbung hin aufgenommen die Mitglieder der Gesellschaft.» Ich möchte nun fragen, ob die Ländergesellschaften eigentlich etwas damit zu tun haben, oder ob das eine rein persönliche Sache der Mitglieder ist.
Dr. Steiner: Dasjenige, was in diesem Punkt 5 enthalten ist, wird in bezug auf die Gesamtleitung eine Angelegenheit des Goetheanums in Dornach sein. Und alles, was zur Konfiguration dieser Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft gehört, wird in die Hand genommen werden müssen von der Leitung des Goetheanums in Dornach. Es wird natürlich unter den Dingen, die da gehandhabt werden, auch dies sein, daß man in Verbindung tritt nicht nur mit Funktionären, sondern auch mit Mitgliedern, die da oder dort diese oder jene Arbeit leisten. Und dann werden Mitglieder der ersten, der zweiten, der dritten Klasse des Goetheanums durch Ernennung der Leitung des Goetheanums überall sein. Auf welchem Wege sie es werden, das wird ganz vom individuellen Fall abhängen; denn das wird im wesentlichen eine Art esoterischer Sache sein, aber eine esoterische Sache, die eben im modernen Sinne gehandhabt wird. Nun wird, wenn diese Sache erst im Gange ist, es sich auch herausstellen, daß in den verschiedenen Landesgesellschaften Mitglieder sind, die zu einer der Klassen des Goetheanums gehören. Für diese wird dann eine eigene Leitung vom Goetheanum aus in den betreffenden Ländern ernannt werden, so daß man territorial die Dinge begrenzt hat, daß es nicht ins Uferlose geht. Also diese Angelegenheit - ich werde sie noch im Laufe der Tagung auseinandersetzen - wird im wesentlichen durch die Leitung des Goetheanums selbst besorgt werden. Sie haben dazu den Punkt 7: «Die Einrichtung der freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft obliegt zunächst Rudolf Steiner, der seine Mitarbeiter und seinen eventuellen Nachfolger zu ernennen hat.»
Ich habe zunächst vor, außer den drei Klassen, Sektionen zu errichten, die dann für die fachlichen Dinge da sind; so zum Beispiel eine Sektion für die allgemeine Anthroposophie, eine für dasjenige, was man in Frankreich früher «belles-lettres» genannt hat, eine Sektion für Naturwissenschaft, für Pädagogik, für Kunst, für die verschiedenen Gebiete der Kunst. Diese Sektionen werden dann ihre Spezialleiter haben, und das wird das Direktorium der Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft sein. Die Mitglieder dieser einzelnen Klassen - sie werden ja Mitglieder sein, nicht wahr; die Schülereigenschaft ist etwas ganz Privates, aber sie werden Mitglieder sein -, sie werden dann überall hin verstreut sein. Und das ist eine selbständige Einrichtung, deren Beschützung und Behütung aber selbstverständlich die Landesgesellschaften übernehmen werden.
Fräulein Henström: Es gibt in Schweden unter den Anthroposophen mehr als ein Drittel, glaube ich, die sich keinem Zweige anschließen. In kleineren Orten ist ja das ganz natürlich, aber es gibt auch eine ganze Menge in Stockholm, die nicht zu den Gruppen gehören wollen. Sie meinen, daß sie mehr in Freiheit arbeiten können, wenn sie für sich selbst stehen und die Vorträge in der Einsamkeit studieren. Es gibt doch eine ziemlich große Anzahl unter uns, die Verständnis dafür hat, wie wichtig es ist, daß es zu einem festen Zusammenhalt kommt und daß es deshalb notwendig ist, daß die Mitglieder untereinander sich persönlich kennenlernen. Ich halte es für eine unmögliche Sache, wenn die Mitglieder sich nicht in Gruppen einfügen, und möchte fragen, ob man nicht von Dornach aus eine Anregung geben könnte, daß in dieser Richtung eine Verbesserung eintreten könnte.
Dr. Steiner: Wir werden uns alle Mühe geben, daß die in den einzelnen Ländern wohnenden Mitglieder sich der Hauptgruppe anschließen. Das wird ja in den meisten Ländern die Landesgruppe sein. Aber einen Zwang ausüben durch irgendein Statut, das möchten wir nicht. Wir möchten von Dornach aus nach keinerlei Richtung einen Zwang ausüben, aber wir werden uns alle Mühe geben, zum Verständnis zu bringen, daß die also zum Beispiel in Schweden vereinzelt wohnenden Mitglieder, wenn sie auch nach ihren Lebensgewohnheiten vereinzelt bleiben wollen, sich der Stockholmer oder Landesgesellschaft anschließen.
Fräulein Henström: Ich bin auch nicht für Zwang.
Dr. Steiner: Gewiß, wir werden uns Mühe geben, die Sache zum Verständnis zu bringen.
Mr. Monges frägt, von welchem Gesichtspunkte, auf welche Weise gewünscht werde, daß in den einzelnen Fällen die Generalsekretäre gewählt werden, demokratisch oder wie sonst?
Dr. Steiner: Auch das möchte ich durchaus nicht irgendwie durch Statuten für die einzelnen Gruppen der Welt festlegen. Ich kann mir zum Beispiel ganz gut denken, daß es Ländergesellschaften gibt, die durchaus demokratisch verfahren wollen. Ich kann mir denken, daß andere hocharistokratisch sein wollen, sich anschließen an irgendeine Persönlichkeit und der es übertragen, die anderen Funktionäre zu ernennen und dergleichen. Deshalb meine ich, daß zunächst die ja von mir etwas, wie soll ich sagen, etwas aristokratisch gehandhabte Einsetzung des Vorstandes vielleicht etwas nachgeahmt wird. Es kann aber auch sein, daß sie da oder dort als höchst unsympathisch empfunden wird: dann könnte ja auch demokratisch gewählt werden. Aber es wird natürlich die Wahl um so leichter sein, je kleiner eine Gruppe ist; währenddem Wahlen, sagen wir zum Beispiel innerhalb einer Versammlung, wie sie die jetzige hier ist, meiner Meinung nach überhaupt gar keine Bedeutung haben können. Irgend jemanden nominieren und wählen, das ist unmöglich, wenn zunächst so wenig gegenseitiges Erkennen vorhanden ist. Also hier würde es schon nicht gehen. Aber ich kann mir ganz gut denken, daß zum Beispiel irgendeine demokratische Einrichtung da oder dort Platz greift. Im allgemeinen aber meine ich, ist diese Frage gar keine so außerordentlich prinzipiell bedeutungsvolle. Denn entweder wird man so wählen, daß, ich möchte sagen, die Wahl gedankenlos ist: dann werden die Gesellschaften nicht blühen, dann wird nichts draus, wenn einfach irgend jemand nominiert wird, damit man schnell fertig ist mit der Wahl, so wie bei politischen Wahlen die Dinge geschehen. Da wird nichts draus, da kann bei uns nichts werden.
Der andere Fall würde sein, daß man hinschaut auf diejenigen, die sich schon Verdienste erworben haben, das oder jenes als Arbeit geleistet haben, an denen man beobachtet, wie sie die Arbeit leisten: dann wird im allgemeinen auch eine Majorität auf selbstverständliche Art sich finden. Ich glaube nicht, daß irgendwie, wenn die Antezedenzien hergestellt sind für irgendeine Wahl, dann bei uns, wo es wirklich darauf ankommt, daß gearbeitet wird, irgendeine Demokratie die Arbeit unmöglich macht. Also ich meine, in der Praxis wird kein so großer Unterschied sein zwischen Demokratie und Aristokratie. Wir könnten ja in den nächsten Tagen einmal die Probe aufs Exempel machen und könnten fragen, ob der Vorstand, den ich vorgeschlagen habe, gewählt oder nicht gewählt wird. Dann hätten wir ja auch eine demokratische Voraussetzung; denn ich setze voraus, daß er gewählt wird, sonst würde ich doch auch wieder zurücktreten! Nicht wahr, es muß doch Freiheit herrschen. Aber, meine lieben Freunde, Freiheit muß auch ich haben. Ich kann mir nichts aufoktroyieren lassen. Freiheit muß doch vor allen Dingen auch derjenige haben, der die Funktion ausüben soll. Oder ist es nicht so? Also ich meine, es wird sich das, was ich jetzt sage, im allgemeinen überall ergeben: Ob Demokratie oder Aristokratie, die Gesellschaft wird nicht viel anders ausschauen.
Mr. Monges: Wir in Amerika sind sehr politisch.
Dr. Steiner: Wenn man Dornach etwas mitreden läßt, dann wird die Sache gehen.
Fräulein Schwarz: Es ist früher gesagt worden, daß die Mitglieder der alten Theosophischen Gesellschaft nicht Anthroposophen werden können, das heißt nicht zur Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft gehören sollen. Soll das auch weiter bestehen oder nicht?
Dr. Steiner: Von wem ist das gesagt worden? Von mir niemals! Von mir ist es niemals gesagt worden. Die Entscheidung darüber, ob jemand aufgenommen werden soll oder nicht, ist eben individuell zu treffen nach dem Menschen, und ich habe immer ausdrücklich gesagt: Ob jemand einer Tischlervereinigung angehört, oder einer Versicherungsgesellschaft, oder einer Naturforschergesellschaft, oder der Theosophischen Gesellschaft: das darf nicht in Betracht kommen, sondern nur der Mensch. Also es ist nicht von mir jemals gesagt worden, daß irgendeine Abstempelung durch die Mitgliedschaft zu einer anderen Gesellschaft ein Hindernis sein kann für die Aufnahme in die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft. Allerdings, es könnte sich ja ergeben, daß im individuellen Falle auch die Mitgliedschaft zur Theosophischen Gesellschaft ein Hindernis bilden würde. Es könnte sich im individuellen Fall schon ergeben; es würde ja natürlich immerhin eine Frage sein, ob zum Beispiel, wenn Mrs. Besant oder Mr. Leadbeater um die Aufnahme in die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft nachsuchen würden, sie aufgenommen würden oder nicht. Also im einzelnen Fall muß die Frage schon auftauchen; aber im prinzipiellen Fall kann sie gar nicht gelten, sonst würden wir doch zu Grundsätzen kommen, die zu einer Gesellschaft, wie sie im modernen Stil gemacht werden muß, nicht mehr stimmen würden.
Der Herzog von Cesaro wirft eine Frage auf betreffend die Stimmenzahl der Mitglieder. In der alten Theosophischen Gesellschaft ist es zum Beispiel passiert, daß einmal in einer nationalen Sektion Unannehmlichkeiten vorgekommen sind; dann hat man die ganze Gruppe zerstückelt, um mehr Stimmen zu haben. So etwas sollte nicht mehr möglich sein.
Dr. Steiner: Es ist natürlich wünschenswert, daß solche Dinge nicht geschehen, wie Sie sie erwähnt haben, Herr Herzog. Aber auf der anderen Seite: die Zahl der Mitglieder nach unten hin anzugeben, ist natürlich eine gewisse Schwierigkeit. Da kommt man dann in die Frage hinein: Wie groß sollte die Anzahl der Mitglieder zu einer Gruppe sein? Über diese Frage hatten wir ja bisher eine ganz bestimmte Anschauung. Nun wird das vielleicht schon als Problem entstehen können: Sollen wir alles, was sich aus den modernen Usancen heraus ergibt, sollen wir alles das in den § 3 hineinbringen, so daß alles Esoterische in den § 3 hineingebracht wird, oder aber sollen wir eine gewisse Zahl von Mitgliedern nominieren, die nur zu einer Gruppe gehören müßten. Da würde dann die Mindestzahl sieben sein, weil nur sieben eine wirkliche Mayorität ergibt. Es gibt ja natürlich auch bei drei und fünf Mitgliedern eine scheinbare Majorität. Aber derjenige, der die menschliche Natur kennt, der weiß: Unter drei Mitgliedern zwei zu eins, unter fünf Mitgliedern drei zu zwei, da ist der eine nicht richtig eruiert und so weiter. Erst vier zu drei bildet eine mögliche Majorität, die dann besteht, wenn man auf der einen Seite drei hat und auf der anderen Seite ein Drittel mehr. Das ergibt dann die Möglichkeit, daß eine wirkliche Majorität da ist. Da würde die Mindestzahl sieben Mitglieder sein. Es würde mir nicht widerstreben, diese Zahl hier aufzunehmen; aber ich habe mir überlegt, daß diese Statuten vor der Welt schon einmal heute eher bestehen können, wenn wir so etwas wie die Siebenzahl nicht hineinbringen. Damit würde ich meinen, daß die Anregung, die Sie gaben, Herr Herzog, eben auch in die Geschäftsordnung hineinkommen kann, so daß wir trotzdem praktisch die Sache so handhaben würden. Auf diese Weise finden wir vielleicht doch den Ausweg.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Ich möchte anfragen, ob man nicht vielleicht auch den anderen Paragraphen beschneiden könnte bezüglich der Klassen: dieses also lieber nicht in die Öffentlichkeit lancieren. Denn ich fürchte, daß man darinnen alle möglichen historischen und anderen Parallelen wieder herausholen wird und sie eventuell gegen uns verwenden wird.
Dr. Steiner: Nehmen Sie den § 5, wie er hier gefaßt ist, und fragen Sie sich, ob er nicht so, wie er hier steht, anwendbar wäre auf jede Universität. So wie er hier steht ist er anwendbar auf jede Universität und kann in keiner Weise irgendeinen Anstoß erregen. Alles andere ist Handhabung.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Jawohl, anwendbar schon, aber es sind doch noch andere Angriffspunkte da. Es ist die Erinnerung an etwas, was einmal — so wie man es gewöhnlich auffaßt - in der Geschichte dagewesen ist.
Dr. Steiner: Es ist in der Geschichte gar nicht dagewesen, daß man «Klassen» gesagt hat, sondern «Grade».
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Aber man wird natürlich gleich die Sache verkehrterweise identifizieren, und ich wollte nur vorbeugen, daß solche falschen und schiefen Identifikationen vorkommen.
Dr. Steiner: Es wäre das Falscheste, was wir tun könnten, wenn wir irgend etwas in die Statuten hineinnähmen, was einer Identifikation entspränge. Daß uns Mißverständnisse unterlegt werden, können wir nicht vermeiden. Aber derjenige, der den § 5 falsch auslegt, der muß das eben wollen. Das können wir nicht verhindern; doch der § 5 ist so gefaßt, daß kein Mensch etwas anderes sagen kann, als: In dieser Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft in Dornach hat man drei Klassen, wie wenn in Freiburg eine Hochschule bestünde, die vier medizinische Klassen, vier Jahrgänge hat. - Also ist es ganz genau nach dem Muster der äußerlich bestehenden Hochschulen hier geschildert, so daß niemand irgendwie auch nur mit einem scheinbaren Recht da einhaken kann. Und so ist auch die Handhabung. Denken Sie, an einer Universität geschieht es auch nicht anders, als daß von der Leitung entschieden wird, ob man aufsteigt in einem Jahrgang oder nicht.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Das war früher nicht der Fall. In den philosophischen Fakultäten ist niemals ein solches Aufrücken in Klassen gewesen, weder in Straßburg bei Prof. Windelband noch sonst irgendwo. Man kam, stellte sich vor, wurde da zugelassen. Natürlich folgte man je nach den Fähigkeiten, die man besaß. Jetzt ist freilich auch schon etwas klassenmäßig abgestuft worden im Interesse der Schüler. Ich wollte auch nur darauf hinweisen, weil eben die Gegner gleich darauf hinweisen werden.
Dr. Steiner: Es ist jedenfalls doch nicht so, daß man einen Medizinstudierenden, der eben an die Universität gekommen ist, zuläßt zu den speziellen Studien über anatomische Medizin. Da gibt es doch auch Klassenunterricht. Ich glaube nicht, daß man ihn da gleich zulassen wird.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Gewiß nicht.
Dr. Steiner: Bei der philosophischen Fakultät hat ja das seine guten Gründe, gerade wiederum aus der Historie heraus. Diese Dinge können ja wirklich immer gerechtfertigt werden. Die philosophische Fakultät war ursprünglich an den Universitäten überhaupt keine Fakultät, sondern es bestanden drei Fakultäten: die theologische, die medizinische, die juristische. Diese drei Fakultäten waren schon klassenmäßig gegliedert. Die philosophische Abteilung war überhaupt die Grundlage von allen dreien. In die philosophische Fakultät kam man zuerst. Da kam der Theologe hinein, da kam der Jurist hinein, da kam der Mediziner hinein; dann stieg er auf von dieser philosophischen Fakultät in die einzelnen Fakultäten. Und da stieg er klassenmäßig auf. Ich glaube nicht, daß es in irgendeinem Lande anders ist. Nennen sie unsere Konstitution: Allgemeine anthroposophisch-philosophische Fakultät, und dann haben sie die drei Klassen darauf aufgebaut. Es ist absolut ganz gleich der Universität eingerichtet. Ich habe streng darauf gesehen, daß es absolut unanfechtbar ist. Nur, nicht wahr, in der philosophischen Fakultät hat sich das eben herausgestellt, daß man sie als eine besondere Fakultät konstituiert hat; dann wurden immer mehr und mehr Vorlesungen gehalten, und das Ganze wurde eine Anarchie und ein Chaos. Keiner weiß, wenn er in die philosophische Fakultät hereinkommt, was er überhaupt hören soll, denn er kann unter Umständen Vorlesungen hören, von denen er nichts versteht. Das ist etwas, was sich in chaotischer Weise der Universität eingefügt hat.
Was hier steht, entspricht ganz genau dem Usus, der an den Universitäten, in Wien zum Beispiel bis zum Jahre 1848, bestanden hat. Das ist ganz unanfechtbar. Und ich glaube, in Paris ist es bis heute noch so, in Italien sind auch einzelne, die es bis heute so handhaben; in den deutschen Universitäten gibt es Dinge, die eben chaotisch sich entwickelt haben. Aber das, was hier steht, ist absolut unanfechtbar. Und wenn wir es nicht in die Statuten aufnehmen und doch tun - und tun müssen wir es, es würde ja sonst sogleich der § 8 über die Zyklen modifiziert werden müssen —, dann würden wir sogleich wieder etwas bekommen, was uns gar nicht dienen würde. Aber wir müssen es so haben, und wir müssen auch den § 8 so haben. Wir können natürlich irgendwelche Abänderungsanträge immer noch im einzelnen haben, aber eine vollständige Unterdrückung der Freien Hochschule mit ihren drei Klassen würde nicht angehen.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Es ist ganz selbstverständlich, daß man aufrücken muß. Ich habe nur das eine Bedenken gehabt, daß die Gegner einhaken könnten.
Dr. Steiner: Das einzige, worauf man sich einlassen könnte, wäre dieses, daß man sagt: «Die Anthroposophische Gesellschaft sieht ein Zentrum ihres Wirkens in der Freien Hochschule für Geisteswissenschaft in Dornach. Diese wird nach dem Muster anderer Hochschulen in drei Klassen bestehen.» Wenn Sie das drinnen haben wollen, das können wir natürlich immer drinnen haben.
Baronin de Renzis: Soll man hier von der Arbeit in Italien oder auch von der Richtung unserer Arbeit berichten, oder soll nur über die Statuten gesprochen werden?
Dr. Steiner: Dürfte ich bitten, über die Arbeit in Italien morgen zu sprechen.
Baronin de Renzis möchte etwas fragen über die Richtung der Arbeit im allgemeinen.
Dr. Steiner: Ich bitte, den Bericht morgen zu geben.
Baronin de Renzis: Soll man von jeder Unternehmung oder Initiative, die von unserer Bewegung stammt, den anthroposophischen Charakter a priori verkünden und der Gefahr entgegengehen, sie abgelehnt zu bekommen, oder sollen wir versuchen, die anthroposophische Auffassung in der öffentlichen Meinung zu verbreiten, ohne das Urteil herauszufordern, sie abzulehnen? Diese Entscheidung ist nötig, um zu wissen, was in Zukunft die Einstellung der Gruppen bestimmen soll.
Dr. Steiner: Es ist ja natürlich so, daß es auf das Wort «Anthroposophie» dabei nicht ankommt, aber auf andere Dinge kommt es an. Ich will zum Beispiel folgendes sagen. Denken wir einmal an ein Beispiel par excellence, an die Medizin. Nun kann man heute die Medizin nicht fortführen über das hinaus, was sie heute ist und was eben durchaus nicht genügt, wenn man nicht beginnt, weil dort erst die wirklichen Krankheitsursachen liegen, vom ätherischen Leib des Menschen, vom astralischen Leib und der Ich-Organisation zu sprechen. Also ist es nötig, dasjenige, was Anthroposophie als Inhalt enthält, einfach vor die Welt hinzustellen. Und wir haben auch da die Erfahrungen gemacht, die wirklich sehr lehrreich waren. Frau Dr. Wegman hat mit mir zusammen in London, in Wien und im Haag Kurse veranstaltet. Der eine der Kurse war ja bei Dr. Zeylmans in seinem holländischen Institut; und ich habe Vorträge gehalten vor Ärzten, denen ich absolut von Anthroposophischem gesprochen habe, daß heißt gesprochen habe, wenn es nötig war an der betreffenden Stelle, von astralischem Leib, Ätherleib und so weiter. Dabei würde das eine ganz untergeordnete Rolle spielen, ob man die Terminologie so oder so gestaltet. Wenn man die Dinge tatsächlich handhabt, so ist man sogar manchmal versucht, an einer Stelle den Namen Ätherleib zu gebrauchen, an einer anderen Stelle den Ätherleib zu umschreiben. Zum Beispiel man kann, wo man Ätherleib sagen will, auch sagen: die substantiellen Wirkungen, die nicht vom Erdenzentrum aus bewirkt werden, sondern von der Weltenperipherie aus im einzelnen bewirkt werden. Also, nicht wahr, an eine bestimmte Terminologie ist ja nur derjenige gebunden, der eigentlich nicht in der Sache drinnen steht. Wir haben doch gefunden, daß in diesem Falle die Leute mit dem, was man sagt, etwas anzufangen wissen; sie wissen: Es ist etwas, was neu in die Welt tritt. Währenddem, wenn man das vermeidet, so sagen sich die Leute: Gewiß, über das oder jenes Heilmittel in Beziehung zum menschlichen Organismus gibt es ja diese oder jene schönen Ansichten, die schon da waren und wieder weggegangen sind und so weiter, und da tritt wieder eine Ansicht auf. - Nun, nicht wahr, beurteilen sie es so, daß sie den einen klinischen Bericht oder eine klinische Abhandlung von irgendwo auswärts und eine andere klinische Abhandlung von uns sehen, ja, dann können sie es nicht unterscheiden. Wenn wir aber kommen mit dem, was uns wirklich hereinführt in das Zentrum des Krankseins, so kann man das nicht anders behandeln, als indem man von Ätherleib und so weiter spricht, wenn auch vielleicht mit einer anderen Terminologie. Dann wissen die Leute, woran sie sind. Und das ist auch das, was am weitestens geführt hat. Es kommt nicht eigentlich auf den Namen Anthroposophie zunächst an, aber es kommt darauf an, daß man nirgends zurückschreckt vor dem, was sachlich notwendig ist. Wenn man den Leuten die Anthroposophie einkleiden will in das, was «der Pfarrer auch sagt», dann wissen sie überhaupt gar nicht, was man von Ihnen will. Ich habe selbst einmal das Exempel statuiert, daß ich einen Wiener Kursus gehalten habe von zwölf Vorträgen, die sich über alles Anthroposophische erstreckt haben, auch über die praktischen Anwendungen. Sie können sich heute diesen Zyklus vornehmen: es kommt das Wort Anthroposophie darin überhaupt nicht vor. Man kann schon einmal die Veranlassung auch durchaus haben, das Wort Anthroposophie nicht zu gebrauchen, gewiß, aber ich meine, auf die Sache, auf den Geist der Sache kommt es an. Was meinen Sie, wieviel wohlwollende Menschen sind zu mir gekommen und sagten: Das Wort Ätherleib, ach, davor haben die Leute ein Grauen! Könnte man nicht sagen: das Funktionelle im menschlichen Organismus? — Nun heißt das aber gar nichts. Mit dem Wort «Funktionelles im menschlichen Organismus» ist gar nichts gesagt. Währenddem, wenn man spricht von Ätherleib, so ist der Unterschied der: Für den physischen Leib sind zuletzt alle die Kräfte, welche die Richtung der Gravitation haben, mechanisch auf die Gravitation zu bringen, während im Ätherleib alle Kräfte sich bringen lassen auf die Peripherie, alles Gleitende, Schleifende. Da hat man diesen Unterschied. Aber wenn man sagt «das Funktionelle im menschlichen Organismus», dann meint man ja mit der Funktion nicht diesen radikalen Gegensatz. Also diese wohlwollenden Vorschläge, die manchmal gerade von Außenstehenden kommen, können wir nicht berücksichtigen.
Baroniin de Renzis: Ist es genügend, wenn man vom Essentiellen, vom Wesentlichen spricht?
Dr. Steiner: Das Wort Anthroposophie braucht man den Leuten ja nicht an den Kopf zu werfen, aber es wäre gut, wenn man gefragt wird, ob man Anthroposoph ist, nicht zu sagen: Nein!
Wir werden nun die Versammlung morgen fortsetzen. Wir müssen schon die Sache so einrichten während dieser Tagung, daß man auch etwas zu Atem kommen kann.
Meeting of the Executive Council and the Secretaries-General of the National Societies with their Secretaries
Dr. Steiner answers questions posed to him by officials regarding various paragraphs in the statutes.
On the question of § 11 concerning the admission of individual members who do not wish to join a group, he gives the following answer:
Only if it is completely impossible to achieve this goal would the paragraph come into consideration; only then should individuals or groups apply for membership in Dornach itself. So one should first try to join the national society, and only if this is not possible for some reason would we accept an individual or a group here in Dornach.
Mr. Hohlenberg would like to ask how this is to be understood: “Those for whom it is completely impossible to find acceptance in a group.”
Dr. Steiner: The statutes are written in such a way that everything is contained in as few words as possible. It may be necessary to add to this sentence: "Only those for whom it is completely impossible to find acceptance in a group should be accepted as members in Dornach itself. ' It goes without saying that this does not only mean that the group does not accept the person concerned, but that it may also be impossible for them to join a group. So, for example, anyone who is convinced that they would not thrive in a group can, of course, join in Dornach if all other efforts fail. We in Dornach will of course again try to persuade such individuals to join a group. But when I wrote down that sentence, I was thinking not only of external obstacles from the group, but also of the obstacles of one's own conviction.
Mr. Hohlenberg: Should the confirmation also be made by each individual member?
Dr. Steiner: This is desirable for the simple reason that we are having proper membership cards printed to replace the old ones, which were not very attractive, and every member will be pleased to see a membership card that is slightly larger and has a certain prestige. Therefore, it would be good if we sent circulars to the individual groups so that all previous membership cards could be exchanged for the new certificates, or diplomas, for that matter.
Mademoiselle Sauerwein asks: If several personalities in different countries want to form a group and elect a new official who is not the previous one for that country, are they entitled to do so or not?
Dr. Steiner: Of course, no one can be denied this right; one can only make efforts to prevent it, but no one can be denied the right to form groups, which would of course not be the national group, but only a private group. It cannot be the national group because the national group has already been formed, right? But that cannot be in the statutes. The statutes must contain the principles. On the other hand, it can be included in rules of procedure, which we still have to work out.
Mr. Donner would like to ask whether a group in one country that does not join the national society can join a society in another country.
Dr. Steiner: In principle, that would not be impossible. We would be restricting the freedom of individual members too much if we ruled this out in principle. So we cannot rule it out, but we would actually have to try to ensure that such things do not happen, that a group in any country does not join another society, but, if it does not join the national society, then joins directly in Dornach. However, this could only happen through custom. In principle, it cannot be ruled out. For example, it would be impossible to prevent a group formed in France from registering with the German society. We could not prevent that.
Madame Muntz: Should we try to ensure that individuals who do not live in Belgium but still belong to our group join in the countries where they live, or not?
Dr. Steiner: In such a case, it would be good if they did so out of sympathy. Those who already have sympathies, we can leave things as they are. But we don't want to keep it that way in the future. We don't need to take a pedantic stance, that's not necessary at all, but we do need to have some kind of support.
Dr. Unger: There are still quite a few people in South America who are members of the German Society and have expressed the wish to remain members of the German Society. However, plans are already underway to establish a special society among the groups, and there is a particular task here to emphasize the necessity that has been expressed there: to consider establishing a special South American society. For the time being, they would like to remain with Germany, and the transfer of these groups will be carried out gradually.
Dr. Steiner: It is, of course, the case that when configuring the Society, everything must be taken into consideration that is necessary for its administration, not in a bureaucratic sense, but in a human sense. For example, we have § 14 in the statutes: “The organ of the Society is the Goetheanum, which for this purpose shall be provided with a supplement containing the official communications of the Society. This enlarged edition of the Goetheanum shall be distributed only to members of the Anthroposophical Society.” Now, if the South American groups belonged to Germany, this would mean that the Goetheanum would not be sent from here to the South American groups, but would first be sent from Germany back to South America. Similar situations may arise in the future. Since we definitely think here that things will not remain on paper, but that they will be included in the supplement, which every member wants to know about as quickly as possible, I think it is a good thing if groups outside the national groups join directly in Dornach, so that anthroposophical life can flourish as much as possible and does not have to come about through all kinds of detours.
Dr. Wachsmuth reports that the South American Society wrote just before Christmas and heard about the new decisions. He reads out a message from there.
Mr. Leinhas: I have also received a letter to the same effect. It arrived just in the last few days, and I have been commissioned to represent the national society, which will be based in Rio, for the time being.
Dr. Zeylmans van Emmichoven: Point 5 refers to the three classes of the School of Spiritual Science in Dornach: “Members of the Society shall be admitted to the same upon application.” I would now like to ask whether the national societies actually have anything to do with this, or whether it is a purely personal matter for the members.
Dr. Steiner: What is contained in point 5 will be a matter for the Goetheanum in Dornach in terms of overall management. And everything that belongs to the configuration of this School of Spiritual Science will have to be taken in hand by the leadership of the Goetheanum in Dornach. Among the things that will be handled there will of course also be this: that contact will be made not only with functionaries, but also with members who do this or that work here or there. And then members of the first, second, and third classes of the Goetheanum will be everywhere through appointment by the leadership of the Goetheanum. How this will happen will depend entirely on the individual case, for it will essentially be a kind of esoteric matter, but an esoteric matter that is handled in a modern sense. Now, once this matter is underway, it will also become apparent that there are members in the various national societies who belong to one of the classes of the Goetheanum. For these, a separate leadership will then be appointed by the Goetheanum in the countries concerned, so that things are limited territorially and do not become boundless. So this matter – I will discuss it further in the course of the conference – will essentially be handled by the leadership of the Goetheanum itself. You have point 7 on this: “The establishment of the Free University of Spiritual Science is initially the responsibility of Rudolf Steiner, who is to appoint his co-workers and his eventual successor.”
I initially intend to establish sections in addition to the three classes, which will then be responsible for specialist subjects; for example, a section for general anthroposophy, one for what used to be called “belles-lettres” in France, a section for natural science, for education, for art, for the various fields of art. These sections will then have their own special leaders, and that will be the board of directors of the School of Spiritual Science. The members of these individual classes—they will be members, won't they? Being a student is something very private, but they will be members—will then be scattered everywhere. And this is an independent institution, but of course the national societies will take on the task of protecting and safeguarding it.
Miss Henström: In Sweden, I believe that more than a third of anthroposophists do not join any branch. In smaller towns, this is quite natural, but there are also quite a few in Stockholm who do not want to belong to the groups. They believe that they can work more freely if they stand on their own and study the lectures in solitude. There are quite a few of us who understand how important it is to have a strong sense of cohesion and that it is therefore necessary for the members to get to know each other personally. I think it is impossible for members not to join groups, and I would like to ask whether Dornach could suggest ways in which improvements could be made in this regard.
Dr. Steiner: We will make every effort to ensure that members living in individual countries join the main group. In most countries, this will be the national group. But we do not want to exert any pressure through statutes or regulations. We do not want to exert any pressure from Dornach, but we will do our utmost to make it clear that members living in isolated locations, for example in Sweden, should join the Stockholm or national society, even if they wish to remain isolated in terms of their lifestyle.Miss Henström: I am not in favor of coercion either.
Dr. Steiner: Certainly, we will make every effort to bring about understanding of the matter.
Mr. Monges asks from what point of view, in what manner, it is desired that the general secretaries be elected in individual cases, democratically or how else?
Dr. Steiner: I don't want to lay that down in statutes for the individual groups around the world either. I can well imagine, for example, that there are national societies that want to proceed in a thoroughly democratic manner. I can imagine that others want to be highly aristocratic, align themselves with some personality and entrust him with appointing the other officials and so on. That is why I think that, at first, the somewhat, how shall I put it, aristocratic appointment of the executive committee by me will perhaps be imitated to some extent. But it may also be that here and there it will be found highly unsympathetic: in that case, democratic elections could also be held. But of course, the smaller a group is, the easier the election will be; whereas elections, say, within an assembly such as the one we have here today, can in my opinion be completely meaningless. Nominating and electing just anyone is impossible when there is so little mutual recognition at the outset. So it wouldn't work here. But I can well imagine that some kind of democratic institution could take root here and there. In general, however, I don't think this question is of such extraordinary fundamental importance. Because either people will vote in such a way that, I would say, the election is thoughtless: then societies will not flourish, then nothing will come of it if just anyone is nominated so that the election can be over quickly, as is the case with political elections. Nothing will come of it, nothing can come of it here.
The other case would be that one looks at those who have already earned merits, who have done this or that work, whom one observes as they do their work: then, in general, a majority will naturally emerge. I don't believe that, once the precedents have been established for any election, democracy will make work impossible for us, where it really matters that work gets done. So I mean, in practice, there won't be such a big difference between democracy and aristocracy. We could put this to the test in the next few days and ask whether the board I have proposed will be elected or not. Then we would also have a democratic prerequisite, because I assume that it will be elected, otherwise I would resign again! Isn't that right, freedom must prevail. But, my dear friends, I must also have freedom. I cannot allow anything to be imposed on me. Above all, those who are to perform the function must also have freedom. Or is that not the case? Well, I think that what I am saying now will generally apply everywhere: whether democracy or aristocracy, society will not look much different.
Mr. Monges: We in America are very political.
Dr. Steiner: If Dornach is given a say, then things will work out.
Miss Schwarz: It was said earlier that members of the old Theosophical Society cannot become anthroposophists, that is, they should not belong to the Anthroposophical Society. Should this continue to be the case or not?
Dr. Steiner: Who said that? Not me! I never said that. The decision as to whether someone should be admitted or not must be made on an individual basis, and I have always said explicitly: Whether someone belongs to a carpenters' association, or an insurance company, or a naturalists' society, or the Theosophical Society: that must not be taken into consideration, only the person. So I have never said that any label attached to membership of another society can be an obstacle to admission to the Anthroposophical Society. However, it could happen that in individual cases, membership in the Theosophical Society could be an obstacle. It could happen in individual cases; it would of course be a question of whether, for example, if Mrs. Besant or Mr. Leadbeater applied for admission to the Anthroposophical Society, they would be admitted or not. So in individual cases the question must arise; but in principle it cannot apply, otherwise we would arrive at principles that would no longer be appropriate for a society as it must be organized in the modern style.
The Duke of Cesaro raises a question concerning the number of votes of the members. In the old Theosophical Society, for example, it happened that once there were disagreements in a national section; then the whole group was broken up in order to have more votes. Such a thing should no longer be possible.
Dr. Steiner: It is of course desirable that such things as you have mentioned, Mr. Herzog, should not happen. But on the other hand, specifying the number of members downwards is of course a certain difficulty. This then raises the question: How large should the number of members in a group be? We have had a very definite view on this question up to now. Now, this may already pose a problem: Should we include everything that arises from modern customs in the §3, so that everything esoteric is included in the §3, or should we nominate a certain number of members who would only belong to one group? The minimum number would then be seven, because only seven constitutes a real majority. Of course, there is also an apparent majority with three and five members. But anyone who knows human nature knows that with three members, two to one, and with five members, three to two, one is not properly determined, and so on. Only four to three forms a possible majority, which exists when there are three on one side and a third more on the other. This then makes it possible for there to be a real majority. The minimum number would then be seven members. I would not be averse to including this number here, but I have considered that these statutes are more likely to be accepted by the world today if we do not include something like the number seven. I would therefore suggest that the suggestion you made, Mr. Herzog, could also be included in the rules of procedure, so that we would still handle the matter in this way in practice. In this way, we may yet find a way out.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: I would like to ask whether it might be possible to curtail the other paragraph concerning the classes: it would be better not to make this public. For I fear that all kinds of historical and other parallels will be brought up again and possibly used against us.
Dr. Steiner: Take the §5 as it is formulated here and ask yourself whether it would not be applicable to every university as it stands here. As it stands here, it is applicable to every university and cannot cause any offense in any way. Everything else is a matter of implementation.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Yes, it is applicable, but there are still other points of attack. It is the memory of something that once existed in history, as it is commonly understood.
Dr. Steiner: It never existed in history that people said “classes,” but rather “degrees.”Prof. Dr. Maurer: But of course people will immediately identify the matter incorrectly, and I just wanted to prevent such false and skewed identifications from occurring.
Dr. Steiner: It would be the worst thing we could do to include anything in the statutes that would give rise to such an identification. We cannot avoid misunderstandings being attributed to us. But anyone who misinterprets § 5 must want to do so. We cannot prevent that; but § 5 is worded in such a way that no one can say anything other than: In this School of Spiritual Science in Dornach, there are three classes, just as there is a university in Freiburg that has four medical classes, four years of study. So it is described here exactly according to the model of the externally existing universities, so that no one can find fault with it in any way, even with an apparent right to do so. And that is also how it is handled. Think about it, at a university it is no different than that the administration decides whether one advances in a year or not.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: That was not the case in the past. In the philosophy faculties, there was never such a promotion to classes, neither in Strasbourg with Prof. Windelband nor anywhere else. You came, introduced yourself, and were admitted. Of course, you followed according to the abilities you possessed. Now, of course, there has already been some grading into classes in the interest of the students. I just wanted to point that out, because the opponents will immediately point it out.
Dr. Steiner: In any case, it is not the case that a medical student who has just arrived at the university is admitted to special studies in anatomical medicine. There is also class instruction there. I don't think he will be admitted right away.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: Certainly not.
Dr. Steiner: In the case of the philosophy faculty, there are good reasons for this, precisely because of its history. These things can always be justified. Originally, the philosophy faculty was not a faculty at all at universities; instead, there were three faculties: theology, medicine, and law. These three faculties were already structured in terms of class. The philosophy department was the foundation of all three. Students entered the philosophy faculty first. Theologians entered, lawyers entered, doctors entered; then they advanced from this philosophy faculty to the individual faculties. And there they advanced in terms of class. I don't believe it is any different in any other country. Call it our constitution: General Anthroposophical-Philosophical Faculty, and then you have built the three classes on top of that. It is set up exactly like a university. I have taken great care to ensure that it is absolutely indisputable. Only, you see, in the philosophical faculty it turned out that it was constituted as a special faculty; then more and more lectures were given, and the whole thing became anarchy and chaos. No one knows, when they enter the philosophical faculty, what they are supposed to hear, because they may end up listening to lectures they don't understand. This is something that has been incorporated into the university in a chaotic way.
What is written here corresponds exactly to the custom that existed at universities, in Vienna for example until 1848. That is completely indisputable. And I believe that in Paris it is still the case today, and in Italy there are also some who still do it this way; in German universities there are things that have developed chaotically. But what is written here is absolutely indisputable. And if we do not include it in the statutes and yet do so – and we must do so, otherwise § 8 on the cycles would have to be modified immediately – then we would immediately end up with something that would not serve us at all. But we must have it this way, and we must also have § 8 this way. Of course, we can still have individual amendments, but completely suppressing the School of Spiritual Science with its three classes would not be acceptable.
Prof. Dr. Maurer: It goes without saying that we have to move forward. My only concern was that the opponents might take advantage of this.
Dr. Steiner: The only thing we could agree to would be to say: “The Anthroposophical Society sees the School of Spiritual Science in Dornach as the center of its work. Following the model of other universities, it will consist of three classes.” If you want that included, we can of course always include it.
Baroness de Renzis: Should we report here on the work in Italy or also on the direction of our work, or should we only talk about the statutes?
Dr. Steiner: May I ask to talk about the work in Italy tomorrow?
Baroness de Renzis would like to ask something about the direction of the work in general.
Dr. Steiner: I would ask that the report be given tomorrow.
Baroness de Renzis: Should we proclaim the anthroposophical character of every undertaking or initiative that originates from our movement a priori and run the risk of it being rejected, or should we try to spread the anthroposophical view in public opinion without provoking the judgment to reject it? This decision is necessary in order to know what should determine the attitude of the groups in the future.
Dr. Steiner: Of course, it is not the word “anthroposophy” that matters here, but other things. Let me give you an example. Let us consider an example par excellence: medicine. Today, medicine cannot be continued beyond what it is today, and that is certainly not enough if we do not begin to talk about the etheric body of the human being, the astral body, and the ego organization, because that is where the real causes of disease lie. So it is necessary to simply present the content of anthroposophy to the world. And we have also had experiences there that were really very instructive. Dr. Wegman and I organized courses together in London, Vienna, and The Hague. One of the courses was at Dr. Zeylmans' Dutch institute, and I gave lectures to doctors in which I spoke entirely from an anthroposophical perspective, that is, I spoke, when necessary, about the astral body, the etheric body, and so on. In this context, it would be of secondary importance whether one uses one terminology or another. When you actually deal with these things, you are sometimes even tempted to use the name etheric body in one place and to describe the etheric body in another. For example, where you want to say etheric body, you can also say: the substantial effects that are not caused by the earth's center, but are caused individually by the periphery of the world. So, isn't it true that only those who are not really involved in the matter are bound to a certain terminology? We have found that in this case, people know what to do with what is said; they know that it is something new entering the world. Whereas if one avoids this, people say to themselves: Certainly, there are this or that beautiful view about this or that remedy in relation to the human organism, which were already there and have gone away again, and so on, and now another view is emerging. Well, don't they judge it in such a way that when they see one clinical report or one clinical treatise from somewhere else and another clinical treatise from us, they cannot distinguish between them? But when we come with what really leads us into the center of illness, then one cannot treat it other than by speaking of the etheric body and so on, even if perhaps with different terminology. Then people know where they stand. And that is also what has led the furthest. The name anthroposophy is not really important at first, but it is important that one does not shy away from what is objectively necessary. If you want to dress anthroposophy up in what “the pastor also says,” then people will not know what you want from them at all. I myself once set an example by holding a course in Vienna consisting of twelve lectures covering everything related to anthroposophy, including practical applications. You can look at this cycle today: the word anthroposophy does not appear in it at all. Of course, there may well be reasons not to use the word anthroposophy, but I believe that what matters is the substance, the spirit of the matter. How many well-meaning people have come to me and said: "The word ‘etheric body’ – oh, people are horrified by that! Couldn't we say: the functional aspect of the human organism? — But that doesn't mean anything. The term “functional aspect of the human organism” says nothing at all. Whereas when one speaks of the etheric body, the difference is this: for the physical body, all forces that have the direction of gravity are ultimately mechanically brought to gravity, while in the etheric body all forces can be brought to the periphery, everything that glides and slides. That is the difference. But when we say “the functional in the human organism,” we do not mean this radical opposition with the term “function.” So we cannot take into account these well-meaning suggestions, which sometimes come from outsiders.
Baroness de Renzis: Is it enough to speak of the essential, of the fundamental?
Dr. Steiner: You don't need to throw the word anthroposophy at people, but it would be good if, when asked whether you are an anthroposophist, you didn't say, “No!”
We will now continue the meeting tomorrow. We have to arrange things during this conference so that we can catch our breath a little.
